Zygaenid Moths of Australia: A Revision of the Australian Zygaenidae (Procridinae: Artonini)
Abstract
The Zygaenidae are a family of day-flying moths with an unusual biology – they are capable of releasing prussic (hydrocyanic) acid. All Australian species belong to the subfamily Procridinae (commonly known as foresters) and many of these feature iridescent green colours or a wasp-like look. This is the first study of the Australian fauna of these attractive and biologically interesting moths. In this volume their beauty is captured larger-than-life in 114 finely detailed portraits by acclaimed artist František Gregor, setting a new benchmark for moth illustrations. Comprehensive general chapters discuss zygaenid morphology, biology, phylogeny and classification, with considerable new information of world-wide relevance. The book then provides in-depth treatments of the 10 genera and 43 species present in Australia, including 4 genera and 21 species new to science. It features keys to genera and species, photos of genitalia of both sexes and other diagnostic structures, and distribution maps for all species. Additionally, there are 8 pages of colour photographs and over 400 photos of microscopic structures, including more than a hundred spectacular scanning electron micrographs.
Supplementary resources (10)
... The family Zygaenidae includes five subfamilies (Tarmann 1994;Efetov 1999, Efetov et al. 2011, Efetov et al. 2014, Efetov & Tarmann 2017, but only representatives of the tribe Artonini Tarmann, 1994 (subfamily Procridinae) are found in the Australian region (Common 1990). The Australian Zygaenidae were revised in a monograph by Gerhard M. Tarmann, 2004. At present, the Australian zygaenid fauna includes 10 genera. ...
... The genus Pollanisus is the richest of all, currently including 21 known species prior to this study and 7 new species. Within the 8 species that were described but not named due to lack of material (Tarmann 2004), 6 are maintained and 2 (species 4 and 5) are synonymized. In this genus, the genitalic differences in males and females are usually insufficient to recognize species (Tarmann 2004). ...
... Within the 8 species that were described but not named due to lack of material (Tarmann 2004), 6 are maintained and 2 (species 4 and 5) are synonymized. In this genus, the genitalic differences in males and females are usually insufficient to recognize species (Tarmann 2004). There are data about the karyotype of Pollanisus commoni Tarmann, 2004(Efetov et. ...
The genus Pollanisus is endemic for Australia. Its revision is mainly based on head studies and includes 21 known species and 7 new species, Pollanisus jumbun sp. n., Pollanisus yugambeh sp. n., Pollanisus horakae sp. n., Pollanisus worimi sp. n., Pollanisus kalliesi sp. n., Pollanisus jirrbal sp. n. and Pollanisus nocturna sp. n. Moreover, two species, Pollanisus eumetopus syn. n. and Pollanisus eungellae syn. n., are synonymized with Pollanisus acharon (Fabricius, 1775). The status of 8 unnamed species (Tarmann, 2004) is discussed. New data on the phenology and bionomics are provided. New host plants in the genus Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) are reported.
... At least three zygaenid subfamilies (Zygaeninae, Procridinae, and Chalcosiinae) appear to be monophyletic (Epstein et al. 1999). General reviews of the characteristics and biology of the Zygaenidae and subfamilies are provided by Epstein and Adams (2009), Ebert et al. (1994), Epstein et al. (1999) and Tarmann (2004). All native New World zygaenids belong to the subfamily Procridinae. ...
... Pupae are moderately sclerotized ( Figure 8) and dorsoventrally flattened. Appendages are weakly attached to the body (Epstein et al. 1999), and abdominal tergites 3-7 (females) and 3-8 (males) bear transverse rows of spines anteriorly (Tarmann 2004) (Figure 8 [inset a]). Abdominal segments 3-7 in the male and 3-6 in the female are movable (Tarmann 2004), which facilitates protrusion of the pupa from the cocoon prior to adult eclosion. ...
... Appendages are weakly attached to the body (Epstein et al. 1999), and abdominal tergites 3-7 (females) and 3-8 (males) bear transverse rows of spines anteriorly (Tarmann 2004) (Figure 8 [inset a]). Abdominal segments 3-7 in the male and 3-6 in the female are movable (Tarmann 2004), which facilitates protrusion of the pupa from the cocoon prior to adult eclosion. The cremaster is composed of six hooked setae (less commonly five). ...
This EDIS publication is an alternate version of a page published first on the Featured Creatures website. The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences. This 12-page fact sheet that discusses the laurelcherry smoky moth was written by Donald W. Hall, and published by the UF Entomology and Nematology Department, October 2015. EENY634/IN1105: Laurelcherry Smoky Moth, Neoprocris floridana Tarmann 1984 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) (ufl.edu)
... So far we have not been able to locate the material related to this rearing and therefore cannot verify these species. Banana (Musa sp.) is the larval hostplant of Pseudoamuria melaleuca (Jordan, 1908) in New Guinea [15]. Zingiberaceae are known as larval hostplants especially for species of the genus Amuria Staudinger, 1887. ...
... Despite its iconic importance in biological control studies, the sister-group relationships and phylogenetic placement of L. iridescens has never been properly studied. Hering (1922) [16], Tothill et al (1930) [15] and Bryk (1936) [17] all placed it in Chalcosiinae [18]. Kalshoven (1981) [19] considered L. iridescens to be conspecific with Palmartona catoxantha, a widespread Indo-Malayan species (and the source host for the parasitoid, B. remota). ...
... Levuana has been placed in Artonini (Zygaenidae: Procridinae) since the description of this tribe by Tarmann in 1994 [20]. In his revision of the Australian Artonini, Tarmann [15] also presented a phylogeny for all Australian genera based on 31 morphological characters, but he did not include the genus Levuana. ...
Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker, 1906, a day-flying moth purported to be endemic to the Fijian Island of Viti Levu and a former pest of its coconut palm trees, was last observed in 1956 and has been officially declared extinct by IUCN since 1996. The controversial classical biological control method that resulted in the (presumed) demise of this moth has given this species an iconic status in biological control studies. We investigated the sister-group relationships and phylogenetic placement of this moth using NGS-obtained ancient DNA sequences from museum specimens of L. iridescens collected in the 1920s, combined with 31 morphological characters used in earlier studies and 2 new characters. Our findings show that Levuana is most closely related to the Australian genus Myrtartona. The significance of these findings is discussed.
... A global taxonomic system was proposed by Alberti (1954Alberti ( , 1958Alberti ( -1959 in a comprehensive revision of the world's fauna. This system has been improved during the past 60 years (Naumann and Tremewan 1984;Tarmann 1984Tarmann , 2004Tarmann 1999, 2012;Hofmann and Tremewan 1996;Yen 2003), based on an exceptional variety of characters such as larval morphology (the chaetotaxy of larvae (Efetov and Hayashi 2008), microstructures of the integument (Efetov and Tarmann 2017a)), head morphology (including bio metry), characters in the structure of the antennae, wings, legs, scales, abdomen (e.g. coremata, lateral 'glands'), special habits of larvae (e.g. ...
... The family Zygaenidae has a worldwide distribution and is divided into five subfamilies: Inouelinae Tarmann, 2017 (Oriental), Procridinae Boisduval, 1828 (Holarctic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical), Chalcosiinae Walker, 1865 (Palaearctic, Oriental), Callizygaeninae Alberti, 1954 (Oriental), and Zygaeninae Latreille, 1809 (Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical) (Alberti 1954(Alberti , 1958(Alberti -1959Tarmann 1984Tarmann , 1994Tarmann , 2004Tarmann 2012, 2017a;Hofmann and Tremewan 1996;Yen 2003). ...
... All specimens were identified by К. А. Еfetov and G. M. Tarmann, and genitalia dissections were carried out when necessary. Taxonomy and nomenclature are based on the most recent publications on the family (Tarmann 2004;Tarmann 2012, 2017a;Hofmann and Tremewan 2010). ...
The present study provides a DNA barcode library for the world Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera). This study reports 1031 sequence data of the COI gene DNA barcodes for more than 240 species in four of the five subfamilies of the family Zygaenidae. This is about 20% of the world Zygaenidae species. Our results demonstrate the specificity of the COI gene sequences at the species level in most of the studied Zygaenidae and agree with already established taxonomic opinions. The study confirms the effectiveness of DNA barcoding as a tool for determination of most Zygaenidae species. However, some of the results are contradictory. Some cases of shared barcodes have been found, as well as cases of deep intraspecific sequence divergence in species that are well separated by morphological and biological characters. These cases are discussed in detail. Overall, when combined with morphological and biochemical data, as well as biological and ecological observations, DNA barcoding results can be a useful support for taxonomic decisions.
... Another species discovered by one of us (D.A.Y.), was a species of the genus Pollanisus Walker, 1854 in Zygaenidae, which could not be identified. In Australia, Zygaenidae constitute a relatively small group of mainly day-flying moths that is dominated by the genus Pollanisus containing 21 described species (Tarmann 2004). Pollanisus species are small moths with dark wings and bodies that are covered by metallic green, blue or copper scales. ...
... Since 2004, the only new species described was from the vicinity of Melbourne, Victoria (Kallies & Mollet 2011). The only Zygaenidae record in publication from Kangaroo Island was a single specimen of Pollanisus viridipulverulenta (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) (Tarmann 2004). The new Pollanisus species differed from most species of the genus by the striking blue color of the body and the dark and small anal tuft of the female. ...
... This character combination was only known from Pollanisus cyanota (Meyrick, 1886), a species occurring locally in the south-east of Australia, but unknown from west of Melbourne. Furthermore, the species showed similarities to Pollanisus isolatus Tarmann, 2004, which is known only from a single male specimen from east of Melbourne. ...
A new species of forester moths, Pollanisus hyacinthus sp. nov., is described from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. It is similar to Pollanisus isolatus Tarmann, 2004 and Pollanisus cyanota (Meyrick, 1886) but differs in several external characters and in the genitalia.
... Relationship: According to contemporary systematics, the subfamily Procridinae is divided into the two tribes: Artonini Tarmann, 1994(EFETOV, 1997aEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994, 2004) and Procridini Boisduval, 1828(EFETOV, 2001bEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994). The tribe Artonini includes species from the eastern Palaearctis, the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions (EFETOV, 1997a;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 1999TARMANN, 2004), while Procridini are distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical regions and the northern parts of the Oriental region (EFETOV, 1996(EFETOV, , 1997b(EFETOV, , 19982001a, 2006, 2010EFETOV et al., 2004EFETOV et al., , 2010EFETOV et al., , 2011EFETOV et al., , 2014EFETOV et al., , 2016EFETOV & TARMANN, 2008, 2013a, b, 2014, 2016, 2017KNYAZEV et al., 2015;MUTANEN et al., 2016;SUBCHEV et al., 2010SUBCHEV et al., , 2012SUBCHEV et al., , 2013. ...
... Relationship: According to contemporary systematics, the subfamily Procridinae is divided into the two tribes: Artonini Tarmann, 1994(EFETOV, 1997aEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994, 2004) and Procridini Boisduval, 1828(EFETOV, 2001bEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994). The tribe Artonini includes species from the eastern Palaearctis, the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions (EFETOV, 1997a;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 1999TARMANN, 2004), while Procridini are distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical regions and the northern parts of the Oriental region (EFETOV, 1996(EFETOV, , 1997b(EFETOV, , 19982001a, 2006, 2010EFETOV et al., 2004EFETOV et al., , 2010EFETOV et al., , 2011EFETOV et al., , 2014EFETOV et al., , 2016EFETOV & TARMANN, 2008, 2013a, b, 2014, 2016, 2017KNYAZEV et al., 2015;MUTANEN et al., 2016;SUBCHEV et al., 2010SUBCHEV et al., , 2012SUBCHEV et al., , 2013. ...
