Contribution to the biogeography of arctic-alpine fungi: first records in the Southern Carpathians (Romania)

Abstract

Contribution to the biogeography of arctic-alpine fungi: first records in the Southern Carpathians (Romania)
A list of 24 species collected in the alpine zone of the Southern Carpathians is given. Fourteen species are new to Romania and the Southern Carpathians; five have not been previously reported from the Carpathian Mts. A synopsis of the geographical distribution of eleven species representing the arctic-alpine element is included. The seven most interesting species, Inocybe alboperonata, I. microfastigiata, I. nespiakii, I. oreina, Lactarius brunneoviolaceus, L. nanus , and Russula heterochroa , are described and illustrations of their microcharacters are given.

Full text

SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 191
CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ARCTIC-ALPINE FUNGI:
FIRST RECORDS IN THE SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS (ROMANIA)
A. Ronikier
Ronikier, A. 2008. Contribution to the biogeography of arctic-alpine fungi: first records in the Southern
Carpathians (Romania). – Sommerfeltia 31: 191-211. ISBN 82-7420-045-4. ISSN 0800-6865.
A list of 24 species collected in the alpine zone of the Southern Carpathians is given. Fourteen spe-
cies are new to Romania and the Southern Carpathians; five have not been previously reported from
the Carpathian Mts. A synopsis of the geographical distribution of eleven species representing the
arctic-alpine element is included. The seven most interesting species, Inocybe alboperonata, I. mi-
crofastigiata, I. nespiakii, I. oreina, Lactarius brunneoviolaceus, L. nanus, and Russula heterochroa,
are described and illustrations of their microcharacters are given.
Keywords: Alpine agarics, Basidiomycetes, Romania, Southern Carpathians.
Anna Ronikier, Department of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz
46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland
INTRODUCTION
Arctic-alpine agarics are known to occur in the arctic areas of Europe, Asia and North America. In
Europe, a substantial amount of data has been gathered for the Alps while much less is known about
the distribution of this group of fungi in other alpine areas. Very few records are available from the
Carpathians, and no mycological investigations have been carried out in the alpine areas of the south-
ern and eastern parts of this mountain range to date. The main objective of this work is to present the
first records of fungi collected in the alpine zone of the Southern Carpathians (Romania). Special
attention is paid to the arctic-alpine element.
STUDY AREA
The Carpathians constitute a major mountain system in Europe. Situated in the south-eastern part of
the continent, they extend through Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania (Fig. 1). Approximately
55% of the range belongs to Romania, covering almost 30% of its territory (Ronikier 1996a). The
Carpathian Mts are divided into three parts: the Western Carpathians (Slovakia and Poland), the Eastern
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)192
Carpathians (Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania), and the Southern Carpathians (Romania). The
latter constitute a mountain chain about 320 km long running from the east to the west. They reach the
Predeal pass (1033 m) in the vicinity of Braşov in the West and the gorge of the Donau river, called
Porţile de Fier in the East (Ronikier 1996b). A characteristic feature of the Southern Carpathians is a
high average altitude; 10 % of the area reaches more than 2000 m a.s.l. Because of intensive pastoral
culture developed in the Romanian Carpathians, alpine and subalpine meadows cover extensive
areas in the mountain landscape, extending down to relatively low altitudes (Ronikier 1996b), at the
expense of subalpine dwarf pine forests and patches of Rhododendron myrtifolium Schott et Kotschy
and Juniperus communis L. ssp. alpina (Sm.) Čelak.
The Southern Carpathians are composed of several well differentiated massifs: Munţii
Făgăraşului, Munţii Iezer–Păpuşa, Munţii Leaota, Munţii Bucegi, Piatra Craiului, Munţii Parîng,
Munţii Căpăţinii, Munţii Lotru, Munţii Cindrel, Munţii Latoriţei, Munţii Sebeşului, Munţii Retezat,
Munţii Ţarcu, Munţii Godeanu, and some smaller ones. One national park is established in the Southern
Carpathians, Parcul Naţional Retezat, and three other parks are planned; in Munţii Bucegi, in Piatra
Craiului and in the small massif Cozia situated between Munţii Făgăraşului and Munţii Lotru (Soran
et al. 2000). Several areas are protected as nature reserves.
Six main massifs were studied: Munţii Făgăraşului, Munţii Iezer–Păpuşa, Munţii Bucegi, Munţii
Lotru, Munţii Cindrel and Munţii Latoriţei (Fig. 1). The vegetation of these massifs is conditioned
on the bedrock. Munţii Bucegi and Munţii Latoriţei are built up of limestone-rich rocks. Typical
calcareous ectomycorrhizal plant species, such as Salix reticulata L. and Dryas octopetala L., are
abundant in the former massif while they are completely absent throughout the latter. The other four
massifs are mostly granitic. The Iezer-Păpuşa, Lotru and Cindrel Mts. are dominated by poor, crys-
talline-bedrock grasslands. Salix herbacea L. and Polygonum viviparum L. occur there as the only
mycorrhizal hosts. In Munţii Făgăraşului, there are many places richer in nutrients, especially along
the edges of the main ridge cliffs and in schistous slopes; Salix reticulata and Dryas octopetala are
often encountered.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Extensive field work was carried out in the alpine belt of the Southern Carpathians in July and August
2004.
Most collections of fungi were made by Anna Ronikier and Michał Ronikier (AR, MR); some
collections were made by Elżbieta Cieślak (EC) or Jakub Cieślak (JC). The entire material is deposited
at the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow (KRAM).
