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A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories.
International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (IRJNAS) ISSN: (2349-4077)
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International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences
Vol. 3, Issue 10, October 2016 IF- 3.827 ISSN: (2349-4077)
© Associated Asia Research Foundation (AARF)
Website: www.aarf.asia Email : editor@aarf.asia , editoraarf@gmail.com
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON
HUMAN AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Shaban Ebrahim1, Azab Elsayed Azab2, Mohamed Omar Albasha2,
and Naser Albishti
1
1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alejelat, Zawia University, Alejelat, Libya.
2 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alejelat, Zawia University, Alejelat, Libya.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study aim to review the sources of exposure to Electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) and its effects on the human health, through out summarized the key findings and
scientific issues regarding the electromagnetic sources and the biological effects of exposure
to EMFs on human and experimental animals. Electromagnetic sources can be classified
into natural electromagnetic sources [sun, some distant stars, atmospheric discharges like
thunder, or human body] and unnatural or human made sources [printers, vacuum cleaners,
cellular phones, hair dryers, refrigerators, washing machines, kettles microwaves, cables
that carry electrical currents, television and computers, electrical home gadgets, radio and
television base stations, mobile phone base stations and phone equipment], home wiring
airport, and transformers. EMFs might produce a variety of adverse in vivo effects such as
chronic fatigue, headaches, cataracts, heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain,
forgetfulness, influence the learning and memory, cardiovascular system and reproductive
system, CNS, endocrine, immune systems, sleep disturbances. It have been implicated in
adversely affecting multiple facets of human health such as leukemia, brain cancer, lung and
breast tumors, Lou Gehrig’s disease, genotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease, infertility,
birth defects, increased risk of miscarriage, childhood morbidity, de novo mutations,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, reproduction anomalies, suicide, and Alzheimer’s’
disease. Also, there was a positive relationship between occupational monitor labor during
pregnancy and the natural abortion rate. Conclusion: It can be concluded that exposure of
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International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (IRJNAS) ISSN: (2349-4077)
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human and animals to EMFs have been a negative effects on cardiovascular system, CNS,
endocrine, immune systems and reproductive system, the developing embryo/fetus, and cause
a histopathological changes and disturbances in functions of different body organs.
KEYWORDS: Electromagnetic fields, EMF sources, Health effects of EMF, Physiological
and histological effects of EMF.
INTRODUCTION
Power lines carrying high-voltage electricity are ubiquitous in the developed world and in
urban areas of many developing countries. For example, as of 1999, Sweden had 220,000 km
of power lines covering 450,000 km2 while South Africa, the most developed African
country, possessed 255,745 km of lines carrying electricity over 1,185,000 km2 [1, 2].
Similar to every device that carries an electric current, power lines generate electric and
magnetic fields that are collectively called electromagnetic fields [EMFs]. Electric fields are
measured in kilovolts per meter [kV/m] and magnetic fields in microteslas [µT]. Studies by
Hydro-Québec, a Canadian power company, found that the ambient magnetic field produced
by all electric currents flowing inside and outside a Canadian home ranges from 0.01 to 1 µT,
while household appliances alone ay generate magnetic fields of up to 4µT [2, 3]. The
strength of the electric and magnetic fields depends upon the current intensity carried through
a conductor and the distance of exposure from the source. Both fields are highest
immediately around a power line and diminish rapidly with distance away from the source
[2].
Electromagnetic fields exposure exists at home, workplaces as a result of all types of
electrical equipment such as refrigerators, washing machines and kettles [2, 4], and building
wiring as well as a result of nearby power lines. It represents one of the invisible
environmental pollutant factors that affect animals and human health [5, 6]. Humans beings
are unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields generated from various electrical
devices and from power transmission lines [7]. The increasing use of the electric technology,
electromagnetic fields especially the extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields [ELF-
EMF] have become a part of the modern life. These fields are produced by all electric
devices, including high energy sources like power lines and microwaves, but also found in
low energy devices such as cell phones [8]. Electromagnetic sources can be classified into
natural electromagnetic sources (sun, some distant stars, atmospheric discharges like thunder,
or human body) and unnatural or human made sources (printers, vacuum cleaners, cellular
phones, hair dryers, microwaves [9, 10], cables that carry electrical currents, Television [TV]
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories.
