CONTROL OF THE EXHAUST GASES EMISSION OF CARS

Abstract

Preventive maintenance includes regular and preventive technical inspections of the vehicles, which also includes the control of the exhaust gases emission of cars. Besides the reduction of the technical malfunction of cars this inspection can also contribute the reduction of the negative impact on the environment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, and particularly in Federation B&H the activities have been started to properly equip the stations for technical inspection and since May 2009 the compulsory ECO test of vehicles has been introduced. This paper will present the brief chronology of testing in this field which resulted in its compulsory implementation at the state level.

Full text

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13th International Research/Expert Conference
”Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology”
TMT 2009, Hammamet, Tunisia, 16-21 October, 2009
CONTROL OF THE EXHAUST GASES EMISSION OF CARS
Fuad Klisura, dipl.inž.,
Semir Selimović, dipl.inž.,
IPI Institut, Fakultetska 1,
72000 Zenica, B&H
Željko Matoc
Federal Ministry of Transport
and Communications,
78000 Mostar, B&H
Dr. Drago Talijan,
AD EIB,
79000 Banja Luka,
B&H
ABSTRACT
Preventive maintenance includes regular and preventive technical inspections of the vehicles, which
also includes the control of the exhaust gases emission of cars. Besides the reduction of the technical
malfunction of cars this inspection can also contribute the reduction of the negative impact on the
environment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, and particularly in Federation B&H the activities have been
started to properly equip the stations for technical inspection and since May 2009 the compulsory
ECO test of vehicles has been introduced. This paper will present the brief chronology of testing in
this field which resulted in its compulsory implementation at the state level.
Key words: ECO test, exhaust gases, station for technical inspection of vehicles, inspectors
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to ever increasing pollution in the cities and ever increasing number of the vehicles in those cities the
total level of air pollution is increasing as well. The wish is to stop this trend and to start reducing the total
level of pollution. As the impact of the traffic in air pollution of the cities is significantly high the need to
reduce the consequences of such an impact is even greater. The reduction of air pollution can be achieved
by reduction of the number of vehicles having bad combustion and greater investments in supply of
modern vehicles having good quality of combustion and using fuels of better quality compared to the ones
that have been used so far. As it is more realistic to expect that much better results can be achieved by
reduction of the number of vehicles with bad combustion than by supply of the new vehicles, it is
absolutely necessary to have greater engagement of the stations for technical inspection in more thorough
inspection of the vehicles with respect to the quality of the exhaust gases.
2. CAR TESTING AIMED TO CONTROL THE EXHAUST GASES EMISSION
The equipment for inspection of the exhaust gases is the integral part of the equipment at all the
stations for technical inspection and makes the obligatory part of it. Considering the increased interest
in the quality of fuels being sold at our petrol stations, according to the instructions of the Federal
Ministry for Transport and Communications, „IPI“ Zenica, being the institution having the authority
transferred from the Federal Government to supervise the work of the stations for technical inspection
and their staff, as well as to calibrate the equipment installed in the stations, carried out the testing of
the fuels. The task was to carry out the tests with the registered vehicles with the most frequently
installed engines. Therefore, after having analyzed the registered vehicles in FB&H, IPI made the
decision about the models that were used in fuel testing. In supply of fuels for the tests, we used the
new canisters (jerry cans), with the volume of 5 l, and the records about fuels were kept by using
different designations to disable the inspectors as well as the owners of the vehicles to know which
petrol station the used fuel was supplied from. At each test the fuel was filled into one of the cars
being tested and it was tested on the equipment for control of exhaust gases at the stations, and these
devices had been calibrated by the institution in charge. Before the test the engines of all the cars had

