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Prehistoric Settlement Patterns and Cultures in Susiana, Southwestern Iran: The Analysis of the F.G.L. Gremliza Survey Collection
... This period was first recognized as the earliest settlement phase at KS0109 (Kantor 1977), concentrating on the mound's eastern section (Alizadeh, 2003: 35). Fortunately, the two successive phases, Formative and Archaic Susiana, are better-known, thanks to detailed published material on excavations in northern and central Khuzestan (see Alizadeh, 1992: 55-56 for a summarized description). These phases are known from several sites in the region, including KS0109, KS0001, KS0002, KS0040, and K0S372. ...
... Especially the common standards of building material are of importance, suggesting that the Formative Susiana phase was an intermediate phase between the Aceramic phase and the Archaic phase (Alizadeh, 2003: 40) and supporting further the idea of continuous cultural evolution in Neolithic Susiana. The immense number of unexcavated sites in Susiana (Adams 1962;Hole 1987;Alizadeh 1992;Potts 2012) bears the hope of finding further evidence of these early periods in the future. ...
... Some suggest that KS0109 may have been a seasonal occupation of people practicing a mix of farming and herding (Alizadeh, 2003, 39). (Alizadeh 1992). These mounds have only been surveyed, but their finds indicate a long occupation from the PPN to at least the Late Susiana period, including the Formative and Archaic Susiana (Moghaddam, 2019: 20). ...
The settlement evolution of the Early Neolithic period is considered a milestone in the human cultural history. While the archaeological implications of this period are discussed extensively, the landscape of Early Neolithic Iran has remained underrepresented, mostly due to lack of geoarchaeological investigations. The early periods Formative and Archaic Susiana, attested in several sites in the Susiana plain in southwestern Iran, are of utmost importance as they bear witness to the first implications of standardization of material culture and intra-regional organization. This paper summarizes our current understanding of these periods as well as their landscape in the seventh and sixth millennia BCE. Then, it proposes a preliminary reconstruction of the landscape in this period based on recent geoarchaeological investigations by the author, applying a combination of different methods such as remote sensing, GIS analysis, and original geoarchaeological data including sediment cores, soil profiles, as well as laboratory analyses including sedimentological and chemical analyses (and lithological description in the field) and OSL dating. The results widen our perspective regarding the region's hydrology. The Early Neolithic landscape of Susiana seems to have been different from the current one, primarily due to the tangible changes in watercourses and the noticeable differences in the surface soil and vegetation. The results further confirm that heavy sedimentation of later periods covers most of the surface of this buried landscape including now buried watercourses and small wetlands.
... Although limited in size in comparison to other plains of southwestern Iran, this fertile land was possibly settled as early as the EN and certainly even more intensively during the LN. These Neolithic settlement trajectories in Kohgiluyeh seem to echo dynamics documented in the Kur River Basin of Fars (e.g., Sumner, 1972) or in Central Susiana (e.g., Alizadeh, 1992;Moghaddam, 2019). Summing up, we can define subsistence practices of these early settlement communities as integrated. ...
This paper focuses on the first human settlement of the Kohgiluyeh region in southwestern Iran in relation to regional environmental conditions. At an altitude between 500 and 3500 m asl, a range of different ecozones and diversified resources available at short distance compose this highly mountainous region. The first sedentary occupation occurred here during the 8th millennium BC. Applying remote sensing, GIS and geo-topographic landscape analyses to contextualize the available dataset, our study illustrates that in the southern portion of the region fertile lands played a pivotal role for the first settled communities and the stability of their subsistence strategies. Farming became even more important during the later Neolithic phase. Furthermore, Neolithic sites are recorded along the bottom of open slopes, at locations with direct access to the combined resources of the plains and the hilly lands. The first occupation of the region is also documented at high elevation up to 1600 m asl, along narrow valley formations, where limited areas are available for farming.
... همکراران با همراه ، شری الگوهرای زمینۀ در خوی بینری ردود تا هر شرذیر شی زیادی بود رو [15,16] . [17] ونررروبی و [18,19] متووررره و متمرکرررز ...
... The black-painted decoration around the neck depicts an animal (Capra or wild goat) and geometric patterns (cross or sun motifs and crosshatched areas) and lines (Figure 2b). These patterns are similar to those observed on the pottery found at Tall-e Bakun, Tepe Qabristan and Susa (Alizadeh 1992;Fazeli Nashli 2004;Shahmirzadi 2004;Alizadeh 2006), suggesting that the pot could have been manufactured in the fourth millennium BC. ...
... There seems to be a chronological gap between the time Chogha Mish and a number of its satellites were deserted and the time when Susa was founded, though the available data make it difficult to estimate the time lag. "Late Susiana 1 phase" has been proposed to designate this phase in lowland Susiana (Alizadeh 1992). This is the time when Chogha Mish remained abandoned. ...
Cultural interactions have prevailed among the human societies
from very ancient times up to the present and have
constituted a major element of their behavior. These interactions
are still prevalent in particular among the nomadic
tribes so that one can see this behavior in the modern
Bak ¯tı¯ya¯rı¯ nomadic societies living in the two Iranian provinces
of C˘a¯ha¯rmaha¯l va Bak ¯tı¯ya¯rı¯ and Khuzestan. The present work deals with comparative analysis of the pottery sample from the site of Ha¯J˘ı¯ J˘alı¯l 2 (Site KD.043) excavated as part of the salvage excavation program in the area of Ku¯hrang Dam and its third tunnel in Bı¯rga¯n located in the Ku¯hrang region and material from key sites of Khuzestan and Fars to gain an insight into the cultural ties between Bakhtiyari highland settlements and the two cultural horizons of Fars and Susiana. Thus, the comparison
of Ha¯J˘ı¯ J˘alı¯l 2 assemblage with material from adjacent and central Zagros cultures suggests cultural interactions between this region and the key adjacent cultures in particular from Khuzestan and Fars during the late Susiana 1(LS1) period.
The present paper also includes a brief description of the excavation strategy and stratigraphy and preliminary chronology of Ha¯J˘ı¯ J˘alı¯l 2. The salvage excavation program comprised digging in five different areas that were conducted by M. E. Esmaeili Jelodar in 2009 for the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research and Isfahan Regional
Water Company (Esmaeili Jelodar 1388/2009) following a reconnaissance and survey program by Kourosh Roustaei (1386/2007) in2007.
Many areas in south-western Iran are unknown archaeologically. Recent archaeological surveys east of the Karun River indicate that this area acted as a corridor connecting various cultural zones over a period of some 7000 years. The archaeological evidence of human settlement in this area provides an important record of long- term socio-cultural change from the late fifth millennium B.C. to the post-Sasanian Islamic world.
The archaeological site of Tol-e Pir is situated in the Galehdār Valley, in the south of Fars Province. The site was discovered by Sir M. Aurel Stein in 1933 and is the only prehistoric mound on or adjacent to the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf that has been excavated. Ceramic material from the surface and excavations is similar to material from well dated sites in the highland Kur River Basin and indicate that the site was occupied during the fifth millennium B.C. Tol-e Pir is thus critical for demarcating the distribution of Chalcolithic painted black-on-buff ceramics in south-west and south Iran, characterising the interaction between populations in different environmental zones during the fifth millennium B.C., and also understanding the development of complexity in early village societies. This paper reviews the initial discovery and excavation of the site, presents the results of a recent survey of the mound, analyses the distinctive black-on-buff painted ceramics, introduces sites that have recently been discovered in the region, and delineates the broader environmental and archaeological contexts.
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