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Natural products (secondary metabolites), in Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants (eds B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R. Jones)
... In addition to protection against biotic stress, these compounds have many more ecological functions including allelopathy (i.e., competition with adjacent plants), in the configuration of the plant microbiome, in attracting insects for pollination odor,pigmentation, and as stress protectors against abiotic stress, such as ultraviolet radiation, low or high temperatures, and water deficiency (Corso et al., 2020;Kessler and Kalske, 2018;Yuan and Grotewold, 2020). Although SMs are well known for mediating all these plant-environment interactions, studies now show fundamental roles in the production of plant growth regulators and as precursors to primary metabolites (Erb and Kliebenstein, 2020), confirming that, for some compounds, the precise boundaries between the secondary and primary metabolism can be somewhat blurred (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
... Terpenoids and steroids. Terpenoids (also isoprenoids) are the largest and structurally most diverse SMs derived from natural sources (Croteau et al., 2000). Their biosynthesis is widespread and occurs in plants, fungi, bacteria, and several phyla of invertebrates. ...
... Since then, numerous innovative studies have focused on SMs to develop new bioactive products. These structurally and functionally diverse compounds are considered valuable sources for the development of drugs, pigments, perfumes, cosmetics, glues, oils, waxes, and flavoring agents; all of them are potential sources for natural antibiotics, medicines, pesticides, herbicides, and plant growth promoters (Croteau et al., 2000;Wink, 2018). ...
Agriculture is a primary source of food and plays a fundamental role in the economy of any country. This activity
represents the basis of human life and is the largest source of food grains and other raw materials (Pandey et al., 2022).
However, farmers face serious problems achieving sustainable agriculture that cost-effectively manages the growing
food demand, with different needs in each country. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) report “The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges” emphasizes that the outbreaks of transboundary
pests and diseases in several crops have considerably increased, leading to severe environmental, economic,
and social impacts. The modification of the distribution area, appearance, and duration of pests and diseases due to
changing weather patterns is altering the productivity of several crops. Additionally, the full effects of these problems
are difficult to analyze, predict, and correct. Changes in temperature, solar radiation, air humidity, and concentrations
of atmospheric gases can modify the growth of plants, insects, animals, and fungi, altering the cycle and interaction
between pests, their natural enemies, and their hosts. The change in land covering (i.e., deforestation and desertification
due to agriculture and urban growth) can make crops more vulnerable to pests and diseases (FAO, 2017). Finally,
the intensive use of fertilizers led to soil degradation with depletion of organic matter, soil fertility, soil ecoenzymatic
activities, and nutrient mineralization, as well as an alteration of the biomass production and microbial community
composition (Babla et al., 2022; Yi et al., 2022). Therefore, the development of sustainable and less resource-intensive
agriculture will be fundamental given the economic and resource constraints (Calicioglu et al., 2019).
Crops have always been attacked by fungi, nematodes, and insects. Almost a third of the crop yield is lost due to
pests, pathogen infections, and competition with weeds (Basaid et al., 2021; FAO, 2017). In this way, synthetic pesticides
control these problems, but a high dependency has emerged as about a third of the total crop production depends
on their application (Tudi et al., 2021). Without pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit, a 54% loss of vegetables,
and a 32% loss of cereal production (Tudi et al., 2021). Nevertheless, the overutilization of synthetic chemicals in agriculture
has led to severe effects on nature, including pest resistance and contamination of important global sources
such as water, air, and soil (Sylvestre et al., 2023). Biodiversity is at risk due to the poisoning effect of these components
as they persist in the environment (Kumar and Kumar, 2019). A combination of factors, including bioaccumulation, widespread usage, selective toxicity, and stability, make pesticides among the most toxic compounds polluting the
environment (Wahab et al., 2022). These chemicals are transported and bioaccumulated in other environmental compartments,
including agricultural soils, air, and food webs, affecting the health of millions of people (Li, 2022). The
negative impact on health ranges from mild sensitivities and rashes to neurotoxicity, breathing difficulties, reproductive
complications, and deadly chronic diseases like cancer, which depend on the dose and exposure span (Kumar and
Kumar, 2019). In addition, final consumers are becoming more aware of the adverse effect of pesticides on human
health and have high levels of trust in certified organic food chain and produce (Murphy et al., 2022). Hence, a greater
awareness of synthetic agrochemicals has resulted in the search for natural options for crop protection, with adequate
efficiency and eco-friendly (Basaid et al., 2021). In this context, entomopathogenic fungi have been considered a novel
alternative for synthetic pesticides as they produce bioactive compounds that trigger the plant defense mechanisms or
induce the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) in the host plants.
Primary metabolism includes biochemical pathways and reactions that are vital for the survival of any organism.
These reactions related to the central carbon metabolism also contribute to the synthesis of intermediate compounds
that act as precursors of SMs (Pott et al., 2019). Traditionally, these compounds are not thought to be required in an
organism’s developmental processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration in plants, but have specific functions
such as protection from harsh biotic or abiotic environmental variables or energy accumulation, and are usually classified
into three large molecule families based on their biosynthetic pathway: terpenoids, phenolics, and alkaloids
(Aguirre-Becerra et al., 2021; Alvarado et al., 2019). Specialized metabolic pathways originating from the primary
metabolism are generally responsible for plant adaptation to changes in the environment (Aguirre-Becerra et al.,
2021; Alvarado et al., 2019; Pott et al., 2019). SMs such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins,
and steroids are becoming important compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, biopesticides, colors, and additives,
among others (Aguirre-Becerra et al., 2021). Their synthesis depends on external and internal factors that modify,
positively (eustress) or negatively (distress), the metabolism of organisms (Kranner et al., 2010). An example of biotic
stress is the interaction between plants and viruses, fungi, bacteria, other plants, pheromones, nucleic acids, and
phytohormones. Low or high light intensities, poor light quality, low or high temperatures, droughts, and nutrient
deficiency are all examples of abiotic stress, and nanostructures, gases, magnetic fields, electric fields, and acoustic
waves have all been used to boost secondary metabolism in plants (Vázquez-Hernández et al., 2019).
Microbiomes are crucial for soil health and the growth and development of plants (Yadav et al., 2020). Entomopathogenic
fungi cause fatal diseases of arthropods by an infection process of several stages, starting with the direct
contact of the fungus with the surface of the insect cuticle, and their effectiveness is determined by the lytic enzymes,
SMs, and adhesins produced by each type of fungi (Litwin et al., 2020). These microorganisms are considered effective
biocontrol agents against various plant pests and are chief elements of integrated pest management as components of
mycoinsecticides and in ecologic farming as safe alternatives to chemical insecticides in agriculture that are toxic for
humans and the ecosystem (Yadav et al., 2019). Endophytes compete with other pathogens and other endophytes to
exploit their ecological opportunities by producing SMs that play important roles in this process (e.g., antibiotics),
resulting in a rare and balanced antagonism of endophytes or pathogens in healthy host plants (You et al., 2009). Fungi
of the genus Verticillium infect a wide range of plants, nematodes, arthropods, and plant-pathogenic fungi (Khambay
et al., 2000). The entomopathogenic fungus from genera Verticillium produces several metabolites with agricultural
potential as biostimulants; however, their roles in pathogenicity and other relations with their hosts and challenging
microbes are not well understood (Yadav et al., 2019). Insect pathogenic fungi have proven to effectively control certain
soil pests with varied types of action and virulence. Fungi developed diverse mechanisms and strategies for the adhesion
and recognition of host surfaces to have a direct adaptive response. For example, the production of hydrolytic,
assimilatory, and detoxifying enzymes and additional metabolites are strategies that facilitate fungi to infect insect
pests (Yadav et al., 2019). The present chapter reviews the use of Verticillium spp. for biostimulation, as the bioactive
compounds produced by the fungus or the host plant confer resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
... The type of terpenes (monoterpene, sesquiterpene, diterpene) comes from the amount of isoprene units. Monoterpenes have two ten-carbon isoprene units; sesquiterpenes are formed by three isoprene units and 15 carbons; Diterpenes have four isoprene units and 20 carbons; sesquiterpenes have five isoprene units and 25 carbons (Croteau et al., 2000). The carbon nucleus (e.g., bisabolanes, germacranes, humalanes, pinanes) are derived from the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (in the case of sesquiterpenes), geranylgeranyl diphosphate (diterpene) or geranyl pyrophosphate (monoterpenes), which form compounds with rings containing different numbers of carbon (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
... Monoterpenes have two ten-carbon isoprene units; sesquiterpenes are formed by three isoprene units and 15 carbons; Diterpenes have four isoprene units and 20 carbons; sesquiterpenes have five isoprene units and 25 carbons (Croteau et al., 2000). The carbon nucleus (e.g., bisabolanes, germacranes, humalanes, pinanes) are derived from the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (in the case of sesquiterpenes), geranylgeranyl diphosphate (diterpene) or geranyl pyrophosphate (monoterpenes), which form compounds with rings containing different numbers of carbon (Croteau et al., 2000). The definition of a carbon skeleton describes how the carbon atoms are bonded together in a molecule, disregarding atoms of other elements and multiple bonds (Dewick, 2002). ...
