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Rafflesia bengkuluensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from south Sumatera, Indonesia
... Later, Meijer (1997) drew attention to ramenta structure in his treatment of Rafflesia for Flora Malesiana in species discrimination. The importance of ramenta in Rafflesia taxonomy also has been stressed by Mat-Salleh and Latiff (1989), Nais (2001), Latiff and Wong (2004), Susatya et al. (2005), Barcelona et al. (2009), and Susatya (2007, 2011. ...
... The labels p, mp, and d refer to the location of ramenta throughout the inner surface of the perigone tube, on the middle part of the perigone tube, and on the inner surface of diaphragm, respectively. Ramenta of R. bengkuluensis and R. patma is redrawn from Susatya et al. (2005) and Meijer (1997), respectively. ...
Ramentae are hair-like structures found on the perigone tube and diaphragm in species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Although ramenta morphology provides an important taxonomic character, a consistent terminology has not been used in species descriptions. As such, morphological comparisons among species as well as among populations within a species are difficult. We used a variety of resources to document the morphology including the location and density of ramenta among 18 species of Rafflesia and between populations and/or sexes of two species. We identified five types of ramenta: tuberculate, filiform, swollen apex, toadstool, and fence-like and recognized several variations within each type. Ramenta types characterize four species complexes: R. patma (tuberculate), R. arnoldii (filiform), R. pricei (mostly swollen apex), and R. hasseltii (mostly toadstool). Our classification of ramenta offers a tool for using consistent terminology to re-evaluate previously described species and to define new species of Rafflesia.
... Both R. bengkuluensis and R. patma have tuberculate ramenta less than 4 mm long (Hidayati et al., 2000;Meijer, 1997;Susatya et al., 2005). Rafflesia bengkuluensis has numerous dark orange warts on both the reddish brown perigone and diaphragm surfaces. ...
... 1.5 cm wide zone in the middle part of the perigone tube, while lobed tubercles are only found in the lower part of the diaphragm. The other parts of the inner surface of the perigone tube have a glabrous surface with no ramenta (Susatya et al., 2005). The presence of ramenta in the perigone tube is also a distinguishing character between R. bengkuluensis and R. patma. ...
... ). Baru di tahun 2005 jenis baru ditemukan dan kemudian dipublikasi yaitu R. bengkuluensis Susatya, Mat-Salleh et Arianto(Susatya et al. 2005). Lima tahun kemudian pada tahun 2010 dua jenis baru diterbitkan lagi yaitu R. lawangensis Mat-Salleh, Mahyuni et Susatya (Mat-Salleh et al. 2010) dan R. meijerii Wiriadinata et Sari (Wiriadinata and Sari 2010). ...
Puspa langka Rafflesia merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang dilindungi oleh peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan merupakan ikon bunga langka Nusantara bahkan menjadi ikon dunia karena keunikan dan belum banyak terungkap keberadaannya. Bunga Rafflesia ini masih ditemukan tumbuh alami tersebar di hutan Provinsi Bengkulu, namun keberadaannya terancam punah oleh beragam penyebab yang harus segera dicarikan solusi bijak untuk konservasi masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan upaya konservasi puspa langka Rafflesia dengan uji coba menanam inang Tetrastigma spp dalam polibag. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan tanam batang pucuk inang Tetrastigma spp, tanam batang pucuk inang yang dipotong, tanam batang pucuk inang yang dipotong kemudian ditutup dengan plastik bening, dan tanam biji inang di dalam polibag dengan tanah dari habitat tumbuh inang tersebut di hutan. Batang inang tersebut diambil dari inang Tetrastigma spp yang ditumuhi bunga Rafflesia pernah mekar, diambil dari beberapa lokasi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan November 2021-Juli 2022 di kebun pinggir hutan selama empat bulan menggunakan media tanam polibag dengan tanah yang diambil dari tanah habitat inang, kemudian dipindah di halaman rumah di kota