References to colours follow Kornerup & Wanscher (1965).
RESULTS
About 200 collections were made during the field work of which 77 have been examined for this
paper. A total of 24 species have been identified, of which 11 are arctic-alpine and 13 species are
typical grassland species (Hygrocybe spp.) or ubiquitous species that occur in various habitats and
also frequently in the alpine zone. Fourteen species have not previously been reported from Romania
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 193
and from the Southern Carpathians: Amanita nivalis, Hygrocybe turunda, Inocybe alboperonata,
I. dulcamara, I. microfastigiata, I. nespiakii, I. oreina, Lactarius brunneoviolaceus, L. nanus, Li-
chenomphalia alpina, Mycena citrinomarginata, Russula heterochroa, R. nana, R. saliceticola. Five
species: Inocybe alboperonata, I. microfastigiata, I. oreina, Lactarius brunneoviolaceus, and Russula
heterochroa are new to the Carpathians.
DISCUSSION
Over 2000 species of Basidiomycetes are known to occur in Romania (Bontea 1985). Results of my-
cological investigations in the Romanian Carpathians have been reported in numerous publications;
those, however, focus mostly on microfungi or forest macrofungi. The body of data on macrofungi
recorded in Munţii Bucegi is fairly substantial (Kotlaba 1959, Eliade 1961, 1963, 1964, Eliade &
Toma 1977), and some records from Munţii Leaota (Toma & Diaconescu 1971) and Retezat (Pop
1989) are also available. Only three species of macrofungi are, however, encountered in the altitude
between 1800 and 2500 m in Munţii Bucegi; listed under the names “Deconica coprophylla (Fr. ex
Bull.) Karst, Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roze and Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr.” (Eliade 1963). To
the best of my knowledge, no previous published information exist on alpine fungi of the Southern
Carpathians. Thus, the present paper provides the first well documented observations of fungi from
the alpine zone of the Southern Carpathians. It clearly demonstrates that these mountains host a fungal
flora that is fairly rich in species of this ecological group of fungi.
Russula nana was the most common species in alpine areas in the Southern Carpathians. Al-
though found only in two massifs, it was very common, occurring not only with dwarf shrubs (Dryas
octopetala and/or Salix spp.) but also in those areas where Polygonum viviparum was the only present
potential mycorrhizal partner. The species is also known from the Western Carpathians, where it is
one of the most frequent arctic-alpine fungi.
Three species of Lichenomphalia were also encountered in the Southern Carpathians with
Fig. 1. Location of the Carpathians in Europe (left) and the massifs examined (right).
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)194
high frequency. Lichenomphalia hudsoniana, which is also very frequent in the Western Carpathians
(Lisicka 1999, Olech 2004), was the most common of these species. L. alpina is known only from
few localities in the Western Carpathians.
Some rare species of fungi are reported for the first time from the Southern Carpathians. Rus-
sula heterochroa is a very rare species, reported only from the French Alps and Swedish Lapland,
while Inocybe nespiakii is known from the Alps and the Western Carpathians. Inocybe alboperonata
had previously been reported from alpine zones of the Alps and the Pyrenees. These three species
were found in the Munţii Bucegi or Munţii Latoriţei massifs. These two calcareous regions of the
Southern Carpathians as well as the others not yet investigated within the present project seem to be
the most promising among Carpathian areas with respect to fungal species richness, due to presence
of many rare, calciphilous species.
The data collected are insufficient to acquire a general picture of the distribution of fungi in
both the Southern Carpathians and the entire Carpathian system, but some indications emerge. As the
alpine (and also subalpine) meadows cover extensive areas in the Southern Carpathians, high richness
of fungi associated with grassland vegetation can be expected in the area. Furthermore, high diversity
of bedrock types, giving rise to variation in edaphic conditions, results in the occurrence both of spe-
cies requiring nutrient-rich soils and species that prefer oligotrophic sites. This environmental and
vegetational variability suggests that this region has a potential for high fungal species richness.
COMMENTED LIST OF SPECIES
Amanita nivalis Grev.
Observations. Four carpophores were found growing in one place, on a large stone covered with a
soil layer and Salix retusa. One carpophore (KRAM F-54854) had a greyish cap without veil rem-
nants and a pure white volva while three others (KRAM F-54853) had a paler beige cap covered
with numerous small volval warts with an ochraceous tinge and a pale brownish spotted volva. All
specimens had white pruinose-floccose stipes without any girdles. Macroscopic and microscopic
features of the collected specimens are consistent with the detailed description provided by Knudsen
& Borgen (1987).
Notes on distribution. Amanita nivalis is known from arctic and subarctic areas of Finland,
Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russia (Polar Urals), from the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Scotland,
alpine zones of the Norwegian mountains as well as the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German
Alps, the Pyrenees and the Western Carpathians (Favre 1955, Lange 1955, Gulden & Lange 1971,
Kühner 1972, Bas 1977, Watling 1977, Bresinsky & Schmid-Heckel 1983, Trimbach 1983, Watling
1983, Bon 1985a, Gulden et al. 1985, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Gerhold 1986, Kühner & Lamoure 1986,
Bon 1987a, 1987b, Bon & Cheype 1987, Knudsen & Borgen 1987, Watling 1987, Tondl 1989a, Bon
1990, Elborne & Knudsen 1990, Bon 1991, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Knudsen & Mukhin 1998,
Vesterholt 1998, Vila et al. 1998, Škubla 1999, Campo & Bizio 2000, Knudsen & Ronikier 2003,
Niezdoiminogo 2003, G. Gulden pers. comm.). The species is new to Romania.