... The definition of a carbon skeleton describes how the carbon atoms are bonded together in a molecule, disregarding atoms of other elements and multiple bonds (Dewick, 2002). The classification of the types of compounds was carried out by Sun et al. (2017) and refers to the variety of terpene compounds, including their stereochemical variations, isomers, and addition of an oxygen atom, etc. Classifications of chemical compounds were performed based on the denominations of Croteau et al. (2000), Dewick (2002) and Sun et al. (2017). The phytochemical data matrices were constructed as binary matrices of absence and presence for each species, in this way, two states (1: presence; 0: absence) were assigned for each character. ...
... In general, the plant Vol. 6 No. 4 ...
... The histochemical colour reactions of plant samples were performed separately in order to identify major cell Vol. 6 No. 4 July 2022 E-ISSN: 2456-5571 ...
Plants are a great source of medicines, especially in traditional medicine, which are useful in the treatment of various diseases. Standardization of a compound Ayurvedic formulation is a critical and essential issue to be considered in assuring the therapeutic efficacy and safety and to rationalize their use in the health care. The paper deals with a detailed investigation on the leaves of traditional medicinal plant Mitracarpus hirtus belonging to the family Rubiaceae, which includes it's morphological, anatomical and powder analysis. The leaf amphistomatic, Vascular bundles are occupied in mid rib region and lamina portion consists of both spongy and palisade parenchyma. Leaf epidermis also has trichomes. Most of the trichomes are multicellular. Both tapering and slightly curved trichomes are present in leaf and The powder microscopic and histological characters are also presented in this study. This study would helps as an appropriate source for authentification of the present studied drug.
... Secondary metabolites are described as compounds in plants that increase their capability to survive and cope with challenges in their surroundings [1][2][3]. [4] Polyphenols have a very comprehensive range of physiological functions are secondary metabolites of plants [5], food, and honey bees [6] and are typically involved in defense against aggression by ultraviolet radiation or pathogens [7,8]. These compounds are discovered largely in vegetables, fruits, beverages, and cereals and may contribute to astringency, odor, bitterness, flavor, and oxidative stability. ...
... Bioactive compounds have been classified in different ways by researchers. According to Croteau et al., 2000 plant origin bioactive compounds can be classified into three main groups: phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes and terpenoids, [4]. Plant-derived phenolics cover a very diverse group: monomeric, dimeric and polymeric phenolics have been identified. ...
In the last decades, there has been growing attention on plant polyphenols as bioactive components. Polyphenols contain one or more hydroxyl groups. Flavonoids, chalcones, and xanthones are the significant types of polyphenols. They have a broad range of biological activities including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Also, due to their antioxidant ability, they can be used against a variety of reactive oxygen species disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, polyphenols discussed by many researchers were defined and classified.
... These bioactive components are available primarily in a modest amount in whole grains, including minor and significant millets, fruits, and vegetables (Gokmen, 2015). Bioactive compounds are classified into different categories, such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds (carotenoids and flavonoids), terpenes, and terpenoids, which are responsible for modulating various metabolic processes having a positive effect on health, mainly antioxidant activity, inhibition of induction of enzymes, gene expression, and receptor activities (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
Millets are small‐seeded annual crops grown as cereal grains. They are known for their nutritional benefits and their role in preventing health problems. These grains are classified into major and minor millets. Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), one of the minor millets, originated from Africa as a drought‐resistant crop and was domesticated in India in 3000 BC. It is grown in various states of India and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The Kodo seed is rich in phytochemical compounds and dietary fibers with remarkable storage properties. It can be stored for extended periods under normal storage conditions and is found as a famine crop, which means it can be used as an alternative to major cereals. Kodo millet is a rich source of phenolic compounds known for their antioxidant properties. It also contains antinutritional factors that can limit its use, but these can be reduced by proper processing methods to enhance its food applications. Different traditional methods, such as milling, decortication, roasting, germination, and fermentation, along with novel techniques such as microwave, cold plasma and ultrasound treatment significantly impact the value addition of Kodo millet and the development of various food products. Therefore, this review provides valuable information on the nutritional profile, processing methods, and food applications of Kodo millet.
... However, the discovery of health-promoting characters of secondary metabolites that reached from the inducement of antioxidant process, condensed risk of cancers, diabetes (type-2) and heart diseases (Crozier et al., 2008;Kumar et al., 2019). Secondary metabolites are also gaining importance because of their advantageous uses as oils, fibers, waxes, artificial flavours, dyes, perfumes, drugs, sources of antibiotics, new natural medicines and pesticides (Croteau et al., 2000;Kumar et al., 2022a). ...
Secondary metabolites produced by plants are particular to their species or genus and do not contribute to the basic processes of growth, development, and reproduction. These compounds play a key role as feed deterrents against herbivores, protectants from microbial infection, abiotic stresses, UV-protectants, pollinators attractants, antioxidants, and signalling molecules. Based on their chemical structures and production routes, secondary metabolites may be further classified across several classes. Alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolic chemicals make up the largest and most common group. The importance of secondary metabolites found in plants for human nutrition has grown to be an important interesting research area. Secondary metabolites are used by people as medicine to cure illnesses and infections, flavourings, and pesticides in the recent past. Therefore, an overview of plants is provided in this chapter including secondary metabolites and how these compounds are relevant to human health.
... Identifying and isolating antimicrobial compounds from medicinal plants can be a challenging and complex process. This is due to the large number of secondary metabolites produced by plants, the complexity of their chemical structures, and the often low concentrations of these compounds in plant tissues (Croteau et al., 2000). One of the main challenges in identifying and isolating antimicrobial compounds from medicinal plants is the need for specialized techniques and equipment for extraction, purification, and characterization of the compounds. ...
As the world's climate changes, there is growing concern about how it is affecting human health, including the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries and their antimicrobial properties have been recognized by many cultures. This article focuses on exploring the potential of medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity in the face of climate change challenges. The article discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with using medicinal plants as a source of new antimicrobial agents, including issues related to the changes in plant chemistry caused by climate change, and the need for sustainable and ethical sourcing practices. The article also examines the importance of traditional knowledge and cultural practices in the development and conservation of medicinal plants. Finally, the article highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research and collaboration in harnessing the potential of medicinal plants for combating antimicrobial resistance in the context of a changing climate.
... On the other hand, seasonal fluctuations in the chemical composition of EOs have been also observed in other species of Cistus, such as albidus and libanotis, Palá-Paúl et al. (2005) and Zidane et al. (2014). As indicated above, the detected variations in secondary metabolite compounds may be associated with diverse specific ecological functions in the plant (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
In recent years, research has focused on the development of next-generation herbicides based on allelochemicals, with a particular emphasis on plant essential oils, such as Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose) essential oil. This study has evaluated how plant ontogenic factors influence the yield, chemical composition, and phytotoxic activity of C. ladanifer essential oil. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results revealed that the content of essential oil varied significantly, with higher yields observed during the fruit maturation stage compared to the flowering stage. C. ladanifer essential oils were characterized by their richness in terpene-oxygenated compounds. The most significant finding was that C. ladanifer essential oil displayed potent dose-dependent phytotoxic activity on Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings, indicating their potential use as a natural bioherbicide in agriculture. Notably, essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''. Multivariate analyses (PCA and Heatmaps combined with cluster analysis) revealed concordance between modifications in secondary metabolism biosynthetic pathways and their enzymes implicated as responses to diverse plant-specific ecological functions. Finally, by exploring sustainable natural products like plant essential oils, this research contributes to the development of next-generation herbicides that promote crop protection while reducing environmental impact.
