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... The extensive use of dwarfing apple rootstocks has launched a major shift into highdensity cultivation since the pioneering innovation of the East Malling series of dwarfing rootstocks (Jackson, 1989;Norelli et al., 2003). In apple and many other fruit tree species, dwarfing rootstocks significantly impact not only the tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, but also the growth of shoots in the canopy, fruit yield, and quality (Li et al., 2004;Sarwar et al., 1998;Wang et al., 1994;Welander, 1988). Dwarf apple trees have several advantages compared with vigorous stock that result from reduced vegetative growth. ...
Understanding of root growth patterns and architecture of apple (Malus ·domestica Borkh.) trees is very important for commercial apple production. Most commercial apple trees are usually a grafted complex consisting of the scion and the rootstock, each of which is a different genotype. Recently, rootstocks of dwarf tree species have been used extensively to meet the convenience in management; however, this practice appears to negatively impact root development. Using minirhizotrons, we investigated root dynamics, root spatial distribution, and shoot growth in 'Red Fuji' scion grown: 1) directly on dwarf and vigorous root stocks and 2) on a dwarf root stock placed in between the non-dwarf scion and non-dwarf rootstock (hereinafter referred toasaninterstem). The results showed that: 1) one or two peaks in total root length density (TRLD) were observed in each scion/rootstock combinations every year; 2) the greatest TRLD peaks were always observed in between May and December. The peaks of shoot growth were always asynchronous with that of white root length density; 3) compared with scion/vigorous rootstock combinations, inserting a dwarfing interstem between the scion and vigorous seedling rootstock reduced the TRLD; 4) scion/ vigorous rootstock combinations had a relatively deep, widespread and large root system. Scion/dwarfing rootstock combinations had a root system distributed in a small region; and the root systems of scion/dwarfing interstem/ vigorous rootstock combinations tended to be intermediate between those of scion/vigorous rootstock and scion/ dwarfing rootstock. This implies that the insertion of interstems altered the root architecture by not only the quantity of roots, but also the spatial distribution.
Thermodynamic parameters of the hydriding reaction of a hydride electrode can be obtained by two different methods. The results show that the change of enthalpy ΔH, change of entropy ΔS and hydrogen pressure calculated from e-c-T curves of electrochemical reactions have much larger inherent errors compared with those obtained from p-c-T curves of alloys in hydriding reactions with hydrogen gas (gaseous method). The hydrogen storage capacities determined by gaseous and electrochemical methods are also different, owing to the low utilization factor, and diffusion of hydrogen into air and formation of hydrogen gas bubbles in electrolyte in an unsealed battery. ΔHe0 and ΔSe0 as well as the relations between ΔHe0, ΔSe0 of the electrochemical reaction and gaseous ΔHp0, ΔSp0 have also been derived on the basis of the Nernst equation. Much more accurate results have thus been assured.
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