Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University-Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act
... El cisma provocado por la Bayh-Dole Act (1980) en Estados Unidos, que autorizaba la comercialización de resultados de investigación de proyectos financiados con fondos públicos, provocó que las universidades americanas aumentaran sus actividades emprendedoras, como patentar y otorgar licencias, crear incubadoras de empresas y parques científicos, y generar empresas spin-off universitarias (Mowery et al., 2004;Siegel, 2006). ...
... Estos factores influyeron en la transición hacia una universidad que asume nuevos roles, en la que el emprendimiento, el surgimiento del capital de riesgo, la movilidad de talento y la creación de empresas basadas en tecnología coadyuvaron a la generación de importantes avances tecnológicos en informática, biotecnología y nanotecnología (Mowery et al., 2004;Shane, 2004). En el caso de las universidades europeas (particularmente en Alemania, Italia, Suecia y el Reino Unido), debido a las diferencias en sus respectivos sistemas legales, estas quedaron rezagadas en la transferencia de tecnología (tt) en comparación con sus contrapartes estadounidenses (Rothaermel, Agung & Jiang, 2007). ...
... Cohen et al. (2002) indican que por lo general la mejor manera en que las universidades pueden transferir sus conocimientos a la industria es a través de canales suaves, específicamente publicaciones, conferencias, intercambios informales y consultoría (Philpott et al., 2011). Por otro lado, Mowery et al. (2004) plantean que patentes y licencias son a menudo solo de relevancia marginal para el resto de las áreas tecnológicas, con excepción del software y las biociencias. Esto sugiere que muchas disciplinas pueden ser inadecuadas para emprender tales actividades. ...
La emergencia del conocimiento como motor del crecimiento sitúa al emprendimiento académico como punto catalizador del desarrollo tecnológico y económico; por ello, ha recibido creciente interés tanto de políticos como de gestores universitarios y académicos. Aunque el auge de la literatura del emprendimiento académico se propagó a partir de la década de los noventa, los objetos y dinámicas del trabajo académico han cambiado. Este estudio realiza una taxonomía de la literatura sobre emprendimiento académico para identificar tendencias, vacíos y áreas de oportunidad para Latinoamérica. La metodología seguida hizo un análisis sistemático de literatura basado en la producción regional. Los resultados apuntan a que la literatura se ha centrado predominantemente en los cambios de la universidad y el tránsito a la universidad emprendedora, la comercialización de tecnología universitaria y factores sociales. Empero, deja de lado los atributos individuales de los académicos que emprenden, el sistema de incentivos y la identificación de oportunidades de estos. Esta revisión permite identificar áreas de oportunidad por explorar en la práctica e investigación en Latinoamérica.
... They argue that an overemphasis on commercialization and market-driven objectives can undermine the fundamental academic values of universities, such as academic freedom, disinterested inquiry, and public service (Bok, 2003;Slaughter & Leslie, 1997). There is a concern that the pursuit of commercial interests could skew research agendas towards marketable products at the expense of basic, curiosity-driven research (Mowery et al., 2004). ...
... The implementation of the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States in 1980, and similar legislation in Europe, has been a catalyst for this shift towards entrepreneurialism in universities. These laws allowed universities to retain intellectual property rights for research funded by the government, thus encouraging them to engage in patenting and licensing activities (Mowery et al., 2004;Grimaldi et al., 2011). This legislative change has been instrumental in the emergence of university-industry partnerships, contributing significantly to the commercialization of academic research (Geuna and Nesta, 2006). ...
This study examines the influence of a university’s environment on the entrepreneurial intentions and activities of its faculty and students. Focusing on a medium-sized, relatively young university in Norway, the research investigates how university context (UC), defined through Scott’s three-dimensional framework (regulative, normative, and cognitive structures), impacts two groups: university teaching and research faculty (referred to as “academic faculty”) and students. Key findings show that UC significantly influences students’ entrepreneurial intentions and self-efficacy, but not those of academic faculty. A possible reason is that academic faculty, having committed to academia, might not align their values with entrepreneurial activities, viewing their role more as providing high-quality research and education rather than commercializing innovations. However, industry collaboration is seen positively by academic faculty, primarily motivated by expanding knowledge and accessing research funding. The paper also finds that fostering a university context supportive of industry collaboration through rules, rewards, knowledge, and social acceptance can further enhance such collaborations. The study contributes to the discussion on entrepreneurial universities by highlighting that the effectiveness of promoting entrepreneurial behavior is dependent on aligning these activities with the personal and organizational goals of the individuals involved. It notes that students, without pre-set professional goals, are more adaptable to entrepreneurial initiatives compared to academic faculty.
... As we have argued throughout this book the higher education sector has often welcomed neoliberalism with open arms, at least at the management level, often in the name of narrowly applied forms of fi nancial austerity (also see Dean 2015 ). Neoliberal ideologues constantly impress upon us the values and value of the supposedly neutral free market (see Philpott et al. 2011 ;Smith 2007 the knowledge economy produced through contemporary neoliberal university relations (also see Anwaruddin 2013 ;Berman 2011 ), where technology transfer between 'the ivory tower' and industry is highly valued for commercial rather than public interests (see Mowery et al. 2015 ). This serves to further marginalize scholarship and teaching aimed at imagining a socially just alternative to market driven welfare austerity: the power of neoliberalism to silence, marginalize, and/or constrain democracy is well documented (see Anwaruddin 2013 ;Duggan 2012 ;Khan 2015 ), as is the depoliticization of diversity. ...
... Signifi cance is often redefi ned-at least in the subtext-as the capacity to make or save money, if not in the short term then defi nitely over the longer term. Favorite research pursuits for instance, include trying to fi nd a (part of a) cure for cancer or designing medical devices-not because of the benefi ts communities might derive but because of the profi ts associated with patenting such cures and devices (see for instance, Mowery et al. 2015 ). Particular forms of medical, genetic, and molecular research are being applauded, particularly those amenable to positive mainstream media coverage, another way to 'leverage the brand.' ...
... In making government policy consistent, the Bayh-Dole Act reduced transaction costs and uncertainty. It coincided with and helped fuel an explosion of academic patenting (Mowery et al. 2015;Popp Berman 2012). But it remains unclear how much of the university-governmentindustry efflorescence of biotechnology and other high-technology sectors can be attributed to Bayh-Dole. ...
