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A New Species and a New Variety of Psilocybe from North America
... In some cases, variation in psilocybin content may be recorded up to 4x for species grown under controlled condition and as much as 10x for ones that are not. [15] P. baeocystis 0.85 0.59 0.10 [16, 17] P. bohemica 1.34 0.11 0.02 [18, 19] P. cubensis 0.63 0.60 0.025 [19, 20] P. cyanescens 0.85 0.36 0.03 [16, 21] P. cyanofibrillosa 0.21 0.04 0.00 [22] P. hoogshagenii 0.60 0.10 0.00 [23] P. liniformans 0.16 0.00 0.005 [21] P. pelliculosa 0.12 0.00 0.00 [24] P. samuiensis 0.36 0.21 0.02 [25] P. semilanceata 0.98 0.02 0.36 [19] P. semperviva 0.30 0.07 0.00 [23] P. subcubensis 0.80 0.02 0.00 [26] P. stuntzii 0.36 0.12 0.02 [16, 24] P. tampanensis 0.68 0.32 0.00 [19] P. weilii 0.61 0.27 0.05 [6] a Average content and may vary in different regions due to environmental conditions and parts used ...
... + + USA [17, 24, 68] Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Czech Republic [18, 19, 57,697071 Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Switzerland [21] Psilocybe bonetii Guzman + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe caeruleoannulata Sing + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulipes Peck + + USA [72] Psilocybe candidipes Singer and A.H.Sm + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe copninifacies (Roll). Pouz + – Czech Republic, Slovenia [73] Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer + + Japan, Germany, Mexico, Brazil [20, 46, 61, 74] Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef + + Czech Republic, Switzerland, USA [17, 21, 57, 75] Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzman and Stamets + + USA [22] Psilocybe fimetaria (P.D. Orton) Watling + – United Kingdom [43] Psilocybe hoogshagenii Heim + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe liniformans Guzman and Bas + – USA [21, 22] (continued) converted by the mechanism of dephosphorylation into psilocin (another pharmacologically active compound). Psilocin has the molecular formula C 12 H 16 N 2 O (mol. ...
... + + USA [17, 24, 68] Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Czech Republic [18, 19, 57,697071 Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Switzerland [21] Psilocybe bonetii Guzman + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe caeruleoannulata Sing + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulipes Peck + + USA [72] Psilocybe candidipes Singer and A.H.Sm + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe copninifacies (Roll). Pouz + – Czech Republic, Slovenia [73] Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer + + Japan, Germany, Mexico, Brazil [20, 46, 61, 74] Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef + + Czech Republic, Switzerland, USA [17, 21, 57, 75] Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzman and Stamets + + USA [22] Psilocybe fimetaria (P.D. Orton) Watling + – United Kingdom [43] Psilocybe hoogshagenii Heim + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe liniformans Guzman and Bas + – USA [21, 22] (continued) converted by the mechanism of dephosphorylation into psilocin (another pharmacologically active compound). Psilocin has the molecular formula C 12 H 16 N 2 O (mol. ...
Studies on bioactive alkaloids have gained considerable importance in recent years and have been given prominent position in the field of medicine, both with respect to their biological activity and role played in the introduction of new pharmaceuticals. The biotechnological approach has further enhanced their industrial applications. Some specific groups of bioactive alkaloids have been ignored and not been given much attention because of various reasons, including their legal status. The tryptophan-based indole alkaloids, psilocybin and psilocin, are the best examples in this category which have been identified as most attractive bioactive alkaloids in large number of mushrooms, especially of the genus Psilocybe, but waiting since long for more control studies to ascertain their therapeutic role in some other conditions, apart from psychiatry. These alkaloids have long history of association with mankind for their use as sacraments in religious ceremonies along with medical and recreational purposes and thus need more attention to explore their therapeutic role.