... The use of natural products as medicines has been documented throughout history in the form of customary drugs, cures, potions, and oils, many of which are bioactive natural substances that are yet unknown today [3]. Since the 1850s, organic chemists have been deeply interested in these novel phytochemicals and have intensively studied their chemical characteristics [2]. The natural products that plants make are enormously diverse in structure [4]. ...
Caralluma Tuberculata is an important medicinal plant and belongs to Apocynaceae family. The succulent stem of the plant is widely used to treat several diseases including diabetes, rheumatism, leprosy, peptic ulcer, inflammation, jaundice, dysentery, constipation, stomach pain, hepatitis B and C. This dissertation reports fractional extraction, phytochemical screening and their anti-bacterial activities. Fractions of different polarities were obtained through fractional extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, carbohydrates, terpenoids, and steroids in all four fractions. Alkaloids were present in all fractions except the methanol fraction. Flavonoids were present in all except n-hexane fraction. Tannins were only present in dichloromethane fraction. Saponins were present in all fractions except dichloromethane fraction. Amino acids were only present in methanol fraction. The antibacterial activities of all the fractions were evaluated against two bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii. Streptomycin was used as standard. Plant extracts of methanol fraction showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii. The highest % inhibition (96%) at 100µg/ml concentration relative to standard (100%) was showed by methanol fraction against Escherichia coli. In case of Citrobacter freundii methanol fraction showed 92% inhibition at 100µg/ml relative to standard (100%). While comparing different fractions of Caralluma tuberculata, methanol and Journal Of Advance Zoology Available online at: https://jazindia.com 353 CC License CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 ethyl acetate fractions appear to have highest zone of inhibition as compared to the dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions against both Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii.
... The Trp, Phe, and Tyr are the precursors to synthesize numerous secondary metabolites, which are helpful for plant growth, reproduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses (Maeda and Dudareva 2012;Lynch and Dudareva 2020). The most of carbon flux toward Phe derives into lignin, flavonoids, and more than 8,000 compounds (Croteau et al. 2000). The arogenate and phenylpyruvate/4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate pathways are responsible to synthesize Phe, and mainly, the flux is through the arogenate pathway (Maeda et al. 2010;Lynch and Dudareva 2020). ...
Maize (Zea mays) smut is a common biotrophic fungal disease caused by Ustilago maydis and leads to low maize yield. Maize resistance to U. maydis is a quantitative trait. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the resistance of maize to U. maydis is poorly understood. Here, we reported that a maize mutant caused by a single gene mutation exhibited defects in both fungal resistance and plant development. maize mutant highly susceptible to U. maydis (mmsu) with a dwarf phenotype forms tumors in the ear. A map-based cloning and allelism test demonstrated that one gene encoding a putative arogenate dehydratase/prephenate dehydratase (ADT/PDT) is responsible for the phenotypes of the mmsu and was designated as ZmADT2. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that mmsu had substantial differences in multiple metabolic pathways in response to U. maydis infection compared with the wild type. Disruption of ZmADT2 caused damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure and function, metabolic flux redirection, and reduced the amounts of salicylic acid (SA) and lignin, leading to susceptibility to U. maydis and dwarf phenotype. These results suggested that ZmADT2 is required for maintaining metabolic flux, as well as resistance to U. maydis and plant development in maize. Meanwhile, our findings provided insights into the maize response mechanism to U. maydis infection.
... Plastoquinones have an important biological function as electron transporters of photosystem II (Kruk et al., 1998). In addition, they can function as both constitutive and inducible defense molecules, and play a role in dormancy and growth inhibition of plants (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
... Meanwhile, four megastigane glycosides were also identified and are reported in the literature [31]. Terpenoids and cardiac glycosides are both structurally diverse and are widely distributed in nature [32,33] and have great potential in many industrial applications. However, there have been reports of the safety and efficacy of cardiac glycolsides as drugs, as poisonings and accidental deaths have been observed. ...
In the Philippines, Arcangelisia flava, also known as albotra, has been used as an alternative treatment for a variety of diseases, including tumors, myoma, diabetes, and reproductive disorders. Its medicinal properties are attributable to the phytochemicals it contains. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemicals responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of A. flava stem extracts. Using sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity, three crude extracts were obtained: ethyl acetate, methanolic, and water extract. The extraction yield per gram of dried extract were 0.47 ± 0.65, 5.70 ± 0.44, and 5.85 %, respectively. Total phenolic content of ethyl acetate and methanolic extract were 162.30 ± 6.88 and 177.57 ± 23.31 mgGAE/g extract, respectively. Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of alkaloids and saponins in the three extracts. Ethyl acetate extract was also found to contain terpenoids, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. The antioxidant assays also showed different trend in the antioxidant capacity of the three crude extracts. In DPPH, water extracts had the highest antioxidant activity of 0.714 ± 0.006 mmol Trolox equivalent per gram of dried extract (TEAC/g) and is significantly different to the values of AEC and AMC. Meanwhile, in the CUPRAC and FRAP assay, methanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity compared to ethyl acetate and water extract. In addition, the disc and well diffusion method revealed that at concentrations of 10 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, the methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis. Antimicrobial activities may be possible because of the phytochemicals that have been identified in these extracts of A. flava. This study suggests that the methanolic extract of A. flava stems is an excellent candidate for the purification and isolation of compounds responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
... Medicinal potential o f pl ant shave stored in the form of phytochemicals. These chemicals are classi fied as primary and secondary metabolites with divergent functions (Croteau et al., 2000). Unlike primary metabolites responsible for growth and development of plants, secondary metabolites have a key role in survival of the plants ( Agostini-Costa et al., 2012) and they are uniqu e sources for pharm aceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials (Zhao et al., 2005).Keeping the above m entioned importance o f medicinal plants in view, Indigofera viscosa Lam. ...
Objective: The present investigation aimed to study the secondary metabolite profiling of stem of Indigofera viscosa Lam. Methods : The stem was extracted by successive method using different solvents of varying polarity. The extracts were tested for screening of secondary metabolites, characterization of the compounds were carried out using FTIR. Results & Discussion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, gum and mucilages and fixed oils were found in different extracts. Ethanol and water extracts showed significant results with respect of secondary metabolites in screening. Significant level of phenolic content and flavonoid content was observed in quantification assays. Various functional groups such as amine, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, alkynes, etc. were identified through FTIR analysis. conclusion: The results of the present study will be helpful to chemically standardize the plant and it will be useful in tapping the medicinal uses of Indigofera viscosa.
... Natural medicines or drugs are derived from a diverse array of sources, encompassing terrestrial plants, microbes, marine organisms, as well as terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. The significance of natural products in contemporary medicine has been the subject of recent scholarly reviews and reports (Cragg and Newman, 2013;Croteau et al., 2000;Demain and Fang, 2000;Harvey, 1999;Yuan et al., 2016). Natural products have brought forth a broad range of chemical entities with diverse characteristics. ...
Lagenaria siceraria is a well-known vegetable fruit in Bangladesh. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities of the ethanolic extract of L. siceraria fruits (EELSF). Total phenolic content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity tests were done to determine antioxidant properties. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using heat- and hypotonic solution induced hemolysis. Human RBC from healthy volunteers were used to assess the thrombolytic activity of the extract. Ethanolic extract of L. siceraria fruits displayed noticeable antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities when compared to the standard drugs. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the pharmacological activities of different solvent fractions and plant parts of L. siceraria. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(1): 1-8, 2024 (January)
... More than 30% of protein and 39-44% of fat are found in their seeds [19][20][21]. Their seed proteins are safe and can be used as a bio-coagulant [22,23] by extracting, isolating and purifying the functional proteins [24,25]. They have cationic proteins similar to M. oleifera seed proteins [26][27][28][29]. ...
