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INSTITUTUL DE CERCETĂRI ECO-MUZEALE
"GAVRILĂ SIMION" TULCEA
TROESMIS – A CHANGING LANDSCAPE.
Romans and the Others in the Lower Danube Region in
the First Century BC – Third Century AD
Proceedings of an International Colloquium Tulcea,
7th-10th of October 2015
Editor
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU
Editura Mega
Cluj-Napoca, 2016
TROESMIS – A CHANGING LANDSCAPE. Romans and the Others in the Lower Danube Region in
the First Century BC – Third Century AD
Proceedings of an International Colloquium Tulcea, 7th-10th of October 2015
Volum publicat de / Published by:Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale „Gavrilă Simion”
Adresa / Address:Str. Progresului, nr. 32, 820009, Tulcea, România
icem@icemtl.ro
Website: http:// http://www.icemtl.ro//
Editori / Editors:Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU
Tehnoredactare / Computer graphics: Camelia KAIM
Toate lucrările publicate au fost recenzate de specialişti în domeniu
This is a peer-reviewed volume
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
TROESMIS - A CHANGING LANDSCAPE. International Colloquium
(2015 ; Tulcea)
Troesmis - a changing landscape : romans and the others in the lower
Danube region in the first century BC - third century AD / Institutului de
Cercetări Eco-Muzeale "Gavrilă Simion" Tulcea ; ed.: Cristina-Georgeta
Alexandrescu : proceedings of an International Colloquium : Tulcea, 7th -
10th of October 2015. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2016
Conţine bibliografie
ISBN 978-606-543-768-5
I. Institutului de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale "Gavrilă Simion" (Tulcea)
II. Alexandrescu, Cristina-Georgeta (ed.)
902
CONTENT
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu –Christian Gugl
The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015 – Research Questions and Methodology .................................................. 9
Gerald Grabherr – Barbara Kainrath
Geophysical Research at Troesmis 2011-2015 ................................................................................................ 23
Werner Eck
Die Lex municipalis Troesmensium: Ihr rechtlicher und politisch-sozialer Kontext .................................. 33
Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu
Not Just Stone: Lithic Material from Troesmis – Local Resources and Imports ........................................ 47
Florin Topoleanu
Oil Lamps from Troesmis.................................................................................................................................. 63
Daniel Spânu
Barbaricum Beyond Troesmis in Roman Imperial Period: a Changing Cultural Mosaic....................... 117
Liana Oța
Beyond the Lower Danubian Limes ‒ Sarmatians and Romans .............................................................. 129
Adriana Panaite
A Changing Landscape: the Organization of the Roman Road Network in Moesia Inferior................. 151
Mihail Zahariade
Legio I Iovia Scythica and Legio II Herculia in Itinerarium Antonini 225. 2. 3; 226.1 ................................... 165
Tadeusz Sarnowski
Legionary Fortress at Novae in Lower Moesia. Old and New Observations Made During
the Recent Work per Lineam Munitionum .................................................................................................... 177
Agnieszka Tomas
Tracing Civilian Settlement in the Surroundings of Novae (Lower Moesia).
Sources, Investigations, Results ................................................................................................................... 191
Zdravko Dimitrov
Newly Found Architectural Elements from the Region of Roman Baths Complexes
in Ulpia Ratiaria ............................................................................................................................................... 205
Victor Baumann
Noviodunum. Un document épigraphique de la phase pré-municipale................................................... 227
Piotr Dyczek
On the So-Called Legionary Pottery and “Mysterious” Lower Danube Kaolin Wares (LDKW). ....... 233
Nikolay Roussev
Clay Oil Lamps from Sexaginta Prista (First to Third Century AD) ........................................................ 251
Programme of the International Colloquium Tulcea, 7th-10th of October 2015 ...................................... 265
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 267
Troesmis - A Changing Landscape. Romans and the Others in the Lower Danube Region
in the First Century BC – Third Century AD, Cluj-Napoca, 2016, 9-22.
