Content uploaded by Okosodo Ehi Francis
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Okosodo Ehi Francis on Apr 25, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences (ISSN: 2350-2274) Vol. 4(11) pp. 147-157, December, 2016
Available online http://meritresearchjournals.org/asss/index.htm
Copyright © 2016 Merit Research Journals
Original Research Article
Diversity and Abundance of Avian Species in Old Oyo
National Park Southwest Nigeria
*1Okosodo E. F., 2Orimaye J. O. and 2Awoyemi A. G.
Abstract
1Department of Ecotourism and
Wildlife Management, The Federal
University of Technology, Akure
2Department of Forest resources and
Wildlife Management, Ekiti State
University, Ado-Ekiti
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail:
okosodo04@yahoo.co.uk
Abundance and Diversity of avian species were studied in Old Oyo National
Park Nigeria. The study area was divided into two ranges based on their
different vegetation types. Point count method was used to collect data on
bird species diversity and abundance in the two ranges. Counting bands of
the 50m radius were used for all the stations. The minimum distance between
two counting stations was 200 m. In all 30 counting station were used, 15
stations per a study range were used. On arrival at the sites, birds were
allowed time to settle before recording all the birds seen or heard for a
predetermined time, (usually, 20 minutes). Bird calls were also recorded with
a voice recorder and played back later for confirmation. Physical features of
birds sighted but could not be identified immediately were taken and field
guide book of West African birds was used to identify the bird species and
bird calls was used to confirmed the presence of nocturnal bird species within
the study sites. Data was collected for six months with three months in the
dry season (November, February and March) and three months in the wet
season (June, August, and September) in 2015. A total of 149 bird species
belonging to 52 families and 20 orders were recorded in the study area. The
Order passerformes had the highest frequency (51 %) of the entire number of
birds recorded, while the dominant family was Pycnonotidae, comprising (10
%) of the total species One endangered bird species, Crested Guinea Fowl
(Guttera pucherani) was encountered inYemosho Range. The relative
abundance of bird species was higher in Yemosho range (34.5 and 26.2) than
in Maguba range 31.5 and 24.7) in both seasons of the year.
Keywords: Avian species, Diversity and conservation, Habitat fragmentation,
Home range
INTRODUCTION
Habitat, including shelter and food supplies, determines
the density of species and for that reason serves as the
foundation for the conservation of several species (Martin,
1987). The exotic forest 1`there are roughly two tropical
counterparts (Begon et al., 2001). On the 902 threatened
birds that use forests, 93% take place totally in the tropics
(BirdLife International, 2000). Very much the same,
tropical forests support the highest quantity of endemic
birds’ areas and are home to the best range-restricted bird
types on the planet (Fahrig, 2003; Stattersfield et al.,
1998). Just like the world's other tropical and sub-tropical
parts, sub- Saharan Africa has a higher species diversity
(over 2,300 bird varieties, which constitute about 20% of
the world's total), a higher proportion (408 bird species)
which are endemic to the continent (BirdLife International
2000; Brooks et al., 2001).
Although some information abounds on biodiversity,
our knowledge still remains highly imperfect and biased
(Groombridge, 1992; UNEP, 1995). Most information
is designed for terrestrial temperate areas with very good
148 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
fewer data from other areas of the world, especially from
tropical Africa and other exotic parts of the world.
(Stattersfield et al., 1998). Substantial attention has been
aimed towards bird inhabitant, sparked by matter over
reported declines of types on a worldwide size (Robbins et
al., 1989). A lot of this attention is focused on bird-habitat-
relationships, way more with the increasing data (Balmford
et al., 2001) that regions of fantastic conservation
importance may coincide with regions of dense population
settlement deal or impact, although Hurlbert (2004) argued
that human being requirements on bio-diverse areas do
not need to be because varieties richness and agricultural
output show opposing human relationships with primary
output. Therefore, the results of centers of types richness
being associated with individual payout and impact
demands priority-setting studies targeted at figuring out
the near-minimum group of areas with the capacity of
representing all kinds (Balmford et al., 2001).