... NIH's budget, which increased from $2.8 million in 1945 to almost $42 billion in 2020 (NIH 2022), dramatically reconfigured academic health research. Research and development expenditures in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device sectorsbuilding on that robust publicly funded science base -grew even faster Sarpatwari et al. -Bayh-Dole at 40 883 (Mowery et al. 2015). Academic institutions were already beginning to increase their propensity for patenting during this time; Bayh-Dole simplified the process and accelerated a trend already underway (Popp Berman 2012). ...
Over forty years have passed since the enactment of the Patent and Trademark Amendment (Bayh-Dole) Act, which authorized institutions to patent inventions arising from federally-funded research. Although some experts have heralded the Bayh-Dole Act as ushering in a new era of technological advances, others have been less sanguine about its impact. In recent years, the rising price of prescription drugs and the patenting of COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines developed with substantial federal government support have rekindled the debate whether companies should receive more restricted rights to such products. In this article, we trace the history leading to the enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act and critically assess its strength and weaknesses as well as unresolved questions concerning its scope. Based on this analysis, we propose reforms to better align the Bayh-Dole Act with public values and health outcomes, including clarifying the scope of government use rights, making it easier to invoke march-in rights for failure to meet health and safety needs, increasing transparency in how patents are licensed, and testing different approaches to foster the development and application of inventions.
... From this line of inquiry, the systems of innovation approach emerged. In this stream, studies have found that science and technology co-evolve and the interaction between science and technology is more bi-directional than originally thought (see Freeman 1995;Kline and Rosenberg 1986;Lundvall 1992;Mowery et al. 2004). Kline and Rosenberg (1986) discuss the concept of innovation as a cumulative process, emphasizing the role of scientific research in shaping technological innovation. ...
To formally understand cyclicity in innovation and to tie to Schumpeter’s idea about waves of creative destruction, we elaborate upon Thomas Kuhn’s (1962) hypothesis that science evolves through a succession of paradigm life cycles by noting that entrepreneurs recognize the profitability of new scientific theories through a delay. The delay from innovation to entrepreneurship may be due to technological inertia, the time taken in recognizing the applications of basic research, or related to how quickly technological change evolves over time and its returns are realized. In our model, a profit-maximizing entrepreneur uses the latest scientific knowledge to create innovative technologies, which generates cycles between science and innovation. The necessary conditions for the existence of cycles are that human capital employed in science creation and high valued innovations is high, and the interest rate is low. The findings also tie to the notion about the variability of innovation over the business cycle and can provide useful inputs into the formulation of more effective technology policies.
... In most cases, companies' innovative initiatives integrate a set of external actions and agents whose qualifications complete and reinforce companies' internal R&D structures or organizations. Thus, innovation generation procedures have the support of several contributors, such as suppliers, users, universities and research centers (Nelson, 1996;Mowery et al., 2015;Garcia et al., 2014). ...
The importance of the university-company relationship has been growing in innovation studies, as the university is a great source of information for the innovative needs of companies. The objective of this work was to discuss the university-company relationship, considering the concepts of triple, quadruple and quintuple helix as factors that promote innovation. The methodology used was based on a systematic literature review, which presents a synthesis of the multiple articles evaluated and used. The evaluated results made it possible to highlight numerous advantages, barriers, facilitators and aspects that stimulate this relationship. Furthermore, it was possible to see how innovation, entrepreneurship and technological knowledge are important in the university-company relationship, showing that there is a need to stimulate this relationship with the aim of reducing the relationship barriers identified, as, in the current context of globalization and high-level technology development, this cooperation is of great importance for the country, positively influencing technological advances.
... Research by Prusak and Cohen (2001) highlights the significance of knowledge management practices in Australian organizations, particularly in industries such as mining, finance, and healthcare. Moreover, Australia's investment in research and development (R&D) initiatives has contributed to a culture (Mowery, 2015). This underscores the importance of partnerships and collaboration in facilitating effective knowledge exchange and retention in developed economies. ...
Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of organizational culture on knowledge sharing and retention among public sector employees in South Africa Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that a positive organizational culture promotes knowledge sharing and retention among public sector employees in South Africa, fostering trust and collaboration. Conversely, a lack of transparency and communication hinders knowledge sharing efforts, leading to employee turnover and knowledge loss. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, organizational learning theory & cultural dimensions’ theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the effect of organizational culture on knowledge sharing and retention among public sector employees in South Africa. Develop tailored training programs and workshops for public sector employees to enhance their awareness and understanding of the organizational culture's impact on knowledge sharing and retention. Integrate knowledge management principles into organizational policies and procedures to institutionalize a culture of knowledge sharing and retention within public sector entities.
... The requirement that PROs take a more active role towards IPR 1 commercialization has come with the call for larger impact of public research funding (D'Este & Perkmann, 2011;Hood, 1995;Verbeeten, 2008). Engaging in commercial activity is surely not new for PROs (Mowery et al., 2015) and changes such as the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States have been introduced decades ago. However, the evidence on the impact of IPR policy changes directed at PROs is still mixed. ...
This study analyses immaterial property rights related organizational processes in public research organizations. The study investigates the structural barriers limiting intellectual property rights development and commercialization. In addition, the study focuses on how different types of public research organizations, namely universities, research and technology organizations, and polytechnics, differ in this respect. The study was implemented as a survey with 493 respondents. The study found that lack of awareness and questions around the impact IPR are the main barriers to immaterial property rights development. The study also found differences in organizational practices between RTOs and universities.
... The two traditional key functions of the university-academic education and academic research-have been extended by the last few years' mission to include a third key function: creating value for society. According to [9], there are two targets: increasing the societal responsibility of the individual researcher and the university as a whole, and stimulating economic factors to assure the continuity of the research organization. This also means that a deeper connection of the university to the challenges and expectations of society, or to technological development trends, adaptation of research protocols to market demand, orientation of research to the needs of companies and the population, intensified communication with other actors of technology transfer, development of communication networks, and licensing and patenting of intellectual property are now becoming an important asset of UASVM and will become an important indicator for success in the near future. ...