___________________________________________________________________________
* Institute of Archaeology “Vasile Pârvan“, Bucharest, cgetalexandrescu@gmail.com; Austrian Academy, Institute for the
Study of Ancient Culture, christian.gugl@oeaw.ac.at.
THE TROESMIS-PROJECT 2011-2015:
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY
Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu – Christian Gugl*
Abstract: Die römisch-byzantinische Siedlung Troesmis zählt zu den größten antiken Stätten Rumäniens bzw.
der unteren Donau. Sie lag im Nordwesten der rumänischen Dobrudscha und nahm eine strategische
Schlüsselposition am unteren römischen Donaulimes ein. Die Siedlung befand sich am rechten Steilufer der
Donau, etwa 15 km südlich der heutigen Stadt Măcin, dem antiken Arrubium, und 4 km nördlich des Dorfes
Turcoaia (jud. Tulcea), unweit einer im 19. Jh. bestehenden Lokalität namens Igliţa, die heute nicht mehr existiert.
Das weitläufige Ruinengelände, das durch zwei heute noch gut sichtbare Befestigungsanlagen, der sogenannten
Ost- und der Westbefestigung, beherrscht wird, erstreckt sich von der Donau ausgehend nach Osten bis zu den
Ausläufern des Măcin-Gebirges. Diese archäologische Stätte ist als eines der wenigen unverbauten römisch-
byzantinischen Großsiedlungen an der Rhein- und Donaugrenze ein archäologisches Denkmal von
überregionaler Bedeutung.
Im Rahmen eines internationales Projekts mit Partnern aus Bukarest, Tulcea, Wien und Innsbruck konnten
durch geomagnetische Messungen das lange gesuchte Lager der legio V Macedonica sowie Teile der Lagervorstadt
lokalisiert werden. Mithilfe von Oberflächensurveys, luftbildarchäologischen Kartierungen und Airborne-
Laserscanning war es möglich, in den Jahren zwischen 2011 und 2014 die Ausdehnung der Siedlung sowie der
Gräberfelder einzugrenzen. Aufgrund der epigraphischen Überlieferung können wir in Troesmis davon ausgehen,
dass neben dem Legionslager und den canabae noch ein weiterer ziviler Siedlungsraum existierte, der über
Selbstverwaltungsrechte verfügte. In dem zweiten Teil des Projektes, seit 2015, ist der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit
man diese in den Inschriften fassbaren Verwaltungsräume im archäologischen Befund wiederfinden kann.
Keywords:Troesmis,legio V Macedonica,castra,municipium, necropolis, roads, survey, geomagnetic prospections.
Since 2011, Institutul de Arheologie ‘Vasile Pârvan’ in Bucharest together with the Institute for
Studies of Ancient Cultures of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna and the Archaeological
Institute of the University of Innsbruck in cooperation with Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale
‘Gavrilă Simion’ Tulcea, are working in Troesmis. Our interests in this region focus on the most
significant settlement transformation processes, from the Roman imperial age to the late Antiquity
and the Byzantine period
1
. During the last decades scientific research in the Northern Dobruja mostly
dealt with the history and archaeology of sites from the 4th to the 7th century AD
2
.
Most of the Roman fortifications mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum – if not to say all of these
sites – should have predecessors going back to the Imperial age or even before. Troesmis is one of
them being situated on the steep right bank of the Danube, some 15 km to the south of the modern
city of Măcin (the ancient Arrubium) and 4 km to the north of the village of Turcoaia, both in Tulcea
County (fig. 1). In front of Troesmis the meandering Danube forms a broad flooding zone. In this
northernmost part of the Roman province of Lower Moesia there are only a few possibilities to cross
the Danube: one is north of Arrubium, another at Dinogetia, at the bend of the Danube, and a third at
Noviodunum. Several mountain ranges, especially the Măcin-mountains in the Northwest of the
1
Alexandrescu et alii 2014; Alexandrescu, Gugl 2014a; Alexandrescu, Gugl 2014b; Alexandrescu, Gugl 2015.
