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Records of Bison priscus Bojanus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) skeletons in Western Siberia
Abstract
Two skeletons of Bison priscus Bojanus skeletons are described from Pleistocene localities of Grigorievka (Irtysh River, Pavlodar Region) and Krasniy Yar (Ob River, Tomsk Region), south-east of West Siberian Plain. The skulls and postcranial skeletons of these individuals are compared with skulls and large sample of limb bones from the same localities, and with archival data from other sites in Western Siberia. The study showed that the skeletons belonged to individuals of different sex and geological age. The individual from Krasniy Yar has been determined as an old female with a geological age of 45 ka. The skeleton from Grigorievka apparently belongs to a male and it originates from the beginning of Middle Neopleistocene deposits. Long bone dimensions have a large overlap in males and females. Most suitable for sex determination are measurements of the relative diaphyseal width of radius, tibia, and metacarpals.
... Letter "ca" preceding numerical values of a number of measurements indicates that they are not complete. Measurements of long bones and those from the distal part of limbs were carried out according to Gromova (1960) and Shpansky et al. (2016). The ratio (in %) of the diaphysis middle width to the length of long bones was used for sex determination. ...
... For comparison, we used the material from the West Siberian plain -Grigorievka (MIS 9-11), Vladimirskaja mine and Krasniy Yar (MIS 3-4), where there is a high proportion of bison remains and skeletal fragments, of unknown geological age (Ryzhkov, 1927;Shpansky et al., 2007Shpansky et al., , 2016. The material used for comparison is deposited at the Museum of Paleontology, Tomsk State University (PM TSU). ...
... The comparative material of skulls and postcranial skeleton (Upper Pleistocene specimens from Poland) came from the collection of the Department of Palaeozoology, and the Museum of the Polish Institute of Geology in Warsaw. The results were compared with those from the literature: Brînzeni 1 and Ofetinţi Cave (Moldova) Upper Pleistocene (Croitor, 2010); Grigorievka (Kazakhstan) MIS 9-11 (Shpansky et al., 2016); Habarra Cave (France) MIS 2 (Prat et al., 2003); Krasnyi Yar (West Siberia) MIS 3 (Shpansky, 1997); Langsdorf (Germany) MIS 3 (Kierdorf et al., 2016); La Parte (Spain) Middle Pleistocene (Alvarez-Lao and García-García, 2006); Lombardy (Italy) Upper Pleistocene (Anfossi et al., 1999); Peschanaya gorka (Yakutia) MIS 5 (Rusanov, 1975); Romain la Roche (France) Middle Pleistocene (Vercoutére and Guérin, 2010); Schoningen (Germany) Middle Pleistocene (Asperen, 2004); Taubach (Germany) MIS 5 (Flerov, 1976). ...
Remains of the steppe bison Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827 from the Upper Pleistocene layers of Biśnik Cave were morphometrically analysed and compared to those from other localities in Eurasia. The remains occurred in accumulations with archaeological artefacts. They bore traces of gnawing by carnivores. Morphometric analyses of the skull and post-cranial skeleton point to the small form of bison. The skull belonged to a small male while the bones of post-cranial skeleton indicate the occurrence of both males and females. Here we present all available and newly obtained calibrated ¹⁴C dates of the bison remains from this site, supplemented with new data for five specimens from Biśnik Cave, thus confirming the presence of the species during MIS 3 in Poland. The results are relevant to tracing the migration paths of the bison in the Upper Pleistocene during MIS 4-3.
... 1). Это вызвано появлением радиоуглеродных дат каргинского возраста для таксонов Elasmotherium sibiricum, Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus (Kosintsev et al., 2019;Shpansky et al., 2016;Shpansky, Kuzmin, 2021), радиоуглеродных дат сартанского возраста для длиннорогих бизонов (Shpansky et al., 2016), находками Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis в отложениях казанцевского возраста (Шпанский, 2017;Lobachev et al., in press), которые ранее определяли биостратиграфическое различие этих фаун. В настоящее время степень близости фаун по индексу Симпсона составляет: между прииртышской и хазарской фаунами 75%, между хазарской и мамонтовой 90%. ...
... 1). Это вызвано появлением радиоуглеродных дат каргинского возраста для таксонов Elasmotherium sibiricum, Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus (Kosintsev et al., 2019;Shpansky et al., 2016;Shpansky, Kuzmin, 2021), радиоуглеродных дат сартанского возраста для длиннорогих бизонов (Shpansky et al., 2016), находками Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis в отложениях казанцевского возраста (Шпанский, 2017;Lobachev et al., in press), которые ранее определяли биостратиграфическое различие этих фаун. В настоящее время степень близости фаун по индексу Симпсона составляет: между прииртышской и хазарской фаунами 75%, между хазарской и мамонтовой 90%. ...
... Что же касается совместного существования двух морфоформ (толсто- Фороновой (1986), но не подтверждалось датировками. Аналогичные ситуации уже отмечены для длительного сосуществования мелкой и крупной форм лошадей, короткорогой и длиннорогой форм бизона (Shpansky et al., 2016;Soubrier et al., 2016). По мнению автора, такое сосуществование короткорогих и длиннорогих бизонов, толсто-и тонкоэмалевых мамонтов в позднем неоплейстоцене было возможно на фоне плавающих ландшафтно-климатических условий. ...
... 1). Это вызвано появлением радиоуглеродных дат каргинского возраста для таксонов Elasmotherium sibiricum, Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus (Kosintsev et al., 2019;Shpansky et al., 2016;Shpansky, Kuzmin, 2021), радиоуглеродных дат сартанского возраста для длиннорогих бизонов (Shpansky et al., 2016), находками Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis в отложениях казанцевского возраста (Шпанский, 2017;Lobachev et al., in press), которые ранее определяли биостратиграфическое различие этих фаун. В настоящее время степень близости фаун по индексу Симпсона составляет: между прииртышской и хазарской фаунами 75%, между хазарской и мамонтовой 90%. ...