An analysis of the research, innovation and technology transfer environment carried out by the European Commission ranks Romania in one of the last places in Europe, mentioning the lack of investments in research, especially at the level of modern infrastructure and equipment, among the most important reasons. On the other hand, Romanian universities must face the competition at the international and the European level, in order to face the technical and socio-economic challenges both at the societal level, and with respect to the inherent technological evolutions. Under these conditions, this article presents a case study of a top university in Romania that has, for the first time in its history as an EU member, successfully implemented European structural funding investment and research grant for building a new advanced research institute at the level of excellence compatible with the most demanding expectations in the field of horticulture, and is using it in accordance with the standards of the European Research Area. In an analysis of the results of all horticultural labs covered by the new institute, also from a perspective of cross-cutting collaboration between them, during a 5-year study of sustainability, the model presented demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of European structural funds in the field of scientific research. It is a real success of advanced research, innovation, development, and technology transfer, which can be adopted by any other university in the EU.
... With regard to this set of ideas, respecting and protecting one's informants by "silencing" details about the fieldwork compels the ethnographer to defend a position against a growing trend that advocates and supports the principles of open science. Arguments for the open science are numerous and cover such aspects as defending access to knowledge [Rentier, 2018], criticizing the knowledge economy and its associated patent models [Mowry, et al., 2004;Penin, 2020;Sampat, 2004] or ensuring better objectivity and the possibilities of replicating one's results [Forcadell and Laborie, 2020, 14;Penin, 2008]. Nonetheless such perspectives seem to leave aside disciplinary fieldwork contexts and the specific rules of these contexts that researchers need to comply with. ...
The aim of the present contribution is to analyze how relations of loyalty emerge between researcher and researched during ethnographic fieldwork and to defend a perspective against the principle of open science. I discuss methodological issues with respect to my several years of multi-sited fieldwork experience in various labs, research centers and medical institutions, during which I inquired into the design and use of exoskeletal devices. Exoskeletal devices are technologies applied to three fields of application: rehabilitation, industry and the armed forces. Their invention is the subject of high levels of economic and scientific competition. Given these constraints, I was compelled to develop "loyalty strategies", one of which I call the "contract of silence". I associate this category with an ethnographic exercise in how to address one's interlocutors during fieldwork. I conceive of this process as a result of consciously retaining the information obtained from interviewees that might endanger the position of the researcher in the field. Although a tacit contract with one's interlocutors during ethnographic fieldwork implies anonymity, certain sensitive fields and research situations require forms of auto-censorship and the control of published results. I associate these strategies with the fabrication of fieldwork secrecy.
... This Act transferred the ownership of IP to the universities, and contemporary policy changes stressed the expectations that the universities could contribute more directly to industrial development (Stevens, 2004). The subsequent success in the USA in bringing new research findings to the marketplace has, however, inspired legislative changes in many countries all over the world (Mowery et al., 2004). The logic is to give the universities incentives to support and to build an infrastructure for the commercialisation of research. ...
... Science and technology policy regarding university inventions and commercialization serves as one example of such adoption. Since the 1960s, universities in the United States have been transformed into what Berman (2012) calls an "economic engine" through which knowledge production is expected to have adirect impact on economic prosperity (see Etzcowitz et al., 1998;Mowery et al., 2004;Zucker et al. 2001). By the 1980s, various forms of commercialization of university research became common in the United States, and formal structures detailing the procedures and rights of the university and its scientists were developed. ...
The article delineates how actors invoke nationalizing accounts—accounts that turn local conditions, actions, and actors into national ones—in everyday talk. Taking the case of Japanese university scientists depicting their commercialization trajectories after the adoption of a set of policies that originated from the U.S., the article delineates how scientists stipulate what they do is Japanese. I outline the discursive practices through which they posit that the cause of others’ actions, or of they themselves, derives from some kind of ethno-national distinctiveness. Interviews show how such nationalizing accounts were made through the inevitable gaps between local practices and formal global structures. Scientific and commercialization practices in Japan that deviated from the original form were explained not only through the institutional differences between the U.S. and Japan, but also through lay categories of “culture,” ethno-psychology, and readily available tropes about Japanese history. In such nationalizing accounts, what the Japanese scientists did under these new, and explicitly global policies, was argued to be fundamentally Japanese because they were rooted in and caused by the ethno-national character. As new institutional theory suggests, a decoupling between formal rules and local contingencies is a hallmark of any institution. The article further shows that such decoupling could then be used as a resource for everyday nationalism. At least in some cases, the global adoption and the localization of a global form may create an opportunity to enact the nation, contributing to a discourse that posits that an imagined community is distinct and special, precisely as the world becomes more globalized.
... A National Bureau of Economic Research study also showed that university-industry partnerships can be highly beneficial. University patents licensed to industry partners generated an estimated $1.3 trillion in revenue between 1969 and 2012 (Mowery et al., 2015). ...
Innovation ecosystems have become increasingly important as key drivers of economic growth, social progress, and environmental sustainability. Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2002) define an innovation ecosystem as “the set of actors and relationships that can support and sustain innovation over the long term” (p. 533). Participants in innovation ecosystems include academia, government, and industry, with relationships between these actors being crucial to the ecosystem’s success (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000).
The United States (US) and Japan, two countries with well-established innovation ecosystems, have achieved significant success in promoting innovation. Their ecosystems are shaped by distinct approaches emphasizing different roles for industry. The US fosters a robust tradition of entrepreneurship, with industry playing a central role in driving innovation. This tradition is supported by government policies such as tax incentives and funding for startups (Audretsch, 2014). In contrast, Japan’s emphasis on long-term stability and collaboration has led to government policies that promote research and development within established companies, with industry serving as a key partner in the innovation process (Fujimoto & Kajikawa, 2011).
To enhance the effectiveness of innovation ecosystems, it is crucial to understand and analyze the distinct roles that industry plays in countries like the US and Japan. By examining the opportunities and risks within these ecosystems, stakeholders can identify areas for strategic investment and collaboration as well as leverage the unique contributions of the industry to drive innovation and increase national competitiveness.
... For a long time, Universities have been recognized as providers of basic scientific knowledge for industrial innovation through their research and related activities [81], [153]. The leading role of Academia (universities and higher education system in general) has been to educate students and conduct basic research, often with spillover benefits for industry [125]. According to Porter [134], university identifies local demand drivers, builds science parks on or near a research university, provides incentives for chosen firms, and attracts venture capital. ...