2
Zahariade 2006.
10 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
Dobruja, are forming a barrier between different parts of this landscape. The area of today's village
Horia definitely marks a strategic keyhole position in the hinterland which gives easy access to all
major frontier zones. It is interesting that Troesmis as the most important military stronghold in the 2nd
century AD is not placed around Horia, but directly at the border in the Northwest.
Fig. 1: The northern Dobrudja in late Antiquity: topography and late-antique fortifications (© 2016 Gugl/ÖAW).
The area of Troesmis is archaeologically an almost untouched zone (fig. 2), extending from the Danube
to the Western slopes of the Măcin-mountains. The main destructions were caused by an agro-
industrial complex and the water pipe built in the 1970s. The so-called Eastern and the Western
fortification are today the most prominent monuments at the site. The first is dated to the fourth
century, the second is a Byzantine construction. Archaeological research started there as early as the
1860s by several French missions
3
.
Around Troesmis, river and pluvial erosion certainly changed the landscape a lot. The
anthropogenic activity was however the most intrusive, even if there is no modern settlement on the
ancient site. Stone robbing started very early with the result that only the core of the walls remained
on place. The relief of the terrain still shows the traces of these extensive stone quarrying activities,
especially at the Eastern and the Western fortification.
The rise of air photo interpretation in the 1970s brought about new information concerning
the area in between the two fortifications (fig. 3). On black and white orthophotos of the 1950s and
1960s one could recognize three ditches on the broad Loess plateau, already documented in the late
19th century by the topographist P. Polonic and by D. More. A.-S. Ştefan collected information derived
from aerial photographs and compared them with the observations of Polonic and his own
observations on the site
4
. By this way a section of the Roman aqueduct, called “Valul lui Traian”, was
precisely mapped. Ditch I and II (using Ştefan's designation of the features) are connected with the
Western fortification, defining the outlines of the Byzantine city (fig. 2-3). The outermost ditch is
number III. Its function remained an open question. The map of Ştefan
5
was the starting point of our
archaeological activities in Troesmis.
3
Alexandrescu 2013.
4
Ştefan 1971; Ştefan 1974, 98-100.
5
Ştefan 1971, fig. 10.
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Christian GUGL 11
The two fortifications were an abundant source for imperial age inscriptions. Certainly there
are a lot of epigraphic monuments related to the legio V Macedonica which established its fortress there
in the Trajanic period, as attested also by Ptolemy (Geogr. 3.10.5). Several inscriptions mention the
canabae legionis which were administered by magistri and quinquennales. This duty was performed by
former legionaries who held a magistrate both in the canabae as well as in another local authority
which had its own ordo Troesmensium consisting of decuriones. Concerning this third authority we
know about Roman citizens living in this vicus or civitas. At the same time veterans and Roman
citizens formed also part of the Troesmis canabae
6
.
Fig. 2: Troesmis - air photograph of the site seen from the southeast (© 2015 Gugl/ÖAW).
This three communities, according to the epigraphic evidence, coexisted until the 160s when the legio
V Macedonica left Troesmis to take part in the Parthian war of Lucius Verus. Some 15 years later, after
the legion had established its permanent garrison at Potaissa in Dacia, a municipium was installed in
Troesmis
7
. Therefore, during the 2nd and 3rd century we have to consider four administrative units in
Troesmis.
Our first goal was to localize the legionary fortress which definitely is most important for the
understanding of the settlement development. We detected significant parts of the fortress in 2011
using geomagnetic prospection
8
. Three sides of the fortress could be recognized by the measurements.
The ditch in front of the rear side of the castra is identical with the ditch III of A.-S. Ştefan (fig. 2-3).
Due to topographical considerations and in comparison to other contemporary fortresses the Troesmis
castra should have been one of the smaller legionary bases known so far. On fig. 4 the green line
marks the most probable way of reconstructing the front side which faces the Danube, meaning that
the most part of the plateau between the two later fortifications was covered by the legionary fortress.