International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (IRJNAS) ISSN: (2349-4077)
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and computers, electrical home gadgets, radio and TV base stations, mobile phone base
stations and phone equipment) [11, 12], home wiring airport, and transformers [8]. High
electric current, mobile phones and their bases station are an important source of ultrahigh
frequency electromagnetic field and their utilization is increasing allover the world [13]. The
Electromagnetic fields an be classified into static, extremely low frequency, intermediate
frequency and radiofrequency fields. Among the previous types; the low frequency
electromagnetic field is wide spread in human environment and has a considerable attention
among scientific community. This field can originate from sources as trains for public
transport, any device involved in the generation, distribution or use of electric power [14, 15].
Also, it can be produced by power lines and many kinds of electric appliances [15-18].
In recent years histological and physiological studies have increased in the evaluation of the
effects of electromagnetic fields on human health [4, 6, 7, 19-23]. The safety of human
exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field sources both at
work and at home has become a public health issue [24]. Electromagnetic field might
produce a variety of adverse in vivo effects such as chronic fatigue, headaches, cataracts,
heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain, forgetfulness [25], influence the learning and
memory, cardiovascular system and reproductive system [26, 27], CNS, endocrine, immune
systems [15, 28], sleep disturbances, modifications of electroencephalographic activity as
well as alterations of biological functions in human and animals [29, 30]. Electromagnetic
fields have been implicated in adversely affecting multiple facets of human health, including
increasing the risks of life-threatening illnesses such as leukemia [31-34], brain cancer [33,
34], lung and breast tumors [15, 28, 35], Lou Gehrig’s disease [36], genotoxicity and
neurodegenerative disease, infertility, birth defects, increased risk of miscarriage, childhood
morbidity, de novo mutations [37, 38], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression [39, 40],
reproduction anomalies [41], suicide [42], and Alzheimer’s’ disease [43]. A great deal of
research and controversy exists as to whether or not exposure to EMFs affects the cellular,
endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems of vertebrates [2]. Exposure to extremely low-
frequency electromagnetic fields reduces the pineal gland's nocturnal production of the
hormone melatonin, thereby increasing susceptibility to sex hormone-related cancers such as
breast cancer [35]. Also, EMF may interfere with memory performance as there is evidence
suggesting impairing effects of stress- induced corticosterone release on object recognition in
rats [4, 44], or may certainly increase the risk of both Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer
[4, 45]. The key events arising from exposure to EMF may include alterations in cell
membrane activity and effects on various enzyme systems [4, 46].
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The effect of an electromagnetic field on the living organism is a complex phenomenon.
Studies show that electromagnetic fields have a range of complicated effects on the vital
molecules (DNA, ionic channels, and other body proteins) and activities of the nervous
system and other organs [10, 47]. Various theories were described concerning the effect of
EMF on living organisms through induction, resonance, and radical mechanisms [48-50]
affecting cell signal transmission, structure of biological membranes and ion transport,
processes of replication and transcription of nucleic acids and synthesis of proteins, and cell
proliferation processes [48-50]. The initial mechanism is physico-chemical in nature; and
afterwards biological effects develop. The physicochemical action of an electromagnetic field
consists in electron, ion, dipolar, macrostructure and electrolytic polarization. Other factors
may also play a role, such as molecular excitation, biochemical activation, generation of
radicals, chemical bond weakening, hydration change, altered relaxation time of atom
vibration, and altered spin of dipoles [51-54]. These physicochemical changes may affect the
biochemical parameters of serum [ 54].
It was reported that extremely low frequency EMF induced tissue damage in different organs
of the experimental animals [7, 20, 55]. Several studies on animal cells have also shown that
EMFs influence a large variety of cellular functions [6, 56]. EMFs penetrate human body and
act on all organs, altering the cell membrane potential and the distribution of ions and dipoles
[6, 57]. Chemical and physical processes at the atomic level are the bases of reactions
between biomolecules in an EMF, since the field can magnetically affect the chemical bonds
between adjacent atoms with consequent production of free radicals [6, 57-58]. These
alterations may influence biochemical processes in the cell, thus changing both biochemical
parameters and enzyme activities of serum [6, 51].