Both the pandemic and the global climate changes accelerate the need for urgent solutions to guarantee humanity's sustainable and prosperous future. Remarkably, at the 10-year mark of introducing Industry 4.0, the adverse effects arising from adopting absolute technocentric perspectives are now evident. Scholars and practitioners claim new plans for a future where technology empowers people and innovation works for business and society. Humans and machines are expected to reconcile and work in symbiosis, supporting the emergence of Super Smart Societies (S5.0), the last ones based on human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. Despite the mentioned, guidelines on how technocentric and human-centric innovations should combine to trigger S5.0 are still missing. Depending on the above, this article aims to design a comprehensive framework based on the Quintuple Helix Model, supporting the design and the implementation of S5.0. In doing so, several prescriptions on how Government, University, Industry, Civil Society, and Environment may address the goals of S5.0 are provided.
... Competitive pressures from peers, declining public support, increasing pressure to generate money from private donors, and the growth of incentives from government, all drive the strategic posture of universities towards this focus . Change in science and technology policies (Slaughter & Rhoades, 1996) and legislative changes in the governance of intellectual property have also boosted the entrepreneurial capacity of universities (Mowery et al., 2004). As the Washington Post (2020) noted recently: ...
This chapter considers the role of venture funding in the entrepreneurial university. It begins by discussing the literature on the entrepreneurial university, focusing on the role of financing. The literature shows that there are gaps in the financing of academic and graduate ventures. The second part of the chapter introduces short case examples that illustrate different forms of university-led venture funding, demonstrating how different universities have sought to fill funding gaps by means of seed capital grants, micro-financing, small business research grants, crowdfunding, social impact investing, seed capital investing, public venture capital, and venture capital. The chapter concludes by arguing that universities have sufficient resource endowments and human capital to address many funding gaps through innovative thinking and practice.
... Hinzu kommen die Biochemie und die Biomedizin (z. B. genverändertes Saatgut), deren Rolle für regionales wirtschaftliches Wachstum und die Erhöhung regionaler Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in der Forschung gut dokumentiert ist (Audretsch 2014;Cooke 2006Cooke , 2016Cooke und Leydesdorff 2006;Mowery et al. 2015;Nelson und Byers 2015), Verbundstoffe und synthetische Materialen, die von den Materialwissenschaften hervorgebracht wurden (Bensaude-Vincent 2016), oder die Neurowissenschaften, die mittels Untersuchungen im fMRI Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenwirken von Geist und Gehirn und damit verbundenen Krankheitsbildern liefern (Berman et al. 2006;Buchan et al. 2016). ...
Der Band hat zum Ziel, den Zugang wissenschaftlicher Experten zum Feld der Macht in theoretischer wie methodischer Sicht greifbar zu machen. Die USA als weltweit führender Wissenschaftsstandort mit zahlreichen Verflechtungen zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik, Ministerien, Wirtschaft, Stiftungen, Medien und Militär dient dabei als Anwendungsfall. Basierend auf einer Kombination aus Habitus-Feldtheorie und Netzwerktheorie wird ein Zugangsmaß entwickelt, das zugleich die Konkurrenz der Forschenden und Universitäten um Aufmerksamkeit sowie das Potential erfasst, Expertise in politische Entscheidungsprozesse einfließen zu lassen. Mittels eines Mixed-Methods-Forschungsdesigns, das die materiellen und symbolischen Ressourcen der Universitäten, deren strategische Ausrichtung und feldüberspannende Netzwerke erfasst und miteinander kombiniert wird deutlich, dass eine hohe Konzentration des Zugangs auf wenige Eliteuniversitäten vorliegt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass das Zugangsmaß ein sehr guter Prädiktor dafür ist, dass Expert*innen der jeweiligen Universitäten zu Kongress- und Senatsanhörungen vorgeladen werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich das entwickelte Zugangsmaß und die unterliegende theoretische Fundierung als Grundlage dar, den allgemeinen Zugang von Akteuren zu Schaltstellen der Macht zu untersuchen.
... Органи місцевого самоврядування також є найближчими до населення, а отже, до його вимог і потреб. Це зрештою робить органи місцевого самоврядування більш гнучкими та креативними у вирішенні проблем, з якими вони стикаються, порівняно з національними урядами (Mowery, et al., 2015). З іншого боку, дії уряду зазвичай мають довгострокові наслідки, особливо якщо порівнювати їх з іншими зацікавленими сторонами, такими як компанії чи інвестори. ...
Актуальність теми дослідження у тому, що створення економічних можливостей зростання через розумну макроекономічну політику, розумні інвестиції та структурні реформи є пріоритетом номер один та збільшення робочих місць в усьому ЄС. Структурні та інвестиційні фонди, що належать до ЄС, є основним інструментом інвестування. У всіх країнах вони як найважливіший важіль слугують для економічних перетворень, ключом до цільового призначення, що генерують зростання, – це інновації, цифрові технології, підтримка МСП. Стаття базується на глибокому дослідженні, в основі якого теоретичні доробки Айзенберга (2010) щодо інновацій, Дая (1972) та Себатьє (1986) щодо державної політики та Кантвелла та Мудамбі (2000), Ецковіца (2008) щодо інноваційної державної політики. Стратегії, реалізовані у багатьох країнах, дотримуються подібної моделі, щоб бути успішними у створенні екосистеми, яка уможливлювала розвиток компаній, які генерували б інновації у продуктах, послугах і процесах. Результати економічного розвитку регіонів ЄС пов’язані з створенням потужного кластера високоінноваційних та конкурентоспроможних організацій. Мета дослідження: проаналізувати теоретичні і практичні аспекти зарубіжного досвіду регіонального економічного розвитку. Предмет дослідження – інновації, екосистема, місцеве самоврядування у контексті регіонального економічного розвитку. Завдання дослідження: 1) розкрити інновації як конкурентні переваги регіонального та економічного розвитку та їх роль у формуванні інноваційної екосистеми; 2) проаналізувати напрями розвитку інноваційної та креативної державної політики; 3) дослідити концептуалізацію побудови інноваційних екосистем розумного міста. Методологія дослідження: загальнофілософські методи – аналізу і синтезу, порівняння, історичного і логічного, системного та кросскультурного аналізу, що допомогли виявити сутність інновацій як конкурентної переваги регіонального економічного розвитку регіонів та їх роль у формуванні інноваційної екосистеми. Проведені дослідження дозволили зробити висновок, що дуже важливу роль у цьому процесі відіграють регіональна і місцева влада, яка визначає напрямки розвитку, сприяє підтримці заходів, спрямованих на розвиток інноваційної економіки в регіоні, наприклад, через проєкти співпраці науки та бізнесу. Спільне впровадження проєктів компаній і дослідницьких підрозділів дозволили подолати бар’єри в контактах між цими спільнотами та змінити свідомість підприємців та сприяти зміцненню довіри до громадських структур. Практичне значення дослідження у тому, щоб органи місцевого самоврядування сприяли проведенню розумної макроекономічної політики, упровадженню розумних інвестицій та проведенню структурних реформ.