Developing a novel bio-coagulant based on plant seeds using effective and affordable technique is an innovative way to advance bio-coagulant research in both developed and developing countries. This study investigates the potentiality and capacity of new bio-coagulants from Cucumeropsis mannii and Luffa acutangula seed proteins extract and purify for fecal sludge dewatering. A factorial design was made to obtain the best overall process optimization and improve the reaction between the coagulation/flocculation factors to provide suitable conditions for fecal sludge dewatering and concentrate a maximum of organic matter for biogas production. The experimental method identifies the potential parameters and the plant seed components that could interact based on different dosages used to optimize the treatment. To enhance the treatment, 10 mg/l of protein solution with a concentration of 10 g/l at pH 7.25 is considered a low-level dosage, and 20 mg/l of protein solution with a concentration of 20 g/l at pH 7.25 is considered a high-level dosage. The results have shown that the dosage of 20 mg/l of protein solution with a concentration of 20 g/l at pH 7.25 is optimal, with 99.17% turbidity, 99.58% COD and 99.13% ammonia nitrogen removal for C. mannii while L. acutangula seed proteins remove 97.67% turbidity, 98.49% COD and 98.7% ammonia nitrogen and recover 80% of water during fecal sludge dewatering.
Graphical Abstract
... Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary metabolites produced by various plant species, mainly belonging to the Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and Erythroxylaceae families (González-Gómez, Morante-Zarcero, Pérez-Quintanilla, & Sierra, 2022), González-Gómez, Morante-Zarcero, Pereira, et al., 2022s well as other families such as Rhizophoraceae, Proteaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Convolvulaceae (Gonçalves et al., 2017). These compounds act as a defense mechanism against other organisms and have allelopathic effects on other plant species (Croteau et al., 2000;Jank & Rath, 2021). Until recently, a complete understanding of the biosynthetic mechanisms of these compounds has been lacking (Huang et al., 2021). ...
This study reports cases of intoxication that occurred in various regions of Italy in October 2022. These incidentswere linked to the consumption of leafy vegetables contaminated with tropane alkaloids (TAs), likely due tosuspected cross-contamination with toxic plants from the Datura genus. Although official controls were unable toidentify the specific weed responsible for the contamination, chemical analysis of the remaining spinach andspinach-based foods consumed by the affected patients revealed concentrations of atropine and scopolamine upto 4642 μg/kg and 8158 μg/kg, respectively. While European regulations currently lack maximum limits for TAsin leafy vegetables, the concentrations detected in 4 out of 5 samples exceeded the maximum limits currentlyestablished for cereal-based foods, infant cereal-based foods, and herbal infusions.To assess the acute dietary exposure to atropine and scopolamine, estimated daily intakes of the Italianpopulation were calculated using the TA concentrations measured in spinach samples or assuming the presenceof 1 % of the weight of one Datura stramonium leaf in a 500 g spinach pouch. Both exposure scenarios resulted inconcerning exposure levels, far exceeding the acute reference dose of 0.016 μg/kg bw by 2–1200 times. Toddlersexhibited the highest mean and 95th percentile acute dietary exposures compared to adults and the elderly.These findings emphasize the necessity of intensifying monitoring efforts and enacting regulatory measures tominimize exposure to TAs from dietary sources that are less commonly associated with contamination, especiallyfor mitigating potential health risks for vulnerable population groups.
... In plants, flavonoids are synthesized via two biosynthetic pathways: the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces the phenylpropanoid skeleton (C6-C3), and the polyketide pathway, which generates the precursors for the formation of polymeric C2 units (Dias et al., 2021). Triterpenoids form a diverse group of terpenoids that are of great biological interest, encompassing a broad range of secondary metabolites with over 100 different carbon skeletons (Croteau et al., 2000). These compounds have been discovered in both terrestrial and marine organisms, exhibiting remarkable structural diversity (Fouillaud et al., 2016). ...
The exploration of medicinal plants in Gilgit-Baltistan for pest and insect control emerges as a promising strategy for natural pest management. The research was focused on three specific plant species-Swertia cordata, Gentiana tianschanica, and Pleurospermum candollei-highlighting their efficacy in pest control and the conservation of biodiversity in the region. These plants boast a rich array of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, and proteins, contributing to their pest-controlling attributes. The phytochemical investigation involved the collection of fresh plants from diverse locations, followed by air-drying and extracting plant samples for analysis. Qualitative tests on the crude extracts aimed to discern the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and carbohydrates. The results of the preliminary phytochemical analysis affirmed the presence of various secondary metabolites in all three plant species. Additionally, the research delved into the antioxidant potential of these plants, employing DPPH free radical scavenging assays. The extracts from different solvents of each plant species exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, suggesting their role as natural antioxidants. The research explores the multifaceted bioactive properties of the identified secondary metabolites, highlighting their significance in fortifying plant defense mechanisms. Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, and carbohydrates collectively contribute to the overall health benefits of these plants, potentially aiding in insect control and disease prevention. The study concluded by underscoring the imperative for further research to comprehensively grasp the specific uses, concentrations, and properties of these compounds for effective pest and disease control. In essence, the findings underscore the importance of harnessing medicinal plants for pest management, considering their reduced environmental impact in contrast to synthetic pesticides. The research provides valuable insights into the potential of natural compounds derived from medicinal plants, offering a sustainable approach to agricultural practices and the preservation of ecosystems.
... Phenolic compounds, as one of the main active constituents in P. persica, have been shown to have a variety of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiallergic, anti-infammatory, and antimicrobial efects, and therefore are nowadays widely considered by the felds of biology and medicine [9][10][11][12][13]. ...
Parrotia persica is one of the endemic plants in Iran and belongs to the Hamamelidaceae family. A wide range of biological activities of this plant have been attributed to several phenolic compounds. In this study, the phenolic bioactive compounds extraction from P. persica leaves was performed using conventional and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques through the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the best extraction conditions and reach the maximum amount of phenolic compounds. The central composite design (CCD) was conducted for the optimization of four extraction parameters, including extraction time, alcohol concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, and temperature. The coding of parameters was performed as an independent variable at five levels. Quantitative and qualitative assessments were achieved by using HPLC, LC-MS, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. According to the results, UAE was chosen as the best method with the optimal extraction values: 15 min as an extraction time, 40% alcohol portion in solvent, solvent-to-solid ratio equal to 30 : 1, and 25°C for temperature. In this regard, it was found that the similarity of experimental to predicted findings was 98.7% for the phenolic content and 94.9% for the mass extract in the UAE method. The findings showed a good similarity between the experimental and predicted values, and no significant changes were observed between the real and theoretical results. In addition, our finding revealed that the optimum extraction yield was 28.5% for the mass extract in the UAE optimization process. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay indicates that the extract which was obtained using UAE in optimum condition, proposed remarkable antioxidant activity (IC50 29.86 μg·ml−1). Moreover, the cytotoxic assay was performed against PC-3 cancer cells, and it was found that the optimized extract using UAE has a promising cytotoxic activity (IC50 10.4 μg·ml−1) without toxicity toward normal cells. Since there is a possibility to use P. persica as one of the commercial herbal sources, the optimized extraction models could be utilized for scaling up the phenolic compound extraction from P. persica leaf.
... Các chất chuyển hóa thứ cấp của thực vật cung cấp cho con người nhiều sản phẩm hoạt tính sinh học đã được sử dụng rộng rãi như thuốc, thực phẩm, phụ gia, hương liệu, thuốc trừ sâu, chất tạo màu, nước hoa và hóa chất (Koduru et al., 2006). Để hiểu được những hoạt động sinh học của cây cần phải biết các thành phần hoá học của nó, chúng là những hợp chất chuyển hoá sơ cấp và thứ cấp của thực vật (ví dụ: alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, chất nhầy thực vật, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, acid béo, glycolipids…) (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
... One way to control diseases transmitted by this pathogen in the food production chain is the use of natural antimicrobials. Abundant secondary metabolites are present in the plants, which perform an important role in latent defense mechanisms, including against pathogens [10,11]. Typically, such plant materials have shown to be safe and have not any side effects compared to chemical compounds [12]. ...