Southwestern Nigeria, from the point of view of
biodiversity, however, is the spot of high population
densities, and both guarded areas and unprotected forests
(community forests) have been through transformations
credited to powerful agricultural land-use in the name of
development within the last 50 years (Agbelusi, 1994;
Oates 1995). For this good reason, there exists immediate
need to catalog natural background data in this area and
attempt some biodiversity research, conservation
activities, and initiate lasting ecotourism jobs. Nigerian
Environmental Examination (2002) reported that increased
export needs for primates, other mammals, and parrots for
bushmeat and against the law timber and non-timber deals
are the primary factors behind biodiversity loss in this area
of the united states. Agricultural intensification, logging,
and poaching within and 4 around Old Oyo Countrywide
Area and Kainji Lake Countrywide Playground (KLNP)
have led to a sharp decrease of primate, non-primate
mammals, and avian types' populations. This suggested
study will look at the remaining magnitude of biodiversity
that continues to be obvious in these important parks in
southwestern Nigeria and realizes some disruption factors
and other ecological factors that condition the style of
biodiversity, and also lay out some advice for conservation
actions to the community authorities and local
governments. The objectives of this study were to
determine the effect of diversity and abundance of avian
community, to obtain a checklist of avian species in the
study area and to generate data that will provide baseline
information necessary for conservation action
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Study Area
Old Oyo National Park (OONP) was carved out of the
former Upper Ogun river game reserve and the Old Oyo
forest reserve established in 1936. It is bordered in the
North by Kwara State, in the South by Ikoyi while in the
western part is bordered by towns such as Igbope and
Sepeteri. OONP lies between latitudes 8˚10΄ and 9˚05˙N
and between longitudes 3˚35’ and 4˚ 20˙E. The park
covers a land area of approximately 251,200 ha making it
the fourth largest park in Nigeria. (Mengistu, and
Salami,2007).
Vegetation of the Park has been classified as Southern
Guinea Savanna. However, more studies classified the
Southern portion of the vegetation as Forest savanna
Mosaic with wooded savanna containing a relic of the
moist semi-deciduous forest, grading northwards into drier
mixed leguminous wooded Savanna with a continuous
lower stratum of perennial grasses. The park is rich in
abundant tree species such as the mahoganies, Nauclea
diderrichii (opepe), Terminalia ivorensis (Odigbo),
Terminalia superba (Afara), Triplochiton sceleroxylon
(Obeche) (Keay, 1989). Outcrop vegetation in the hilly and
rocky areas and Riparian grassland and fringing woodland
and forest vary along major rivers and streams dominated.
A dense and open savanna woodland mosaic in the central
portion of the park, Dense savanna woodland, north of
Igbeti-Kishi axis zone C and Open savanna woodland,
North-east of the park Oyo-Ile sector (Isichei, (1995).
There are three watersheds in Old Oyo National Park:
River Ogun and its numerous tributaries, River Tessi and
its tributaries and River Iwa and its tributaries. Ogun River
flows southwards to the Atlantic Ocean. Several tributaries
notably Oopo, Iwawa, Oowe and Owu flow
southwestwards and southeastwards join it before its exit
from the park. The Tessi River flows northwards to the
River Niger. Three main tributaries including River Soro
join it before it exists from the park. The Iwa River flows
northeastwards to the River Niger.
Data Collection point
The study was carried out in Yemoso and Marguba ranges
of OONP. Point count method (Sutherland et al.2009) was
used to collect data on bird species diversity and
abundance in the two ranges. Counting bands of the 50m
radius were used for all the stations. To remove error of
double counting, the minimum distance between two
counting stations of 200 m was maintained. In all 30
counting station were used, 15 stations per a study block
were used. On arrival at the sites, birds were allowed time
to settle before recording all the birds seen or heard for a
predetermined time usually, 20 minutes (Okosodo et al
2015). Bird calls were also recorded with a voice recorder
and played back later for confirmation. Physical features of
birds sighted but could not be identified immediately were
taken and field guide book of West African birds (Burrow
and Demey, 2011) was used to identify the bird species
and bird calls was used to confirmed the presence of
Okosodo et al. 149
Figure 1. Map of the Study Area (Ogunjemite et al., 2013)
Figure 2. Family Composition of Bird Species in the Study Area
nocturnal bird species within the study sites.