... In some cases, variation in psilocybin content may be recorded up to 4x for species grown under controlled condition and as much as 10x for ones that are not. [15] P. baeocystis 0.85 0.59 0.10 [16, 17] P. bohemica 1.34 0.11 0.02 [18, 19] P. cubensis 0.63 0.60 0.025 [19, 20] P. cyanescens 0.85 0.36 0.03 [16, 21] P. cyanofibrillosa 0.21 0.04 0.00 [22] P. hoogshagenii 0.60 0.10 0.00 [23] P. liniformans 0.16 0.00 0.005 [21] P. pelliculosa 0.12 0.00 0.00 [24] P. samuiensis 0.36 0.21 0.02 [25] P. semilanceata 0.98 0.02 0.36 [19] P. semperviva 0.30 0.07 0.00 [23] P. subcubensis 0.80 0.02 0.00 [26] P. stuntzii 0.36 0.12 0.02 [16, 24] P. tampanensis 0.68 0.32 0.00 [19] P. weilii 0.61 0.27 0.05 [6] a Average content and may vary in different regions due to environmental conditions and parts used ...
... + + USA [17, 24, 68] Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Czech Republic [18, 19, 57,697071 Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Switzerland [21] Psilocybe bonetii Guzman + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe caeruleoannulata Sing + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulipes Peck + + USA [72] Psilocybe candidipes Singer and A.H.Sm + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe copninifacies (Roll). Pouz + – Czech Republic, Slovenia [73] Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer + + Japan, Germany, Mexico, Brazil [20, 46, 61, 74] Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef + + Czech Republic, Switzerland, USA [17, 21, 57, 75] Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzman and Stamets + + USA [22] Psilocybe fimetaria (P.D. Orton) Watling + – United Kingdom [43] Psilocybe hoogshagenii Heim + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe liniformans Guzman and Bas + – USA [21, 22] (continued) converted by the mechanism of dephosphorylation into psilocin (another pharmacologically active compound). Psilocin has the molecular formula C 12 H 16 N 2 O (mol. ...
... + + USA [17, 24, 68] Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Czech Republic [18, 19, 57,697071 Psilocybe bohemica Sebek + + Switzerland [21] Psilocybe bonetii Guzman + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe caeruleoannulata Sing + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe caerulipes Peck + + USA [72] Psilocybe candidipes Singer and A.H.Sm + – Mexico [60] Psilocybe copninifacies (Roll). Pouz + – Czech Republic, Slovenia [73] Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer + + Japan, Germany, Mexico, Brazil [20, 46, 61, 74] Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef + + Czech Republic, Switzerland, USA [17, 21, 57, 75] Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzman and Stamets + + USA [22] Psilocybe fimetaria (P.D. Orton) Watling + – United Kingdom [43] Psilocybe hoogshagenii Heim + + Brazil [20] Psilocybe liniformans Guzman and Bas + – USA [21, 22] (continued) converted by the mechanism of dephosphorylation into psilocin (another pharmacologically active compound). Psilocin has the molecular formula C 12 H 16 N 2 O (mol. ...
Studies on bioactive alkaloids have gained considerable importance in recent
years and have been given prominent position in the field of medicine, both with
respect to their biological activity and role played in the introduction of new
pharmaceuticals. The biotechnological approach has further enhanced their
industrial applications. Some specific groups of bioactive alkaloids have been
ignored and not been given much attention because of various reasons, including
their legal status. The tryptophan-based indole alkaloids, psilocybin and
psilocin, are the best examples in this category which have been identified as
most attractive bioactive alkaloids in large number of mushrooms, especially of
the genus Psilocybe, but waiting since long for more control studies to ascertain their therapeutic role in some other conditions, apart from psychiatry. These
alkaloids have long history of association with mankind for their use as sacraments
in religious ceremonies along with medical and recreational purposes and
thus need more attention to explore their therapeutic role.