... 1). Это вызвано появлением радиоуглеродных дат каргинского возраста для таксонов Elasmotherium sibiricum, Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus (Kosintsev et al., 2019;Shpansky et al., 2016;Shpansky, Kuzmin, 2021), радиоуглеродных дат сартанского возраста для длиннорогих бизонов (Shpansky et al., 2016), находками Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis в отложениях казанцевского возраста (Шпанский, 2017;Lobachev et al., in press), которые ранее определяли биостратиграфическое различие этих фаун. В настоящее время степень близости фаун по индексу Симпсона составляет: между прииртышской и хазарской фаунами 75%, между хазарской и мамонтовой 90%. ...
... Что же касается совместного существования двух морфоформ (толсто- Фороновой (1986), но не подтверждалось датировками. Аналогичные ситуации уже отмечены для длительного сосуществования мелкой и крупной форм лошадей, короткорогой и длиннорогой форм бизона (Shpansky et al., 2016;Soubrier et al., 2016). По мнению автора, такое сосуществование короткорогих и длиннорогих бизонов, толсто-и тонкоэмалевых мамонтов в позднем неоплейстоцене было возможно на фоне плавающих ландшафтно-климатических условий. ...
The studied sequence is one of the most detailed soil-sedimentary terrestrial archives in Eastern Europe due to its specific geomorphological position – into the paleo-balka. The climate changes are reflected from the Mikulino interglacial to the Holocene. At the base of paleodepression the Ryshkovsky pedolithocomplex (MIS 5e, 127–117 ka) lies, the pedogenetic stages of which are extremely detailed. The first early Valdai cooling, which is reflected by the Seim stratum, has an OSL age of 115 ka. In the early Valdai time (MIS 5c and MIS 5a) two interstadial paleosols were formed: Kukuevskaya and Streletskaya. The Mlodatsky loess separating them has an OSL age of 91 ka. The Middle Valdai is represented by two main interstadial paleosols: Alexandrovsky (53 ka BP in 14C) and Bryansk (33 ka BP in 14C). The presented chronostratigraphic scheme is compared with similar ones obtained for other loess-soil archives of Eastern, Central, and Western Europe.
Keywords: Late Pleistocene, paleodepression, detailed pedostratigraphy, OSL and 14C dating, Central Russian Upland
... Some large carnivore bites have been even misidentified as "ground squirrel bites" on bison carcass bones (cf. Shpansky et al., 2016), although signs of "large carnivores" have been mentioned before for other carcasses without further discussion (cf. Boeskorov et al., 2007;Boeskorov et al., 2011). ...
... B. Head of the partly preserved mummy from the Vilyuy River discovered in 1771 (photograph from Popatova et al., 2018, illustration from Brandt, 1849. C. Subadult cranium with typical hyena brain case opening from unknown Siberian site (spotted hyena photograph modified from Shutterstock) | 9 DIEDRICH Boeskorov et al., 2011;Kirillova et al., 2011;Kirillova et al., 2012;Fisher et al., 2012;Spasskaya et al., 2012;Boeskorov et al., 2013;Fisher, 2014;Maschenko et al., 2015;Shpansky et al., 2016;Popatova et al., 2018). From the upper permafrost with peat lenses (11.000-7.000 ...
... The other smaller North American-Siberian Holocene bison Bison bison occidentalis (Lucas, 1898) has longer metapods and smaller horns (cf. Lucas, 1898; Skinner & Kaisen, 1974; Guthrie, 1990;Apland & Harington, 1994;Vasiliev, 2008;Shpansky et al., 2016). The Mylakhchin, Yana, Tsiigehtchic and newest Holocene bison mummies from the Rauchua River (Lazarev, 2008;Boeskorov et al., 2013;Kirillova, Zanina, et al., 2015;Kirillova, Tiunov, et al., 2015) include no reports about carnivore impact, nor allow photographs identifying such. ...
Siberian extinct top predators—Ice Age spotted hyenas—are discovered in the permafrost of Yakutia in‐between frozen mammoth, rhinoceros, bison or horse carcasses, such as in Mongolia at new open‐air sites. Historic described European holotypes and new crania from Siberia, Mongolia, and Europe allow presenting the monophyly of Crocuta reaching back 2.53 Mio years (Late Pliocene). Spotted hyenas coevolved in dental change and body size to their largest guilt, thick‐skinned elephants and rhinoceroses. The Late Pleistocene (MIS 5d‐3, 113.00–25.000 BP) Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) is proven to have scavenged Siberian woolly rhinoceros Coeleodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) carcasses. Rhino mummy skins have scavenging signs attributable only to hyenas. Chew cuts of breaking‐cutting scissor dentition are found at mummy skins. The last Eurasian hyenas left always similar chew‐damaged woolly rhinoceroses’ crania with braincase openings and damaged mandibles, whereas their deep bite scratches are often found on the distal joints of long bones. Strongest rhino bone damage is found at natal den sites (cave or open air), to which hyenas imported guilt to their cubs. The recently known Ice Age spotted hyena palaeobiogeography overlaps exactly with those of woolly rhinoceros and mammoths. All reached Bering Straits.
... El proceso coronoide es redondeado y poco prominente; la hendidura central es Guthrie, 1966), además de que es parte del grupo de bisontes de origen eurasiático (McDonald, 1981). Los radios de B. priscus son largos y gráciles, pero con epífisis gruesas, lo que les da un aspecto de tener una cabeza amplia (Shpansky et al., 2016), en contraposición, el elemento UM 1346 no presenta una región epifisiaria notablemente expandida (Figura 6). En B. priscus la ulna se encuentra fuertemente anquilosada al radio (Prat et al., 2010;Shpansky et al., 2016), mientras que en UM 1346, se observan claramente la superficie de sinostosis radio-ulnar y la zona de inserción del ligamento interóseo proximal y no existe evidencia de anquilosis, lo que sugiere la presencia de un espacio interóseo proximal bien desarrollado. ...