Data was collected for six months with three months in
the dry season (November, February and March) and
three months in the wet season (June, August, and
September) in 2015
Data collected from the observations were explored
using the computer PAST Model version 3 to analyze bird
species diversity indices, SHE analysis, and plot
generalized linear model graph.
RESULTS
A total of 149 bird species belonging to 52 families and 20
orders were recorded in the study area. The order
Passeriformes had the highest frequency (51 %) of the
entire number of bird species encountered in the study
area. The family Accipitridae has the highest number of
bird species (13) followed by Pycnonotidae which has 11
bird species (Figure 2). Forty-two bird species were
encountered in Marguba range that was not found in
Yemoso range while eighteen bird species were
encountered in Yemoso range that was not seen in
Marguba range. However, eighty-nine bird species were
observed to be common to both ranges (Figure 3). The
relative population density was found to be higher in
Yemoso range (34.3 and 26.2) than Marguba range (31.5
and 24.7) in both seasons of the year respectively (Figure
4).
From the result obtained on the bird species diversity
index, Marguba range had high diversity index in both
seasons with 4.508 in the dry season and 4.625 in the wet
150 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Figure 3. Exclusive and Bird Species Common to both Ranges
Figure 4. Relative Abundance of Bird Species in the Study Area
Table 1. Diversity of Bird Species in the Study Area during Dry Season
Yeosu Range
Lower
Upper
Marguba Range
Lower
Upper
Taxa_S
113
108
113
143
139
143
Individuals
456
456
456
591
591
591
Dominance_D
0.01842
0.01668
0.02252
0.01196
0.0117
0.01521
Shannon_H
4.379
4.248
4.398
4.727
4.581
4.699
Evenness_e^H/S
0.7061
0.6287
0.7231
0.7902
0.6888
0.7704
Brillouin
4.017
3.902
4.037
4.358
4.23
4.336
Menhinick
5.292
5.058
5.292
5.882
5.718
5.882
Table 2. Diversity of Bird Species in the Study Area during Dry Season
Yemoso Range
Lower
Upper
Marguba Range
Lower
Upper
Taxa_S
123
118
123
128
124
128
Individuals
465
465
465
531
531
531
Dominance_D
0.01623
0.01468
0.02072
0.01258
0.01248
0.01575
Shannon_H
4.508
4.366
4.512
4.625
4.479
4.6
Evenness_e^H/S
0.7379
0.651
0.7446
0.797
0.6987
0.781
Brillouin
4.123
4
4.131
4.258
4.131
4.239
Menhinick
5.704
5.472
5.704
5.555
5.381
5.555
Okosodo et al. 151
Table 3. Checklist of Bird Species in the Study Area
Family
Scientific Name
Common Name
Anatidae
Dendrocygna viduata
White Faced Whistling Duck
Pteronetta hartlaubii
Hartlaub's Duck
Sarkidiornis melanotos
Knob Bellied Duck
Accipitridae
Aviceda cuculoides
African Cuckoo Hawk
Haliaeetus vocifer
African Fisheagle
Polyboroides typus
African Harrier Hawk
Gypohierax angolensis
Palm Nut Vulture
Stephanoaetus coronatus
Crowned Eagle
Polemaetus bellicosus
Martial Eagle
Aquila spilogaster
African Hawk Eagle
Circus ranivorus
African Marsh Harrier
Elanus caeruleus
Black Shouldered Kite
Milvus migrans
Black Kite
Kaupifalco monogrammicus
Lizard Burzard
Lophaetus occipitalis
Long Crested Eagle
Buteo auguralis
Red Neck Burzard
Alaudidae
Mirafra cantillans
Singing Bush Lark
Alcedinidae
Halcyon malimbica
Blue Breasted Kingfisher
Halcyon badia
Chocolate-Backed Kingfisher
Alcedo cristata
Malachite Kingfisher
Halcyon senegalensis
Senegal Woodland Kingfisher
Apodidae
Cypsiurus parvus
African Palm Swift
Ardeidae
Ardea cinerea
Gray Heron
Ardea herodias
Great Blue Heron
