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INTRODUCTION
Recent studies have indicated that the amount of the forest
land dened in Turkey as 20.7 million hectares [1]. Nearly half
of this land is degraded forest areas that require reforestation,
erosion control, pasture improving practices to be applied.
According to the inventory studies, it was reported that intensive
cultural practices could be applied in 1.5 million hectares for
fast growing species plantation [2]. The total area in the forest
regime and subject to the reforestation is 3.8 million hectare.
On the other hand, it is stated that total areas which is within
and outside the forest regime and needs reforestation nowadays
is approximately 18 million hectares and 11-12 million hectares
of this area application is possible [3].
While the rapid increase in population continues, the decrease
of forest lands will increase the demand for wood in the future
[4]. Other than preserving natural forest, in today’s afforestation
service has various functions such as establishing the natural
balance, soil protection, serving the healthy survival possibilities
and recreation goals gain importance as well as wood production
[5]. It can be found out years later whether afforestation reached
its goal or not, and it’s impossible to meet efforts and nancial
loss. So in order to guarantee the level of success, afforestation
should be based on scientic techniques. [6].
Nurseries are places which are responsible for producing
seedlings constantly and economically whose adaptation ability
to the conditions of growing up in main planting areas and
relatedly seedling survival and development rates are high [7].
There are plenty of international and national studies on
the morphological traits and quality criteria of seedlings of
broadleaved and coniferous forest tree species [8-19].
Generally, the afforestation values of seedlings are measured
with the quality of seedlings [20]. While evaluating the seedling
quality some morphological criteria such as stratum, robust
index, quality index, height, root collar diameter, seedling dry
weight, root percentage and physiological criteria and some
physiological criteria such as root regeneration potential, plant
water capacity, root growth potential are used [21-24], however,
currently the TSI (Turkish Standards Institute) norms are used
in forest nursery practice in Turkey.
Demircioğlu et al.[25] have determined the appropriateness
of bare rooted Scots pine seedlings at the age of 2+0 grown in
Kastamonu-Taşköprü Forest Nursery to both TSI standards and
the quality classes they have newly established by using their
morphological character.
Genç et al. [26] have examined the quality features such
as seedlings height, root collar diameter and shoot/root ratio of
Black pine seedlings from 9 different origins at the age of 2+0
grown in Eskişehir, Eğirdir and Seydişehir Forest Nurseries.
In a study carried out in Kastamonu-Taşköprü Forest
Nursery the morphological differences and TSI appropriateness
of Black pine seedlings at the age of 2+0 produced from four
different origins have been examined according to origin [27].
Üçler et al. [28] have determined the distribution of 2+0
year-old seedling grown in Eğirdir Forest Nursery to seedling
quality classes by evaluating them according to TSI norms
according to the seeds collected from 24 good phenotyped and
normal families of Black and Calabrian pine natural stands in
Burdur-Ağlasun region.
Gezer et al. [29] have examined the distribution of the
seedlings which were originated from the seeds supplied from
The Comparisons Between Root Collar Diameter and Height Growth of Black
Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Seedlings in
Bolu Forest Nursery
Nuri ÖNER1,* Figen EREN2
1 Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Ankara University, Bademlik mevkii, 18200, Cankiri, TURKEY
2 Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, Bademlik mevkii, 18200, Cankiri, TURKEY
* Corresponding Author Received: May 24, 2007
e-mail: oner@forestry.ankara.edu.tr Accepted: July 11, 2007
Abstract
In this study, root collar diameter and height growth of bare rooted and containerized Black pine seedlings at 1+0 and 2+0
ages were statistically compared to Scots pine seedlings in Bolu forest nursery. Root collar diameters and height growths of 240
seedlings were measured. The obtained data were compared via “Student’s t – test”. Results show that containerized seedlings
of both Black pine and Scots pine had a better root collar diameter and height growth than the bare rooted seedlings. Black pine
seedlings had a better growth of both collar diameter and height growth than Scots pine for both containerized and bare rooted
seedlings. Thus, containerized seedlings could be used for plantation. Black pine could be preferred rather than Scots pine in areas
which have similar climatic and edaphic conditions of the sample area.
Key words: Black Pine, Scots pine, Bolu, Forest Nursery
Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 2 (1): 07-12, 2008
ISSN: 1307-1130, www.nobelonline.net
N. Öner and F. Eren / JABS, 2 (1): 07-12, 2008
8
3 foreign, 27 native seed sources within the natural expansion
borders of Scots pine, according to TSI seedling quality criteria.