Bengkulu di tempat yang ternaungi terik sinar matahari tetapi masih mendapatkan curah hujan langsung sampai berumur sembilan bulan, dan sebagian diberi tambahan pupuk organik serta pupuk cair organik eco enzyme. Hasil penelitian di kebun pinggir hutan alami, menunjukan bahwa pengamatan selama empat bulan pertama menunjukan bahwa batang pucuk paling ujung dari inang Tetrastigma spp dapat tumbuh dengan baik di polibag; batang pucuk inang yang dipotong bagian bawah dan bagian atas batang pucuk serta tanpa tutup plastik bening, sebagian dapat tumbuh dan sebagian mati; batang pucuk inang yang dipotong di bagian bawah dan di bagian atas batang pucuk kemudian ditutup dengan plastik bening semuanya dapat tumbuh dengan baik; dan biji inang sebagian dapat tumbuh dan sebagian belum dapat tumbuh menjadi tanaman inang di polibag. Hasil pengamatan selama lima bulan kemudian di halaman rumah desa Bentiring Permai menunjukan bahwa tanaman stek batang pucuk inang Tetrastigma spp yang berada di polibag dapat tumbuh dengan subur setelah media tanamnya diberikan tambahan pupuk organik padat dan diberikan pupuk organik cair eco enzyme. Panjang pertumbuhan tanaman inang di polibag paling tinggi mencapai ketinggian 176 cm yaitu tanaman inang pucuk daun merah, dan memiliki banyak anak cabang baru; dan pertumbuhan stek batang pucuk paling rendah mencapai ketinggian 86 cm yaitu tanaman daun pucuk hijau lebar dengan beberapa anak cabang baru. Terdapat perbedaan morfologi daun tanaman inang yang tumbuh merambat keatas yang memiliki warna daun hijau berbentuk oval dengan pinggir helaian daun merata; tanaman inang yang memiliki warna daun hijau berbentuk oval lebih lebar dengan pinggir helaian daun memiliki banyak duri; tanaman inang yang memiliki warna daun pucuk merah dan setelah beberapa waktu daunnya berwarna hijua berbentuk oval memanjang; dan tanaman inang yang memiliki warna helaian daun hijau berbentuk oval mengkilat dan bergelombang di bagian atas dan dibagian bawah helaian daun berwarna keunguan. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang inang Tetrastigma dan upaya konservasi eksitu. Kata kunci : Rafflesia, Inang Tetrastigma, Budidaya Inang Rafflesia, dan Konservasi Puspa Langka.
... The subsequent discoveries of the species in South-east Asia, in particular on the islands of Java, Sumatera, Borneo and the Philippines are listed in Table 1. Barcelona et al.(2009); Barcelona and Pelser (2008); Barcelona et al.(2006); Galang and Madulid (2006); Fernando and Ong (2005); Susatya et al. (2005); Latiff and Wong (2003); Barcelona and Fernando (2002); Nais, (2001); Mat- Salleh and Latiff (1989); Meijer (1984); Teijsmann and Binnendjik (1850). Suringar R. hasseltii was discovered in 1877 by van Hasselt, Veth and Snelleman in Sumatera and later described by Suringar in 1879. ...
Rafflesia R.Br. (Rafflesiaceae), is one of the most outstanding parasitic flowering plant genera. The genus can only be found in Southeast Asia: in Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Indonesia. To date, Malaysia has recorded 13 species, of which eight are reported from Peninsular Malaysia: R. cantleyi, R. azlanii, R. kerri, R. su-meiae, R. sharifah-hapsahiae, R. parvimaculata, R. tuanku-halimii and R. tiomanensis. In Sabah, three species can be found which include R. pricei, R. keithii and R. tengku-adlinii, whereas Sarawak has four species: R. hasseltii, R. keithii, R. pricei and R. tuan-mudae. The diverse species of Rafflesia in Malaysia have been used to promote Malaysia as an ecotourism destination. The reinforcement of laws and acts to conserve and protect this genus and its species will indirectly protect the tropical rainforest from encroachment activities.
... Rafflesia has no leaves, stem and roots and completely depends on the host for water, nutrients, and survival. Rafflesia comprises 37 species and is distributed only in tropical forests in the South East Asia region (Mat Salleh 1991, Nais 2001, Susatya et al. 2006, Adam et al. 2016, Susatya et al. 2017. In Borneo, a total of nine Rafflesia species are known (Adam et al. 2016), while only four species are known in Sarawak (Fig. 1a), namely Rafflesia tuan-mudae, R. precei, R. hasseltii, and R. keithii. ...