Salmonellosis has a high power of dissemination and dispersion of strains resistant to conventional antimicrobials, which constitutes a public health problem. Nanoemulsions can enhance the efficacy of antimicrobials compared to conventional drug administration, with reduced side effects and prolonged release. The aim of this study is to produce nanoemulsions by high-energy method using alginate and gum arabic matrices to evaluate the effect of three types of chalcone on the inhibition of S. minnesota and to propose an alternative candidate to overcome antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Nanoemulsions with nanosized spherical particles obtained with gum arabic are more stable over time than those with alginate by the lower sedimentation values and the smaller size of the droplets. The antibacterial inhibition test against S. minnesota revealed that the chalcone 1,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (TIOF) and 1,5-bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (ETOX) and their nanoemulsions presented an equivalent effect compared to the positive control (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim). On the other hand, although the chalcone 1,9-diphenylnone-1,3,6,8-tetraen-5-one (CNM) presented low inhibitory capacity, they presented an increasing in the inhibitory activity of 164%, when they were in the nanoemulsion form in comparison with the free form, and equivalent activity to the positive control. Nanoemulsions of gum arabic with 1,9-diphenylnone-1,3,6,8-tetraen-5-one (CNM) also presented lower cytotoxic effects, being a promising inhibitor against S. minnesota.
Graphical abstract
... On the other hand, grape pomace contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols, which have potentially beneficial effects on human health [30][31][32][33][34]. These phenolics are secondary plant metabolites [35,36] and possess antioxidant [25], antiviral [37], antimicrobial [38,39], and anti-inflammatory [40,41] properties that vary by grape variety. The constant interest in the biological activity of organically grown grapes and grape by-products contributes to their capitalization as a source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential applications in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries [6,7,26,27,42]. ...
Grapes occupy an important position in the human diet, providing both macronutrients, such as saccharides, and micronutrients indispensable for growth and development, such as vitamins and minerals. Grapes contain both enzymatic and non-enzymatic (nutritional) antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and bioflavones. High amounts of these valuable compounds are removed through processing, if the skin and the seeds are separated from the pulp. Around 30% of the total quantity of vinified grapes corresponds to wine by-products that represent around 20 million tons. During the vinification process, a large amount of grape pomace is generated with valuable recovery because it constitutes an important source of value-added products such as phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes. Removing wine industry by-products like grape pomace is a suitable strategy for recovering bioactive compounds (mainly polyphenols) and reducing the environmental impact of this industrial waste. Located at the intersection of the bioeconomy and the circular economy, the circular bioeconomy refers to maintaining the value of the biological resources in economy for as long as possible, with minimizing the waste production. Recovery and utilization of pomace from grape process favors closing the loop to ensure the abovementioned circularity. The experimental screening performed was designed to assess several indices of the polyphenolic composition of several grape by-products (pomace, steams, and skin and seeds mixture), such as total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content, and their antioxidant activity, for two white grape Romanian varieties (i.e., Fetească Albă and Tămâioasă Românească).
... Chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis requires isoprenoid precursors because the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll carries a phytol side chain and carotenoids are C 40 isoprenoids (Cunningham and Gantt, 1998;Beale, 1999). Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, are one of the largest and most structurally diverse classes of natural products, consisting of many primary and secondary metabolites with various roles in basic cellular processes (Croteau et al., 2000;Tholl, 2015;Yazaki et al., 2017). The central metabolic precursors for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids are the C 5 isomers isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), both of which can be synthesized via two metabolic routes: the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway (Vranováet al., 2012;Liao et al., 2016;Frank and Groll, 2017). ...
Introduction
Plant growth and greening in response to light require the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are derived from isoprenoid precursors. In Arabidopsis, the pseudo-etiolated-in-light phenotype is caused by the overexpression of repressor of photosynthetic genes 2 (RPGE2), which regulates chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic genes.
Methods
We investigated a homologous protein in the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz) to determine its influence on the rich isoprenoid network in this species, using a combination of in silico analysis, gene overexpression, transcriptomics and metabolic profiling.
Results
Homology-based screening revealed a gene designated pseudo-etiolated-in-light-like (TkPEL-like), and in silico analysis identified a light-responsive G-box element in its promoter. TkPEL-like overexpression in dandelion plants and other systems reduced the levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but this was ameliorated by the mutation of one or both conserved cysteine residues. Comparative transcriptomics in dandelions overexpressing TkPEL-like showed that genes responsible for the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors and chlorophyll were downregulated, probably explaining the observed pale green leaf phenotype. In contrast, genes responsible for carotenoid synthesis were upregulated, possibly in response to feedback signaling. The evaluation of additional differentially expressed genes revealed interactions between pathways.
Discussion
We propose that TkPEL-like negatively regulates chlorophyll- and photosynthesis-related genes in a light-dependent manner, which appears to be conserved across species. Our data will inform future studies addressing the regulation of leaf isoprenoid biosynthesis and photomorphogenesis and could be used in future breeding strategies to optimize selected plant isoprenoid profiles and generate suitable plant-based production platforms.
... For instance, pharmacological categorization will not match the scope of categories used in biosynthesis to simplify the description of biosynthetic pathways. According to (Croteau et al., 2000), the three major kinds of bioactive chemicals found in plants are (a) terpenoids and terpenes (about 25000 varieties), (b) alkaloids (about 12000 types), and (c) phenolic substances (about 8000 species). Figure 1 provides the general architectur of many kinds of bioactive chemicals. ...
As of yet, there isn't a single technique that is accepted as the standard for extracting bioactive chemicals from plants. Methods. The effectiveness of both traditional and unconventional extraction methods largely depends on key input variables, knowledge of the composition of plant matter, bioactive chemical chemistry, and scientific knowledge. Results. The necessity for the most suitable and standardized technology to separate active ingredients for plant matter is highlighted by the utilization of bioactive chemicals in several economic sectors, including the pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries. This review aimed to discuss there are several extraction methods and their basic mechanisms for the extraction of bioactive substances from medicinal plants.
... To survive, plants might elevate their defense posture. At least for N. attenuata, we see an upregulation in alkaloid biosynthesis with increased distribution to vegetative tissues that can help protect the plant from chewing herbivores [11][12][13][14] while in a weakened state of a carbon and nitrogen resource deficiency. However, an ecological paradox becomes evident considering other published works that have shown that pollinator behavior can be altered by low levels of nicotine in floral nectar. ...
The effect of high-temperature (HT) stress on nicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana attenuata was examined. Nicotine content was measured in mature leaves, young sink leaves, and in roots from well-watered plants grown at 25 °C as controls and from plants exposed to 38 °C and 43 °C temperatures applied for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h duration. At 38 °C, all leaf nicotine levels were significantly less than control plants for up to 72 h exposure but rose sharply thereafter to levels significantly greater than controls with 96 h exposure. In contrast, plants exposed to 43 °C never exhibited a reduction in leaf nicotine content and showed an increase in content with just 48 h exposure. Using radioactive 11CO2 and 13NO3−, we found that HT stress reduced both CO2 fixation and nitrate uptake. Furthermore, radiocarbon flux analysis revealed that ‘new’ carbon partitioning (as 11C) into the 11C-radiolabeled amino acid (AA) pool was significantly reduced with HT stress as were yields of [11C]-aspartic acid, an important AA in nicotine biosynthesis, and its beta-amido counterpart [11C]-asparagine. In contrast, [12C]-aspartic acid levels appeared unaffected at 38 °C but were elevated at 43 °C relative to controls. [12C]-Asparagine levels were noted to be elevated at both stress temperatures. Since HT reductions in carbon input and nitrogen uptake were noted to impede de novo AA biosynthesis, protein degradation at HT was examined as a source of AAs. Here, leaf total soluble protein (TSP) content was reduced 39% with long exposures to both stress temperatures. However, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) which was 41% TSP appeared unaffected. Altogether, these results support the theory that plant proteins other than Rubisco degrade at elevated temperatures freeing up essential AAs in support of nicotine biosynthesis.