... Los radios de B. priscus son largos y gráciles, pero con epífisis gruesas, lo que les da un aspecto de tener una cabeza amplia (Shpansky et al., 2016), en contraposición, el elemento UM 1346 no presenta una región epifisiaria notablemente expandida (Figura 6). En B. priscus la ulna se encuentra fuertemente anquilosada al radio (Prat et al., 2010;Shpansky et al., 2016), mientras que en UM 1346, se observan claramente la superficie de sinostosis radio-ulnar y la zona de inserción del ligamento interóseo proximal y no existe evidencia de anquilosis, lo que sugiere la presencia de un espacio interóseo proximal bien desarrollado. Además, en B. priscus (Figura 7) el relieve lateral de inserción se presenta en un ángulo cercano a 90°, presenta una tuberosidad lateral muy grande, alta y ligeramente hendida, con un borde dorsal que se encuentra a la misma altura del proceso coronoide y en algunos ejemplares, incluso lo excede en altura (Prat et al., 2010) margen ventral de las superficies diartrodiales laterales. ...
Se reporta el registro más austral de Bison latifrons para América del Norte. El registro
procede de una nueva localidad fosilífera en el municipio de San Dionisio
Ocotepec, localizado en los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca. La fauna asociada incluye a Mammuthus columbi, Equus cf. E.conversidens y Bison sp. Por la presenciade bisontes y de mamut, se infiere unaedad correspondiente al Rancholabreano(Pleistoceno tardío). Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis de mesodesgastepara proboscídeos y un análisis de microdesgaste
de baja magnificación (35x) a losrestos dentales de mamut. Los resultados de estos análisis sugieren que el individuode M. columbi era un pacedor. Debido alos hábitos dietarios del mamut y del hábitat
inferido para caballos y bisontes deMéxico, inferimos que, durante el Pleistoceno,
en el sitio debieron existir zonas abiertas con pastizales en las partes planas.
El presente registro de Bison latifronses el primero de la especie para Oaxaca(México) y para la provincia morfotectónica del Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano; con ello, su rango de distribución geográfica conocida se extiende en másde 447 km, desde Tequixquiac en el Estado de México hasta el centro de Oaxaca.Esta nueva localidad fosilífera contribuyeal conocimiento de las faunas del Pleistoceno tardío de la porción sur de Méxicoy en particular del centro de Oaxaca, lo que mejora nuestro entendimiento de loscambios bióticos y climáticos ocurridos durante el inicio del Holoceno.
... Based on modern ethological observations of bison (Kowalczyk et al. 2013;Krasińska and Krasiński 2013;Krasińska, Perzanowski, and Olech 2014;White, Pettitt, and Schreve 2016), as well as historic and fossil data (Bamforth 1988;Shpansky et al. 2016), it can be said that they formed herds of different sizes according to the season and that probably, in the open steppe-tundra habitat, they may have acquired a migratory rather than sedentary lifestyle (see Britton et al. 2012). The modern bison performs directional or altitudinal (in mountain areas) migrations. ...
The hunting activities of Neanderthals inhabiting the European Lowlands during the Weichsel glaciation are poorly understood due to the scarcity of faunal remains. This work concerns the puzzling accumulation of mammalian remains at the Middle Palaeolithic site Haller Av. in Wrocław, southwestern Poland. The site yielded lithic artifacts in two levels and numerous bone remains typical for steppe-tundra fauna, dominated by steppe bison (Bison priscus). As the site was transformed by fluvial processes, the question arose whether the accumulation of faunal bones was the result of human activity. To resolve this question, we used a multiproxy approach, including spatial analysis with GIS, as well as taphonomic and paleozoological analyses. It was found that the accumulation of bone remains was multi-stage and involved a large area. Only the bison remains were spatially correlated with the traces of human activity. In our opinion, these data indicate the presence of a hunting site of monospecific fauna, demonstrating the profound knowledge of Neanderthals about the ecosystem of which they were a part.
... Именно в пещерах содержится наибольший процент остатков хищных млекопитающих, практически не встречающихся в тафоценозах других типов. К примеру, в крупных многовидовых аллювиальных местонахождениях Западно-Сибирской равнины, содержащих наиболее богатые фаунистические коллекции, остатки хищников составляют 1,1-2,4 % от общего количества остатков [Shpansky et al., 2016; Васильев и др., 2019], тогда как во многих пещерах Алтае-Саянской горной области хищные млекопитающие составляют большую часть фаунистических остатков [Деревянко и др., 2003; Косинцев, Васильев, 2009]. К настоящему времени на юге Сибири лучше всего изученными являются пещеры Алтайской спелеопровинции (рис. 1, A). Изучению ископаемой фауны и археологических материалов пещер Алтайской спелеопровинции посвящены не только многочисленные статьи, но и обобщающие монографии [Деревянко и др., 2003; Деревянко и др., 2018]. ...
A new cave location of fossil mammals in the Minusinsk depression has been found and studied. The Zapovednaya cave is located in the northwestern part of the South Minusinsk basin, in the Ust-Abakany district of the Republic of Khakassia. Zapovednaya cave is the second cave location of Pleistocene mammals in the South Minusinsk basin. An exploration pit made in the cave, exposing cave deposits containing faunal remains. The two faunal groups was found in this locality: Pleistocene and Holocene. The association of Holocene remains dates from the Subboreal period of Holocene. The Pleistocene fauna of the cave can be dated to the first half of the Sartanian age, perhaps some of the materials are older and have a Karginian age. The age of both faunas is confirmed by radiocarbon dating from mammalian bones and wood. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the cave was probably used by foxes and badgers as dwellings. In the Pleistocene, sometimes the cave was used by cave hyenas, and in the Holocene, people. As a result of the activity of predators and humans, the remains of 6 species of Holocene and 13 species of Pleistocene mammals have accumulated in the cave. The Holocene fauna is represented by gophers, marmots, foxes, horses, cattle and small cattle. The Pleistocene fauna is represented by Spermophilus undulatus, Marmota baibacina, Vulpes vulpes, Ursus arctos, Martes zibellina, Mustela sp., Meles leucurus, Crocuta spelaea, Equus sp., Megaloceros giganteus, Bison priscus, Saiga tatarica and Capra sibirica. In both the Pleistocene and Holocene complexes, the largest number of remains belongs to the marmot, this fact confirms that the foxes lived in this cave. Of greatest interest are Ursus arctos, Martes zibellina, Meles leucurus, and Megaloceros giganteus whose remains are practically not found in the Pleistocene localities of the region. Radiocarbon dating from the antler of a giant deer confirms its distribution in the region during the end of the Late Pleistocene. The Pleistocene fauna of the Zapovednaya cave is most similar to the fauna from the Arheologicheskaya and Fanatikov caves. Both the Holocene and Pleistocene fauna of this cave are represented mainly by steppe mammals – marmot, saiga antelope and horse. In addition to steppe species, there are forest (Martes zibellina) and rocky (Capra sibirica) species, but their remains are represented by single bones. Thus, the faunal data make it possible to reconstruct the predominantly open biomes in the vicinity of the Zapovednaya cave in the Late Pleistocene.