Bubulcus ibis
Cattle Egret
Ardea alba
Great Egret
Lsobrychus minutus
Litle Bitten
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret
Ardeola ralloides
Squaco Heron
Bucerotidae
Tockus fasciatus
African Pied Hornbill
Tockus nasutus
Grey Hornbill
Ceratogymna fistulator
Pipping Hornbill
Burhinidae
Burhinus senegalensis
Senegal Thick Knee
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgus nigriscapularis
Black Shouldered Nightjar
Charadriidae
Vanellus senegallus
African Wattled Lapwing
Pluvianus aegyptius
Egyptian Plover
Vanellus leucurus
White Tailed Lapwing
Ciconiidae
Anastomus lamelligerus
Africa Openbill
Ciconia episcopus
Woolly Neck Stork
152 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 3. Continue
Cisticonidae
Camaroptera brachyura
Grey Backed Camaroptera
Prinia subflava
Twany Flanked Prinnia
Apalis flavida
Yellow Breasted Apalis
Cisticola lateralis
Whistling Cisticola
columbidae
Treron calva
African Green Pigeon
Turtur brehmeri
Blue Spotted Wood Dove
Streptopelia capicola
Laughing Dove
Streptopelia semitorquata
Red Eye Dove
Streptopelia vinacea
Vinaceous Dove
Coraciidae
Coracias abyssinica
Abyssinian Roller
Eurystomus glaacurus
Broad Billed Roller
Coracias cyanogaster
Blue Bellied Roller
Corvidae
Corvus albus
Pied Crow
Ptilostomus afer
Piapac
Cuculidae
Centropus grillii
Black Coucal
Chrysococcyx caprius
Dedric Cuckoo
Chrysococcyx cupreus
Emerald Cuckoo
Chrysococcyx klaas
Klaas Cuckoo
Centropus senegalensis
Senegal Coucal
Dicruridae
Dicrurus adsimilis
Fork Tailed Drongo
Emberizidae
Emberiza flaviventris
African Golden Breasted Bunting
Estrildidae
Lagonosticta rubricata
Blue Billied Firefinch
Spermestes cucullatus
Bronze Mannikin
Estrilda melpoda
Orange Cheeked Waxbill
Pytilia afra
Orange Winged Pytillia
Lagonosticta senegala
Red Billed Firefinch
Falconidae
Falco tinnunculus
Common Kestrel
Falco ardosiaceus
Grey Kestrel
Fringillidae
Linurgus olivaceus
Oriole Finch
Glareolidae
Glareola pratincola
Collard Pratincole
Glareola cinerea
Grey Pratincole
Cursorius temminckii
Temminck's Courser
Heliornithidae
Podica senegalensis
African Finfoot
Hirundinidae
Psalidoprocne obscura
Fanti Saw – Wing
Hirundo lucida
Red Chested Swallow
Ptyonoprogne fuligula
Rock Martin
Jacanidae
Actophilornis africanus
African Jacana
Laniidae
Lanius senator
Woodchat Shrike
Melaconotidae
Tchagra senegala
Black Crowned Tchagra
Okosodo et al. 153
Table 3. Continue
Malaconotus blanchoti
Grey Headed Bush Shrike
Laniarius leucorhynchus
Sooty Boubou
Laniarius barbarus
Yellow Crowned Gonolek
Dryoscopus gambensis
Northern Puffback
Meropidae
Merops pusillus
Little Bee Eater
Merops malimbicus
Rosy Bee Eater
Merops albicollis
Whitethroated Bee Eater
Motacillidae
Anthus leucophrys
Plain Backed Pipit
Anthus trivialis
Tree Pipit
Macronyx croceus
Yellow Throated Longclaw
Motacilla flava
Yellow Wagtail
Muscicapidae
Terpsifhone rufiventer
Red Bellied Paradise Flycatcher
Saxicola rubetra
Whinchat
Musophagidae
Crinifer piscator
Western Grey Plantain Eater
Musophaga violacea
Violet Turaco
Tauraco persa
Guinea Turaco
Nectariniidae
Chalcomitra amethystina
Amethyst Sunbird
Cinnyris pulchellus
Beautiful Sunbird
Hedydipna collaris
Collared Sunbird
Cyanomitra verticalis
Green Headed Sunbird
Cinnyris venustus
Variable Sunbird
Anthreptes gabonicus
Mouse Brown Sunbird
Cinnyris coccinigaster
Splendid Sunbird
Numididae
Numida meleagris
Helmented Guinea Fowl
Guttera pucherani
Crested Guinea Fowl
Passeridae
Petronia dentata
Bush Petronia
Passer montanus