... A diterpen consists of 20 carbon atoms and 4 isoprene units in its structure. The construction of fungal terpenes can take place in a wide variety of different methods, and these terpenes contain several chemicals that have very clear biological effects (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
Secondary metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi are important reservoirs of compounds that can be used in the development of drugs to benefit human health. Fungi are capable of producing a wide variety of secondary metabolites during their cellular development. These secondary metabolites include antibiotics, alkaloids, fatty acids, alcohols, ketones, and poisons. The genus Penicillium, which is comprised of various types of fungi, is a possible source of bioactive chemicals. These metabolites are produced from antibacterial penicillins, echinocandins, which are effective against fungi, cholesterol-lowering statins, and cyclosporins, which inhibit the immune system. Penicillium is a diverse genus of fungi that includes over 300 species that have been described. These species can be found all over the world on a variety of substrates, such as soil and food, and in a variety of ways, ranging from necrotrophic pathogenicity to endophytic mutualism. The potential secondary metabolites that can be produced by the Penicillium fungus are outlined in this chapter's summary. Because these fungi host such a diverse collection of microorganisms, there is a tremendous amount of potential for the development of bioactive scaffolds.
... One important adaptation mechanism lies in their ability 2 to synthesize specialized secondary metabolites. Alkaloids represent a group of very specialized secondary metabolites that play a major role in how certain plants can cope with defending themselves against pathogens and generalist herbivores [11][12][13][14]. These substrates often possess unique biological activities and even strong cytotoxic characteristics. ...
The effect of high temperature (HT) stress on nicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana attenuata was examined. Nicotine content was measured in mature leaves, young sink leaves and in roots from well-watered plants grown at 25 °C as controls and from plants exposed to 38 °C and 43 °C temperatures applied for 24, 48, 72 and 96-hr duration. At 38 °C, all leaf nicotine levels were significantly less than control plants for up to 72-hr exposure but rose sharply thereafter to levels significantly greater than controls with 96-hr exposure. In contrast, plants exposed to 43 °C never exhibited a reduction in leaf nicotine content and showed a significant increase in content with just 48-hr exposure. When radioactive 11CO2 was administered to plants, HT stress significantly reduced fixation. Furthermore, radiocarbon flux analysis revealed that ‘new’ C partitioning (as 11C) into the [11C]-amino acid pool was significantly reduced with HT stress as were yields of [11C]-aspartic acid, an important amino acid in nicotine biosynthesis, and its beta-amido counterpart [11C]-asparagine significantly reduced. In contrast, [12C]-aspartic acid levels appeared unaffected at 38 °C but were significantly elevated at 43 °C relative to controls. Additionally, [12C]-asparagine levels were significantly elevated at both stress temperatures. Finally, leaf total soluble protein (TSP) was reduced 39% with long exposures to both stress temperatures. However, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) which was 41% TSP appeared unaffected by HT stress. Altogether, these results support the theory that plant proteins other than Rubisco degrade at elevated temperatures freeing up essential amino acids supporting the nicotine biosynthetic machinery, and while feedback might downregulate de novo amino acid synthesis from ‘new’ C resources, more than likely plant C/N rebalancing caused by HT reductions in C input restricted N uptake, which in turn, limited this process.
... Because of the ease of characterizing biosynthetic pathways, biosynthetic classifications will not be able to match the scope of pharmacological categorization. According to Croteau, et al. [113], plant bioactive chemicals are divided into three categories: a. ...
... The production of these compounds depends on the existence of precursor molecules and the activation of specialized genes. The activation of genes required for biosynthesis of allelochemicals is often dependent on environmental stimuli (Croteau et al. 2000). When first described, allelopathy referred to both deleterious and beneficial interactions between species. ...
Global human health was significantly impacted by COVID-19 epidemic. As of October 19, 2020, there are 39,944,882 verified COVID-19 cases, while 1,111,998 people perished globally. the attrition rate of vaccinations may rise as a result of an increased mutational rate and the emergence of new virus strains. Herbal medicines are chemical concoctions, providing another route for the development of potent antiviral therapies. Even though India is a sizable and heavily populated country, it has the lowest total COCID-19 prevalence per million people worldwide. The Government of India's adoption of herbal treatments as a COVID-19 prevention tactic is one of the main causes of the mentioned disparity. therefore, the present chapter focuses exploration of algal metabolites for their antiviral properties specific to red, brown and green algae.
... They serve as the biochemical factories of nature. Through their structural processes, they biosynthesize a wide range of various natural molecules to prevent insect attacks, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and coumarins (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
... They serve as the biochemical factories of nature. Through their structural processes, they biosynthesize a wide range of various natural molecules to prevent insect attacks, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and coumarins (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
The development of new alternatives strategies to synthetic insecticides aimed at reducing pestpopulations by developing pesticides based on plant extracts without negative effects in non targetorganisms and environment. The present study was undertaken in order to assess the insecticidal activityof the crude methanolic extract of the Algerian Asteraceae Cotula cinerea, against the larval and thepupal stage of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). It is also to determine the chemical composition ofthe used extract, and to understand the mechanism of toxic action of the tested extract. Based on thepreliminary tests, five concentrations of the crude methanolic extract ofC. cinerea (0.62, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75,and 5 mg/mL) were tested for their insecticidal activity according to the protocol recommended by theWorld Health Organization. The chemical profile of the extract was also obtained by high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC). Histopathological effects and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activityin treated mosquitoes with LC90 were examined to elucidate the mechanism of the toxic effect of thetested extract (48 h post treatment). Eight compounds have been identified by HPLC. That includes fourflavonoids (rutin, quercetin, myrcetin and cathechin), three phenolic acids (benzoic acid, vanillic acid,p-coumaric acid) and one alkaloid (berberine). C. cinerea methanolic extract showed good larvicidal andpupicidal activities with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.10 and 4.37 mg/mL respectively against pupae, 24hpost treatment and 1.26, 2.35 mg/mL respectively against the fourth instar larvae. Data of enzymaticassay performed on LC50 and LC90 pupae and larvae revealed prominent neurotoxic effects. C. cinereaextract reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in a concentration dependentmanner. Obtained inhibition percentages, 48 h after treatment, were 35.11 ± 7.44 and 51.83 ± 4.04% forpupal stage and 30.98 ± 2.97 % and 48.77 ± 4.72% for the fourth instar larvae for LC50 and LC90 valuesrespectively. Treated larvae and pupae showed also histopathological damages in the pupal cuticleand larval midgut. The results of this study showed that C. cinerea crude methanolic extract could beconsidered as an eco-friendly alternative for mosquito control
(PDF) Under a Creative Commons license Insecticidal activity and physiopathological effects of Cotula cinerea crude extract against Culex pipiens ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373555364_Under_a_Creative_Commons_license_Insecticidal_activity_and_physiopathological_effects_of_Cotula_cinerea_crude_extract_against_Culex_pipiens_ARTICLE_HISTORY_ABSTRACT [accessed Sep 01 2023].
... El descubrimiento de algunas propiedades biológicas de una gran cantidad de metabolitos secundarios obtenidos de diferentes especies de plantas ha propiciado la investigación y su aprovechamiento como plaguicida en la agricultura (Croteau et al., 2000). La diversidad de metabolitos resulta de interacciones entre la planta y los patógenos y depredadores asociados (Theis y Lerdau, 2003), así como del efecto de los factores abióticos. ...
In this study, the acaricidal effect of leaf and seed extract doses from Annona cherimola (625, 1250, 2500, 5000 and 10000 mg/L) on mortality rate, oviposition rate and fecundity in O. coffeae females were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of extracts was evaluated using the residual contact technique in rearing units using coffee leaf discs. Mortality, oviposition and fecundity of O. coffeae females were affected by type and concentration of extract. Highest mortality rate was achieved with the application of seed extracts. Additionally, it caused oviposition decrease by 46.7 or 82.5% mainly with the seed extract at 625 and 10,000 mg/L, respectively, while the leaf extract, decreasing varied from 29.9 to 62.0% at the same concentrations. Seed extract was also more effective by reducing the fecundity of O. coffeae females (28.9 eggs/female), as compared to females treated with leaf extract (36.1 eggs/female). The results showed that cherimoya could be a sustainable alternative for the management of O. coffeae populations in coffee plantations, however field studies are suggested to validate laboratory studies.
... Five-carbon precursor IPP is the center molecule for the metabolism of more than 25,000 secondary compounds including ubiquinone (CoQ10) in the entire biodiversity. 7 Genetically engineered E. coli has synthesized high levels of isoprenoids and terpenoids by using a mevalonate-based isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic pathway. Isoprenoids are synthesised by S. cerevisiae through mevalonate pathway, but when an alternative 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) pathway was functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae, it resulted in increased biomass production. ...