... Enacted in December of 1980, Bayh-Dole -which made changes to U.S. Code (USC) title 35, i.e., the "Patents" chapter-also explicitly authorized federal agencies to "grant exclusive or partially-exclusive licenses to patents, patent applications, or other forms of protection obtained" (Codified as amended at 35 USC 200 et seq.). The importance of Bayh-Dole (PL 96-517) on innovation policy is well-documented in the existing literature and is prominently featured in numerous studies of federal technology transfer, academic entrepreneurship, and the commercialization of university-owned patents [33][34][35][36]. ...
Around the world, governments make substantial investments in public sector research and development (R&D) entities and activities to generate major scientific and technical advances that may catalyze long-term economic growth. Institutions ranging from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to the French National Centre for Scientific Research to the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers conduct basic and applied R&D to create commercially valuable knowledge that supports the innovation goals of their respective government sponsors. Globally, the single largest public sector R&D sponsor is the U.S. federal government. In 2019 alone, the U.S. government allocated over $14.9 billion to federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), also known as national labs. However, little is known about how federal agencies' utilization of FFRDCs, their modes of R&D collaboration, and their adoption of non-patent intellectual property (IP) policies (copyright protection and materials transfer agreements) affect agency-level performance in technology transfer. In particular, the lack of standardized metrics for quantitatively evaluating government entities' effectiveness in managing innovation is a critical unresolved issue. We address this issue by conducting exploratory empirical analyses of federal agencies' innovation management activities using both supply-side (filing ratio, transfer rate, and licensing success rate) and demand-side (licensing income and portfolio exclusivity) outcome metrics. We find economically significant effects of external R&D collaborations and non-patent IP policies on the technology transfer performance of 10 major federal executive branch agencies (fiscal years 1999-2016). We discuss the scholarly, managerial, and policy implications for ongoing and future evaluations of technology transfer at federal labs. We offer new insights and guidance on how critical differences in federal agencies' interpretation and implementation of their R&D management practices in pursuit of their respective missions affect their technology transfer performance outcomes. We generalize key findings to address the broader innovation processes of public sector R&D entities worldwide.
... the involvement of the inventor The Bayh-Dole Act was motivated by the idea that, due to insecurity regarding their ownership, patents resulting from federally funded research were unexploited (Eisenberg, 1996;Mowery et al., 2015). Prior to the Act, agreements between the government and universities started to be made to allow the latter to manage the IPR on a case-by-case, and then university-by-university, basis (Popp Berman, 2008). ...
Since Bush, (1945), governments of advanced economies have become aware of the importance of science for technical progress and economic growth. However, it is only very recently that researchers start being able to quantify the knowledge flows between academia and the private sector. In this thesis, I first measure the direct contribution of academics to invention, and then I go further by evaluating the impact of different public policies on academics’ incentives to invent. All the chapters are based on the French case, for which we have collected quasi-exhaustive data on the population of academics and their inventions over around twenty years. In the first chapter, I quantify academic invention in France and explore its individual and social drivers. I find that more than 11% of the patented inventions for the years 1995–2012 stem from academia, revising upwards prior estimations. Every year increase not only the number of academic inventions, but also the propensity of professors to invent (by 75% between 1995 and 2012). Given that the drivers of this diffusion remain unclear, I study the contribution of micro and meso level characteristics. I explore age and cohort effects: are young people trained in a more entrepreneurial culture more likely to invent, or less likely than older ones for their focus on advancingtheir career first? I find support for the latter, that is a life-cycle effect rather than a cohort effect. But invention is also a social phenomenon, so I wonder whether being surrounded by fellow inventors (in the lab or in the university) affects one’s ownpropensity to invent. My results indicate that a professor patents four times more inventions when colleagues in the lab invent one more patent per year on average. In the second chapter, I evaluate the impact of the university ownership regime on academic invention. This regime has been introduced in many advanced economies following the US pioneering Bayh-Dole Act. It consists in assigning intellectual property rights over academic inventions to universities, rather than to professors, companies or federal agencies, with the aim of encouraging academic invention and its transfer to society. France introduced its Innovation and Research Act in 1999. How does the effective implementation of the university ownership regime affect professors’ incentives to invent? I find that only some universities effectively implement the corresponding policy recommendations, and at different times. I use a Coarsened Exact Matching on universities followed by a difference-in-differences regression to iii compare academics in universities that took the step and increasingly managed their intellectual property to other similar academics in universities that have not taken the step. I find that, upon the implementation of the regime in their university, professors patent up to 20% more inventions. I conclude that it is efficient to allocate the intellectual property rights to universities, and suggest that negative effects observed in other countries may result from a lack of flexibility towards universities in the practical implementation of the regime. In the third chapter, I assess the impact of competitive science funding on academic invention. The French government introduced competitive funding for scientific research in 2005. A national research agency was created to support the production of higher quality fundamental knowledge. I merge to our previous database on professorsand patents the data on the projects they submitted in 2005-2009 and the funding decisions of the selection committees. In a Heckman probit regression, I find that academics with experience or who have contributed to innovation have a higher propensity to apply but are less likely to be selected by the agency.[...]
... Over the last three decades, there has been a global increase in university patenting and licensing (Geuna & Nesta, 2006;Lissoni et al., 2008;Mowery et al., 2004;Siegel & Wright, 2015). Despite many statistics estimating the number of spin-offs or start-ups created and the number of jobs created (e.g. ...