... Tables 5.12, 5.15-5.17. In addition to Stanton Harcourt, measurements are given for Bison priscus from Marsworth (also MIS 7), from Late Pleistocene deposits nearby at Thrupp and Yarnton (both MIS 5a), Sutton Courtenay (MIS 3) and for some very large samples of Late Pleistocene age (MIS 5-3) from western Siberia (Shpansky et al. 2016). Although geographically remote, the Siberian data are interesting as the presence of partial skeletons provides a framework for estimating the size (height at the withers) of the Stanton Harcourt bison. ...
This richly illustrated book gives a detailed account of excavations that extended over
ten years at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, following the discovery of a mammoth tusk
in 1989. More than 1500 vertebrate fossils and a wealth of other biological material
were recorded and recovered, along with 36 stone artefacts attributable to
Neanderthals.
Today the Upper Thames Valley is a region of green pastures and well-managed
farmland, interspersed with pretty villages and intersected by a meandering river.
The discovery in 1989 of a mammoth tusk in river gravels at Stanton Harcourt,
Oxfordshire, revealed the very different ancient past of this landscape. Here, some
200,000 years ago, mammoths, straight-tusked elephants, lions, and other animals
roamed across grasslands with scattered trees, occasionally disturbed by small bands
of Neanderthals.
The pit where the tusk was discovered, destined to become a waste disposal site,
provided a rare opportunity to conduct intensive excavations that extended over a
period of 10 years. This work resulted in the recording and recovery of more than 1500
vertebrate fossils and an abundance of other biological material, including insects,
molluscs, and plant remains, together with 36 stone artefacts attributable to
Neanderthals. The well-preserved plant remains include leaves, nuts, twigs and large
oak logs. Vertebrate remains notably include the most comprehensive known
assemblage of a distinctive small form of the steppe mammoth, Mammuthus
trogontherii, that is characteristic of an interglacial period equated with marine isotope
stage 7 (MIS 7).
Richly illustrated throughout, Mammoths and Neanderthals in the Thames Valley
offers a detailed account of all these finds and will be of interest to Quaternary
specialists and students alike.
... New remains from the Tomsk Province were found in the well-known locality Krasniy Yar (57º07' N, 84º30' E) (Alekseeva, 1980;Shpansky and Billia, 2012;Shpansky, 2016;Shpansky et al., 2016), as well as from Asino and Kindal (Figure 1). New findings comprise a mandibular corpus, an upper tooth, and four postcranial bones (Table 1). ...
New findings of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Jäger, 1839) remains, obtained
from the Asian part of Russia, are described. The material includes 39 specimens from
13 localities in West Siberia and East Siberia. It considerably expands the geographic
distribution of this species of rhinoceros. A series of 11 mandibles from Siberia, including
one juvenile individual with deciduous teeth, is described for the first time. We also
present a large set of data on well-preserved postcranial remains. The morphology and
sizes of mandibles, teeth, and postcranial remains of adult individuals of S. kirchbergensis
from Siberia are similar to individuals of this species described from European
localities. A series of upper teeth was subjected to mesowear analysis to assess the
diet of S. kirchbergensis from West Siberia. The chemical composition (including stable
isotopes) of the Siberian Stephanorhinus teeth is analyzed for the first time. Comparisons
of Siberian S. kirchbergensis with European S. kirchbergensis and West Siberian
Coelodonta antiquitatis broaden our understanding of the ecology, variability, and evolution
of S. kirchbergensis under climatic changes in continental settings from the Middle
to the Late Pleistocene. Despite small samples, we can suppose that S.
kirchbergensis was widely distributed in Siberia.
... See Tables 5-9 for separate bones. Calcaneus: GL (Flerov, 1976;Baryshnikov et al., 1996;Á lvarez-Lao and García-García, 2006;Vasiliev, 2008;Croitor, 2010a;Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010;Shpansky et al., 2016). The dimensions of the skulls and other specimens from Kaniv are characteristic for those of the Late Pleistocene steppe bison of Europe and Siberia. ...
Subfossil remains of the Quaternary megafauna from two Ukrainian natural history collections stored at Kaniv Nature Reserve and the National Museum of Natural History NAS of Ukraine were examined. Most of the bones were collected in 1965–1966, in the building pit and the gateway of the Kaniv hydroelectric power plant. The fauna is represented at least by ten taxa (Gulo gulo, Mammuthus trogonterii chosaricus, Mammuthus intermedius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Megaloceros giganteus, Alces alces, Bison priscus, Cervus elaphus, Capra cf. ibex, and Equus ferus). Skeletal parts are represented mainly by skulls, long bones, horns, and tusks. Based on the species composition of proboscideans, at least part of the faunal assemblage is dated by the end of the Middle Pleistocene (Dnieper Stage = Saale, Warta, MIS 6), but majority of bones could be older or younger (Late Pleistocene and Holocene age) due to the alluvial origin of accumulation.
... Bison priscus occupied even larger areas and more diverse biotopes east of the Urals. The primeval bison was widespread in the Ob River Basin (Vasil'ev, 2008;Shpansky et al., 2016), Lena Basin in Yakutia (Chersky, 1891;Rusanov, 1968;Motuzko, 1972;Flerow, 1977;Boeskorov et al., 2013), and the Cisbaikal Region (Shchetnikov et al., 2012). In the Pleistocene, Bison priscus occupied the Kolyma Basin and Chukotka Peninsula (Kirillova et al., 2013), penetrated through Beringland into North America, and expanded there, adapting to the conditions of Alaska (Potter, 2007;Glassburn, 2015) and northern Canada (Zazula et al., 2009). ...