Ubiquinones (CoQ10) are produced in the mitochondrial membrane, which executes bioenergetics as electron and proton carriers, and have demonstrated such extensive health benefits that they are considered ''super vitamin.'' Currently, wild-type and genetically modified microorganisms (Agro-bacterium tumefaciens, Paracoccus denitrificans, Rhodo-bacter sphaeroides, and Escherichia coli) are being explored for CoQ10 production. However, a poor production rate limits commercial production by bacterial biosynthesis. Hence, further process improvement and identification of challenges in CoQ10 bioproduction require review. Researchers have used gene editing and metabolic engineering to genetically modulate the CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway to develop engineered microorganisms that efficiently produce CoQ10. Site-directed mutagenesis has emerged as a promising approach for the enhancement of microbial strains toward CoQ10 production. Moreover, various precursor supplemen-tation in media and the development of mutant strains have resulted in improved CoQ10 yields. This review focuses on future strategies such as modification/overexpressing key enzymes, mutagenesis, and media optimization for enhanced CoQ10 production.
... They serve as the biochemical factories of nature. Through their structural processes, they biosynthesize a wide range of various natural molecules to prevent insect attacks, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, alkaloids, and coumarins (Croteau et al., 2000). ...
The development of new alternatives strategies to synthetic insecticides aimed at reducing pest populations by developing pesticides based on plant extracts without negative effects in non target organisms and environment. The present study was undertaken in order to assess the insecticidal activity of the crude methanolic extract of the Algerian Asteraceae Cotula cinerea, against the larval and the pupal stage of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). It is also to determine the chemical composition of the used extract, and to understand the mechanism of toxic action of the tested extract. Based on the preliminary tests, five concentrations of the crude methanolic extract of C. cinerea (0.62, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, and 5 mg/mL) were tested for their insecticidal activity according to the protocol recommended by the World Health Organization. The chemical profile of the extract was also obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Histopathological effects and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in treated mosquitoes with LC90 were examined to elucidate the mechanism of the toxic effect of the tested extract (48 h post treatment). Eight compounds have been identified by HPLC. That includes four flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, myrcetin and cathechin), three phenolic acids (benzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid) and one alkaloid (berberine). C. cinerea methanolic extract showed good larvicidal and pupicidal activities with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.10 and 4.37 mg/mL respectively against pupae, 24h post treatment and 1.26, 2.35 mg/mL respectively against the fourth instar larvae. Data of enzymatic assay performed on LC50 and LC90 pupae and larvae revealed prominent neurotoxic effects. C. cinerea extract reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in a concentration dependent manner. Obtained inhibition percentages, 48 h after treatment, were 35.11 ± 7.44 and 51.83 ± 4.04% for pupal stage and 30.98 ± 2.97 % and 48.77 ± 4.72% for the fourth instar larvae for LC50 and LC90 values respectively. Treated larvae and pupae showed also histopathological damages in the pupal cuticle and larval midgut. The results of this study showed that C. cinerea crude methanolic extract could be considered as an eco-friendly alternative for mosquito control.
... These two compounds comprise polycyclic tryptamine molecules with an epoxide moiety and have alternating amide alkyl chains. 28 Unlike other communities isolated from marine habitats, these compounds did not exhibit any biological activity. However, these compounds might have some ecological role. ...
Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology. The field of advanced and applied Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology has not only helped the development in various fields in Science and Technology but also contributes the improvement of the quality of human life to a great extent. The focus of the book would be on state-of-the-art technologies and advances in Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology and to provides a remarkable opportunity for the academic, research and industrial communities to address new challenges and share solutions.
Aromatherapy is a medical practice that uses aromatic compounds or essential oils to influence mood and health. Essential oils used in aromatherapy are created from a wide variety of medicinal plants, flowers, herbs, roots, and trees that are found all over the world and have significant, well-documented benefits on enhancing physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing.
This book is a comprehensive reference on aromatic compounds present in essential oils and their therapeutic use. Starting from fundamentals of essential oil biosynthesis the book guides the reader through their basic biochemistry, toxicology, profiling, blending and clinical applications. The concluding chapters also present focused information about the therapeutic effects of essential oils on specific physiological systems, plant sources, skin treatment and cancer therapeutics.
The combination of basic and applied knowledge will provide readers with all the necessary information for understanding how to develop preclinical formulations and standard clinical therapies with essential oils. This is an essential reference for anyone interested in aromatherapy and the science of essential oils.
В обзоре представлены современные сведения об антоцианах (АЦ), их локализации в различных органах и тканях растений. Рассмотрены пути и регуляция биосинтеза, функциональная значимость и экологическая роль этих соединений в жизнедеятельности и адаптации к условиям среды. Обобщены данные об индукции синтеза АЦ под влиянием стресс-факторов и в онтогенезе. Внимание сконцентрировано на участии АЦ в защите фотосинтетического аппарата. Обсуждены перспективы дальнейших исследований и использования АЦ в качестве индикатора состояния растительного организма. Отмечено значение этих соединений для человека и его здоровья.
Phenolic compounds are structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds synthesized by plants, which apart from being involved in various plant life processes, significantly contribute to plant defense. As plant defense molecules, their production may be induced after the pathogen has attacked the plant or the synthesis may be constitutive. The phenolics act by different modes of action depending on their chemical structure and, nature, and position of the substituent groups. They may disrupt membrane integrity, inhibit enzyme activity, or block energy metabolism in the target pathogenic species. Phenolics provide color and aroma to the fruits. These are the universal signaling molecules at low concentrations, but at higher concentrations, they serve as allelopathic chemicals and antimicrobial phytoalexins. Phenolics are important in the plant–microbe interactions; interaction between leguminous plants and Rhizobium sp. and symbioses between mycorrhiza and the host plant roots require two-way exchange of phenolic signals between the symbiotic partners. Owing to their high antibacterial and antifungal activities, plant phenolics are seen as an eco-friendly alternative to the chemical pesticides.
Plants, being immobile, face many types of stresses in the environment. To combat these stresses, they have phenolics as secondary metabolites. There are many classes of phenolics such as simple hydroxybenzoic acid, free and hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, flavonoids and stilbenes, etc. These are classified on the basis of number of carbon atoms and basic arrangement of carbon skeleton in their structures. The types of phenol that are implicated in defense differ greatly and depend on plant species. Plants form phenolics mainly through shikimic acid pathway. The first step in the synthesis of phenolic compounds from phenylalanine in plants is deamination of phenylalanine by the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). These compounds have diverse functions and are immensely important in plant–microbe interaction/symbiosis. Phenolic compounds act as signaling molecules in the initiation of legume rhizobia symbiosis and establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and can act as agents in plant defense. In plants, phenolics play many important roles in plant–microbe symbiosis, rhizobium–legume symbiosis, and arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and provide defense system to the plant. They also help in quorum sensing as well as act as signaling molecules.
Plants are susceptible to pathogens like fungi, which reduce plant survival and cause losses in yield and fruit quality. However, pathogens are inhibited as plants defend various mechanisms such as increased lignin biosynthesis, hydrolysis of cell walls, and the production of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds synthetized as second metabolites are accumulated in plants by fungi such as Fusarium, Alternaria alternata, and others. Furthermore, phenolic compounds possess antifungal activity, which could be attributed to several mechanisms. In this sense, investigations show that phenolic compounds affect fungal growth due to the plasma membrane disruption, as well as inhibited fungi cell wall and inhibited fungi cell division. Also, phenolic compounds induce the mitochondrial dysfunction of fungi and inhibit RNA and protein synthesis. In this work, we present the most relevant report on plants affected by fungi and its relation to the phenolic compounds’ response.