Effects of EMF on Hematological parameters
Purushothaman et al., [59] found that the adult male albino rats exposed to the
magnetic field of 202µT showed significant increase in RBCs, WBCs, Hbs and platelet
count as well as decrease in red blood cell indices values of MCV, MCH and
MCHC as compared with controls. The hematological parameters were affected by the
electromagnetic field exposure suggesting the possible induction of hazardous
biological effects during the exposure to magnetic field. Hashem and El-Sharkawy [4]
reported that Repeated exposure of mice to EMF of 2 mT intensity [4h /day] for 30 days
induced an increase in the count of RBCs, platelets, Hb content, Ht values and leukocytosis
with neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, compared to control unexposed mice. The
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phagocytosis % and phagocytic index were significantly increased in mice exposed to EMF
for 30 days.Also, an increase in Hb concentration, RBC, WBC and platelet numbers in rats
following exposure to EMF for 1h/day during 30 consecutive days have demonstrated [60,
61]. Among the characteristic biological effects of EMF are the functional changes in
immune systems [15, 28]. Also, Esfahani et al. [62] recorded that a significant increase in
RBCs, PCV and Hb in rats exposed for one year to electromagnetic field. Exposure to EMF
result in deterioration of RBCs function and metabolic activity, it was expected that, the
increase of toxicity in specific organs was a result of the RBCs functional failure. Therefore,
changes in antioxidants may be due to the deterioration in cellular membrane properties in the
liver. In addition to increase toxicity in different organs [63].
Effects of EMF on Serum Glucose Level
Hashem and El-Sharkawy [4] reported that exposure to EMF increased significantly
serum glucose level. The increase in the glucose level agrees well with previous findings with
EMF with different strengths [64-66]. Also, Sedghi et al., [67] reported that glucose level in
the blood of experimental animals was increased after exposure to EMF. Khaki et al., [10]
reported that exposure of rats to EMF produced by an electromagnetic device, with a
frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 3 mT 4 h a day for 6 weeks led to the decrease of insulin
blood concentration accompanied to the reduction of size of the pancreatic islets. Gorczynska
and Wegrzynowicz [68] study point to suppressing effect of exposure to EMF on insulin
secretion with a secondary increase in serum glucose concentration.
Effects of EMF on The Liver
Purushothaman et al., [59] reported that the adult male albino rats exposed to the
magnetic field of 202µT showed significant increase of AST and ALT levels in plasma
indicating the involvement of MF on liver cell membranes. Liver enzymes were
affected by the electromagnetic field exposure suggesting the possible induction of
hazardous biological effects during the exposure to magnetic field.
Hashem and El-Sharkawy [4] found that exposure to EMF increased significantly
transaminases activities. Serum transaminases have been widely utilized as biomarkers for
hepatocellular injury [61]. Magnetic field induced structural changes in hepatocytes,
primarily in mitochondria, and in turn significant increase in ALT activity, which indicates
cytotoxic effect [60, 69-70].
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EMFs were observed to influence enzyme action, signal transduction, protein synthesis and
gene expression. These activities play an important role in regulating cell growth and
processes important to promotion [6, 57, 71]. Furthermore, alterations may influence
biochemical processes in the cell, thus changing both biochemical parameters and enzyme
activities of the blood serum [6].
Effects of EMF on Serum Proteins
Hashem and El-Sharkawy [4] reported that the hyperproteinemia due to EMF exposure
suggesting the change in protein metabolism of stressed mice or the increase in the globulin
component. These results agree with similar reports [61, 72]. On contrary, a significant
decrease in the levels of total protein, albumin and /or globulins were observed in
steelworkers exposed to EMF [1.3 mT intensity and 50 Hz frequency, mean 6.8h /day] for
5days, and in rats exposed to EMF, 4-8hr daily, for 2months [73]. This discrepancy could be
due to the difference of the intensity of the EMF and the exposure scenario and duration. The
increased phagocytosis % and phagocytic index in mice with EMF exposure indicated that
the role of electromagnetic field is prevalent in the formation of effects of the intensity and
completeness of phagocytosis [74]. There is no generally accepted mechanism to explain how
extremely low frequency fields might initiate bioeffects, if any, on immune system [75].
Factors, such as frequency and amplitude of EMF and the exposure time are crucial for the
determination of the possible negative effects of EMF, including a low protein level in serum,
disturbances in protein synthesis at chromosal levels [12, 76].