... The tribe Artonini is characterised by the dorsoventrally compressed head with flat occiput (TARMANN, 2004), the shape of the chaetosema that extends forward between the compound eye and the ocellus (TARMANN, 1994(TARMANN, , 2004), a single unpaired medial spur on hind tibia (EFETOV, 2005a, b;2006;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 2008, the fan-shaped valva in the male genitalia (TARMANN, 1994(TARMANN, , 2004 and the chaetotaxy of the first instar larva (with only one dorsal seta on the first abdominal segment) (EFETOV et al., 2006;EFETOV & HAYASHI, 2008;TARMANN, 2004). ...
A new species, Thibetana keili Efetov & Tarmann, sp. n., is described from Tibet (China). The characters of this species are compared with those of Artona postalba Elwes, 1890 (from Sikkim, India). The latter species is transferred here from Artona Walker, 1854, to Thibetana Efetov & Tarmann, 1995: Thibetana postalba (Elwes, 1890), comb. n. Moreover, also Artona zebra Elwes, 1890 (from Sikkim, India) is here transferred from Artona to Thibetana: Thibetana zebra (Elwes, 1890), comb. n. © 2017, Soc Hispano-Luso-Amer Lepidopterologia-Shilap. All rights reserved.
... Relationship: According to contemporary systematics, the subfamily Procridinae is divided into the two tribes: Artonini Tarmann, 1994(EFETOV, 1997aEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994, 2004) and Procridini Boisduval, 1828(EFETOV, 2001bEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994). The tribe Artonini includes species from the eastern Palaearctis, the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions (EFETOV, 1997a;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 1999TARMANN, 2004), while Procridini are distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical regions and the northern parts of the Oriental region (EFETOV, 1996(EFETOV, , 1997b(EFETOV, , 19982001a, 2006, 2010EFETOV et al., 2004EFETOV et al., , 2010EFETOV et al., , 2011EFETOV et al., , 2014EFETOV et al., , 2016EFETOV & TARMANN, 2008, 2013a, b, 2014, 2016, 2017KNYAZEV et al., 2015;MUTANEN et al., 2016;SUBCHEV et al., 2010SUBCHEV et al., , 2012SUBCHEV et al., , 2013. ...
... Relationship: According to contemporary systematics, the subfamily Procridinae is divided into the two tribes: Artonini Tarmann, 1994(EFETOV, 1997aEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994, 2004) and Procridini Boisduval, 1828(EFETOV, 2001bEFETOV & TARMANN, 1995, 2012TARMANN, 1994). The tribe Artonini includes species from the eastern Palaearctis, the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions (EFETOV, 1997a;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 1999TARMANN, 2004), while Procridini are distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical regions and the northern parts of the Oriental region (EFETOV, 1996(EFETOV, , 1997b(EFETOV, , 19982001a, 2006, 2010EFETOV et al., 2004EFETOV et al., , 2010EFETOV et al., , 2011EFETOV et al., , 2014EFETOV et al., , 2016EFETOV & TARMANN, 2008, 2013a, b, 2014, 2016, 2017KNYAZEV et al., 2015;MUTANEN et al., 2016;SUBCHEV et al., 2010SUBCHEV et al., , 2012SUBCHEV et al., , 2013. ...
... The tribe Artonini is characterised by the dorsoventrally compressed head with flat occiput (TARMANN, 2004), the shape of the chaetosema that extends forward between the compound eye and the ocellus (TARMANN, 1994(TARMANN, , 2004), a single unpaired medial spur on hind tibia (EFETOV, 2005a, b;2006;EFETOV & TARMANN, 1996, 2008, the fan-shaped valva in the male genitalia (TARMANN, 1994(TARMANN, , 2004 and the chaetotaxy of the first instar larva (with only one dorsal seta on the first abdominal segment) (EFETOV et al., 2006;EFETOV & HAYASHI, 2008;TARMANN, 2004). ...
A new species, Thibetana keili Efetov & Tarmann, sp. n., is described from Tibet (China). The characters of this species are compared with those of Artona postalba Elwes, 1890 (from Sikkim, India). The latter species is transferred here from Artona Walker, 1854, to Thibetana Efetov & Tarmann, 1995: Thibetana postalba (Elwes, 1890), comb. n. Moreover, also Artona zebra Elwes, 1890 (from Sikkim, India) is here transferred from Artona to Thibetana: Thibetana zebra (Elwes, 1890), comb. n.
... P. viridipulverulenta, P. apicalis, P. empyrea (Meyrick, 1888), P. cupreus (Walker, 1854), P. lithopastus Turner, 1926, P. commoni Tarmann, 2004, P. contrastus Tarmann, 2004, P. eumetopus Turner, 1926, P. angustifrons Tarmann, 2004, P. trimacula (Walker, 1854, P. marriotti Kallies & Mollet, 2011, P. incertus Tarmann, 2004, P. cyanota (Meyrick, 1886) and P. calliceros Turner, 1926. It is also present on those species of Hestiochora Meyrick, 1886 that we were able to dissect, i.e. H. xanthocoma Meyrick, 1886 and H. furcata Tarmann, 2004, andon Onceropyga anelia Turner, 1906 (Fig. 5). ...
... This structure is absent in other Australian Artonini genera, such as Myrtartona Tarmann, 2004, andAustralartona Tarmann, 2004, as well as in other Procridinae, viz. species of Artona Walker, 1854, Balatea Walker,1865, Lophosoma cuprea (Walker, 1856), Ephemeroidea ariel Hampson, 1893, E. virescens Snellen, 1903, species of Clelea Walker, 1854, and Chrysartona Swinhoe, 1892, Thibetana sieversi (Alphéraky, 1892, T. delavayi (Oberthür, 1894) and in species of European, Asian and American genera of Prodicrini and in the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775. ...