... Mycological literature is full of examples confirming our opinion: according to Lundqvist (1972) macroclimate, particularly temperature and moisture, is responsible for the distribution of pyrenomycetes, whose morphological features, the presence or absence of an ostiole for instance, can be changed modifying the microclimatic conditions of a culture (von Arx, 1973); van Brummelen (1967) affirmed the negligible taxonomic value of the tip shape in paraphyses of Ascobolus Pers. and Saccobolus Boud., as too influenced by environmental conditions; Guzmán & Stamets (in Stamets et al., 1980) erected Psilocybe liniformans var. americana, which differs from the European var. ...
After mentioning the main features of Thecotheus, the authors describe T. formosanus f. collariatus f. nov., comparing their European collections with the Far Eastern type and with similar species, and T. neoapiculatus spec. nov., dwelling upon the differences between it and T. keithii. An updated key to Thecotheus spp. is provided.
... 0.32 0.36/0.06/ 0.51 Repke et al. (1977), Stijve and Kuyper (1985), and Gartz (1993Gartz ( , 1994 Psilocybe tampanensis 0.68 0.32 Gartz (1993) Psilocybe cubensis 0.63 0.6 Gartz (1994) and Stijve and De Meijer (1993) Psilocybe mexicana 0.3 0.05 Hofmann et al. (1959) Psilocybe hoogshagenii 0.6 0.1 Heim and Hofamnn (1958) Psilocybe stuntzii 0.36 0.12 Repke et al. (1977) and Beug and Bigwood (1982) Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa 0.21 0.04 Stamets et al. (1980) Psilocybe liniformans 0.16 x Stijve and Kuyper (1985) Gymnopilus Purpuratus 0.34 0.29 Gartz (1994) Inocybe aeruginascens 0.40 x Gartz (1994) Copelandia cyanescens 0.32 0.51 Barceloux (2012) Panaeolus subbalteus 0.39 x Gartz (1993) Conocbe cyanopus 0.88 0.15 Gartz (1993) Pluteus salicinus 1.09 x Gartz (1993) methanol and ethanol, but almost insoluble in petroleum ether and chloroform ( Barceloux, 2012;Berle, 1974). Both drugs are unstable in light (in particular in the form of solutions), their stability at low temperatures in the dark under an inert atmosphere is very good ( Anastos et al., 2006). ...
Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. However, it is also a very popular and frequently abused natural hallucinogen. This review summarizes all the past and recent knowledge on psilocybin. It briefly deals with its history, discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and compares its action in humans and animals. It attempts to describe the mechanism of psychedelic effects and objectify its action using modern imaging and psychometric methods. Finally, it describes its therapeutic and abuse potential.
... Psilocybe peruviana Singer was known only from the type locality in Peru, growing in a moss carpet (Guzmán, 1983 This psychoactive fungus is rare in Spain (Moreno & al., 1986). Recently Samorini (1994) (Stamets & al., 1980). One of the main features not considered at that time (Guzmán, 1983), are the cheilocystidia, frequently with two irregular long necks, that separate this fungus from its close relative P. subflmetaria Guzmán & Smith, which ...
A revision of 29 species and varieties and more than 80 records of Psilocybe after 1980 and not considered in Guzmán's monograph (1983) are discussed. In addition, P. chlapanensis, P. meridensis, P. moseri, P. natarajanii and P. subtropicalis are described as new. P. aquamarina, P. ramulosum, P. paulensis, P. septentrionalis, Naematoloma gigaspora and N. guzmanii are proposed as new combinations. Several new records and nomenclatural observations are dis- cussed and a revision of the classification in sections of the genus, as well as an update of the keys of sections and species of Guzmán's monograph are provided.
... Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzmán & Stamets is a somewhat uncommon bluing wood-rotting species from the Pacific Northwest. According to the descrip-tions (Stamets et al. 1980, Guzmán 1983, Guzmán et al. 2008 ) and personal observations by the US co-authors, clavate-mucronate pleurocystidia are absent. Furthermore , the cheilocystidia in P. cyanofibrillosa have very long necks which are often highly forked, often more than two times – this might indicate an affinity to the P. pellicullosa group. ...