6
Alexandrescu, Gugl 2015, 251 f.
7
See the contribution of W. Eck in this volume.
8
Alexandrescu et alii 2014; see the contribution of G. Grabherr and B. Kainrath in this volume.
12 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
Fig. 3: Interpretation of an air photograph of 1969 by A.-S. Ştefan (Ştefan 1971, fig. 9-10).
Fig. 4: Reconstruction possibilities of the front side of the Troesmis castra. The terrain map is based on Airborne
Laser Scanning data from 2013 (© 2015 Gugl / Kainrath / Grabherr).
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Christian GUGL 13
After the discovery of the castra our interest focused on possible settlement areas around the
legionary base (fig. 5). Between 2011 and 2015 different prospection methods were used to get more
information on the topography and archaeology of the Troesmis area. To get an overview we started
with remote sensing data. In 2013 we initiated LiDAR measurements done by Airborne Technologies
from Wiener Neustadt which delivered a very precise digital terrain model, with an extent of
approximately 28 km². In the meantime the ongoing archaeological field surveys, both line walking
and raster survey, cover an area of about 600 ha (fig. 6).
Fig. 5: Simplified map of the geophysical survey in Troesmis. Highlighted are the legionary fortress,
the civilian settlement and the graveyards (© 2015 Gugl / Kainrath / Grabherr).
With the help of the geomagnetic survey a first reconstruction of the settlement around the fortress is
possible. We identified built-up zones in the North, the Northeast and East of the castra. Extended
graveyards were situated further to the Northeast and the Southeast. For the first time ever we could
reconstruct the internal structure and the topographic context of a graveyard characterized by
enormous burial mounds. Today we can say that most of Troesmis has been archaeologically
prospected. We have very precise expectations about the area of the legionary fortress, about the
extents of the settlement in front of the castra and the location of the graveyards.
In the assumption that the Roman municipium took over the location of the former castra, we
can consider that the borders of the city could be very well defined. To reach this goal it is necessary
to combine different prospection techniques. In the core zone of Troesmis we are able to compare data
sets which offer different kinds of information. The distribution of artefacts collected by a line-
walking survey turned out to be very useful to get a first impression of the varying settlement
activity. On fig. 7 the relation between tiles and bricks (in red) versus ceramic vessels (in green) is
mapped. Moving out from the legionary fortress to the Northeast the density of sherds diminishes
after some 500 m. This is the area where the built-up zone ends and the graveyards begin as shown by
the geomagnetic results. Furthermore, the collected assemblages could provide basic dating evidence,
illustrating at least general trends of settlement chronology (fig. 8).
14 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
Fig. 6: Artefact distribution (in blue) and areas surveyed by geomagnetic prospections (in red) around Troesmis.
The ancient road network is represented by dashed black lines. The orange asterisks mark possible
archaeological sites (© 2016 Gugl / Mandl / Waldner).
Fig. 7: The results of the geomagnetic survey and the line walking survey between the legionary fortress and the
areas to the northeast. In green: distribution of ceramic vessels, in red: bricks. A,D: civilian settlement
(“canabae”), C: graveyards with tumuli, E-F: possible graveyards, 212: ditch separating the graveyard from
the inhabited area (© 2013 Gugl / Kainrath / Waldner).
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Christian GUGL 15
Fig. 8: Artefact distribution from the survey campaigns 2011-2013. A- Pontic Sigillata of the 2nd and 3rd century
AD; B- artefacts of the 4th to the 6/7th century AD; C- artefacts of the 10th to the 12/13th century AD. The
orthophotos and topographic maps are provided by ANCPI (© 2015 Gugl / Waldner).
16 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
At this point it might be useful to turn to a more theoretical approach by putting Troesmis into context
with other legionary bases in the Northern provinces. During the first and the early second century
AD one could observe a specific settlement pattern at legionary garrisons which is called settlement
duality
9
. This means that next to the fortress and the canabae another settlement existed which was
clearly separated from the military zone. At many legionary bases until the age of Trajan this could be
archaeologically observed. Some sites start with a separate civil settlement (“vicus”) which then
becomes a municipium and later on a colonia, like Carnuntum in Pannonia superior (fig. 9).