Effects of EMF on The Kidney
Hashem and El-Sharkawy [4] found that exposure of mice to EMF increases serum
creatinine and urea levels. Similarly, Tsuji et al., [77] stated that mice exposed to SMFs [5 T]
for 48 h increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Exposure of mice to static
magnetic field [SMF] increased the blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine [65]. This may be due
to the renal dysfunction associated with contracted glomeral tufts of some glomeruli and
focal leukocytic aggregation by pathologic examination. Oktem et al., [76], Ozguner et al.,
[78] and Hanafy et al., [79] reported that renal impairment in animals exposed to mobile
phone radiations are due to oxidative stress induced by EMFs and using of melatonin [as an
antioxidant] may exhibit a protective effect against this impairment. Contrarily, SMF
exposure had no effect on serum creatinine and urea levels in rats [60].
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Gholampour et al., [12] reported that rats exposed to to a 50 Hz ELFEMF, 1 mT [emitted
from solenoid] for 24 h daily during 135 days were showed plasma concentration of
creatinine and urea nitrogen was increased [p<0.001] which was accompanied by marked
vascular congestion in the renal cortex and reduction in red blood cell count in glomerular
capillaries but there were no changes in total protein, albumin and globulin levels.
Effects of EMF on The Heart function
The detected significant increase of both CK and LDH levels after 3 months of
exposure to EMF are agreed with these of Zhang et al., [80], who reported that,
electromagnetic shield applied to volunteers showed a highly significant effect on serum level
of creatinine phosphokinase. Moreover, Olson and David [81] reported an elevation in CK,
LDH and GOT after exposure to radiofrequency. This may be due to that magnetic fields
interact with moving charges in cells and change their velocities, [82]. However, Cell
membranes have been identified as a primary site of interaction with the low frequency fields
[83]. Therefore, the alterations in these charges and molecules consider the first step in the
production of biological effects as magnetic field interact with moving charges and change
enzymatic activity [84]. In addition, EMF may regulate the rate and the amount of product of
biochemical reaction possibly through free radical mechanism including direct influence on
enzyme action [85].
Effects of EMF on The Reproductive parameters
To date, many in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that EMF exposure can alter
cellular homeostasis, endocrine function, reproductive function, and fetal development in
animal systems [24]. Use of electronic household items and cell phones are reported to
decrease fertility potential in men by decreasing sperm count, motility, viability, inducing
pathological changes in sperm and testes morphology, and so on [86]. Reproductive
parameters reported to be altered by EMF exposure include male germ cell death, the estrous
cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, early
embryonic development, and pregnancy success. At the cellular level, an increase in free
radicals and [Ca2+] may mediate the effect of EMFs and lead to cell growth inhibition,
protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The effect of EMF exposure on reproductive function
differs according to frequency and wave, strength [energy], and duration of exposure [24].
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Gye and Park, [24] reported that through in vitro and in vivo studies, EMF exposure was
found to alter the reproductive endocrine hormones, gonadal function, embryonic
development, pregnancy, and fetal development. Exposure to EMF adversely affects
spermatogenesis, Sertoli and Leydig cells [7, 87-89], and atrophy of the seminiferous tubules
[20] of experimental animals. Also, Khaki et al., [90] reported that exposure to
electromagnetic field in rats for 40 days caused a significant increase in apoptosis in testis,
percentage of testis vein congestion, and a significant decreases in testis weight, serum
testosterone. These effects were different according to the frequency, duration of exposure,
and strength of EMFs. Humans in modern society cannot avoid various kinds of EMFs during
household and occupational activities, but should be aware of the biological hazard of EMFs.
The effort to avoid EMF exposure and techniques to protect or relieve EMF radiation are
required to preserve our reproductive potential [24].
There was a positive relationship between occupational monitor labor during pregnancy and
the natural abortion rate [91-93]. Epidemiological studies on birth defects and abortions in
pregnant women working in offices revealed that the EMF generated from a computer
monitor can negatively affect human reproduction [91, 94].
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above literature we can conclude that the Exposure of human and animals to
EMFs have been a negative effects on cardiovascular system, CNS, endocrine, immune
systems and reproductive system, the developing embryo/fetus. and cause a histopathological
changes and disturbances in functions of different body organs.
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