Amanita nivalis had not previously been reported from Romania; however, “Amanitopsis
vaginata (Bull.) Roze” is listed among fungi found at the altitude 1800–2500 m in Munţii Bucegi
(Eliade 1963). This record may belong to A. nivalis.
Specimen examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Podragului valley (towards the Şaua Podragului
pass), on a large stone covered with Salix retusa, N 45°36’17”, E 24°41’18”, alt. 2270 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM
F-54853, 54854.
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Entoloma conferendum (Britzelm.) Noordel.
Notes on distribution. Entoloma conferendum occurs in various habitats, and although it is not an
arctic-alpine fungus, it occurs commonly in the alpine zone of European mountains (e.g. Gulden &
Lange 1971, Kühner & Lamoure 1985, Horak 1993, Vila et al. 1998). It is also very common in the
Western Carpathians (Knudsen & Ronikier 2003).
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Caprei valley, subalpine meadow (pasture), among
mosses, N 45°35’23”, E 24°38’49”, alt. 1700 m, 03-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54900; E ridge of the Ţarâta peak,
alpine meadow, among Polygonum viviparum and Dryas octopetala, N 45°36’20”, E 24°41’42”, alt. 2400 m, 05-08-2004,
leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54897; S-E slope of the Vf. Corabia peak, alpine meadow, N 45°36’13”, E 24°43’01”, alt. 2300 m,
05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54899; E slopes the Viştea Mare peak, alpine meadow, among grass, N 45°36’11’’, E
24°44’10’’, alt. 2480 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54898; upper E part of the Valea Rea valley, alpine meadow,
snow-bed, N 45°36’27”, E 24°45’52”, alt. 2160 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54896.
Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill
Notes on distribution. Gymnopus dryophilus is one of the most common and widely distributed
Gymnopus species. It is also quite common in arctic-alpine habitats (e.g. Gulden & Lange 1971,
Kühner & Lamoure 1985, Schmid-Heckel 1985).
Specimens examined. Munţii Iezer–Păpuşa, vicinity of lake Lacul Iezeru, alpine meadow, N 45°27’38”, E 24°57’40”,
alt. 2140 m, 30-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54913; N 45°27’35’’, E 24°57’41’’, alt. 2400 m, 01-08-2004, leg. AR, MR,
KRAM F-54915; the Curmătură Oticului pass, subalpine/alpine meadow, among Rhododendron myrtifolium, N 45°29’42’’,
E 24°56’17’’, alt. 1850 m, 31-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54914;
Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.: Fr.) Wünsche
Notes on distribution. The fungus is not associated with the alpine zone, but it is known from
alpine habitats (e.g. Kühner 1977, Jamoni 1998-99). The species is typical of grassland vegetation
(Boertmann 2000).
Specimen examined. Munţii Latoriţei, N-W slopes of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine pasture on calcareous
bedrock, among grass, N 45°24’26’’, E 23°47’37’’, alt. 1960 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54909.
Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
Notes on distribution. Hygrocybe conica is a widely distributed species occurring in many different
habitats. Many reports are available from arctic-subarctic and alpine-subalpine regions of the northern
and southern hemispheres (Boertmann 2000). The species is also common in alpine and subalpine
meadows of the Western Carpathians (A. Ronikier, unpublished data).
Specimens examined. Munţii Bucegi, main plateau, slopes between the Cabana Babele hostel and Muntele Caraiman,
alpine meadow, N 45°24’39’’, E 25°28’25’’, alt. 2200 m, 27-07-2004, leg. EC, KRAM F-54901; Munţii Făgăraşului, the
Şaua Caprei pass, alpine meadow, among Thymus sp., N 45°36’10”, E 24°37’34”, alt. 2315 m, 08-08-2004, leg. AR, MR,
KRAM F-54902; the Valea Sâmbăta valley, Piatra Caprei, subalpine meadow, among stones (calcareous), N 45°37’48’’, E
24°48’16’’, alt. 1750 m, 10-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54903; Munţii Latoriţei, the ridge of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare
peak, alpine meadow, among grass, N 45°24’38”, E 23°47’57”, alt. 1980 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54904; the
slope between the Curmătură Vidruţei pass and the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, subalpine/alpine meadow, among grass, N
45°24’45”, E 23°47’45”, alt. 1870 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54905.
Hygrocybe pratensis (Pers.: Fr.) Murrill
Notes on distribution. Hygrocybe pratensis is a common species, occurring on almost all continents
(Boertmann 2000). It is also frequent in the arctic-alpine regions (e.g. Favre 1955, Kühner & Lamoure
1986, Jamoni 1998-99, Vila et al. 2001, Borgen & Arnolds 2004).
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Caprei valley, alpine/subalpine meadow (pas-
ture), N 45°35’23”, E 24°38’49”, alt. 1700 m, 12-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F- 54865; Munţii Lotru, N slope of the
Vf. Ştefleşti peak, alpine/subalpine meadow, on a path, N 45°32’12”, E 23°47’57”, alt. 2005 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR,
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KRAM F-54864, Munţii Latoriţei, the ridge of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine meadow, N 45°24’38”, E 23°47’57”,
alt. 1980 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54866.
Hygrocybe psittacina (Schaeff.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
Notes on distribution. Like the three species mentioned above (Hygrocybe chlorophana, H. conica
and H. pratensis), Hygrocybe psittacina is a widespread species which also occurs in subarctic and
subalpine-alpine meadows (Boertmann 2000).