... Moreover, if this character is typical for Amuria and Pseudoamuria Tarmann, 2004, it is another argument not to treat the brown 'Artona' species as Artona or Homophylotis Turner, 1904, as both genera lack these brushes. Due to the paucity of material in collections, no specimens belonging to the genera Amuria, Pseudoamuria and Homophylotis were completely dissected to check whether any protecting fold, pocket, gland or system connected with such bristles were present. ...
A new structure is described comprising a brush of expansible hairs on each side of the thorax in males of some Australian zygaenid moths in the genera Pollanisus Walker, Hestiochora Meyrick and Onceropyga Turner. The structure is described and illustrated and its taxonomic implications are discussed.
... The Zygaenidae of Australia were revised recently by Tarmann (2004). The most speciose genus is the Australian endemic Pollanisus Walker, with currently 20 species described. ...
... Pollanisus species are distributed mainly along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia and Tasmania, with relatively few species occurring in South and Western Australia. Despite Tarmann's (2004) revision, a relatively large number of species remain unnamed due to the lack of sufficient material. This is especially true in the case of Pollanisus from the northern part of the genus' range. ...
... Pollanisus marriotti sp. n. is similar and appears to be most closely related to P. angustifrons Tarmann, 2004, P. eungellae Tarmann, 2004, P. eumetopus Turner, 1926, P. acharon (Fabricius, 1775) and a number of unnamed species, all of which occur in the northern parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. These all belong to a group of species characterized by their dark brown forewings with sparse metallic scales, their bright metallic green collar and a conspicuous green metallic mark that gradually widens from a point at the centre of the 2nd tergite and covers most of the caudal part of the abdomen. ...
A new species of forester moth, Pollanisus marriotti sp. n., is described from Victoria. It is similar to Pollanisus angustifrons Tarmann, 2004 and several closely related species from northern Queensland but distinguishable by its size, the breadth of its head and by the structure of the antennae. Pollanisus marriotti sp. n. is currently known from a single locality in the vicinity of Gembrook, east of Melbourne, where it occurs together with Pollanisus lithopastus Turner, 1926, from which it can be readily distinguished by the coloration of the abdomen and the size of the head and compound eyes.
... The lepidopterous family Zygaenidae has a worldwide distribution and hitherto has been divided into the four subfamilies: Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, Callizygaeninae and Zygaeninae (Tarmann 2004;, to include more than 1,000 species. Alberti (1954) published the first comprehensive revision of the Zygaenidae of the world. ...
... Similar hairs between the forelegs on the prothorax were found in Amuria Staudinger, 1887, and Pseudoamuria Tarmann, 2004. During the last years a number of other characters have been discovered in different species and speciesgoupes of Procridinae, viz. ...
The hypothetical ground plan of the lepidopterous family Zygaenidae is reconstructed based on a review of the apomorphic characters of the Zygaenoidea. Five subfamilies are recognised and their characters discussed in detail: Inouelinae new subfamily, Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, Callizygaeninae and Zygaeninae. A review of the possible autapomorphies of Procridinae is provided. The autapomorphic structure in the receptaculum seminis in the spermatheca of the Procridinae females is newly described as bursa utricularis.
... The creditability of the assertion that biological control of L. iridescens with B. remota in Fiji is one of the ''best documented cases of extinction'' (Howarth 1991(Howarth :488, 2001:76) has been strongly challenged by biological control specialists (Sands 1997), invasion biologists (Kuris 2003), and zygaenid systematists (Tarmann 2004). Data supporting claims that natural enemies have driven L. iridescens to extinction are weak, because no comprehensive and prolonged campaigns to search for this zygaenid have been undertaken to verify its continued presence in Fiji. ...
... Zygaenids that are well regulated by natural enemies are known to exhibit long lag periods between outbreaks, and this is a clearly known facet of their ecology. For example, Artona chorista Jordan was presumed to have gone extinct until an outbreak 100 yr after its initial description occurred in cardamom plantations in Sikkim, India (Tarmann 2004). Rarity of a given species is not a reliable predictor that extinction is inevitable or has occurred; and rarity may not have an important effect on the ecological viability of a species, especially if suitable habitat is available (Gaston 1994). ...
Coconut production in Fiji was a mainstay of the economy and indigenous culture in the late 1800s to early 1900s. From around 1877 coconut production on Viti Levu was severely affected by Levuana iridescens Betheune-Baker, a small purple moth, whose larvae trenched the underside of coconut leaves. A variety of cultural and chemical control strategies over approximately a 16-yr period failed to bring this pest under effective control. A biological control program initiated in 1925 resulted in importation and release of a parasitic fly, Bessa remota (Aldrich), which provided immediate and effective control of L. iridescens. This well-documented classical biological control program has subsequently become highly controversial with regard to arguments over endemicism of L. iridescens to the Fijian archipelago and the possibility that B. remota has caused the extirpation of L. iridescens and the endemic Heteropan dolens Druce in Fiji. A synopsis is provided of the cultural, chemical, and biological control programs for L. iridescens in Fiji. In addition, evidence for extinction of L. iridescens and H. dolens is examined through an analysis of little-known literature and neglected museum records. It is suggested that the reason for lack of reports of L. iridescens after 1956 was due to the declining value of copra, which resulted in less research on coconuts; the recall from Fiji of entomologists that worked on the L. iridescens control program by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology; and the subsequent increased abundance of another leaf-trenching lepidopteran, Agonoxena argaula Meyrick, which would have made easy detection of low-density L. iridescens populations difficult. To verify the continued presence of L. iridescens and H. dolens in Fiji will require a comprehensive campaign employing visual searches of coconut palm fronds, the use of ground and aerial malaise traps, canopy fogging, and perhaps chemical analysis of unidentified lepidopteran pupal cocoons found on the thatch of coconut fronds for comparison with chemical profiles of known L. iridescens cocoons.