A new Rafflesia population was found in Naha Jaley, Sarawak, in 2012. This study aimed to identify this Rafflesia species and investigate its bud growth. First, we described the flower characteristics and compared them with Rafflesia keithii and R. tuan-mudae, which are candidate species for the flower. Also, we investigated the phylogenetic position of this Rafflesia within Rafflesiaceae using DNA analysis. To estimate bud growth curve, we observed bud development from April 2013 to November 2013 in the field. Based on morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed the newly discovered population of the Rafflesia at Naha Jaley was R. tuan-mudae, which is the new locality of the species at the most Eastern side of the known distribution for this species. The results indicated that absolute growth rate was greater in larger buds. We also estimated that it took a year to bloom from the initial bud stage. The mortality in one of our sites was very high, with more than 80 % of buds dead prior to flower opening. This flower would be vulnerable to extinction due to their extraordinary characteristics and anthropogenetic effects. Finally, we discussed how Rafflesia populations in Naha Jaley can be conserved both in-situ and ex-situ.
... The genus Rafflesia R. Br. (Rafflesiaceae) is a holoparasitic plant with about 37 species recorded and distributed in Southeast Asia (Nais, 2001;Susatya et al., 2006;Sofiyanti et al., Gunung Pueh (Nais, 2001) and its vicinity towards Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary and the latest R. hasseltii from Tanjung Datu National Park in Sarawak and its vicinity (Figure 1). It could possibly be found in South-west Kalimantan especially in the area closer to the Malaysian-Indonesian border. ...
... Di Indonesia Rafflesia ditemukan di Kalimantan, Jawa dan Sumatera. Jenis yang pernah dilaporkan dari Sumatera diantaranya, R. haselltii Suringar (Sofiyanti et al. 2007), R. bengkuluensis (Susatya et al. 2006), R. meijeri (Wiriadinata & Sari 2010) and R. lawangensis (Mat-Salleh et al. 2010), sedangkan untuk Provinsi Riau baru satu jenis yang dilaporkan yaitu R. haseltii dari Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh (Sofiyanti et al. 2007 ...
ABSTRAK Rafflesia merupakan tanaman holoparasit dengan inang Tetrastigma spp (Vitaceae). Jenis-jenis Rafflesia merupakan jenis yang langka dan dilindungi, termasuk Rafflesia di Suaka Marga Rimbang Baling, Riau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengkarakterisasi morfologi Rafflesia di Suaka Margasatwa Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling serta mengidentifikasi inangnya. Pengambilan data dan sampel dilaksanakan dengan metode eksplorasi. Hasil penelitian ditemukan hanya satu populasi Rafflesia di lokasi penelitian. Jumlah total individu yang ditemukan adalah 6 idividu. Bunga memiliki pola bercak besar dan berwarna putih dengan lobus perigon warna merah gelap, diidentifikasi sebagai R. hasseltii Suringar. ABSTRACT Rafflesia is a holoparasit plant that has specisfic host, Tetrastigma spp (Vitaceae). All of Rafflesia members are rare and protected species, including Rafflesia in Suaka Margasatwa Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling, Riau. The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological characters of Rafflesia in Suaka Margsatwa Bukit Bukit Baling Rimbang. Sampling was conducted using exploration method. The result showed only one population of Rafflesia in the study site. A total of six individuals were found during the study. The flower of Rafflesia in this study has large white blotches on the perigone lobes, dark red perigone, and unbranched and capitate ramenta, and identified as R. hasseltii.
... Until 2006 no new species of Rafflesia from Sumatra were described. Rafflesia patma Blume has been reported for Lampung ( Meijer, 1997), but due to the absence of material, Susatya et al. (2005) believed that it probably refers to R. bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh from Southern Bengkulu because of the similarity in distribution. In 2010 two species of Rafflesia were described for North Sumatra, i.e. ...
MAHYUNI, R., KUSUMA,Y. W. C., WIHERMANTO & VELDKAMP, J. F. 2015. Notes on Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) in Sumatra with a new record Rafflesia gadutensis Meijer. Reinwardtia 14(2): 317 - 322. Pulau Mursala is a small island west of the Sibolga, Tapanuli Tengah District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The occurrence of the genus Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) there has never been reported before. However, during a visit in April 2013 three populations are located close together with more than twenty buds and some rotting blooming flowers, Tetrastigma sp. was detected. Field observations could be made and material was collected for comparison with that in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). It was concluded that they are R.gadutensis Meijer, which is known from Padang, Ulu Gadut. Notes on its morphology are given. The distribution of species is discussed.