Specimen examined. Munţii Latoriţei, N-W slopes of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine pasture on calcareous
bedrock, among grass, N 45°24’26’’, E 23°47’37’’, alt. 1960 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54911.
Hygrocybe turunda (Fr.: Fr.) P.Karst.
Observations. The collection from the Southern Carpathians is characterized by orange to orange-
reddish (6A8, 7A8, 8A8) paling to yellow-buff (4A5) pilei covered with dark violet-brown, almost
black (11F3–4, 12F3) squamules and by pale yellow (2A5), decurrent lamellae.
Taxonomic notes. The macro- and microcharacteristics of the specimens are consistent with
the descriptions given by Boertmann (2000) and Borgen & Arnolds (2004).
Notes on distribution. The fungus has a boreal-montane, low alpine to (sub-) arctic distribu-
tion (Borgen & Arnolds 2004). The species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Latoriţei, N slopes of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine meadow, among mosses,
N 45°24’38”, E 23°47’57”, alt. 1980 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54910.
Inocybe alboperonata Kühner
Fig. 2.
Description. Cap 1–2 cm in diameter, campanulate with prominent umbo and decurved margin,
greyish brown, clay-buff, dark greyish buff (5C3–4, 5D3–4), surface covered with white veil giving
fibrillose-squamulose appearance, darker brown under veil. Lamellae greyish yellow, beige (4B3,
4C3), moderately distant, adnate, up to 3 mm broad, edge whitish ciliate. Stipe 2–5 × 0.4 × 0.6 cm,
cylindrical, white when young because of a thick layer of white veil, isabella (5D6) under veil, not
pruinose or only at extreme apex. Flesh whitish, smell spermatic, taste mild.
Spores amygdaliform with conical apex, 9.5–12 × 5.5–6 µm. Basidia 31–35 × 8–11 µm, with 4
sterigmata. Cheilocystidia cylindrical to fusiform, 60–104 × 11–18 µm, walls 1–1.5(2.5) µm. Pleuro-
cystidia similar, 50–110 × 11–25 µm, scattered. Caulocystidia not well developed, rare, present only
in extreme apex of the stipe, cylindrical, fusiform or lageniform, 70–140 × 11–26 µm.
Taxonomic notes. A discussion of closely related taxa is provided by Esteve-Raventós & Vila
(1998).
Ecological notes. Inocybe alboperonata is considered to be a calciphilous species associ-
ated with Salix and Dryas (Esteve-Raventós & Vila 1998). The Carpathian record accord with the
anticipated ecological preferences of the species: it was also found on limestone, with Polygonum
viviparum as the only potential mycorrhizal host.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe alboperonata has been reported from the Alps (Kühner 1988)
and the Pyrenees (Esteve-Raventós & Vila 1998). The species is new to the Carpathians and Roma-
nia.
Specimen examined. Munţii Latoriţei, the Vf. Mogoşu peak, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum, N 45°24’26’’,
E 23°47’37’’, alt. 1960 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55178.
Inocybe dulcamara (Alb.& Schwein. ex Pers.) P.Kumm.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe dulcamara is a widespread and greatly variable species, very often
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 197
reported from arctic-alpine habitats (e.g. Favre 1955, Vila et al. 2001, Niezdoiminogo 2003). The
species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Bucegi, Muntele Caraiman, calcareous (?) rocks near the marked trail to the Vf. Caraiman
peak, alpine meadow, with Dryas octopetala and Salix reticulata, N 45°24’51’’, E 25°29’34’’, alt. 2300 m, 26-07-2004, leg.
AR, MR, KRAM F-55174.
Inocybe lacera (Fr.) P.Kumm.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe lacera is a greatly variable species occurring in lowlands and quite
common in alpine habitats (e.g. Favre 1955, Gulden & Lange 1971).
Specimens examined. Munţii Lotru, the Vf. Cristeşti peak, alpine meadow with Salix herbacea, N 45°31’37”, E
23°47’24”, alt. 2182 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55176; the Vf. Ştefleşti peak, edge of the postglacial kettle, alpine
meadow with Salix herbacea, N 45°31’55’’, E 23°48’27’’, alt. 2220 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55177.
Fig. 2. Inocybe alboperonata Kühner, coll. KRAM F-55178: ch – cheilocystidia, pl – pleurocystidia,
ca – caulocystidia; scale bar = 10 µm.
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Inocybe microfastigiata Kühner
Fig. 3.
Description. Cap 1.5–2 cm in diameter, conical, straw yellowish brown, honey-coloured
(4B4–6) with darker, yellowish brown centre (5D7), surface rimose, margin decurved in young speci-
mens and white ciliate because of veil remnants. Lamellae pale greyish-yellow (3B4), moderately
crowded, adnate, broad. Stipe 2–2.5 × 0.3 × 0.4 cm, cylindrical or subbulbose, white, longitudinally
fibrillose, apex pruinose. Flesh white, pale ochraceous at base, smell herb-like, taste none.