... Birçok dünya ülkesi böcek faunalarını 19. yüzyılın başlarında belirlemiş olmalarına rağmen, 21. yüzyılın başlarına geldiğimiz halde Türkiye böcek faunası ve buna bağlı olarak Zygaenidae faunası henüz tam anlamıyla ortaya çıkarılamamıştır (Tarmann, 2005;Efetov ve ark., 2019;Ulaşlı, 2020). ...
Son yıllarda pek çok böcek grubuyla birlikte Lepidoptera takımında da türlerin teşhis edilmesinde moleküler çalışmalar artarak önem kazanmış ve karşılaştırmalı morfolojik sınıflandırmanın tamamlayıcısı olmuştur. Tüm dünyaya yayılmış ve kendi içinde beş alt familyaya bölünmüş Zygaenidae familyasının ülkemizde 54 türü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’ndeki 31 lokasyondan toplanan 13 Zygaenidae türü kullanılarak DNA izolasyonu ve PCR analizlerinde optimizasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. DNA izolasyonu aşamasında “Qiagen DNeasy DNA izolasyon kiti” (QDNA) ve “Macherey Nagel Nucleospin DNA Insect kiti” (MN) kullanılmıştır. Zygaenidae familyası ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda MN kitinin, QDNA kitinden daha etkili ve başarılı sonuç verdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada nanodrop ölçüm sonuçlarının yol gösterici olmadığı görülmüştür. Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalarda ise daha farklı DNA ölçüm tekniklerinin denenmesinin faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir. PCR analizlerinde ise iki farklı karışım, DreamTaq PCR karışımı ile primer ve laboratuvar koşullarına göre modifiye edilmiş PCR karışımı, denenmiştir. Ticari karışımın çok daha hızlı ve etkin sonuç verdiği ancak olanaklar doğrultusunda ihtiyaç duyulması halinde ise laboratuvarda oluşturulan karışımla da başarılı sonuçlar elde edilebileceği görülmüştür. Çalışmada kullanılan LCO1490/HCO2198 primer çiftinin Zygaenidae türlerinin tanılanması için uygun olduğu saptanmış ve analizlerde tür tanılamasında %92.7 oranında başarı elde edilmiştir
... The family, commonlyknown as burnet, forester, and smoky moths, contains more than 1,000 species distributed worldwide and the number of described species increases annually (Efetov et al. 2021). Zygaenid moths are distributed along a variety of natural and occasionally secondary habitats, from coastal dunes and cliffs and dry Mediterranean landscapes to various arboreal habitats and even high alpine and extreme boreal regions (Tarmann 2003 (Alberti 1954, 1958, 1959, Tarmann 1984, 1994, 2004, Hofmann & Tremewan 1996, Efetov 1999 The early studies of the family in Türkiye are based on the records from Anatolia by Zeller and Mann in 1847 and 1862 respectively. Subsequently Holik & Sheljuzhko (1953-1958, Reiss & Reiss (1969, 1972b, 1973 and Reiss & Schulte (1968) Identification of endemic and other zygaenid species, and the determination of their distribution are both crucial for the understanding, and the conservation of the Turkish fauna. ...
The aim of this article is to contribute to the recent distribution and systematic classification of Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in 12 provinces in the Aegean, eastern Anatolia and Thrace regions of Turkey, with the records obtained in 2020 and 2021. Twenty Zygaenidae species from five genera belonging to Procridinae and Zygaeninae subfamilies were recorded: Theresimima Strand, 1917 (1 species), Rhagades Wallengren, 1863 (1 species), Adscita Retzius, 1783 (1 species), Jordanita Verity, 1946 (5 species), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (12 species). It is the first record of Zygaena (Zygaena) ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1767) in Thrace region of Turkey since Herrich-Schäffer (1845). Zygaena (Mesembrynus) lydia Staudinger, 1887 endemic to Turkey, was also recently recorded in this study. In addition, Zygaena (Agrumenia) armena Eversman, 1851, which is known only in Turkey and Georgia, was also recorded from the province of Ardahan in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.
... The family Zygaenidae is affiliated with Zygaenoidea, a superfamily of Lepidoptera. A total of 5 subfamilies have been recorded in the family Zygaenidae, i.e., Zygaeninae, Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, Callizygaeninae and Inouelinae, which have more than 1000 species (Tarmann, 2004;Efetov, 2018). Some species in the family Zygaenidae are important agricultural and forestry pests; for example, Illiberis rotundata, Levuana iridescens and Theresimima ampellophaga damage fruit trees, coconut trees and grape plants, respectively (Hoddle, 2006;Tarmann et al., 2019). ...
Burnet moths, also known as the family Zygaenidae, are a typical diurnal family of Lepidoptera. Some species are important insect pests in agriculture and forestry. The use of sex attractants is one of the most important measures in the integrated pest management of burnet moths because these attractants are highly efficient, do not cause pollution, and are convenient and harmless to natural enemies. The earliest information about sex pheromones in Zygaenidae was reported in 1972. To date, many studies have described sex pheromones and attractants of species in Zygaenidae. Here, we review a total of 22 sex attractant compositions identified for 57 species of Zygaenidae and compare the differences in the structures of sex attractants among these species. The application of sex attractants in seasonal monitoring showed that the main activity period of zygaenid moths is from May to September each year. However, there are few reports on the effects of sex attractants on mass trapping of members of the family Zygaenidae. The ratio and degradation of sex attractants and the trap color, shape and hanging height were considered the main factors influencing capture effectiveness. Directions for further study of burnet moths are also discussed.