... All members in this family are obligate parasites and rootless and have no chlorophyll and therefore are dependent on the host plants for water, nutrients, and survival [1]. Currently, the genus Rafflesia consists of about 34 species and is distributed in the Southeast Asian region [1][2][3][4][5][6]. ...
Rafflesia tuan-mudae Becc. (Rafflesiaceae) is endemic to Borneo and was recorded from Sarawak and probably Kalimantan. Previous records showed that Tetrastigma rafflesiae (Miq.) Planch. (Vitaceae) is the only host plant for R. tuan-mudae . In this study the host plants were collected each time R. tuan-mudae was observed or collected. Out of 20 Tetrastigma specimens collected infected by R. tuan-mudae , 14 were identified as T. diepenhorstii (Miq.) Latiff while 6 belonged to T. rafflesiae . Therefore, a new host for R. tuan-mudae is recorded and descriptions for each host are presented.
... The most extensive discovery of new Rafflesia species has been in the Phillppines where eight new species have been recorded since 2001: R. speciosa (Barcelona & Fernando 2002), R. mira (Fernando & Ong 2005, = R. magnifica (Madulid, Tandang & Agoo 2005)), R. lobata (Galang & Madulid 2006), R. baletei (Barcelona et al. 2006), R. leonardi (Barcelona et al. 2008 = R. banaoana (Malabrigo 2010), R. aurantia (Barcelona et al. 2009), R. verrucosa (Balete et al. 2010) and R. mixta (Barcelona et al. 2014). Three new species have been reported from Indonesia: R. bengkuluensis (Susatya et al. 2006), R. meijeri (Wiriadinata & Sari 2010) and R. lawangensis (Mat-Salleh et al. 2011). Three new Rafflesia species have also been published for Malaysia (R. azlanii Latiff & Wong 2003, R. su-meae Wong, Nais & Gan (2009 and R. sharifah-hapsahiae Adam et al. (2013), although we consider R. sharifah-hapsahiae to be a synonym of R. cantleyi due to the identical morphology of the two species. ...
The new species Rafflesia parvimaculata is described from Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. This species is characterized by its numerous small white warts on the perigone lobes, and also by its slender, unbranched, capitate ramenta that are white in color and densely arranged inside the floral perigone tube. These unique characters distinguish R. parvimaculata from other Rafflesia species. The discovery of this new species brings the total number of Rafflesia species described from Peninsular Malaysia to five.
... Rafflesia R. Br. is a parasitic genus comprising 33 species (summarized from Nais, 2001;Susatya et al., 2006;Mat-Salleh et al., 2010;Wiriadinata, 2010;Barcelona et al., 2011). This genus grows in limited localities in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asia (Wong, 1992;Hidayati et al., 2000;Balete et al., 2010;Barcelona et al., 2011) including Sumatera, Java, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand and the Philippines (Barcelona et al., 2006(Barcelona et al., , 2007Ghazally et al., 1988). ...
The ovules, seeds and pollen grains of 24 Rafflesia specimens from nine species were examined. The ovules and seeds of all specimens showed similar shapes and structures. Rafflesia ovules are J-shaped and incompletely anatropous, while the seeds are chestnut-shaped. The pollen grains are small (10-25 ?m in diameter), prolate-spheroidal and subprolate, monoporate, with a smooth surface and no ornamentation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i2.13124 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(2): 109-117, 2012 (December)
... These new discoveries therefore bring the total number of species in the archipelago to ten or eleven (Map 1). In the same period, only two new Rafflesia species were described from outside the Philippines: R. azlanii Latiff & M.Wong (2003) from Peninsular Malaysia and R. bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh (2005) from Sumatra. New Rafflesia discoveries since 2002 have brought the total number of currently recognized and described species to 27 and indicate that the Philippines contains ten or eleven species of Rafflesia, at least two more than is found on either Borneo and Sumatra. ...
The number of Rafflesia species (Rafflesiaceae) reported for the Philippines has grown explosively from two before 2002 to ten or eleven presently. We present an overview of the current knowledge of Philippine Rafflesia by providing a comprehensive account of all the recognized species with their taxonomy, distribution and ecology, plus a key and photographs to aid in identification. Their conservation status and that of the rain forest habitats they require is discussed.