11.2 Million hectares of the existing forest lands in Turkey
consist of coniferous species. The land that Scots pine forests cover
is 757.426 hectares [30]. Its horizontal distribution in Turkey begins
from the southeastern part of Marmara Region at Orhaneli thru
the southern side of the mountains standing parallel to Black Sea
as pure or mixed stands with Oriental Spruce (Picea orientalis L.
Carr.) and r (Abies sp.); constitutes mostly pure, large forests pure
in Bolu or mixed with oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.)
and Bornmüller’s r (Abies bornmülleriana Mattf.); and large,
pure forests stands in Northeast Anatolia; Ardahan, Oltu, Posof
and Sarıkamış. The vertical distribution of this wide distribution
is quite variable. It is down to sea share in the eastern Black Sea
Region, around 700 m in Çoruh, and it constitutes normal canopy
forests around Sarıkamış even at 2700 m.
Black pine has got its widest distribution (2.5 million
hectares) in Turkey. It constitutes pure or mixed forests in the
mountainous parts of all our coastal regions, even goes into
steppe. It constitutes forest stands which are pure or mixed with
Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), Scots pine, Lebanon cedar
(Cedrus libani A.Rich.), juniper (Juniperus sp.), oriental beech
and oak (Quercus sp.) species on the inward slopes of North
Anatolian mountains, on the northern slopes of the Western
and southern Anatolia. It surrounds the costal areas of Middle
and Western Black Sea, Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean
Regions and goes into Central Anatolian steppe. Thus, it may
grow naturally in all our geographical regions except Eastern
and Southeastern Anatolia. Its vertical distribution is between
1200-2100 m. This is due to the fact that it can grow in places
where Scots pine cannot [31-33].
This study has been carried out to compare the root collar
diameter and height growth of containerized and bare rooted
seedlings of Black pine and Scots pine seedlings in Bolu Forest
Nursery.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study area
The Nursery Directorate is on Bolu-Karacasu asphalt
between Büyükberk and Küçükberk villages dependent on Bolu
center; between 40o 44’ northern latitudes and 31o 36’ eastern
longitudes in Western Black Sea Region. The nursery is 2,5 km
far from the city center. The elevation of the region is 725 m
and its general aspect is in East-West course [34].
According to the data received from Bolu meteorology
station which is at 747 m altitude, the average annual temperature
is 10,2 ºC, the minimum temperature is -4,2 ºC (January), the
maximum average temperature 27,5 ºC (August) and average
annual precipitation is 536,4 mm. Vegetation period at area is
between May (13,8 ºC)-October (11,5 ºC) and totally 6 months.
The precipitation amount during the vegetation period is 225,7
mm; the fastest wind direction is SW with a speed of 1,8m/sn
is in March [35]. When the meteorological data is evaluated
according to Thornthwaite method, it has been determined that
the area has a climate that is indicated with C1B1’wb3’ symbols
which means a location “shows close features to oceanic
climate that is dry-little dampy mezothermal and has a medium
level water shortage in winter” (Table 1, Figure 1).
The land on which the nursery was established is plain and is
young alluvial soil with azonal character which has not formed
an exact prole. Nursery’s soil consists of a heavy texture such
as soil rich in clay, muddy clay, sandy muddy clay, dry and with
pale brown dark color.
The reaction of soil (pH) is about 7.5 and it is semi-alkali.
Lime rate in the soil is between 9,4–13,5 and it’s rich in lime. Its
organic substance rate is about 1.5%. Total nitrogen level (%)
is low due to the organic substances. Phosphorus levels change
between 101–424 kg/ha and all plots are rich in phosphorus.
There is no detrimental salt problem in the soil [34].