Spores ellipsoid, subphaseoliform 11–12 × 6–7 µm. Basidia 35–37 × 10–11 µm, with 4 sterig-
mata. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia cylindrical, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, some septate,
35–55 × 9–12 µm. Caulocystidia present only at stipe apex, cylindrical, thin walled, very long, up to
>100 µm, 7–12 µm in diameter, septate.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe microfastigiata is known from the Swiss, French and Italian
Alps (Kühner & Lamoure 1986, Bon 1992, Jamoni & Bon 1995). However, as the taxonomy of the
Inocybe fastigiata group is in need of revision, the actual geographical distribution of I. microfastigiata
is not known. The species is new to the Carpathians and Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Bucegi, Muntele Caraiman, calcareous (?) rocks near the marked trail to the Vf. Caraiman
peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala and Salix reticulata, N 45°24’51’’, E 25°29’34’’, alt. 2400 m, 26-07-2004, leg.
AR, MR, KRAM F-55179.
Inocybe nespiakii Bon
Fig. 4.
Description. Cap 1–2 cm in diameter, convex with a decurved margin, then plane with slightly
depressed centre, yellowish brown, brownish olive (5D6–7, 5E6–7), surface tomentose, fibrillose or
slightly squamulose. Lamellae yellowish buff (4C6, 4C7), then brownish (4F8, 5F8), moderately
crowded, adnate, broad. Stipe 1–1.5 × 0.3 × 0.5 cm, cylindrical, honey-coloured (4B4, 4B5), without
distinct remnants of veil, longitudally fibrillose, hollow. Flesh whitish chrome (3A2), without smell
and taste. Veil inconspicuous.
Spores ellipsoid-cylindrical, 10–14(15) × 5–6 µm. Basidia 35–42 × 10–11 µm, with 4 sterigmata.
Cheilocystidia cylindrical to broadly clavate or almost spherical, 25–38 × 10–20(36) µm.
Taxonomic notes. The name I. nespiakii was created by Bon (1996) as a replacement for the
invalid name I. favrei described by Nespiak (1990). I. nespiakii is considered to be an alpine species
(Bon 1997). Although Nespiak described the species on the basis of Favre’s alpine collection of I.
dulcamara f. aff. malenconii (Favre 1955), he selected a type collection from the subalpine spruce
forest of the Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians). I. nespiakii is very similar to I. malenconii Heim var.
megalospora Stangl & Bresinsky. According to the original description (Nespiak 1990), the former
species is characterized by lack of a distinct cortina (stipe surface is covered by fibrils which do not
form any trace of a ring), while the latter taxon has a very well developed veil (Stangl 1989). In the
description of I. nespiakii provided by Bon (1997), the stipe of the species is “fibriloso-laineux” or
has a thick cortina. The typical I. malenconii has a distinct but fugacious cortina (Heim 1931). As the
presence or absence of cortina seems to be a variable feature, it cannot be excluded that I. nespiakii is
conspecific with I. malenconii var. megalospora and I. malenconii. Bizio (1997) reports I. maleconii
from the alpine zone. He also points out the differences between I. malenconii and I. nespiakii, and
notices that their similarity makes the distinction between the two species very difficult.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe nespiakii is known from alpine habitats of the Swiss and French
Alps (Favre 1955, Kühner & Lamoure 1986, Bon 1991). I. malenconii reported from the alpine zone
of the Italian Alps (Bizio 1997) may be conspecific with the Carpathian specimens examined. The
species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Bucegi, Muntele Caraiman, calcareous (?) rocks near the marked trail to the Vf.
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 199
Caraiman peak, alpine meadow, with Dryas octopetala, N 45°24’51’’, E 25°29’34’’, alt. 2400 m, 26-07-2004, leg. AR, MR,
KRAM F-55175.
Inocybe oreina J.Favre
Fig. 5.
Description. Cap 1.5–2 cm in diameter, conico-campanulate, yellowish brown (5D7, 5E7–8),
surface fibrillose arachnoid. Lamellae yellowish beige (4C5, 4D5), moderately crowded, adnate,
broad, edge slightly ciliate, paler or brownish. Stipe 2.5–3 × 0.4 × 0.5 cm, beige, honey-coloured
(4B4), white pruinose over entire length, base bulbose, bulb marginate. Flesh yellowish grey in cap
Fig. 3. Inocybe microfastigiata Kühner, coll. KRAM F-55179: ch – cheilocystidia, ca – caulocystidia;
scale bar = 10 µm.
Fig. 4. Inocybe nespiakii Bon, coll. KRAM F-55175: ch – cheilocystidia; scale bar = 10 µm.
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)200
(3B4), pale cream in stipe (3A3), without smell and taste. Veil not observed.
Spores bluntly 6–8-angled, 11–14(15) × 8–10 µm. Basidia 41–50 × 12–13 µm, with 4 sterig-
mata. Cheilocystidia cylindrical to narrowly lageniform-fusiform 70–100 × 12–22 µm, thick walled,
walls 1.5–3(4) µm. Pleurocystidia similar 65–105 × 14–20 µm. Caulocystidia cylindrical 38–140
× 10–15 µm, mostly thin-walled (wall 0.5–1.5 µm), very abundant in upper part of the stipe, less
frequent in its lower part.
Taxonomic notes. The shape of spores, intermediate between elliptic (smooth) and nodulose,
is the most characteristic feature of the species. Another alpine species, I. concinnula, described by
Favre (1955), also has such characteristically angled spores.
Notes on distribution. Inocybe oreina is a rare alpine species, known from the French, Swiss,
Italian and German Alps and the alpine zone of the Norwegian mountains (Favre 1955, Bresinsky &
Schmid-Heckel 1982, Bon 1985a, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Kühner & Lamoure 1986, Horak 1987, Küh-
ner 1988, Bon 1991, 1992, Bizio 1995, G. Gulden, pers. comm.). The locality in Munţii Făgăraşului
is the first one in the Carpathians. The species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, N slopes of the Şaua Podragului pass, alpine meadow with Salix retusa,
S. reticulata, Polygonum viviparum and Dryas octopetala, among S. reticulata, N 45°36’15”, E 24°41’23”, alt. 2330 m, 05-
08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55180.