Erusian Tree Sparrow
Passer griseus
Grey Headed Sparrow
Oriolidae
Oriolus auratus
African Golden Oriole
Otididae
Lissotis melanogaster
Black Bellied Bustard
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax africanus
Long Tailed Commorant
Phasianidae
Francolinus bicalcaratus
Double Spurred Francolins
Ploceidae
Ploceus melanocephalus
Black Headed Weaver
Euplectes franciscanus
Northern Red Bishop
Ploceus cucullatus
Village Weaver
Ploceus tricolor
Yellow Mantled Window Bird
Prionopidae
Prionops plumatus
White Hekmet Shrike
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus barbatus
Common Bulbul
Phyllastrephalus iterinus
Icterine Green Bull
154 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 3. Continue
Pryrrhurus scandens
Leaflove
Chlorocichla simplex
Simple Greenbull
Nicator chloris
Western Nicator
Nicator vireo
Yellow Throated Nicator
Andropadus virens
Little Greenbull
Andropadus curvirostris
Plain Greenbull
Pycnonotus cafer
Red Tailed Bulbul
Bleda canicapilla
Grey Headed Bristlebill
Baeopogon indicator
Honeyguide Greenbull
Rallidae
Crex egregia
African Crake
Porphyrio alleni
Allen's Gallinule
Amaurornis flavirostris
Black Crake
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus himantopu
Black Winged Stilt
Scolopacidae
Tringa nebularia
Common Greenshank
Scopidae
Scopus umbretta
Harmmerkop
Strigidae
Ptilopsis leucotis
Northern White Faced Owl
Strix woodfordii
African Wood Owl
Sturnidae
Lamprotornis purpureiceps
Purple Glossy Starling
Sylviidae
Melocichla mentalis
African Moustached Warbler
Sylvia borin
Garden Warbler
Sylvietta virens
Green Comec
Hyptergerus atriceps
Oriole Warbler
Hyliota flavigaster
Yellow Bellied Hyliota
Threskiornithidae
Bostrychia hagedash
Hadada Ibis
Timaliidae
Illadopsis fulvescens
Brown Illadopsis
Turdidae
Turdus pelios
African Thrush
Viduidae
Vidua macroura
Pin Tailed Whydah
Vidua chalybeata
Village Indigobird
Anomalospiza imberbis
Cuckoo Finch
Figure 5. Bird Species Diversity in the Study area (Generalized Linear Model)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
A
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
B
Okosodo et al. 155
Figure 6. SHE Analysis of Bird Species Diversity in the Study Area
season while Yemoso range had a low diversity index of
4.379 and 4.508 (Tables 1 and 2). However, there is a
significant difference (p < 0.05) =0.001 in the diversity of
bird species between the two ranges. The generalized
linear model and SHE analysis are shown in Figure 5 and
6 for both ranges.
DISCUSSION
The research study revealed that this Old Oyo National
Park supports a diversity of bird species. The result
obtained from research study indicates abundant birdlife in
both Marguba and Yemoso ranges. However, there were
differences in the bird species encountered in both ranges.
The differences in bird species diversity and abundance in
the different land use types may be due to land use
changes and forest heterogeneity which bring about
variation in the availability of food, cover, predation risk
and micro - climatic variation which is supported by various
authors. Cody (1985) reported the level of distribution of
bird species in a habitat is normally as a result of an
occurrence of plant species that support their population
and to variation in species-specific requirements in the
choice of habitat. This is also consistent with Mangnall and
Crowe, (2003) that the distribution of bird species is largely
dependent on the availability of food, water, and cover.