Table 1. Water balance of study area
Element of
Balance
MONTHS Annual
Mean
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperature
(°C) 0,3 1,6 4,4 9,4 13,8 17,0 19,4 19,5 15,8 11,5 6,9 2,7 10,2
Temperature
Index 0,01 2,18 0,82 2,60 4,65 6,38 7,79 7,85 5,71 3,53 1,63 0,39 41,54
Uncorrected PE
(mm) 1,28 5,66 18,60 40,70 60,20 82,50 92,70 92,90 73,75 41,42 28,46 10,70
Corrected PE
(mm) 1,08 4,70 19,16 44,48 74,65 103,13 117,73 109,62 76,70 39,76 23,62 8,66 623,29
Precipitation
(mm) 58,2 47,8 47,2 48,9 58,5 52,2 27,3 21,5 29,0 37,2 47,7 60,9 536,4
Store Alteration
(mm) 23,68 0 0 0 -16,15 -50,93 32,92 0 0 0 24,08 52,24
To store (mm) 100 100 0 100 83,85 32,92 0 0 0 0 24,08 76,32
Actual Ev-Tr
(mm) 1,08 4,70 19,16 44,48 74,65 103,13 60,20 21,5 29,00 37,20 23,62 8,66 427,38
Water absent
(mm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 57,53 88,12 47,70 2,56 0 0 195,91
Extra Water
(mm) 33,46 43,10 28,04 4,42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109,02
Surface ow
(mm) 19,73 29,92 28,98 16,69 8,35 4,17 2,08 1,04 0,52 0,26 0,13 0,66 109,02
N. Öner and F. Eren / JABS, 2 (1): 07-12, 2008 9
Data collection and analyses
In the Bolu Nursery, randomly 30 bare rooted and
containerized Black and Scots pine seedlings (a total of 240
seedlings) at the age of 1+0 and 2+0 have been taken.
The measurement of seedling height from root collar level
to the level where the terminal bud connects to the bole at 1 mm
sensitivity, and root collar diameters were measured at 0.01 mm
sensitivity. Descriptive statistics for the obtained height and root
collar diameter data have been calculated and Student’s t-test
was applied for the evaluation of height and root collar diameter
data of Black and Scots pine seedlings at various ages.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the statistical tests for evaluation of root collar
diameter and height growth of both Scots and Black pine were
given in Table 2-4.
Table 2 shows that there were not any signicant difference
between height growths of both Black and Scots pine at 2+0
age (p>0.05), and Black pine seedlings have a better growth
of root collar diameter and height growth than Scots pine at
1+0 age, where as the Black pine seedlings have only a better
growth of root collar growth than Scots pine seedlings at 2+0
age (p<0.05).
According to Table 3; there was a signicant difference of
both root collar diameter and height growth between Black and
Scots pine seedlings at both 1+0 and 2+0 ages in favor of Black
pine (P<0,05).
Table 4 shows that there was a signicant difference of both
root collar diameter and height growth between Black and Scots
pine seedlings at both 1+0 and 2+0 ages (P<0,05).
It’s reported that over the last two decades in England most
of the nurseries have been established on sandy or muddy sandy
soil of which clay rate is at most 15% [36]. At the same time,
the soil of the seedlings which does not contain clay, can create
a great growth environment after addition of compost and other
organic manures. The soil of this type of nurseries generally has
acidic reaction that do not cause any problem about grass and
successful and fertile seedlings can be grown on them [5]. Bolu
Forest Nursery is rich in clay, so it’s problematic about grass
and that is why intense care measures are applied. Although
it is an ideal situation for nurseries that the soil is quite light
texture soil, soils of the study area consist of heavy soils. For
nursery soil that will produce coniferous seedlings, it is ideal
for dust and clay content to be between 10–25% and in muddy
sand and sandy mud texture; for deciduous species it is ideal
that this amount is up to 35% and in sandy mud with clay [37].
These values considered it can be said that the soil of the nursery
concerned has appropriate conditions for the deciduous species
than coniferous species.
Generally, the suitable soil reaction is 5.0–5.5 pH in
production of coniferous seedlings which show the intense acid
rate [38]. In Bolu Forest Nursery, soil reaction is medium alkali
and about 7.5 pH. That is why the nursery in questions has
unsuitable pH value for the production of coniferous species
seedlings. The suitable pH levels for Black pine and Scots pine
are between 4.5–6.0 [39].
In fertile seedling growth, it is desired that the organic
substance amount of the nursery soil should be at least 2% on
the upper soil particularly in 0–15 cm depth [5]. The organic
substance rate in the research area is 1.5% and it is below the
desired rate.
Figure 1. Water balance graphic of study area
Table 2. Student’s t-test results of species compare at bare rooted seedlings
Compared
Feature
Age Species N df Xmin Xmax X S2t P
Root Collar
Diameter (mm)
1+0 Black pine 30
58 3,20 4,10 3,86 0,049 2,001 0,000*
1+0 Scots pine 30 2,76 3,22 2,97 0,019
2+0 Black pine 30
58 4,10 5,85 4,90 0,252 2,001 0,000*
2+0 Scots pine 30 2,95 4,90 4,04 0,233
Height (cm)
1+0 Black pine 30 48 8,20 9,90 9,19 0,247 2,016 0,002*
1+0 Scots pine 30 8,10 9,30 8,85 0,091
2+0 Black pine 30 58 9,80 13,20 11,75 1,125 2,001 0,936ns
2+0 Scots pine 30 9,20 13,90 11,73 1,410
* (P<0.05, 5% signicant to condence level) ns(P>0.05, 5% insignicant to condence level)
N. Öner and F. Eren / JABS, 2 (1): 07-12, 2008
10
In the study area, it is thought that texture, pH and organic
substance rates mentioned above have been effective in better
development in root collar diameter and height growth of both
containerized and bare rooted Black and Scots pine seedlings at
the same age groups in favor of Black pine.