Lactarius brunneoviolaceus M.P.Christ. (=L. robertianus Bon)
Fig. 6.
Description. Cap 1–3 cm in diameter, convex with a decurved margin, brown vinaceous,
vinaceous grey (8E5, 8F5, 8D3, 8E3), more or less uniformly coloured with withish margin (espe-
cially when young), azonate, surface viscid. Lamellae first whitish cream (3A3) then cream (4A3),
moderately crowded, adnate or slightly decurrent, narrow, staining violet when bruised. Stipe 1–1.5
× 0.5 × 0.7 cm, cylindrical, white to cream, staining violet when bruised. Flesh white, turning violet
when cut, smell characteristic, reminiscent of Lactarius quietus or cedar-oil, taste the same as smell,
mild. Milk scarce, white turning violet.
Spores broadly ellipsoid, 10–11 × 7.5–8.5 µm, ornamentation low, in the form of ridges and
lines forming incomplete reticulum. Basidia 45–53 × 11–12 µm, with 4 sterigmata. Pleurocystidia
75–84 × 7–10 µm, narrowly fusiform often with mucronate apex, scattered. Cheilocystidia similar,
fusiform to narrowly fusiform, 50–80 × 7–8 µm. Pileipellis an ixotrichoderm.
Notes on distribution. Lactarius brunneoviolaceus is a typical arctic-alpine species. It is
known from Swedish Lapland and Russian arctic, the Polar Urals, the Faroe Islands, the Norwegian
mountains, the Swiss, French, Italian and German Alps, and the Pyrenees (Kühner 1975a, Bon 1985a,
1985b, 1990, 1991, Senn-Irlet 1993, Knudsen & Mukhin 1998, Vesterholt 1998, Vila et al. 1998,
Basso 1999, Bresinsky et al. 2000, G. Gulden, pers. comm.). This species is new to the Carpathians
and Romania.
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, the Ţarâta peak, alpine meadow with Salix retusa, S. reticulata, Poly-
gonum viviparum and Dryas octopetala, N 45°36’20”, E 24°41’42”, alt. 2440 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55108;
the Ucea Mare peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala, N 45°36’24”, E 24°43’16”, alt. 2400 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR,
MR, KRAM F-55109; the Arpaşu Mare peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala, N 45°35’48”, E 24°40’49”, alt. 2460
m, 12-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55110.
Lactarius nanus J.Favre
Fig. 7.
Description. Cap 1–2 cm in diameter, convex with a decurved margin and very small umbo,
dark fawn, clay-buff, fuscous, (5C4, 6 E3–4, 6F3–4, 7E3–4, 7F3–4), more or less uniformly col-
oured, azonate, surface slightly viscid. Lamellae first whitish cream, pinkish buff (5A4–5, 5B4–5),
moderately crowded, adnate, forked at the stem, narrow. Flesh cream to pinkish, taste mild, smell
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 201
none. Milk very scarce, watery white.
Spores broadly ellipsoid, 7.5–8 × 6–6.5 µm, ornamentation low, in the form of ridges and lines
forming incomplete reticulum. Basidia 35–42 × 11–12 µm, with 4 sterigmata. Pleurocystidia 43–65
× 7–8 µm, cylindrical with obtuse apex, rarely mucronate, scattered. Cheilocystidia similar, mostly
with obtuse apex, 40–50 × 7–9 µm. Pileipellis an ixocutis 30–40 µm thick.
Notes on distribution. Lactarius nanus is one of the most common arctic-alpine species of the
genus, more frequently encountered in the alpine zone than in the Arctic. It is known from northern
Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Svalbard, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Ireland,
Fig. 5. Inocybe oreina J. Favre, coll. KRAM F-55180: ch – cheilocystidia, pl – pleurocystidia, ca
– caulocystidia; scale bar = 10 µm.
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)202
from the alpine zone of the Norwegian and Swedish mountains, the Austrian, Swiss, French, Italian
and German Alps, the Pyrenees and North American mountains (Favre 1955, Horak 1960, Gulden
& Lange 1971, Kühner 1975a, Knudsen & Borgen 1982, Lamoure 1982, Lamoure et al. 1982, Bon
1985a, Gulden et al. 1985, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Kühner & Lamoure 1986, Bon & Cheype 1987,
Moser & McNight 1987, Senn-Irlet 1987, Bon 1990, 1991, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Ohenoja &
Ohenoja 1993, Senn-Irlet 1993, Bon & Ballarà 1996, Peintner 1998, Vesterholt 1998, Basso 1999,
Bresinsky et al. 2000, Vila et al. 2001, Niezdoiminogo 2003, G. Gulden pers. comm.). The species
has also been found several times in the alpine zone of the Western Carpathians and has been reported
from Ukraine (Fellner & Landa 1991, 1993, Skirgiełło 1998, Škubla 1999, Antonín & Škubla 2000).
The species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Latoriţei, the ridge of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine meadow with Polygonum
viviparum, N 45°24’38”, E 23°47’57”, alt. 1980 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55142.