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been heated to the proper temperature of 800C , in order to meet the requirement prescribed by the
regulations. Within the period from 04.11.2008. to 11.11.2008. the tests were carried out on 4 cars in
order to control the exhaust gases emission.. The cars tested are presented in the Table 1.
We selected two diesel engines and two petrol engines because, to our knowledge, these two types of
engines are most frequently present. The records kept for the vehicles as to the type of fuel for FB&H
for the period from 1.4.2008.-18.11.2008. show that there are 149598 (40%) cars having petrol engine
and 225429 with the diesel engine (60%), which is presented in Figure 1.
Table 1. The cars that underwent the exhaust gases emission test
Item Model Engine Power Fuel TEST Year Catalytic converter
1 ŠKODA FELICIJA 1,9D SD 47 kW Diesel TEST 1 '01
2 AUDI 80 1,6 TD 51 kW Diesel TEST 2 '85
3 ŠKODA FELICIJA 1,3 43 kW Petrol 98 TEST 3 '97 No catalytic converter
4 FORD ESCORT 1,4i 55 kW Petrol 95 TEST 4 '89 With the catalytic converter
The fuels used for the tests were taken from 16 petrol stations in Zenica-Doboj Canton, Middle Bosnia
Canton and there was one sample from Slovenia. All the tests were carried out by the equipment calibrated
by the authorised laboratories. There was a continuous control of the performed testing in order to avoid the
disallowed activities during the testing. All the tests from the first to the
last one were performed by the same team of people at the above stated
stations in order to achieve completely same performance of the tests. The
tests were carried out in such a way that neither the inspectors at the
stations for technical inspection nor the owners of the cars knew which fuel
and from which petrol station underwent the testing. After testing all the
fuels taken from the above mentioned petrol stations, we got the following
results which are presented in the Tables 3,4,5 and 6. Diagram for TEST
1 is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Records on the motor vehicles as to the type of fuel in FB&H
Table 2.: The name of the station for technical inspection and the equipment for testing
Item Name of the station for technical inspection Equipment at the station for technical inspection
1. AUTOCENTAR-BH ZENICA MAHA
2. REMIS II ZENICA CARTEC
3 AGRAM ZENICA MAHA
Table 3. TEST 1 ŠKODA FELICIJA 1,9D SD
47 kW Diesel
AUTO-
CENTER REMIS AGRAM Middle
Blackening
coef. k m-1 k m-1 k m-1 k m-1
1 0,31 0,23 0,28
0,27333
2 0,17 0,26 0,31
0,24667
3 0,17 0,24 0,47
0,29333
4 0,26 0,19 0,33
0,26
5 0,24 0,15 0,2
0,19667
6 0,2 0,21 0,23
0,21333
7 0,18 0,13 0,32
0,21
8 0,23 0,14 0,25
0,20667
9 0,22 0,2 0,26
0,22667
10 0,18 0,22 0,23
0,21
11 0,2 0,21 0,44
0,28333
12 0,23 0,23 0,37
0,27667
13 0,19 0,17 0,29
0,21667
14 0,22 0,23 0,32
0,25667
15 0,12 0,16 0,38
0,22
Average 0,208 0,198 0,312 0,239334
Allowed value for this engine is k ≤ 2,5 m-1
Figure 2. Diagram presenting the results for TEST 1
Diagram for TEST 2 is presented in figure 3.