Mammal population of the northwestern Altai included residents, autochthonous species, cosmopolitans, and migrants. The last clearly indicate biogeographical relationships of the biota of the Altai Mountains in the Pleistocene. Most of them penetrated into the Altai from the south. The majority of ungulates and rodents migrated from Central Asia. Yak, red dog, and snow leopard came from the Himalayas, Pamir, and Tien Shan. The natural environment of the Altai Mountains in the Pleistocene enabled migrations of these mammals from the south to north. The same opportunity was true of the ancient man. It is possible to assume that humans migrated from southeastern Asia and Indochina along the eastern foothills of the Himalayas and Nan Shan Mountains to the northwest, to the Zaisan Depression and Altai. This resulted in inevitable exchange of gene material of Paleolithic human populations of southeastern Asia and the Altai.
... The number of bear bones in multispecies areas is relatively low and does not exceed 0.8% from the total fossil amount. In Krasniy Yar (Tomsk region), one of the largest fossil sites in Western Siberia, the total number of bear remains is no more than 30, which is significantly less than that of the cave lion Panthera spelaea [8]. Almost in all multispecies areas the remains of the steppe bear outnumber those of the brown bear. ...
Ursus arctos is a large carnivore and a common species for Western Siberia. The earliest traces of it date back to the Middle Pleistocene. During the Holocene, its population grew and its range significantly extended northwards. The modern West Siberian habitat lies between 55° and 67°N, and its dynamics are being affected by human activity and climate change. The beginning of the twenty-first century has been marked by the growth of the population of the brown bear and its occurrence in unusual habitats. Earlier studies of the population genetic structure prove the existence of a Pleistocene refugium on this territory. The body size of the West Siberian brown bear is the largest for U. arctos subscpecies within its range.
... Romanovskaya Village (47 32 0 N, 41 58 0 E), Don River. Krasniy Yar (57 07 0 N, 084 22 0 E), Ob' River, Tomsk region; Late Pleistocene, Karginian Horizon; MIS 3 (Shpansky, 2006;Shpansky et al., 2015). ...
During the Pleistocene, the saiga antelope, a nomadic, non-territorial, herding species, inhabited vast areas of Eurasia and North America; its distribution was at its maximum extent in the last glaciation. Now, it is restricted to a few isolated populations in Central Asia. Two main forms of saiga were recognised: Saiga borealis and S. tatarica. The former became extinct at the beginning of Holocene, the latter has survived since the Pleistocene to the present. They are regarded either as two species or as two subspecies of S. tatarica. Our comparison of skull and horn measurements of many Eurasian specimens, including literature data, revealed significant differences between these taxa. S. borealis was larger than S. tatarica in terms of some cranial measurements, whereas S. tatarica was characterised by a greater diameter of horncore base. However, the distinction involved only a few metric features and the ranges of all the analysed measurements overlapped at least partially, indicating that the two taxa may not be true species. Our analyses also showed that the skull of S. tatarica had become smaller since the Pleistocene in terms of several measurements, which was probably associated with the climate and palaeogeographical changes at the end of the last glaciation and a decrease in the population size. We found significant differences between the various geographical subgroups of S. borealis and S. tatarica only in some measurements. The observed dissimilarities between S. borealis and S. tatarica correspond most probably to subspecies level and may have resulted from a biogeographical differentiation of the saiga populations in the Pleistocene.
The genus Bison is one of the most common herbivorous mammals in the Late Pleistocene faunas of North America. It is also widely present throughout Mexico; however, published information on the bison species recorded in this country is very limited. We regard five species of Bison as valid in the Mexican Quaternary: B. alaskensis, B. priscus, B. latifrons, B. antiquus, and B. bison; also, given its biochronologic utility, we consider that B. antiquus is represented by two different chronomorphs with two different recognizable morphologies: a mainly Pleistocene "antiquus" morphology and a Holocene "occidentalis" morphology, both are part of the same species. Paleontological work carried out in the Mixteca Alta region of Oaxaca, Mexico, allowed the collection of additional cranial and postcranial specimens of Bison. Two different species were identified, B. antiquus and Bison cf. B. latifrons. Both species had a very wide geographic distribution in North America, with their records from Oaxaca as the most southern. Their combined records in the Mixteca Alta region allow to constrain the age of the Oaxacan localities to a range of 210-4.8 ka, most of them belonging to the Rancholabrean land mammal age.
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New data were obtained for the Chulym River basin in the southeastern part of the West Siberian Plain, one of the understudied parts of Siberia in terms of age and composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for Late Pleistocene megafauna. The 14C dates from the Sergeevo outcrop, the most complete section of Late Quaternary deposits in the region, are mostly greater than ~30 550 bp. Other localities yielded 14C values in the range from >44 500 to ~19 300 bp. The finite date of ~42 270 bp for the Khozarian steppe elephant (Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus) from Asino is intriguing because previously it was not detected in the Late Pleistocene of Siberia after the last interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e), ~115 000–130 000 years ago. Stable isotope data show both similarities and differences compared to the pre‐Last Glacial Maximum megafaunal species in other parts of Siberia.
The article is devoted to the state of stratigraphic exploration maturity of the Eopleistocene – Neo-Рleistocene Quaternary deposits on the boundary of mountain and plain territories in the non-glacial area. The material analysis shows an inadequate rationale of the existing stratigraphic schemes, according to which the ladder of alluvial terraces of these territories was formed sequentially during the Eopleistocene, Neo-Pleistocene and Holocene. The revising of representative sections was carried out, the provision of them with geochronological data, the accuracy of age and genetic diagnostics were evaluated.
The paper describes new materials on foxes of the Late Pleistocene from the territory of Southern Siberia. A detailed study of the bone remains allowed us to attribute them to the species Vulpes vulpes (Bely Yar II, Zapovednaya cave, Ust-Odinsk, Tuyana) and Vulpes corsac (Belovo, Mokhovsky quarry). The common fox was widespread in the south of Siberia during the late Pleistocene. During interstadial warming (MIS 3), the size of foxes in the region was comparable to modern representatives of the species, while during the cold Sartan time (MIS 2), foxes were a little bit larger. Perhaps it was a consequence of the manifestation of the Bergman rule, but this issue requires further study. Fossil finds of Korsak are concentrated in the southern mountainous and foothill parts of Siberia. To the north the Korsak was replaced by the Arctic fox as a more cold-resistant species. In most of southern Siberia, the ranges of V. lagopus and V. corsac did not intersect, what allows us to consider them as vicarious species.