ZET Sekonder metabolitler, bir hücrenin ya da organizmanın normal büyümesi, gelişmesi ve yaşaması için gerekli olmayan, ancak onların çevresiyle etkileşiminde rol oynayan bileşiklerdir. Bitki sekonder metabolitleri genel olarak bitkilerde dayanıklılık ve savunma mekanizmasının geliştirilmesinde rol oynarlar. Sekonder bileşikler aynı zamanda halk hekimliğinde de geniş ve yaygın kullanım alanına sahiptir. Günümüzde dünyanın birçok bölgesinde fonksiyonel bir gıda ürünü olarak önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan yaygın karabuğday (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), başta fenolik bileşikler olmak üzere sekonder metabolitler bakımından da zengin bir bitkidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, yaygın karabuğday bitkisinin yapısında bulunan sekonder metabolitler ve onların insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaygın karabuğday, fenolik bileşikler, flavonoidler, geleneksel tıp SECONDARY METABOLITHES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF COMMON BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not essential for the normal growth, development and survival of a cell or organism, but play a role in its interaction with its environment. Plant secondary metabolites generally play a role in the development of resistance and defense mechanisms in plants. Secondary compounds also have wide and widespread use in folk medicine. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), which has a significant potential as a functional food product in many parts of the world today, is a plant rich in secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. In this review study, secondary metabolites found in the structure of the common buckwheat plant and their effects on human health are focused on.
Sekonder metabolitler, bir hücrenin ya da organizmanın normal büyümesi, gelişmesi ve yaşaması için gerekli olmayan, ancak onların çevresiyle etkileşiminde rol oynayan bileşiklerdir. Bitki sekonder metabolitleri genel olarak bitkilerde dayanıklılık ve savunma mekanizmasının geliştirilmesinde rol oynarlar. Sekonder bileşikler aynı zamanda halk hekimliğinde de geniş ve yaygın kullanım alanına sahiptir. Günümüzde dünyanın birçok bölgesinde fonksiyonel bir gıda ürünü olarak önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan yaygın karabuğday (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), başta fenolik bileşikler olmak üzere sekonder metabolitler bakımından da zengin bir bitkidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, yaygın karabuğday bitkisinin yapısında bulunan sekonder metabolitler ve onların insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur.
Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not essential for the normal growth, development and survival of a cell or organism, but play a role in its interaction with its environment. Plant secondary metabolites generally play a role in the development of resistance and defense mechanisms in plants. Secondary compounds also have wide and widespread use in folk medicine. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), which has a significant potential as a functional food product in many parts of the world today, is a plant rich in secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. In this review study, secondary metabolites found in the structure of the common buckwheat plant and their effects on human health are focused on.
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common and debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the peripheral nerves and causes pain, numbness, and impaired function. The pathogenesis of DN involves multiple molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and pathways of advanced glycation end products, polyol, hexosamine, and protein kinase C. Phytochemicals are natural compounds derived from plants that have various biological activities and therapeutic potential. Flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, stilbenes, and tannins are some of the phytochemicals that have been identified as having protective potential for diabetic neuropathy. These compounds can modulate various cellular pathways involved in the development and progression of neuropathy, including reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and promoting nerve growth and repair. In this review, the current evidence on the effects of phytochemicals on DN by focusing on five major classes, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, stilbenes, and tannins, are summarized. This compilation also discusses the possible molecular targets of numerous pathways of DN that these phytochemicals modulate. These phytochemicals may offer a promising alternative or complementary approach to conventional drugs for DN management by modulating multiple pathological pathways and restoring nerve function.
In the pharmaceutical industry, the stability of the relationship between synthetic drugs and natural drugs has changed recently. This is because drugs made from natural plants are more in demand than chemically prepared drugs. The advantages of herbal medicines are their low toxicity, a significant complex of biologically active compounds, the versatility of pharmacotherapeutic effects, and the possibility of long-term use without obvious adverse reactions. In addition to the therapeutic effect of the biologically active substances contained in the medicinal products, the preventive effect is also effective. Therefore, it is important to analyze the composition of natural medicinal raw materials of plant origin. The aim of the work is to study macrodiagnostic features and composition of active natural compounds of medicinal plant Chelidónium majús L. C. majús plant collected in the Kungei Alatau region and medical, cosmetic and hygienic dry kits prepared on the basis of C. majús sold in pharmacies were used as the research object. Pharmacognosy, macroscopic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used in the research. The results of the macroscopic analysis confirmed the conformity of the composition and characteristics of the finished raw materials in the samples. C. majús plant samples showed stable component composition of sufficient biologically active substances. All samples contained 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Phytol, Ethyl Oleate, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z, Z, Z), Methyl 19-methyl-eicosanoate, Protopine compounds were determined. Conducting clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the plant and its efficacy and safety in pharmaceutics is the basis for future research. The obtained results allow an objective assessment of the quality standards of pharmacopoeial medicinal plant C. majús materials.
Opium poppy is one of the oldest medicinal plants known to humanity. This iconic plant is believed to be originated in the eastern Mediterranean region but now thrives in various parts of the world. It is an annual herb with an actinomorphic flower and develops a capsule (fruit) containing numerous tiny poppy seeds. The opium poppy is a valuable ornamental plant as well as a source of several natural chemical compounds, including alkaloids, phenolics and essential oils. It possesses exceptional analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Afghanistan is the world’s largest poppy producer, with approximately 2.24 × 106 hectares of cultivation area. Sequencing the 2.7 GigaBase genome of opium poppy revealed the presence of 51,213 protein-coding genes and 9494 noncoding RNAs, unveiling promising applications in medicine and agriculture. Opium, dried latex harvested from capsules of opium poppy, contains potent alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, noscapine, and thebaine. These alkaloids, such as morphine and their derivatives, such as heroin, collectively known as opioids, are strong analgesic and sedative narcotics. Their mechanism of action is mediated via binding with opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Despite numerous pharmaceutical applications, these compounds are under strict regulation due to their potential for abuse and addiction. Poppy seeds are also an excellent source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, and essential fatty acids and have various applications in culinary, baking, medicine, colovesical fistula diagnostics, hepatocellular cancer imaging, and skincare.
Currently, there are numerous global efforts aimed at matching the exponential increase in human population with at least a near-corresponding increase in global food production. However, increasing food production through unsustainable approaches has come at a cost to good health. One such approach is the use of synthetic pesticides. Globally, agricultural pests account for an enormously substantial portion of these losses. Although inorganic pesticides have been used to control pests, key concerns are faulting their continual use, such as the impact on biodiversity, by eliminating non-target species, non-biodegradability, emerging resistance in target plants, and adverse health effects on humans. Allelopathy is a complex phenomenon consisting of events geared towards releasing organic compounds by certain organisms to exert allelopathic effects, which may influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of target species, many of which are weeds, that constitute serious losses in crop plants and reduces farmers’ income. Some reported examples of plants with allelopathic potentials include rye (Secale cereal), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena spp.), rice (Oryza sativa), pea (Pisum sativum), sorghum (Sorghum spp.), brassica (Brassica spp.), sunflower (Helianthus sp.), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), neem (Azadirachta indica), African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla), and Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia). The principle of allelopathy, when harnessed properly, could offer an eco-friendly approach to stem the scourge of agricultural pests, particularly in low-income nations. However, factors influencing the allelopathic effects on target plants must first be considered for the allelopathic mechanism to be successful as a pest control option. This chapter analyses the impact of inorganic pesticides on the ecosystem health, proffers a viable alternative through a detailed explanation of the concept of allelopathy, with examples of potential allelopathic plants, and identifies the various strategies by which it can be deployed as a sustainable pest control option.
The present study was carried out to detect the proteolytic activity of Bacillus species
isolated from different sources (beef, milk, chicken, egg, and rice). A total of fifty isolated samples were
collected randomly from a public restaurant in Khartoum state, Sudan. Ten samples from each source;
5 were freshly cooked (10 - 30 minutes before sampling) and 5 were raw. The isolation of bacteria has
been carried out perfectly according to the construction of the standards, and identification was done
using primary and secondary biochemical tests. The result revealed that out of 50 samples, 20 were
Bacillus isolates which comprised 40% of the total samples. They were B. circulan 5%, B. cereus 5%,
B. megaterium 10%, B. macerans 10 %, B. licheniformis 5%, B. pamilus 5%, B. subtilis 20%, B.
coagulans 15%, B. laterosporus 5%, and B. amyloliquefaciens 20%. After isolation of Bacillus spp., the
investigation was continued to detect protease production using milk agar medium, the most productive
organism was found to be B. macerans and the lowest one was found to be B. amyloliquefaciens
whereas there was no production by B. circulans. The study concluded that Bacillus species were found
in all food sources, so Bacillus genera consider a major cause of food contamination, as well as cooked
food is considered most contaminated by Bacillus than raw food.
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