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Table 4. TEST 2; AUDI 80 1,6 TD 51 kW Diesel
AUTO-
CENTER REMIS AGRAM Middle
Blackening
coef. k m-1 k m-1 k m-1 k m-1
1 2,89 0,24 3,87
2,33333
2 1,06 0,64 0,59
0,76333
3 0,42 0,37 0,65
0,48
4 0,44 0,79 0,85
0,69333
5 0,47 0,33 0,7
0,5
6 0,46 0,46 0,67
0,53
7 0,51 0,47 0,61
0,53
8 0,49 0,61 0,53
0,54333
9 0,82 0,24 0,26
0,44
10 0,55 0,19 0,57
0,43667
11 0,57 0,3 0,68
0,51667
12 0,87 0,22 3,39
1,49333
13 0,54 0,34 0,68
0,52
14 0,84 0,39 2,31
1,18
15 0,54 0,22 1,7
0,82
Average 0,764667 0,387333 1,204 0,785333
Allowed value for this engine is k ≤ 3,0 m-1
Figure 3. Diagram presenting the results for TEST 2
Diagram for TEST 3 is presented in figure 4.
Table 5. TEST 3; ŠKODA FELICIJA1,3 43 Kw Petrol
98; without catalytic converter
AUTO-
CENTER REMIS AGRAM Middle
Blackening
coef. % v ol. % vol. % vol. % vol.
1 9,99 13,06 9,99
11,01333
2 9,99 13,53 9,99
11,17
3 9,99 13,69 9,99
11,22333
4 9,99 13,28 9,99
11,08667
5 9,99 13,68 9,99
11,22
6 9,99 13,36 9,99
11,11333
7 9,99 13,3 9,99
11,09333
8 9,99 13,37 0,44
7,933333
9 0,23 13,32 0,44
4,663333
10 9,99 13,12 9,99
11,03333
11 9,99 13,42 9,99
11,13333
12 9,99 13,63 9,99
11,20333
13 9,99 13,29 9,99
11,09
14 9,99 13,48 9,99
11,15333
15 0,22 13,28 9,99
7,83
Average 8,688 13,38733 8,716667 10,264
Allowed value for this engine is ≤ 3,5 % volume share for the
vehicles first registered after 1.10.1986.
Figure 4.Diagram presenting the results for TEST
3
Diagram for 4 is presented in Figure 5.
Table 6. TEST 4; FORD ESCORT 1,4i 55 kW
Petrol 95; with the catalytic converter
AUTO-
CENTER REMIS AGRAM Middle
Blackening
coef. % vol. % vol. % vol. % vol.
1 0,56 0,16 0,14
0,28667
2 0,77 0,26 0,58
0,53667
3 0,58 0,22 0,34
0,38
4 0,83 0,11 1,06
0,66667
5 0,23 0,2 0,38
0,27
6 0,17 0,07 0,5
0,24667
7 0,54 0,27 0,23
0,34667
8 0,26 0,3 0,32
0,29333
9 0,06 0,32 0,1
0,16
10 0,1 0,29 0,06
0,15
11 0,31 0,19 0,64
0,38
12 0,54 0,22 0,16
0,30667
13 0,28 0,31 0,18
0,25667
14 0,72 0,12 0,27
0,37
15 0,68 0,24 0,92
0,61333
Average 0,442 0,218667 0,392 0,35089
Allowed value for this engine is the carbon monoxide
concentration (CO): CO ≤ 0,5 % volume share at the number of
rotations in idle run.
Figure 5. Diagram presenting the results for
TEST 4

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3. CONCLUSION:
1. Fuel from all petrol stations has satisfactory quality for the car from TEST 1. This is especially due
to the fact that the engine 1,9D SD has such a construction that it can be satisfactory even in the
case of some imperfections in the quality of fuel. The greatest number of consumers use this
engine model so that the sellers at the petrol stations are making efforts to supply the best possible
quality of this type of fuel.
2. Fuel from the petrol stations 1, 12, 14 and 15 has not a satisfactory quality for the cars from TEST
2. We may say that for this model of engine (Turbo diesel engines of older construction) which is
most frequently present in older cars used in FB&H, the fuel has such properties that it meets the
needs of this type of engine construction. Therefore these engines can still use diesel fuels being
sold at our petrol stations.
3. Fuel from all petrol stations except 8 and 9 does not have satisfactory quality for the car from
TEST 3. For this model of engine using petrol of 98 octane, we may say that they are practically
dying out and there are few of them in usage so that the owners of the petrol stations do not make
efforts to supply sufficiently good quality of this type of fuel.
4. Fuel from the petrol stations 1,2,3,4,11,14 and 15 is not of satisfactory quality for the car from
TEST 4. The engines using fuel of 95 octane, and especially if they have permanent catalytic
converters need the fuel of better quality, but unfortunately the sellers at the petrol stations are not
aware of this. Namely, the stated number of the petrol stations supplying fuel of unsatisfactory
quality shows this fact the best.
On the basis of the facts stated as regards to the tests performed we may presume that such and similar
testing carried out in other cantons would present the similar results because the petrol stations
purchase fuel from the same sources and the average age of the vehicles is rather uniform. However
we do hope that, in near future, these conclusions will change owing to good quality of daily
supervision of the work of stations for technical inspection in order to improve the standards of our
citizens.
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