We report a new series of radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) dates on the MIS 3 megafauna for a previously poorly studied region of southeastern West Siberia. Some species, like woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, and Pleistocene bison and horse, existed throughout the MIS 3 (ca. 29–59 ka cal BP); cave hyaena is dated to ca. 46,400 cal BP. The very late ¹⁴ C dates on Khozarian steppe elephant ( Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus ), ca. 45,100–45,400 cal BP, may indicate the survival of this species in Siberia up to MIS 3. More work is needed to confirm or reject this suggestion. Previously, Khozarian steppe elephant was known in Siberia only at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene (MIS 5e).
In the course of foundation works in the Dürnstein Castle cervical and front leg bones of a large Bison priscus bull were discovered in fluvial sediments. The small city of Dürnstein with its medieval centre is part of the UNESCO Wachau Cultural Landscape and is built mainly on Palaeozoic basement rocks. The find location is completely overbuilt, but remnants of fluvial sediments on the bones together with the altitude of the site approximately 17 m above the Danube point to a Middle Pleistocene fluvial aggradation level not younger than ca. 240,000 years, and the maximum age is 400,000 years. The fossil bearing location is interpreted as a small sandy bay of the Pleistocene Danube, protected from later degradation and erosion. Morphometric comparisons and taphonomic analyses of the bones allow the reconstruction of a scenario in which the bison probably had drowned in a flood and its carcass was buried quickly before destruction by scavengers or erosion. The study includes a comparison with bison specimens of an unpublished small megafaunal assemblage from adjacent Krems-Kreuzbergstraße. Processing marks on parts of these bones point to an anthropogenic Middle Palaeolithic influence and translocation. In addition, a tentative chronological sketch of the regional Bison species succession ( B. menneri, B. schoetensacki, B. priscus ) from the Early to the Late Pleistocene is presented.
Hundreds of fossils were discovered at ex Cava a Filo (Bologna, Italy), dating back to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and to the initial stage of the Oldest Dryas, at the beginning of the Tardiglacial period. Such faunal assemblage testifies to cold climatic conditions during the Late Pleistocene on the Gessi Bolognesi hills near Bologna. Stratigraphical features of the excavated cave deposits, together with 14C dating, allow us to distinguish three main faunal associations (Cava Filo-1, Cava Filo-2 and Cava Filo-3) covering a time interval ranging from about 24500 to 17500 cal BP. These faunal associations, separated by temporal gaps, correspond to various climatic cold conditions, prevalently dominated by a steppe environment. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (about 19000 years ago) occurred an abrupt climate amelioration (Late Pleniglacial Optimum) evidenced by a considerable re-forestation and by the spread of different habitats, including pinewood areas (Pinus mugo and Pinus sylvestris). Among the identified large mammals discovered during last palaeontological excavations (2006-2011), the best represented specie is Bison priscus, followed by Canis lupus, Capreolus capreolus, Lepus timidus, Megaloceros giganteus, and Marmota marmota. Here, we provide the anatomical description of the specimens and photos of the most representative for each species.
The remains of Merck rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis Jager 1839) are rare in
Ob area. The finds in Tomsk region originate from both already known location - Krasniy
Yar, and two new ones - Asino and Kindal. A finding of a tooth in the south of the Krasnoyarsk
Territory is a first find for the region, and is extremely important in linking spatially the
rhino distribution in Western and Eastern Siberia. The most important finding is a lower jaw
found in the mouth of the ducts Kindal in the left bank of the river Ob, down river from Kargasok
at a depth of about 14 m below water level. Site is located 400 kilometers to the north
from the city of Tomsk (59°08 'N, 80°35' E). As of now, this is the first find of the mandible
S. kirchbergensis in Western Siberia. The finding at Kindal Location is the most northern site
for Western Siberia where S. kirchbergensis was found, and is closer to the finding at Viluy
River in Yakutia (63°40 'N) by a latitudinal position. The geological age of the new discoveries
is the beginning of the Middle Neopleistocene (Tobolsk horizon; MIS 9-11).
The lower jaw belongs to an adult animal with preserved teeth p3-m3. Teeth are with the
high crowns. The tooth m3 is in the initial stage of dental abrasion. Teeth are large, especially
the m1, their sizes are similar to the ones of large specimens of Moldavia, the Volga region
and Taubah, but smaller than the teeth of specimens from Krasniy Yar. The molars m1-3 (171
mm) are longer than the ones of European samples. The closest in length of these teeth is a
large specimen from Taubah (157,8-169,9 mm).
Merck rhinoceros are considered as a final stage/section in the phylogenetic line of S.
megarhinus - S. kirchbergensis. Comparative analysis of main measurements of lower jaws,
which are considered to be S. kirchbergensis from Eurasian locations, proved how different
they are from S. ex gr. megarhinus-kirchbergensis from Haprov layers; there is no even overlapping
in limit/boundary values. The lower jaw of rhinoceros is significantly smaller than
S. kirchbergensis. However, comparing it with S. megarhinus is much more difficult and not
as obvious. Dimensional characteristics of the lower jaws of the rhinoceros presented by
C. Guerin (1980) vary within a very wide range. Upper values for some measurements are
above average for S. kirchbergensis, whereas lower values falls below lower limits of S. ex gr.
megarhinus-kirchbergensis. Nevertheless, average of all measurements of the lower jaw
S. megarhinus is under lower values of S. kirchbergensis. Very good repeatability of the
curves on the graphs can reflect similarity in relative characteristics of lower jaws of rhinoceroses
and confirm their phylogenetic relationship.
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/.
Isolated teeth and some other postcranial remains, which have been discovered in Middle Pleistocene levels along the Ob' River at the village of Krasny Yar, in front of the Sargulin Island (Krivosheino District, Tomsk region, southeast of Western Siberia), are attributed to Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Jager, 1839), better known in Russia as "Merck's rhinoceros". S. kirchbergensis, unlike other Plio-Pleistocene rhinoceroses, seems to be rare in the Russian fossil record (as well as in the rest of Eurasia), being reported from a limited number of localities only. This is the case of one of the very few records of this species from Siberia, and a second one from the Tomsk region. The co-occurrence in the Krasny Yar of S. kirchbergensis with Mammuthus ex gr. trogontherii-chosaricus, Bison priscus, Megalo-ceros giganteus ruffi, and Equus ex gr. mosbachensis-germanicus suggests a palaeoenvironment dominated by extensive grasslands and sparse trees.