... Zygaenidae is a species rich family of predominantly diurnal moths with a worldwide distribution, being most diverse in tropical and subtropical Asia and Palearctic regions (Epstein, 1996). This group, commonly known as burnet, forester and smoky moths is split up into five subfamilies: Chalcosiinae Walker, 1865 (Palearctic, Oriental), Callizygaeninae Alberti, 1954 (Oriental), Inouelinae Efetov & Tarmann, 2017(Oriental), Procridinae Boisduval, 1828 and Zygaeninae Latreille, 1809 (Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical) (Alberti, 1954(Alberti, , 1958(Alberti, , 1959Tarmann, 1984;1994, 2004Hofmann & Tremewan, 1996;, 2014Efetov et al., , 2015Efetov et al., , 2019Yen, 2003). The family contains more than 1,000 species distributed worldwide and the number of described species increases annually (Efetov et al., 2021). ...
... Based on morphology and in some cases also on DNA analysis, a number of new Procridinae species have been discovered and described during the last decades, especially in Asia (Efetov 1998(Efetov , 2010Efetov & Tarmann 2013a, 2013b, 2017bTarmann 2004). Many characters important for the systematics of this group were studied: e.g. the morphology of the first instar and adult larvae, karyotypes, structure of the sex attractants etc. and as a result the taxonomy of this subfamily was improved (Efetov 2001a;Efetov & Tarmann 2017a;Efetov et al. 2010Efetov et al. , 2014cEfetov et al. , 2015aEfetov et al. , 2015bEfetov et al. , 2018Subchev et al. 2010Subchev et al. , 2012Subchev et al. , 2013Subchev et al. , 2016. ...
Based on morphological and molecular data, Ino budensis var. mollis Grum-Grshimailo, 1893, from China, so far treated as a synonym of Jordanita (Roccia) paupera (Christoph, 1887), is here recognized as a good species, Jordanita (Roccia) mollis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1893), stat. nov. This species is recorded as new for the fauna of Russia and Korea. An identification key for this species is provided.
... The zygaenids comprise four subfamilies and about 1000 described species worldwide (Tarmann, 2004;van Nieukerken et al., 2011). With few exceptions, e.g. the nocturnal Zygaena nocturna Ebert and some related species, they include typically day-flying moths with a slow, fluttering flight. ...
Butterflies and moths are subject to different evolutionary pressures that affect several aspects of their behaviour and physiology, particularly sexual communication. Butterflies are day-flying insects (excluding hedylids) whose partner-finding strategy is mainly based on visual cues and female butterflies having apparently lost the typical sex pheromone glands. Moths, in contrast, are mostly night-flyers and use female-released long-range pheromones for partner-finding. However, some moth families are exclusively day-flyers, and therefore subject to evolutionary pressures similar to those endured by butterflies. Among them, the Castniidae, also called 'butterfly-moths' or 'sun-moths', behave like butterflies and, thus, castniid females appear to have also lost their pheromone glands, an unparallel attribute in the world of moths. In this paper, we review the sexual communication strategy in day-flying Lepidoptera, mainly butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), Zygaenidae and Castniidae moths, and compare their mating behaviour with that of moth families of nocturnal habits, paying particular attention to the recently discovered butterfly-like partner-finding strategy of castniids and the fascinating facts and debates that led to its discovery.
... (Lymantriidae) (54, 108)]. A few species of Saturniidae in South America (88,98) and Zygaenidae in Australia carry setae only as adults (101). ...
The ecological phenomenon of arthropods with defensive hairs is widespread. These urticating hairs can be divided into three categories: true setae, which are detachable hairs in Lepidoptera and in New World tarantula spiders; modified setae, which are stiff hairs in lepidopteran larvae; and spines, which are complex and secretion-filled structures in lepidopteran larvae. This review focuses on the true setae because their high density on a large number of common arthropod species has great implications for human and animal health. Morphology and function, interactions with human tissues, epidemiology, and medical impact, including inflammation and allergy in relation to true setae, are addressed. Because data from epidemiological and other clinical studies are ambiguous with regard to frequencies of setae-caused allergic reactions, other mechanisms for setae-mediated disease are suggested. Finally, we briefly discuss current evidence for the adaptive and ecological significance of true setae.
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Musotima nitidalis (the Golden-brown Fern moth; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Crambidae). The genome sequence is 555.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z and W sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.42 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 16,885 protein coding genes.
Context. The Southwest Australian Floristic Region has exceptional plant evolutionary complexity for
fire, nutrition and pollination traits. Aims. Our aim was to allocate pollination strategies to all vascular
plants in this biodiversity hotspot by analysing existing and new data. Methods. Here we assigned a
flower syndrome to ~8800 plants in this region, using floral traits and visitation records for insects, birds
or mammals, which were well correlated. Key results. Specific insect relationships were most common
(3383), especially with native bees (2410), including buzz pollination (450). Others were pollinated by
wind (1054 plants), water (35) or had relatively unspecialised flowers visited by diverse insects (3026).
Specific associations with flies (588) or butterflies and moths (165) were less common. Approximately
14% were primarily pollinated by birds (601) or birds and insects (583) – with much larger flowers
(corresponding with bird bill lengths), and less insect-attracting colours (e.g. red or green). Non-
flying mammals, especially honey possums, visit certain flowers along with birds. Pollination complexity
peaked in the Myrtaceae (11% bird, 25% bird and insect), Fabaceae (2% bird, 46% bee, 2% buzz
pollination) and Proteaceae (40% birds, 31% specific insects). Bird pollination also has multiple origins
in the Ericaceae (8%), Haemodoraceae (20%), Rutaceae (16%), Pittosporaceae (14%) and Eremophila
(45%). Extreme specialisations included secondary pollen presentation (1231), post-pollination colour
change (72), mobile columns (310), explosive pollen release (137) and visual (209) or sexual (171) deception
in orchids. Pollination trait complexity included >275 evolutionary transitions, especially from
insects to birds (130), more specific insects (100), or wind (15). These followed similar morphological
pathways within families but differed between them. Conclusions. This complexity appears to be
globally unique, and peaks in highly speciose plant families with diversity centred in the region.
Implications. This has ecological and genetic consequences, especially for rare flora management,
ecosystem restoration and assessing plant vulnerability to habitat degradation, fire and climate change.