This monograph investigates the involvement of firms in strategic alliances and the interplay with organizational absorptive capacity and organizational ambidexterity. The theoretical work highlights the positive aspects, as well as the negative aspects, for firms engaging in strategic alliances. The main contribution relates to the evaluation of both positive and negative outcomes of various types of strategic alliances. This monograph presents different avenues for firms regarding how to benefit from strategic alliances in terms of innovation, while avoiding threats such as unintended knowledge spillovers.
... As such, universities have the opportunity to be social actors and even connectors of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. For example, university-industry links can facilitate vital innovation processes (Mowery & Nelson, 2004;Agrawal, 2001;McMillan & Hamilton, 2003). ...
This chapter investigates how a cross-national university in a transitional region such as the Caribbean, implements its third mission. We employ a broad understanding of the third mission as engagement in society including entrepreneurial and innovative efforts. Drawing on the entrepreneurial architecture framework, the chapter discusses how systems, structures, strategy, leadership and culture form a unique mandate to engage in national, regional and international challenges.
... As such, universities have the opportunity to be social actors and even connectors of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. For example, university-industry links can facilitate vital innovation processes (Mowery & Nelson, 2004;Agrawal, 2001;McMillan & Hamilton, 2003). ...
... As such, universities have the opportunity to be social actors and even connectors of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. For example, university-industry links can facilitate vital innovation processes (Mowery & Nelson, 2004;Agrawal, 2001;McMillan & Hamilton, 2003). ...
... As such, universities have the opportunity to be social actors and even connectors of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. For example, university-industry links can facilitate vital innovation processes (Mowery & Nelson, 2004;Agrawal, 2001;McMillan & Hamilton, 2003). ...
... As such, universities have the opportunity to be social actors and even connectors of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. For example, university-industry links can facilitate vital innovation processes (Mowery & Nelson, 2004;Agrawal, 2001;McMillan & Hamilton, 2003). ...
... Since passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their patenting and licensing activities (Mowery et al., 2015). Analysts observing this change have credited it with having stimulated significant economic growth (Branscomb and Keller, 1998). ...
Higher education is undergoing unprecedented transformation. In the global knowledge economy universities are of paramount importance to governments worldwide. This creates a strong rationale for an element exploring how the interactions between universities and the state are being reconfigured, while highlighting the role policy analysis can play in explaining these dynamics. Specifically, this element draws on four theoretical approaches – New-Institutionalism, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Narrative Policy Framework, and Policy Diffusion and Transfer – to inform the analysis. Examples are drawn from a range of countries and areas of potential research informed by policy theory are identified. This element features a section dedicated to each of the three main missions of the university followed by an analysis of the institution as a whole. This reveals how universities, while typically seeking greater autonomy, remain subject to a multifaceted form of nation state oversight as they continue to globalise in an uncertain world.
... Numerous studies have been undertaken to clarify issues with respect to technology transfer from universities (Anderson et al., 2007;Comacchio et al., 2012;Debackere and Veugelers, 2005;Etzkovitz and Goktepe, 2005;Min et al., 2019;Mowery et al., 2015;Rasmussen, 2008). Apart from universities, NRIs are also an important component of the public academic sectors that contribute to the public research landscape (Barge-Gil and Modrego, 2011;Metcalfe, 2010). ...
Technology transfer systems (TTSs) and modes of national research institutes (NRIs) have become increasingly significant in shaping national innovation systems. However, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of emerging economies. To fill this research gap, this paper explores the TTSs and modes of Chinese NRIs based on a case study of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). We clarify the institutional factors that influence the adoption of an academy-branch-institute-level TTS, reveal the policy-driven evolvement of this multi-level TTS, and elucidate the operational mechanisms of the TTS. We find that the effective collaboration between the actors within or across the three levels of the TTS could enhance the functions of integration management, science and technology (S&T) resource allocation, and public research and development. Through a thematic synthesis approach, we identify three technology transfer modes of the CAS. These three modes exhibit an evolutionary sequence from the CAS-region cooperation mode to the incubation ecosystem mode and then to the platform-driven mode, following the progress of the Chinese S&T system reform and the repositioning of the CAS mission. These modes have diverse demands for technological cognition and resource allocation capability that can be satisfied by the co-specialised interaction among the three levels of the TTS. Apart from the theoretical implications for technology transfer studies, our findings provide managerial implications for guiding technology transfer from NRIs.
Goal: This study introduces an algorithm to sort alumni-founded companies from the public Brazilian Internal Revenue Service (IRS) database. Design/Methodology/Approach: Departing from IRS data and student data from the university, sequential filters are applied to arrive at a final list of alumni-founded companies. Results: The main result of this study is the establishment of the algorithm itself, which emerged after cycles of iterations of analysis and rewriting. To test its reliability, a sample of 1625 alumni was used. The algorithm successfully identified 140 founders of 159 AFC. Founders were heterogeneously distributed throughout the decades analyzed. Companies belonged to different industry sectors and were classified according to their technological intensity, with predominance of middle-low and low intensity. Research limitations/implications: Although the BR-AFC algorithm is applicable to any Brazilian institution, generalization to other countries depends on access to country-specific databases containing data about companies and its partners. Additionally, the final result depends on the reliability of input data and of user decisions about the rigor of its premises. Practical implications: The BR-AFC algorithm can improve measurements of the socioeconomic impact of educational institutions. It points to the formation of entrepreneurs and, as a consequence, institutions can evaluate courses and educational programs and improve curricula. Policymakers and sponsoring institutions can measure return over investment, outcomes of policies to encourage entrepreneurship and rank universities according to novel criteria. Originality/Value: The main contribution to the literature is exploring novel approaches to measuring university-industry relationship. More specifically, it proposes an algorithm to identify the alumni-founded companies of a given university from large country-based databases.
Using the classification system from the European Patent Office (EPO), we identify almost 600,000 patent applications for fourth industrial revolution technologies from 1986 to 2015. We contribute to the economic literature by seeking to answer two research questions: (1) What is the effect of legal breath (and other indicators) on the quality of innovations in the fourth industrial revolution, (2) How does the IP culture (utilitarism vs. natural law) explain these differences? We find that the legal breadth of a patent positively affects the quality of innovations in the fourth industrial revolution. Interestingly, this impact of legal breadth may be driven by historical path dependencies and ways in which the two philosophical schools (utilitarism vs. natural law) have shaped the patent system in Anglo-Saxon countries versus continental Europe.