... Future studies should also aim to include the recently rediscovered Rafflesia schadenbergiana as well as recently described Philippine and Indonesian species that could not be included here (e.g. Barcelona et al., 2009b;2007;2008;Madulid et al., 2005Madulid et al., , 2006Susatya et al., 2006). ...
The aim of the present study is to elucidate the evolutionary history of the enigmatic holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae. More specifically, floral morphological evolution is interpreted in a molecular phylogenetic context, the biogeographic history of the family is investigated, and the possibility of character displacement to have been operating in this family is assessed. Parsimony and Bayesian methods are used to estimate phylogeny and divergence times among Rafflesiaceae species based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data from Barkman et al. (2008) as well as new sequence data from additional samples and an additional genetic marker, the plastid 16S. Ancestral areas are inferred using dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) as well a more recently developed parametric likelihood method (LAGRANGE), now including an update that allows for estimation over the posterior distribution of dated trees. Our extended molecular phylogeny of Rafflesiaceae implies a general lack of morphological synapomorphies as well as a high level of morphological homoplasy. In particular, a high level of floral morphological homoplasy is detected among Rafflesia species suggestive of similar patterns of pollinator-based selection in different geographic areas, and multiple instances of divergent floral size evolution is consistent with a model of character displacement. Initial diversification of Rafflesiaceae during the Late Cretaceous was followed by a long period of no-net diversification, likely due to extinctions caused by a Late Eocene to Miocene dramatic reduction in rainforest cover. A Late Miocene to Early Pliocene rise in sea-level probably caused the vicariant diversification observed between areas of endemism. The most recent species divergences are concordant with Pleistocene changes in climate and sea-levels, but apparently with no successful inter-area migrations, supportive of savannah, rather than rainforest, covered landbridges. An explosive increase in net diversification rate, most pronounced in Rafflesia, may be explained by Mid-Miocene to Pliocene rainforest-favorable conditions as well as natural selection promoting character displacement for Rafflesia flower size.
The angiosperm Rafflesia exhibits a unique biology, including a growth strategy that involves endophytic parasitism of a specific host, with only the gigantic flower externally visible. The Rafflesia possesses many unique evolutionary, developmental, and morphological features that are rooted in yet to be explained physiological processes. Although studies on the molecular biology of Rafflesia are limited by sampling difficulties due to its rarity in the wild and the short life span of its flower, current advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have allowed for the genome and transcriptome level dissection of the molecular mechanisms behind the unique characteristics of this parasitic plant. In this review, we summarize major findings on the cryptic biology of Rafflesia and provide insights into future research directions. The wealth of data obtained can improve our understanding of Rafflesia species and contribute towards the conservation strategy of this endangered plant.
Angiosperms that morphologically and physiologically attach to other flowering plants by means of a haustorium have evolved 12 times independently resulting in 292 genera and ca. 4750 species. Although hemiparasites predominate, holoparasitism has evolved in all but two clades, Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Krameria (Krameriaceae). Santalales contains the largest number of genera (179) and species (2428) among the 12 parasitic plant lineages whereas Orobanchaceae is the largest single family with 102 genera and over 2100 species. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the molecular phylogenetic relationships among all clades of parasitic angiosperms. These methods have been particularly important in revealing the closest non‐parasitic relatives of holoparasites, plants that exhibit reduced morphologies, increased substitution rates, and frequent horizontal gene transfers, all of which confound phylogenetics. Although comprehensive molecular phylogenies are still lacking for many of the large genera, nearly complete generic level sampling exists, thus allowing unprecedented understanding of the evolutionary relationships within and among these fascinating plants.
The new parasitic plant species Rafflesia verrucosa from Mt. Kampalili in eastern Mindanao (Philippines) is described, bringing the total number of Philippine Rafflesia to ten. Rafflesia verrucosa is the first small-flowered Rafflesia described from Mindanao Island, and differs notably from similar-sized species by the dense and prominently raised warts on the perigone lobes and diaphragm, the cup-shaped disk ornamented with dense pubescence on the abaxial surface, in the anther sulci and corona extending to the basal third of the disk exterior, the pleated, laminar and interconnected processes, the toroid annulus, and the extremely small and more numerous (20 or 21) anthers. Like R. baletei of Luzon, this new species has bisexual flowers. Rafflesia verrucosa is the third species found in the island of Mindanao where it occurs in montane forest from ca. 1300–1550 m., an exceptionally high elevation range for Philippine Rafflesia. It has the smallest flowers on average in the genus.
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