Psilocybe allenii is a new bluing wood-rotting species from the Pacific Coast, USA. Both morphological and molecular features (ITS rDNA phylogeny) indicate its close relationship to Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef. Despite the shape and size of spores and cystidia of this new species falling within the variability of P. cyanescens, P. allenii can be distinguished by its convex to hemispheric pileus, not wavy at maturity, and ITS rDNA sequence. The description of P. allenii is accompanied by sequences obtained from the holotype and paratype collections (ITS rDNA, LSU, EF-1α and RPB2). Furthermore, similar species of this relationship are discussed and an epitype of P. cyanescens is designated.
El objetivo de este informe es presenter a Leratiomyces ceres (Cooke & Massee) Spooner & Bridge 2008, macromiceto registrado por primera vez para la biota fungica de Colombia. Se especifican sus caracteres morfológicos macro y microscópicos que determinan a la especie, así como tambien información respecto a su ecología y distribución en el país. Con esta contribución, el genero Leratiomyces queda representado para el país por esta única especie. La especie se ha citada para Colombia desde el 2016 por Chivatá T. & Arias C. en otros trabajos previos a este informe
Historically, 28 species of Psilocybe have been reported from Canada, with the oldest report dating back to 1913. Of these, P. corneipes has been transferred to Mythicomyces corneipes, two (P. rhombispora, P. subfimetaria) have been synonymized under earlier names, P. callosa has been redetermined as another species, and two reports (P. merdaria, P. pratensis) are doubtful. With the report of three new records from British Columbia (P. angustispora, P. apellicuhsa, P. subcoprophila), the total number of verified Psilocybe species recognized in Canada now stands at 24, with the highest number of taxa concentrated in British Columbia. Eleven of the known taxa of Psilocybe in Canada are hallucinogenic, with P. quebecensis the only endemic species, P. semilanceata common throughout the country Canada, and P. pelliculosa apparently widespread in British Columbia.
L'usage recreatif des champignons hallucinogenes est maintenant bien etabli, en Europe et en Amerique du Nord. En Amerique Centrale, ils sont egalement utilises dans un but spirituel et religieux. Les principes actifs a noyau indolique sont la psilocine et la psilocybine. Le syndrome hallucinogene cause par quelques milligrammes de psilocybine est tres classique, avec depersonnalisation, euphorie et dysphorie. Le traitement est symptomatique. La liste des especes concernees et leur repartition sur les deux continents sont constamment revisees de maniere critique par les mycologues, et nous en presentons l'etat actuel. Le genre Psilocybe est le plus important, suivi par le genre Panaeolus. Le nombre d'especes potentiellement hallucinogenes avoisine 150 et nous en presentons une liste extensive s'appuyant sur 280 references bibliographiques. Les cas prouves d'intoxication chez l'homme restent cependant tres rares et le diagnostic est essentiellement clinique. La mise en evidence et le dosage de la psilocine dans le sang et l'urine sont maintenant parfaitement realisables par des methodes de chromatographie liquide et de chromatographie gazeuse couplee a un detecteur de masse. Les quelques cas decrits dans la litterature indiquent, pour la psilocine, des limites de quantification de l'ordre de 5 ng/mL dans l'urine. La detection dans l'urine peut se faire pendant les 2 ou 3 jours suivants une ingestion de champignons, et les prelevements biologiques doivent etre absolument proteges de l'oxydation.
Numerous species were removed from the previous lists of Allen, Gartz & Guzmán (1992) and Guzmán, Allen & Gartz (2000). These earlier compilations had included several species due to false positives, doubtful relationships, and/or no bluing present whatsoever. This current list is restricted to those species that have been chemically analyzed (indicated with bold-face numbers). Referenced papers include the chemical analysis of baeocystine, psilocine and/or psilocybine only). Those species known to exhibit a bluing or greening reaction in specimens when damaged by human handling or natural causes are marked by a •. Those with an *Asterisk indicate false positives which are noted at the end of this update.
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