Count rates, representing the rate of 14 C decay, are the basic data obtained in a 14 C laboratory. The conversion of this information into an age or geochemical parameters appears a simple matter at first. However, the path between counting and suitable 14 C data reporting (table 1) causes headaches to many. Minor deflections in pathway, depending on personal interpretations, are possible and give end results that are not always useful for inter-laboratory comparisons. This discussion is an attempt to identify some of these problems and to recommend certain procedures by which reporting ambiguities can be avoided.
The frozen bodies of a young woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), a wild horse (Equus sp.) and a steppe bison (Bison priscus) were recently found in the northern Yakutia (northeastern Siberia). All specimens have preserved bones, skin and soft tissues. Whereas the woolly mammoth and the Pleistocene horse were represented by partial frozen bodies, the steppe bison body was recovered in an absolutely complete state. All specimens were found frozen in the permafrost, with some of the tissues mummified. The wild horse and steppe bison are of Holocene age, and the mammoth is of Late Pleistocene age.
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/. © 2013 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.
Archaeologists, along with other Quaternary researchers, seldom rely upon a single radiocarbon determination to provide an estimate of the age of the phenomenon which is the object of their study. There is an evident need for an explicitly formulated procedure for comparing sets of radiocarbon determinations from the same and from adjacent strata or sites, and for combining these where statistical and archaeological criteria indicate that this combination is warranted. The present contribution provides explicit modelling for a series of recommended procedures, a critique of previous methods, and paradigms for application of the recommended procedures.
A re-evaluation of the Longin collagen-extraction method shows that a lower reflux temperature reduces degradation of protein (“collagen”) remnants. This allows additional purification through ultrafiltration to isolate the >30kDalton fraction of the reflux product.
Graphite in various forms has become the standard target for accelerator 14 C dating. Graphite has been made by catalytic graphitization of charcoals (Lowe, 1984). Thin films of graphite have also been produced by thermal cracking (Beukens & Lee, 1981), electric discharge (Andrée et al , 1984; Wand, Gillespie & Hedges, 1984). Vogel et al (1984) pointed out the ease of graphite formation on iron from CO 2 and H 2 mixtures at ca 600°C. The deposition reactions of carbon from the CO, H 2 , and CO 2 equilibria are well known (Wagman et al , 1945) and well studied. Formation of graphite from CO 2 was discussed extensively by Boudouard (1902) and Schenck and Zimmerman (1903), and was known to chemists in France in 1851. We have used a related method, where graphite forms away from the iron, by using a higher temperature, and reduction of CO 2 to CO over Zn in the presence of H 2 (Jull et al , 1986) as an alternative to the use of Fe alone. The object of this paper is to point out an even simpler graphite preparation system, which eliminates hydrogen. The decomposition reaction of CO (Boudouard, 1902) takes place according to reaction (1).
Ontogenetic studies based on fossil mammals are rather scarce, including for the “woolly rhinoceros” Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach 1799). In this paper, for the first time, the earliest age stages (from 6 months to 3.5 years) of C. antiquitatis have been studied on the basis of several lower jaw fragments and limb bones from two Late Pleistocene sites along the Ob' (at Krasny Yar and near Kargasok) in the Tomsk Priob'e area (Tomsk region, southeast Western Siberia). As opposed to other mammalian species (e.g. mammoths), the absence of great concentrations of C. antiquitatis juvenile remains (possibly due to the palaeoecological features of this taxon) has to be emphasized. Finds of skulls, jaws, and isolated milk molars are very rare, particularly in those cases of individuals younger than three years. Therefore, the remains from Krasny Yar, belonging to individuals characterized by different ages, represent a unique case.
A large series of osteological material on the mandibles with functioning milk teeth and forming permanent teeth, belonging to calves from 6 months to 3.5 years of age, is described. For the first time, a large series of C. antiquitatis tubular bones of different individual ages (from birth to adulthood) is described, and the order and age of epiphysis adhering is revealed. The proportions of tubular bones (ratio between epiphysis and diaphysis) remain the same in stages 3–5 of individual progress (over 3 years of age). An assumption about C. antiquitatis sizes in different ontogenetic stages and the rate of growth is made. The body size for one-month-old calves is approximately 72 cm in shoulder height and about 120 cm in length. Well-known ontogenetic studies concerning modern African rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis L. 1756 and Ceratotherium simum simum [Burchell, 1817]) as well as other ontogenetic studies performed on C. antiquitatis juvenile dental material have also been taken into consideration in this paper.
In the Late Pleistocene faunal complexes of the southeastern part of Western Siberia, the primeval bison (Bison priscus priscus) was among the best represented megafauna species. Beginning in the late Kazantsevo period (ca 100 – 90 ka BP), the body size diminished considerably and reached its minimum during the fi nal Karga Interglacial (ca 30 ka BP). The Sartan cool period caused an increase in the size of Bison p. priscus. However, in contrast to bison in Europe and Eastern Siberia, the body and cranium size of bison in the southern part of Western Siberia did not change signifi cantly during the Late Pleistocene. This conservative feature can be explained by the relative stability of environmental and climatic conditions as well as by the existence of a steppe and forest steppe ecozone with rich forage resources and thin snow cover, creating favorable conditions for the subsistence of this species.
The quality of bone collagen extracts is central to the14C dating and isotope palaeodietary analysis of bone. The intactness and purity of the extracted gelatin (“collagen”) is strongly dependent on the extent of diagenetic degradation, contamination and the type of extraction method. Possible chemical, elemental and isotopic parameters for the assessment of “collagen” quality are discussed. The most important distinction that can be made is the one between contaminated bone (mostly from temperate zones), and bone low in collagen content (mostly from arid and tropical zones). The latter shows more variability in all quality parameters than the former. The natural level of contamination is mostly so low that stable isotopic measurements are not impaired, although14C measurements can be. It is concluded that there is no unequivocal way to detect natural levels of contamination with the discussed parameters, although their use can identify many cases. In low “collagen” bone, the parameters can identify the great majority of problematic samples: although deviations in these parameters do not necessarily mean isotopic alterations, the increased background found in these samples makes most samples unusable.