Fig. 9: Virtual model of Carnuntum based on excavation and air photo interpretation data (© 7reasons).
In contrast to this line of development we know about legionary garrisons without a separated
civilian settlement. Archaeologically there is no vicus detectable within a distance of about 2-4 km
from the fortress. This should be the case at places like Eburacum and Lauriacum
10
. This settlement
model describes the fact that especially at fortresses from the Antonine period onwards a second
civilian center apparently is missing. H. Ubl proposed for Lauriacum in Noricum that the civilian zone
around the legionary fortress was divided into two administrative units: into the canabae and the
municipium, separated by a topographic feature like a creek. For archaeologist it’s very hard if not
impossible to distinguish these differently administered settlement areas unless there is a very
complete map available, on which are to be identified distinct building types like fora or territorial
markers like boundary ditches.
For instance, at the four legionary bases in Pannonia (Vindobona,Carnuntum,Brigetio,
Aquincum) there is a clear separation between the civilian and the military zone. In Aquincum a
legionary garrison was established under Domitian. In the area of the later Hadrianic municipium pit
houses were recently discovered indicating an earlier settlement probably inhabited by indigenous
people
11
. Naturally there were close interactions between the canabae and the municipium which
became a colonia under Septimius Severus. Inscriptions even mention magistrates who held a public
office in both administrative authorities
12
.
We meet a similar situation in Carnuntum. The Carnuntum legionary fortress was built under
the reign of Claudius at latest. Besides the canabae a separated vicus existed being covered by the later
9
Mócsy 1953, 184-186; Petrikovits 1960, 63; Vittinghoff [1971] 1994, 142; Piso 1991; Gugl 2013, 173-178. - New
evidence for the discussion of administrative boundaries at Carnuntum cf. Gugl et alii 2016, 37-40 fig. 10.
10
Gugl 2013, 175-178 fig. 109 (Eburacum); 186-192 fig. 118 (Lauriacum).
11
Groh et alii 2014, 384-386 fig. 13; Láng 2015.
12
Gugl 2013, 175-178 fig. 102 (Carnuntum). fig. 103 (Aquincum) fig. 104 (Vindobona); 186.
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Christian GUGL 17
Hadrianic municipium. A representative forum was placed in the city center, like in Aquincum the
colonia Septimia of Carnuntum had a town wall, too
13
.
Fig. 10: Tumuli and ancient roads network around Troesmis: roads S01-S11, tumulus T62 and dominant hilltops
in the vicinity of Troesmis (A-D). The terrain map is based on Airborne Laser Scanning data from 2013.
The orthophotos are provided by ANCPI (© 2015 Gugl/ÖAW).
In Troesmis epigraphic sources mention not only the legionary fortress but also the canabae, a vicus or
civitas and the municipium. As archaeologists we could try to find settlement areas dating to the
imperial age which are important to discuss such issues. It is impossible to extent geophysical
prospection beyond certain limits, so other prospection methods like field walking and remote sensing
become most relevant. On this basis, we could reconstruct the historical road network including
graveyards or burial mounds which could be situated some 3-4 km away from the legionary fortress
(fig. 10-11). In the research area, we haven’t discovered so far an archaeological site which might
represent an administratively independent vicus of the 2nd century. Although, during the last two years
intensified field walking brought first results. Several new Roman sites were discovered which could be
classified in a preliminary way according to the collected artefacts and the varying topographic contexts
(fig. 11). Two sites are definitely linked to the Roman water supply. They can be found on the Western
slopes of the Măcin-mountains or close to the bottom of the mountain (fig. 11: 1-2). Three sites stay in
close contact with the main roads. Concerning topography they may be rural estates (fig. 11: 3-5). On
the contrary, there are another three to four sites which share a rather remote location. Most of them
aren’t in line of sight with the fortress or the city. Instead, they were part of a tributary or a separated
basin, mostly all of them being situated on the bottom of a slope (fig. 11: 6-9). One newly discovered site
lays on a hilltop, some 3 km away from Troesmis, approximately 80 m above the surrounding area. This
particular area might have been severely affected during the last 100 years by different works related to
the granite quarries nearby (fig. 11: 10).