Open access Link: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT23007
The very small number of moth species signalled formally as threatened or endangered in Australia and listed under Commonwealth or more local legislations (Table 8.1) is not in any way a realistic reflection of need, but largely the outcome of individual promotions, interests and concerns. Many ecologically restricted endemic groups are increasingly vulnerable as their restricted environments change. Conversely, many key areas and habitats of native moths are not represented by any listed species to signal their importance, and—despite the values of these few species as flagships—they simply indicate the greater needs that are so far not acknowledged formally. Most moths, even when suspected to be threatened, cannot yet be acknowledged in the terms needed for formal notice, because of inadequate knowledge. In contrast to the enviable United Kingdom scenario (p. xx) in which all moth species have been allocated some form of ‘conservation assessment status’ based on sound knowledge (even if still incomplete for many taxa), most Australian moths have not undergone any parallel investigation—and those species signalled for conservation interest are not any systematic selection from the wider fauna. Indeed, the sheer size of the fauna coupled with the low (but increasing!) numbers of moth enthusiasts effectively precludes any such comprehensive assessment, although generalised concerns are indeed widespread.
We examined 581 specimens from the family Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) from the Balkans and the surrounding area (Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia) in the collections of Croatian Natural History Museum in Zagreb. Almost all species occurring in Croatia are represented in the collections of the Croatian Natural History Museum. Despite the small number of specimens stored in this museum Zygaenidae of Croatia are well studied comparing with other countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
We examined 581 specimens from the family Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) from the Balkans and the
surrounding area (Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia) in the collections of Croatian Natural History
Museum in Zagreb. Almost all species occurring in Croatia are represented in the collections of the
Croatian Natural History Museum. Despite the small number of specimens stored in this museum
Zygaenidae of Croatia are well studied comparing with other countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
New data are provided on the ecology, phenology and morphology of the zygaenid moth Pollanisus eumetopus Turner, 1926. The known distribution of the species is significantly increased. The chaetotaxy of the first instar larva is described and the setal arrangement appears to be characteristic for the Artonini. The larvae possess three anal combs similar to other species of the genus Pollanisus and of the tribe Artonini. The presence of a small ball of silk spun on the outside of the cocoon is a character apparently typical of the genus Pollanisus but has not been described for other Procridinae. The colour of ocelli, formerly considered an important character for distinguishing species of Pollanisus, is variable in dried specimens of P. eumetopus and therefore not suitable for species identification.
Both (R)- and (S)- enantiomers of 2-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate and 2-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate, recently identified as sex pheromone components of llliberis (Primilliberis rotundata Jordan 1907, and their mixtures were screened in the field in Bulgaria, Crimea and Hungary in 2004-2007. As a result, sex attractants for five species of the subfamily Procridinae were discovered. (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate alone or in combinations with other compounds, attracted numerous males of Jordanita (Tremewania) notata (Zeller 1847) in Crimea and Bulgaria. Males of Adscita (Addcita) geryon (Hubner, 1813), Adscita (Tarmannita) mannii (Lederer, 1853), and Adscita (Adscita) albanica (Naufock, 1926) were recorded in traps baited with lures containing (2S)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate. Males of Rhagades (Rhagades) pruni ([Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775) were caught mainly in traps baited with (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate as well as in traps baited with the latter compound and its enantiomer.
The paper presents qualitative and quantitative composition of the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-region of the first subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene (decoded in the framework of the International DNA Barcoding Project) and the variability of the corresponding amino acid sequences in the genus Jordanita Verity, 1946. The number of variable positions in the COI region (219 amino acid residues) is 14.2% that significantly exceeds the data for other Lepidoptera. Thirty one amino acid variable positions were revealed, and two of them are localized near the active site of the enzyme.
Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker, 1906, a day-flying moth purported to be endemic to the Fijian Island of Viti Levu and a former pest of its coconut palm trees, was last observed in 1956 and has been officially declared extinct by IUCN since 1996. The controversial classical biological control method that resulted in the (presumed) demise of this moth has given this species an iconic status in biological control studies. We investigated the sister-group relationships and phylogenetic placement of this moth using NGS-obtained ancient DNA sequences from museum specimens of L. iridescens collected in the 1920s, combined with 31 morphological characters used in earlier studies and 2 new characters. Our findings show that Levuana is most closely related to the Australian genus Myrtartona. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The present study provides a DNA barcode library for the world Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera). This study reports 1031 sequence data of the COI gene DNA barcodes for more than 240 species in four of the five subfamilies of the family Zygaenidae. This is about 20% of the world Zygaenidae species. Our results demonstrate the specificity of the COI gene sequences at the species level in most of the studied Zygaenidae and agree with already established taxonomic opinions. The study confirms the effectiveness of DNA barcoding as a tool for determination of most Zygaenidae species. However, some of the results are contradictory. Some cases of shared barcodes have been found, as well as cases of deep intraspecific sequence divergence in species that are well separated by morphological and biological characters. These cases are discussed in detail. Overall, when combined with morphological and biochemical data, as well as biological and ecological observations, DNA barcoding results can be a useful support for taxonomic decisions.
The hypothetical ground plan of the lepidopterous family Zygaenidae is reconstructed based on a review of the apomorphic characters of the Zygaenoidea. Five subfamilies are recognised and their characters discussed in detail: Inouelinae new subfamily, Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, Callizygaeninae and Zygaeninae. A review of the possible autapomorphies of Procridinae is provided. The autapomorphic structure in the receptaculum seminis in the spermatheca of the Procridinae females is newly described as bursa utricularis.
The monophyletic origin of Procridinae as a subfamily of Zygaenidae is supported by four autapomorphies. The subfamily is newly devided into two tribes: Artonini trib. n. and Procridini Boisduval, [1828]. The Callizygaeninae (so far treated as tribe to Procridinae) are considered to form a distinct subfamily of Zygaenidae: Callizygaeninae stat. n.