Fig. 6. Lactarius brunneoviolaceus M. P. Christ., coll. KRAM F-55108: ch – cheilocystidia, pl
– pleurocystidia; scale bar = 10 µm.
Fig. 7. Lactarius nanus J. Favre, coll. KRAM F-55142: ch – cheilocystidia, pl – pleurocystidia; scale
bar = 10 µm.
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 203
Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Notes on distribution. Lichenomphalia alpina is a typical arctic-alpine species widely distributed
but not as common as L. hudsoniana. It is known from arctic-subarctic areas of Sweden, Norway,
Finland, Russia, Canada, Alaska, from Svalbard, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Scotland,
alpine zones of the Norwegian mountains and the French and Swiss Alps (Favre 1955, Lange 1955,
Miller 1968, Bigelow 1970, Gulden & Lange 1971, Watling 1977, Lamoure et al. 1982, Watling
1983, 1987, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Lamoure 1993, Vesterholt 1998, Niezdoiminogo 2003, G.
Gulden, pers. comm.). Lichenomphalia alpina has also been reported from the Western Carpathians
(Bujakiewicz 1993, Flakus & Bielczyk 2006) but it seems to be very rare there. The species is also
known from the Andes in South America and from lowland sites (Gulden et al. 1985). The species
is new to Romania.
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, the Ţarâta peak, alpine meadow, among rocks, N 45°36’20”, E 24°41’42”,
alt. 2440 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54880; the Moldoveanu peak, alpine meadow, N 45°36’11’’, E 24°44’10’’,
alt. 2540 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54885; the Arpaşu Mic peak, alpine meadow, N 45°35’46”, E 24°39’34”,
alt. 2455 m, 12-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54879; Munţii Iezer–Păpuşa, slopes of the Iezeru Mare peak towards
lake Lacul Iezeru, alpine meadow, among rocks, N 45°27’24’’, E 24°57’43’’, alt. 2170 m, 30-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM
F-54881; Munţii Lotru, the Vf. Ştefleşti peak, edge of the postglacial kettle, alpine meadow, N 45°31’55’’, E 23°48’27’’,
alt. 2220 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54882; Munţii Cindrel, the Vf. Cindrelu Mare peak, Cǎldarea Iezeru Mic,
alpine meadow, N 45°34’43’’, E 23°48’07’’, alt. 2200 m, 14-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54883.
Lichenomphalia hudsoniana (H.S.Jenn.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Notes on distribution. Lichenomphalia hudsoniana is one of the most common arctic-alpine spe-
cies occurring mainly in the alpine zone and arctic areas, but descending to subalpine and subarctic
belts. It has also been reported from lowland sites in Denmark (Gulden et al. 1985). The species is
known from arctic and subarctic areas of northern Norway, Sweden and Finland, from Svalbard,
Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Scotland, Alaska, northern Canada, Russia, North American mountains,
Norwegian mountains, the Swiss Alps and from the alpine zone of South American mountains (Favre
1955, Lange & Skifte 1967, Bigelow 1970, Gulden & Lange 1971, Watling 1977, Lamoure et al.
1982, Miller 1982, Watling 1983, Gulden et al. 1985, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Redhead & Kyuper 1987,
Watling 1987, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Lamoure 1993, Knudsen & Mukhin 1998, Vesterholt 1998,
Niezdoiminogo 2003, G. Gulden, pers. comm.). L. hudsoniana is also very common in the Western
Carpathians (Adamčik 1998b, Tondl 1989b, Lisicka 1999, Olech 2004).
The species has been reported by lichenologists from the Southern Carpathians as Coriscium
viride Wain. (Moruzi et al. 1967).
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, the Ţarâta peak, alpine meadow with Salix retusa, S. reticulata, Polygonum
viviparum and Dryas octopetala, N 45°36’20”, E 24°41’42”, alt. 2440 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54867; the
Moldoveanu peak, alpine meadow, N 45°36’11’’, E 24°44’10’’, alt. 2540 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54868;
the Arpaşu Mare peak, alpine meadow, N 45°35’48”, E 24°40’49”, alt. 2460 m, 12-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54869;
Iezer–Păpuşa Massif, E crest of the Iezeru Mare peak, alpine meadow, N 45°28’01’’, E 24°57’14, alt. 2400 m, 31-07-2004,
leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54870, alt. 2450 m, 31-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54872; vicinity of lake Lacul Iezeru, alpine
meadow, N 45°27’38”, E 24°57’40”, alt. 2140 m, 30-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54871; Munţii Latoriţei, the Vf.
Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine meadow, N 45°24’14”, E 23°48’17”, alt. 2503 m, 16-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54876;
Munţii Lotru, the Vf. Cristeşti peak, alpine meadow, N 45°31’37”, E 23°47’24”, alt. 2180 m, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54873;
the Vf. Ştefleşti peak, edge of the postglacial kettle, alpine meadow, N 45°31’55’’, E 23°48’27’’, alt. 2220 m, 13-08-2004, leg.
AR, MR, KRAM F-54875; Munţii Cindrel, the Vf. Cindrelu Mare peak, Cǎldarea Iezeru Mic, alpine meadow, N 45°34’43’’,
E 23°48’07’’, alt. 2200 m, 14-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54874.
Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.: Fr.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Notes on distribution. Lichenomphalia umbellifera is common in lowland as well as arctic and alpine
habitats. It is also frequent in the Western Carpathians (e.g. Adamčik 1998b, Olech 2004).