Different groups of bird species seem to respond
differently to different land uses. Insectivores are known to
be an indicator of noticeable responses to land use. This
result is consistent with work of Matlock Jr et al. (2003)
who reported that forest patches and protected area in Sao
Tome have a high retention of bird species than
agricultural landscapes. Furthermore, it has been reported
that multi-strata tropical agroforestry systems support high
bird diversity and populations than arboreal vegetation
(Greenberg et al. 2000; Faria et al. 2006; Bos et al 2007).
The number of bird species recorded in the Yemoso range
was lower than the two rest blocks, and this suggests that
human disturbance in terms of farming intensification
areas alters bird species richness Pearson, 1977), (as they
avoid predation. Similarly, Herkert (2009) reported that the
loss of habitat to urbanization reduces the quality of the
remaining vegetation thus affect the population of avian
species in the area.
The relative abundance of avian species in the study
area was higher in the Yemoso range than Marguba range.
This agrees with previous work by Kormar (2006) who also
reported a high abundance of bird species in cultivated
areas, which could be due to food availability. From the
result of the relative Yemoso has (34.5 and 34.3) while
Marguba range has (24.7 and 26.2) in both seasons of the
year relative bird species population abundance. This is
consistent with the result obtained by Best et al, (1990) that
the extent of change in bird species composition and
abundance depends on the specificity of each bird species
habitat requirement, in other words, the species tolerance
to changes to its environment. Species with the restricted
habitat changes pattern are more vulnerable to changes in
land use practices than those occupying a wider variety of
environment.
The avian behavioral pattern was found to play a big
role in bird diversity and distribution among the two areas
sampled (Cody 1985). For example, the bird species were
Gutters puncher ani, and Emberiza Flavventris were
sighted only in Yemoso range and Ardea alba Bostrychia
480 540 600 660 720 780 840 9009601020
N
-0.6
0
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
3
3.6
4.2
Diversity
ln S
ln E
H
156 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
huge dash, Caprimulgus nigriscapularis and Lissotis
melanogaster were encountered in Marguba range within
the Park. The result indicates there was no significant
difference p > 0.05) in avian species diversity between the
ranges in both seasons of the year. Some savanna bird
species were encountered in the forest area which
suggests that human disturbance is ongoing in the study
sites; therefore, land use change could result in the decline
rare species in the area (Manu, 2000). This is consistent
with the findings of MacArthur and MacArthur (2001) who
reported that avian diversity increases with vegetation
complexity. Pearson (1997) also reported that tropical wet
evergreen forest support rarer bird species than other
habitats. This suggests that the availability of nesting site
is one of the principal factors that determine the structure
of bird community in the agricultural landscape
(Soderstrom et al., 2003).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Bird species diversity was higher in the Marguba range
than Yemoso range within the study area which suggests
that land use change between the two ranges was
responsible for this.
The study area is surrounded by large settlements and
the people in the area are involved in logging, majorly
cutting down commercial timber species such as Ceiba
pentandra, Alstonia congensis Cola gigantea, Daniella
ogea, Urban expansion and deforestation. Selective
logging of tree species in this area should be properly
managed so that avian habitats can be supported. Land
conversion for agricultural purposes is very high in this
region since most of the communities are agrarian.
However, this may increase extinction risk for many
threatened and endangered birds in the area, such as
Grosbeak Weaver Tockus fasciatus, Lamptotornis
purpureiceps, Malimbus status and Thescelocichla
leucopleura
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to the Staff and Nigeria Park
Commission for their support during the period of the study
REFERENCES
Balmford A, More JL, Brook TS, Burgess N, Hansen LA, Williams P,
Rahbek C (2001). Conservation conflicts across Africa. Sci. 291:
2616-2619.
Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR (2001). Ecology. Blackwell Science
Limited the UK
Best LB, Whitmore RC, Booth GM (1990). Use of cornfields by birds
during the breeding season: the importance of edge habitat.