Start-ups fuel innovation and economic growth by creating jobs and attracting investments in both developed and developing countries. The UAE exemplifies the significant impact of start-ups on the economy, with academia serving as a crucial catalyst for start-up development by providing research and development resources and human capital. The Emirati tech start-up MetaTouch, conceived at the United Arab Emirates University during the COVID-19 pandemic, showcases the fruitful collaboration between academia and industry in the UAE. This chapter explores MetaTouch’s history, accomplishments, and challenges, emphasizing the essential roles of start-ups, academic institutions, and government support in fostering innovation and economic growth. Successful commercialization of lab-developed products and services necessitates the concerted efforts of academia, industry, and government. MetaTouch’s launch in the UAE highlights the successful transition from lab concept to marketplace, with the commercialization process relying on a robust network for promotion and product trials.
Universities, especially major research universities, play a key role in national and regional economic development, with a critical component being the conversion of scientific inventions to innovation through the commercialization of university research. Unfortunately, commercialization success rates from university research are low, despite the introduction of many initiatives to increase the regional economic importance of knowledge mobilization and growing recognition of the regional benefits of using new technologies to catalyze venture creation. In this chapter, we examine the multiple ways in which universities and their communities’ benefit from the successful commercialization of university research, especially when this is through the creation of new ventures. We provide insights into major causes of low commercialization success, which can be explained by the context in which it occurs, a lack of process understanding, and fundamental changes in the technologies being commercialized and the role of venture creation.
The adoption and innovation of agricultural processing technology play a vital role in ensuring food security, sustainability, and competitiveness in the agricultural sector. This research presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of academic literature on agricultural processing technology adoption and innovation from a global perspective. The study aims to identify key research trends, influential authors, major research themes, and emerging areas of interest in this domain. The dataset was collected from reputable scholarly databases, and VOSviewer analysis was used to visualize co-authorship networks, keyword clusters, and citation impact maps. The results revealed seven distinct clusters of research themes, including agricultural enterprise and innovation policy, market competitiveness, quality of food processing technology, technology innovation for rural development, sustainable development, technology transfer, big data in agriculture, and agribusiness and innovation technology. Moreover, ten highly cited research papers were identified, signifying their significant impact on the field. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to enhance agricultural productivity, promote sustainable practices, and foster technology-driven innovations for a resilient global food system.
The fragmentation of the literature on intermediaries between the university and industry has led to a disorganised and confused theoretical landscape. This research addresses this gap in the literature by proposing an analytical tool that can be used as guidance. For this purpose, this work provides a taxonomy of these intermediaries and classifies them into five different classes. To this end, we review 125 studies on university–industry cooperation (UIC) intermediaries. In addition to the general and innovation-related information, we extracted specific data related to the relevant UIC intermediaries from each article, i.e. the type(s) of intermediary addressed and its identified functions. This taxonomy is based on twenty-two functions identified in the UIC intermediary literature and thirteen UIC intermediary types. The five proposed classes of intermediaries are specialised in five different roles. This integrative background can be applied in future research and in the definition of policy-based guidelines.
O Conselho Empresarial do Sul de Minas (CESUL) é um órgão colegiado de empresários, independente, não governamental e não político, coordenado pelo Grupo Educacional UNIS, instituição de ensino superior, com sede em Varginha-MG. Para fins deste artigo, buscou-se analisar, no âmbito da relação Universidade - Empresa (U-E) e mediante pesquisa qualitativa, as ações de inovação geradas e decorrentes da participação dos empresários no CESUL. Foi realizada análise documental mediante consulta às atas, comunicados, registros eletrônicos e notícias divulgadas pela Comunicação Interna do UNIS. Foram, também, entrevistados 7 membros do CESUL. Os dados narrativos, registrados por meio das entrevistas, foram transcritos, organizados em quadros síntese e analisados vertical e horizontalmente. Parece pertinente afirmar que o CESUL tem um papel importante na formação, orientação ou atualização dos executivos que o compõem - e que esses conselheiros são responsáveis por parte considerável dos ativos financeiros e humanos da região. Também, fica evidente que o CESUL é um agente de articulação de iniciativas que fazem convergir os esforços dos poderes governamentais, empresariais e universitários - e colocam esse tríplice hélice regional em movimento, a fim de prover soluções de impacto positivo e inovador na sociedade.
How do you read a patent and what subject matter is patentable? What is the purpose of a patent? Who is an inventor on the patent if work is done by many people on the project? What is the process of obtaining a patent in my country and globally? Read this chapter to see how you could lose commercialization rights to your own invention. When exactly does an invention or idea become patentable? Once you own a patent, how can you make money from it? What is the process of licensing and the key terms that should be negotiated in such a license agreement? What is the use of a copyright or a trade secret in biotech? What exactly constitutes patent infringement ? These questions and many others are addressed in this chapter on intellectual property.
O artigo apresenta a história do modelo, alguns conceitos, os estímulos e obstáculos tangíveis e intangíveis a esse. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apresentar e refletir sobre a relação entre universidade-empresa-governo, na busca de evidências teóricas que sustentem que as organizações podem desenvolver inovações. São apresentadas variáveis, entre barreiras e facilidades, na relação entre as três esferas. A metodologia proposta foi o estudo bibliográfico, em que se realizou uma pesquisa acerca da relação do modelo Hélice Tríplice e sua contribuição para o processo de inovação. Dentre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se a compreensão de que a inovação pode ser desenvolvida em outros ambientes, bem como, o conceito de universidade empreendedora, que emergente do modelo e é capaz de gerar o desenvolvimento por meio dos processos empreendedores.
This article systematically investigates the technology licensing by Stanford University. We analyzed all the inventions marketed by Stanford’s Office of Technology Licensing (OTL) between 1970 to 2020, with 4,512 inventions from 6,557 inventors. We quantified how the innovation landscape at Stanford changed over time and examined factors that correlate with commercial success. We found that the most profitable inventions are predominantly licensed by inventors’ own startups, inventions have involved larger teams over time, and the proportion of female inventors has tripled over the past 25 years. We also identified linguistic features in how the inventors and OTL describe the inventions that significantly correlate with the invention’s future revenue. Interestingly, inventions with more adjectives in their abstracts have worse net income. Our study opens up a new perspective for analyzing the translation of research into practice and commercialization using large-scale computational and linguistics analysis.