13
Humer, Kandler 2003, 8 f. Abb. 4; Kandler 2004, 36-40; Maschek 2012.
18 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
Fig. 11: Tumuli, line of the Roman aqueduct and ancient road network in the hinterland of Troesmis. The terrain
map is based on SRTM data (© 2015 Gugl/ÖAW).
However, it remains unclear where we should locate the site of Troesmis first mentioned in the
Augustan age
14
. An early settlement in the area of the modern hamlet Igliţa or the village Turcoaia has
not been discovered yet, although there are a few archaeological artefacts of early date from the area,
including the Western fortification (fig. 12)
15
. So, if there is no separated vicus as we might expect, we
should consider the second possibility that it formed part of the civilian settlement around the
fortress. Relating to the actual state of research this administrative unit would not be archaeologically
identifiable.
The same problems of identification occur for the time after the legion left and the municipium
was established. The legionary fortress was still there with all its working infrastructure. We think
that it’s very unlikely that the military garrison remained in use for several decades, abandoned by
legio V Macedonica but managed by detachments of legio I Italica operating out from Novae
16
. At latest,
with the foundation of the municipium between 177 and 180 AD a municipal infrastructure including a
forum, a curia, a basilica and other secular and sacral buildings was necessary. There are places in the
Roman world where we encounter the same transformation from a legionary base to a civilian
settlement. In Moesia these are Ratiaria and Oescus, in Pannonia this happened at Poetovio. All of them
14
Ovidius, ex Ponto IV, 9, 78-79.
15
Waldner, Gugl 2016, 434-436 fig. 1-3: Handmade pottery and grey wheel thrown ware concentrate in the area
of the Western fortification. Apart from Hellenistic amphora finds and a fragment of an early Hellenistic fine
ware bowl, there are fragments of Eastern Sigillata A, Italic Sigillata, Eastern Sigillata C and early-imperial
amphora finds date to the 1st century AD.
16
For the opposite view: Doruţiu-Boilă 1972, 143 f. After the transfer of legio V Macedonica to Potaissa,legio I
Italica took over its duties on the lower Danube: Suceveanu, Barnea 1991, 50. 60.
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Christian GUGL 19
became colonies under Trajan after the legion left the site. Continuous archaeological research has
been done at sites developing from legionary fortresses into coloniae especially in Britannia.Burnum in
Dalmatia is a special case which has some similarities with Troesmis. In the 80s legio IV Flavia was
moved to Ratiaria which brought an end to the military occupation in Burnum. From Hadrian
onwards a municipium is epigraphically attested. The Austrian excavations of the 1970s not only
revealed parts of the Claudo-Flavian principia of the legionary fortress, but also of the later civilian
forum which was built in the early 2nd century replacing the military principia
17
. Presumably, this
model also fits to Troesmis, although the time span between the transformation is much shorter.
Archaeological excavations are necessary to clarify this point as well as related problems, like the
involved intra-regional and intra-site migration processes which should be reflected in architectural
remains and settlement patterns.
Fig. 12: Distribution of artefacts predating the foundation of the legionary fortress (© 2015 Gugl / Waldner.
The orthophotos and topographic maps are provided by ANCPI).
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Austrian National Bank (Österreichische Nationalbank), who
financed the field campaigns of 2015 by its fund “Jubiläumsfonds” (project nr. 16365).
17
Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger, Kandler 1979, 9-15; Giorgi 2009, 589-591 fig.15-24. - Cf. Wilkes 1969, 98 f. 217 f.
20 The Troesmis-Project 2011-2015. Research Questions and Methodolog
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