American Midland Naturalist 123: 84-99.
BirdLife International (2000). Threatened birds of the world. Lynx
Edicions pp. 2-22.
Borrow N, Demey R (20012). “A guide to the birds of western Africa”.
Princeton University Press
Bos MM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2009). The contribution of
cacao agroforests to the conservation of lower canopy and
beetle diversity in Indonesia. Biodiversity Conservation 16:2429-
2444.
Brooks T, Balmford A, Burgess N, Hansel LA, Moore I, Rahbek C,
Williams R, Bennun MA, Byaruhanga A, Kasoma P, Njoroge P,
Pomeroy D, Wondafrash M (2001). Conservation priorities for birds
and biodiversity: Do East African Important Bird Areas represent
species’ diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich
Suppl. 15: 3-12
Cody ML (1985). An introduction to habitat selection in birds. In Habitat
selection in birds (Cody ed.) Academic Press Inc., London pp 191-
248.
Fahrig L (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
34:487-515.
Faria D, Paciencia ML, B Dixo, M, Laps RR Baumgarten, J (2007). Ferns,
frogs, lizards, birds and bats in forest fragments and shade cacao
plantations in two contrasting landscapes in the Atlantic forest, Brazil.
Biodiversity and Conservation. 16:2335-2357.
Greenberg R, Bichier P, Angón AC (2000). The conservation value for
birds of cacao plantations with diversely planted shade in Tabasco,
Mexico. Animal Conservation 3: 105-112
Herkert JR (2009). Response of bird populations to farmland set-aside
programs. Conservation Biology 23: 1036-1040.
Isichei, (1995). Omo Biosphere Reserve, Current Status, Utilization of
Biological Resources and Sustainable Management (Nigeria).
Working Papers of the South-South Cooperation Programme on
Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid
Tropics. UNESCO, Paris
Keay RWJ (1989). Trees of Nigeria. A review version of Nigerian trees
(1960, 1964) by R. W. J Keay, C. F. A Onochie, and D. P Strandfield.
Clarendon Press Oxford University press: Pp 476 pp.
Komar O (2006). Ecology and conservation of birds in coffee
plantations: a., critical review. Bird Conservation International 16:1-
23
MacArthur RH, MacArthur JW (1999). On bird species diversity. Ecology
42, 594 - 598.
Mangnall MJ, Crowe TM (2003). The effect of agriculture on farmland bird
assemblage on the Agulhas plain, Western Cape, South Africa. Afr.
J. Ecol. 41, 266-276.
Manu SA (2000). Effects of habitat fragmentation on the distribution of
forest birds in southwestern Nigeria with particular reference to the
Ibadan Malimbes and other Malimbes, Ph.D. thesis. University of
Oxford
Martin BP (1987). World birds, Guinness Superlative Ltd. 33 London
Road, Enfield, Middlesex, pp. 4-6.
Matlock Jr., EB, Rogers D, Edwards PJ, Martin SG (2002). Avian
communities in forest fragments and reforestation areas associated
with banana plantations in Costa Rica. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 91: 199-215
Mengistu, and Salami (2007). Application of remote sensing and GIS in
land use/land cover mapping and change detection in a part of
southwestern Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 1 (5), pp. 099
-109
Pearson D (1977). Pantropical comparison of bird community: structure
of six lowland forest sites, Condor 79: 232-244
Robbins, C.S., Sauer J.R., Greenberg R.S., and Droege, S. 1989.
Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the
Neotropics. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86: 7658-7662
Söderström, B, Kiema S, Reid RS (2003). Intensified agricultural land-
use and bird conservation in Burkina Faso. Agriculture, Ecosystems
and Environment 99: 113-124.
Stattersfield AJA, Crosby MJ, Long AJA, Wage DC (1998).
Endemic bird areas of the world, priorities for biodiversity
conservation.
Sutherland WJ (2009). From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UNEP, ed. (1995). Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press
Okosodo et al. 157
Usher MB (1986). Wildlife Conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria,
and values. Wildlife Conservation Evaluation (Ed M.B. Usher).
Chapman and Hall. 3-44.