CONCLUSION
In the afforestation studies carried out in some of the
provinces and villages of Bolu, Black pine and Scots pine
seedlings are being used and seedlings are supplied from Bolu
Forest Nursery.
As a result of this study, it has been found that Black pine
seedling in seedbed and container showed a better root collar
diameter and height growth than Scots pine seedlings, and both
containerized Black and Scots pine seedlings showed better
growth than bare rooted seedlings of Black and Scots pine.
In the nursery; it is thought that any kind of work to improve
the physical features of the soil with heavy content, addition
of a sufcient amount of stream sand with no salt, organic
substance and peat to the plots, application of chemical manure
to the plots of land which have insufcient nitrogen and are
rich in phosphorus during the vegetations period, application
of phosphoric acid and nitric acid to the pool in order to reduce
the pH of settled water will increase the quality of seedlings
especially the ones with bare rooted.
Higher pH rates make the intake of nitrogen and phosphorus
which play a positive role in the growth of seedlings hard and in
this sense, weakens their endurance to drought [39]. As the pH
of Bolu Forest Nursery is not suitable for coniferous seedling
growth, and it should not be ignored that bringing pH to suitable
conditions for these species will increase the quality and use of
the seedlings grown.
Table 3. Student’s t-test results of species compared at containerized seedlings
Compared
Feature
Age Species N df Xmin Xmax X S2t P
Root Collar
Diameter
(mm)
1+0 Black pine 30 55 3,20 4,90 4,21 0,133 2,004 0,000*
1+0 Scots pine 30 3,00 4,20 3,78 0,220
2+0 Black pine 30 58 5,00 6,80 5,85 0,297 2,001 0,000*
2+0 Scots pine 30 4,20 5,90 5,19 0,220
Height (cm)
1+0 Black pine 30 58 9,20 11,0 10,15 0,294 2,001 0,000*
1+0 Scots pine 30 8,20 8,60 9,39 0,408
2+0 Black pine 30 36 14,0 20,0 16,51 2,492 2,028 0,000*
2+0 Scots pine 30 12,0 14,0 11,73 0,299
* (P<0.05, 5% signicant to condence level)
Table 4. Student’s t-test results of compared bare rooted and containerized seedlings to species
Compared
Feature
Age
Species
Type of
seedling N df Xmin Xmax X S2t P
Root Collar
Diameter
(mm)
1+0
Black pine
Bare rooted 30 48 3,20 4,10 3,86 0,049 2,010 0,000*
1+0 Containerized 30 3,20 4,90 4,21 0,133
2+0 Bare rooted 30 58 4,10 5,85 4,90 0,253 2,001 0,000*
2+0 Containerized 30 5,00 6,80 5,84 0,298
Height (cm)
1+0 Bare rooted 30 58 8,20 9,90 9,19 0,247 2,001 0,000*
1+0 Containerized 30 9,20 11,40 10,15 0,294
2+0 Bare rooted 30 36 9,80 13,20 11,73 1,125 2,028 0,000*
2+0 Containerized 30 14,00 20,20 16,51 2,492
Root Collar
Diameter
(mm)
1+0
Scots pine
Bare rooted 30 34 2,76 3,22 2,97 0,019 2,032 0,000*
1+0 Containerized 30 3,00 4,70 3,79 0,200
2+0 Bare rooted 30 58 2,95 4,90 4,04 0,233 2,001 0,000*
2+0 Containerized 30 4,20 5,90 5,19 0,220
Height (cm)
1+0 Bare rooted 30 41 8,10 9,30 8,85 0,090 2,019 0,000*
1+0 Containerized 30 8,20 10,60 9,39 0,408
1+0 Bare rooted 30 41 9,20 13,90 11,73 1,410 2,019 0,000*
2+0 Containerized 30 12,60 14,30 13,52 0,298
* (P<0.05, 5% signicant to condence level)
N. Öner and F. Eren / JABS, 2 (1): 07-12, 2008 11
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