A new structure is described comprising a brush of expansible hairs on each side of the thorax in males of some Australian zygaenid moths in the genera Pollanisus Walker, Hestiochora Meyrick and Onceropyga Turner. The structure is described and illustrated and its taxonomic implications are discussed.
Zygaena nevadensis Rambur, 1858, is newly recorded from southern Italy. Its bionomics, discontinuous distribution and zoogeography are discussed.
A new species of forester moth, Pollanisus marriotti sp. n., is described from Victoria. It is similar to Pollanisus angustifrons Tarmann, 2004 and several closely related species from northern Queensland but distinguishable by its size, the breadth of its head and by the structure of the antennae. Pollanisus marriotti sp. n. is currently known from a single locality in the vicinity of Gembrook, east of Melbourne, where it occurs together with Pollanisus lithopastus Turner, 1926, from which it can be readily distinguished by the coloration of the abdomen and the size of the head and compound eyes.
New data are provided on the ecology, phenology and morphology of the zygaenid moth Pollanisus eumetopus Turner, 1926. The known distribution of the species is significantly increased. The chaetotaxy of the first instar larva is described and the setal arrangement appears to be characteristic for the Artonini. The larvae possess three anal combs similar to other species of the genus Pollanisus and of the tribe Artonini. The presence of a small ball of silk spun on the outside of the cocoon is a character apparently typical of the genus Pollanisus but has not been described for other Procridinae. The colour of ocelli, formerly considered an important character for distinguishing species of Pollanisus, is variable in dried specimens of P. eumetopus and therefore not suitable for species identification.
Zoete, T. (ERM, 24 Falcon Street, Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia) 2000. Vegetation Survey of the Barrington Tops and Mount Royal National Parks for use in Fire Management. Cunninghamia 6(3): 511–578. This paper reports on a vegetation study undertaken to enable the development of appropriate fire management strategies for the conservation of biodiversity. The approach taken is to relate fire response mechanisms reported for species within the literature to floristic patterns. Floristic and environmental data were obtained from the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The data set was derived from 262 plots located within and around the study area. Data were analysed using classification, ordination, one way non-parametric analysis of variance, and correlation routines contained within the PATN computer package. On the basis of this analysis, 14 Vegetation Communities were delineated including 12 non-rainforest communities. There was a strong relationship between the floristic pattern and a number of environmental variables, including altitude, climatic variables, geographic location, and geology. 'Years Since Logging' and 'Years Since Last Fire' were also relatively highly correlated, but much of this data is based on subjective field estimates in relatively few sites, often several years after a fire had occurred and is therefore less reliable. The relationships between floristic data and known plant fire response mechanisms, were generally weak, though significant. The weakness of the correlation is probably due to the lack of information on fire response for many species. On the basis of the existing data base, preliminary guidelines are provided on the nature of suitable fire regimes. Suggestions are given for further study of the floristic pattern, fire history, and other data required to guide ecological fire management in the future.
Based on morphological and molecular data, Ino budensis var. mollis Grum-Grshimailo, 1893, from China, so far treated as a synonym of Jordanita (Roccia) paupera (Christoph, 1887), is here recognized as a good species, Jordanita (Roccia) mollis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1893), stat. nov. This species is recorded as new for the fauna of Russia and Korea. An identification key for this species is provided.
A new species of forester moths, Pollanisus hyacinthus sp. nov., is described from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. It is similar to Pollanisus isolatus Tarmann, 2004 and Pollanisus cyanota (Meyrick, 1886) but differs in several external characters and in the genitalia.
The chalcosiine zygaenid moths constitute one of the most striking groups within the lower-ditrysian Lepidoptera, with highly diverse mimetic patterns, chemical defence systems, scent organs, copulatory mechanisms, hostplant utilization and diapause biology, plus a very disjunctive biogeographical pattern. In this paper we focus on the genus-level phylogenetics of this subfamily. A cladistic study was performed using 414 morphological and biochemical characters obtained from 411 species belonging to 186 species-groups of 73 genera plus 21 outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony leads to the following conclusions: (1) neither the current concept of Zygaenidae nor that of Chalcosiinae is monophyletic; (2) the previously proposed sister-group relationship of Zygaeninae + Chalcosiinae is rejected in favour of the relationship (Zygaeninae + ((Callizygaeninae +Cleoda) + (Heteropan+ Chalcosiinae))); (3) except for the monobasic Aglaopini, none of the tribes sensuAlberti (1954) is monophyletic; (4) chalcosiine synapomorphies include structures of the chemical defence system, scent organs of adults and of the apodemal system of the male genitalia. A paired metathoracic androconial organ and a series of abdominal tergal corematal organs have been discovered, both being new to Lepidoptera. Due to highly homoplastic patterns in copulatory structures and wings that demonstrate significant sexual dimorphism, polymorphism and mimicry, 17 of the 69 ‘true’ chalcosiine genera (c. 25%) are shown to be either paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The present classification is therefore very misleading. Reductions of various parts of the male genitalia in some groups are accompanied by morphological and functional replacement involving the 8th abdominal segment. A prominent but convergent lock and key mechanism is revealed. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 161–341.
Due to our own preference for bright light, we tend to forget that many insects are active in very dim light. Nocturnal insects possess in general superposition compound eyes. This eye design is truly optimized for dim light as photons can be gathered through large apertures comprised of hundreds of lenses. In apposition eyes, on the other hand, the aperture consists of a single lens resulting in a poor photon catch and unreliable vision in dim light. Apposition eyes are therefore typically found in day-active insects. Some nocturnal insects have nevertheless managed the transition to a strictly nocturnal lifestyle while retaining their highly unsuitable apposition eye design. Large lenses and wide photoreceptors enhance the sensitivity of nocturnal apposition eyes. However, as the gain of these optical adaptations is limited and not sufficient for vision in dim light, additional neural adaptations in the form of spatial and temporal summation are necessary.
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