The geological structure and faunal content of one of the principal localities for Quaternary mammal remains in Western Siberia, Krasniy Yar (Tomsk region, Russia) are considered. This locality contains 3 layers of bone remains: lower (Middle Neopleistocene), middle (the end of Late Neopleistocene) and upper (end of Neopleistocene-beginning of Holocene). The richest horizon in number of species and the quantity of remains is the middle horizon, which contains the mammoth fauna. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
Bone is one of the most widely used materials for dating archaeological activity. It is also relatively difficult to pretreat effectively and new methods are an area of active research. The purpose of the chemical pretreatment of bone is to remove contaminants present from burial and to do so in a way which does not add any additional laboratory contaminant. To some extent, these two aims must be balanced since, on the whole, the more complex the procedure and the more steps included, the greater the chance for contamination. At the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit {(ORAU)}, the method used is a continuous-flow or manual acid/base/acid {(ABA)} treatment followed by gelatinization and ultrafiltration (based on Brown et al. [1988]; documented in Bronk Ramsey et al. [2000]). We find this overall method is very effective at removing more recent contamination in old bones. However, two aspects of the method have recently been improved and are reported here: the redesign of {ORAU's} continuous flow pretreatment and a new protocol in our pretreatment ultrafiltration stage.
Since its introduction in 19771, stable isotope analysis of bone collagen has been widely used to reconstruct aspects of prehistoric human and animal diets2–11. This method of dietary analysis is based on two well-established observations, and on an assumption that has never been tested. The first observation is that bone collagen 13C/12C and 15N/14N ratios reflect the corresponding isotope ratio of an animal's diet1–5,12. The second is that groups of foods have characteristically different 13C/12C and/or 15N/14N ratios13,14. Taken together, the two observations indicate that the isotope ratios of collagen in the bones of a living animal reflect the amounts of these groups of foods that the animal ate. Thus, it has been possible to use fresh bone collagen 13C/12C ratios to determine the relative consumption of C3 and C4 plants15–17, while 13C/12C and 15N/14N ratios have been used to distinguish between the use of marine and terrestrial foods14. The 15N/14N ratios of fresh bone collagen probably also reflect the use of leguminous and non-leguminous plants as food5, but this has not yet been demonstrated. Prehistoric consumption of these same groups of foods has been reconstructed from isotope ratios of collagen extracted from fossil bone1–11. Implicit in the application of the isotopic method to prehistoric material is the assumption that bone collagen isotope ratios have not been modified by postmortem processes. Here I present the first examination of the validity of this assumption. The results show that postmortem alteration of bone collagen isotope ratios does occur, but that it is possible to identify prehistoric bones whose collagen has not undergone such alteration.
Comparative craniology of recent representatives of the genus Bison
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Flerov K.K. 1965. [Comparative craniology of recent representatives of the genus Bison] // Bulletin of Moscow
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The fossil bison (Bison priscus Bojanus
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Gromova V.I. 1935. [The fossil bison (Bison priscus Bojanus) of the USSR] // Proceedings of the Zoological Institute USSR. Vol.2. No.2-3. P.77-205 [in Russian].
Elephas primigenius Blum. and Bison priscus H.v. Meyer from Kemerovo mine
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Ryzhkov P.M. 1927. [Elephas primigenius Blum. and Bison
priscus H.v. Meyer from Kemerovo mine, Tom River] //
Izvestiya Sibirskogo Tekhnologicheskogo Instituta.
Vol.47. No.3. P.54-70 [in Russian].
Find of fossil Bison in Tomsk Ob River area
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Shpansky A.V. 1997. [Find of fossil Bison in Tomsk Ob
River area] // Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists.
Series Geological. Vol.72. No.1. P.46-52 [in Russian].
Stratigraphic location of the Irtysh faunal complex] // Fundamental’nye Problemy Kvartera: Itogi Izucheniya i Osnovnye Napravleniya Dal’neishikh Issledovanii. Materialy VI Vserossiiskogo Soveshchaniya po Izucheniyu Chetvertichnogo Perioda
- A V Shpansky
Shpansky A.V. 2009. [Stratigraphic location of the Irtysh
faunal complex] // Fundamental'nye Problemy Kvartera:
Itogi Izucheniya i Osnovnye Napravleniya Dal'neishikh
Issledovanii. Materialy VI Vserossiiskogo Soveshchaniya
po Izucheniyu Chetvertichnogo Perioda. Novosibirsk.
P.640-643 [in Russian].
Taphonomic analysis of a bison's skeleton site near Krasniy Yar (Krivosheinsky District
- A V Shpansky
- K O Pecherskaya
Shpansky A.V. & Pecherskaya K.O. 2006. [Taphonomic
analysis of a bison's skeleton site near Krasniy Yar
(Krivosheinsky District, Tomsk Region)] // [Late Cenozoic Geological History of the North of the Arid Zone].
Taphonomic analysis of a bison’s skeleton site near Krasniy Yar (Krivosheinsky District, Tomsk Region)] // [Late Cenozoic Geological History of the North of the Arid Zone
- A V Shpansky
- K O Pecherskaya
Improvements to the pretreatment of bone at Oxford
- Bronk
Postcranial skeleton
- Reshetov
Elephas primigenius Blum. and Bison priscus H.v. Meyer from Kemerovo mine, Tom River
- Ryzhkov
Taphonomic analysis of a bison’s skeleton site near Krasniy Yar (Krivosheinsky District, Tomsk Region)
- Shpansky
New findings of the Quaternary mammals remains in Pavlodar Priirtysh area
- Shpansky
Systematics and evolution
- Flerov
The fossil bison (Bison priscus Bojanus) of the USSR
- Gromova
Stratigraphic location of the Irtysh faunal complex
- Shpansky
Postcranial skeleton of a Bison
- Sokolov
Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements
- van