The author explicates the cultural DNA and take-off trajectory of an exemplary entrepreneurial university and its emerging focus on sustainability. Entrepreneurial initiatives, emanating from the engineering school in the late 19th century, spread to the physical sciences in the 1930s and to the biological sciences and medicine by the 1970s. A concerted and compressed academic development strategy sought researchers with related interests across disciplines, assuming that teaching could be diversified from these critical cores. A multi-pronged financial strategy included attracting federal research funds, leasing university land, technology transfer income and endowment from gifts and equity in university-originated firms in varying past and future proportions. Bottom-up initiatives proliferated, filling technology transfer and start-up support gaps in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Recently, some innovation initiatives have been shuttered as the Administration has tacked towards addressing climate change though a microscopic initiative. Given an institutionalized and legitimated culture and infrastructure of entrepreneurship and innovation, these dual institutional logics operate in tandem symbiosis, mutually fructifying each other.
The acceptance of new growth theory relates, in part, to a number of highly touted regional success stories—or what I term “Knowledge Based Economic Areas” (KBEAs) in this and past essays. The United States, and California in particular, is viewed as perhaps the most robust creators of KBEAs, providing an influential model that is visited and revisited by business and government leaders, and other Flagship (or leading national) universities, that wish to replicate their strengths within their own cultural and political terms. While California has a number of unique characteristics, including a robust University of California (UC) system with a strong internal academic culture and devotion to public service, the story of its historical and contemporary success of its higher education system as an agent of economic development is closely linked to a number of key contextual factors discussed in this chapter. This includes the internal culture, governance and management capacity of major universities in the United States, national investment patterns in R&D, the business environment, including the concentration of Knowledge Based Businesses, the acceptance of risk, the availability of venture capital, legal variables related to Intellectual Property (IP) and tax policies, the quality of regional workforces, and quality of life factors that are important components for attracting and retaining talent. In most of these KBEAs variables, California has enjoyed an advantage that helps to partially explain the success of the University of California (UC) and other major research universities as agents of economic development. This study focuses on seven contextual variables common to all KBEAs in the United States and much of the world, and with particular attention on California and the UC system—a network of ten research-intensive campuses.
Universities in the last decade should be more strategic in their purchasing since the importance of innovation and technology-based investment has markedly increased. The reduction and the decrease in the university budget have also made this issue inevitable. Therefore, the university administrations have preferred to use big data mining, analyses, and management to make long-term strategic investments on innovation and technology while they are systematically controlling their other procurements. In this study, therefore, the higher education institutions in Turkey have been analyzed, particularly in the areas of innovation and technology-oriented investments and purchases. The effects of the big data mining, analyses, and management have been taken into consideration in order to improve the impacts of these investments at the universities. It is important for the university management to increase the innovation and technology by doing right investments and procurements. Hence, the perception of university managers on this subject had been critically analyzed taking into account their experiences and problems faced in innovation and technology development. The top university managers (12) were chosen from the two public universities in particular. The interviews were conducted with them on innovation and technology-based investments and acquisitions by using data mining, analyses, and management. By using well-structured phenomenological research method, the collected data were analyzed and clustered for NVivo 10. The results of the research have showed that in order to have sustainable growth, success, and quality assurance at the universities by making innovation and technology based investments, all the participants agreed that the big data mining, analyses, and management were needed even though they had expressed their concerns. Most of the participants had mentioned that they did not have well-rounded and deep knowledge and experience in big data mining, analyses, and management, while some of them had clarified that they were aware about the best practices of the big data mining, analyses, and management in innovation and technology based investments. As the participants had pointed out that they had faced big problems in innovation and technology based procurements since they did not have any short and long-term vision related to the investments. For that reason, the participants clearly mentioned that they could control the investments and procurements by using big data mining, analyses, and management. Additionally, as the participants had shared that the common inventory could be used in order to control effectively and efficiently the investments by developing big data mining, analyses, and management. As a result, big data mining, analyses, and management could be used as soon as possible at the universities in order to increase exponentially the innovation and technology-based investments and in critical purchases.
Despite the prevailing socio-political and diverse economic situation Arab countries have sustained over three long decades, the Arab region is currently experiencing pronounced economic growth largely attributed to the huge reservoirs of natural resources disbursed across the region. In contrast, many countries around the world, that would exhibit close resemblances to the economic dynamics of the Arab region, have had immense developments, crossing economic boundaries, and attaining competitive edges industrially and economically at the world stage. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, Arab countries are left with little option but to delve into their own higher education research and development strategies to slowly unpack and replicate viable forms of technology into their local economies. In this chapter, we address current barriers, challenges and difficulties that have impacted severely the current adverse situations while exploring solutions and potential opportunities that are direly needed to transform the rather primitive, less competitive and outdated industrial paradigms into industrial pursuits that would leverage core industries to catalyze real economic growth. In so doing, we address industrial venues harnessing ongoing endeavors around the academic sector in ways that would veer academic outcomes in a direction that would invigorate serious world-class industrial formations. Along the way, we shall be addressing notions like innovation and entrepreneurship, intellectual property (IP) management, and start-up evolutions leading ultimately to spinoffs and thereon to small and medium enterprises (SMEs); the primary levers for job creation and real economic growth under any productively functional economy. Meanwhile, we explore the various contributions, if any, which have taken place in the Arab region as a result of ongoing endeavors of researchers to bolster economic growth and incentivize viable paths towards contriving real industrial models. This is considering a multitude of research pursuits around Arab universities and within indigenous research centers, a great many of which were receiving funding through local funding agencies or via international sponsors to carry the research wheel forward. Based on that, we draw conclusions, offer recommendations, and suggest policies that are commensurate with the United Nations 2030 Strategic Development Goals, which have become the benchmarks against which various world economies would fare. We also assess the impact of research endeavors, which have taken place in the Arab region, and whether they have, in fact, contributed to the evolution of livable industrial pursuits for the Arab world.
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