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)204
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Podragului valley (towards the Şaua Podragului
pass), on a large stone covered with Salix retusa, N 45°36’17”, E 24°41’18”, alt. 2270 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM
F-54889; the Ucea Mare peak, alpine meadow, N 45°36’24”, E 24°43’16”, alt. 2430 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM
F-54888; Munţii Iezer–Păpuşa, the Curmătură Oticului pass, alpine meadow, among mosses, N 45°29’42’’, E 24°56’17’’,
alt. 2350 m, 31-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54887; Munţii Lotru, the Vf. Ştefleşti peak, edge of the postglacial kettle,
alpine meadow, N 45°31’55’’, E 23°48’27’’, alt. 2220 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54893; the Vf. Cristeşti peak,
alpine meadow, among mosses, N 45°31’37”, E 23°47’24”, alt. 2180 m, 13-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54892; Munţii
Cindrel, the Vf. Cindrelu Mare peak, Cǎldarea Iezeru Mic, alpine meadow, among mosses (Sphagnum), N 45°34’43’’, E
23°48’07’’, alt. 2200 m, 14-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54891; Munţii Latoriţei, the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine
meadow, among mosses, N 45°24’14”, E 23°48’17”, alt. 2053 m, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54890.
Mycena citrinomarginata Gillet
Observations. The collected specimens are characterized by yellow brownish, greyish yellow colours
(4B6, 4C4–5) of the cap which was darker in the centre and almost white at the margin, by yellow
lamella edges and numerous lageniform to fusiform cheilocystidia which are simple or with a few
short or long, apical or lateral, simple or branched excrescences.
Notes on distribution. Mycena citrinomarginata probably represents the montane-boreal ele-
ment as it occurs more often in boreal regions and mountainous habitats than in lowlands. It is also
frequently recorded in arctic areas and alpine zones. In the Western Carpathians, it has been found
in the subalpine zone a number of times. The species is new to Romania.
Specimen examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Podragului valley (towards the Şaua Podragului
pass), on a large stone covered with Salix retusa, on shoots of Salix retusa, N 45°36’17”, E 24°41’18”, alt. 2270 m, 05-08-
2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54916.
Mycena leptocephala (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet
Notes on distribution. Mycena leptocephala is a widespread species occurring mainly in lowland
sites. In the Western Carpathians, it is more common in subalpine forests.
Specimen examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, upper part of the Valea Podragului valley (towards the Şaua Podragului
pass), on a large stone covered with Salix retusa, on soil, among shoots of Salix retusa, N 45°36’17”, E 24°41’18”, alt. 2270
m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54917.
Russula heterochroa Kühner
Fig. 8.
Description. Cap 2–4 cm in diameter, convex with slightly decurved margin, dark vine red,
blackish violet, violet purple to lilac violet (10D8, 10E6-8, 10F6-8, 9B5, 9E7-8, 9F3-5, 9F7-8, 8E7,
8F7, 11B4, 11F5-6, 11E8), uniformly coloured, or with pale lilac, cream or yellowish brown (5D7,
5E7) centre, surface smooth, greasy, margin smooth or slightly sulcate. Lamellae first white then
cream to yellow (3A3, 4A2-6). Stipe 2–3 × 0.7–1.5 cm, clavate to slightly bulbous, white. Flesh
white, under the pileipellis lilac-rose (9A3), about 3 mm thick in the cap centre, smell none, taste
mild. Spore-print cream yellow (III c, “ochre foncé” according to Romagnesi 1967).
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 10–12 × 8–9 µm, covered with isolated spines up to 1.5 µm
high. Basidia 45–50 × 11–13 µm, with 2 sterigmata. Pleurocystidia 60–100 × 7–13 µm, fusiform,
narrowly fusiform to cylindric. Dermatocystidia present, narrow, 5–6 µm in diameter, 2–4-septate,
marginal cells of pileipellis 2.5–4.5 µm in diameter, cylindric, single or branched, septate.
Notes on distribution. Russula heterochroa is a very rare alpine species reported by Kühner
(1975b) from the French Alps and Swedish Lapland. The records from the Munţii Bucegi massif are
the first for this species in the Carpathians. The species is new to Romania.
Specimens examined. Munţii Bucegi, at the Şaua Şugărilor pass, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum and
Dryas octopetala, N 45°25’54”, E 25°27’34”, alt. 2400 m,, 27-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55101, 55098, 55099; Mun-
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008) 205
tele Caraiman, calcareous (?) rocks near the marked trail to the Vf. Caraiman peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala, N
45°24’51’’, E 25°29’34’’, alt. 2400 m, 26-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-55100.
Russula nana Killerm.
Observations. Russula nana was the most frequently encountered species in the alpine zone of the
Southern Carpathians. The fungus has no special preferences regarding either the edaphic condition
or the mycorrhizal host. It occurred on calcareous and siliceous bedrock, and grew together with
Salix spp., Dryas octopetala or Polygonum viviparum. Although recorded only in two massifs so far,
it should also be found in other regions.
Notes on distribution. Russula nana is one of the most common arctic-alpine species occurring
in arctic areas of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Canada, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Scotland,
Alaska, Svalbard, Iceland, in the alpine zone of the Norwegian mountains, the Polar Urals, the Swiss,
French, Austrian, Italian and German Alps and the Pyrenees (Favre 1955, Horak 1960, Lange &
Skifte 1967, Gulden & Lange 1971, Kühner 1975b, Watling 1977, Knudsen & Borgen 1982, Lamoure
1982, Lamoure et al. 1982, Linkins & Antibus 1982, Miller 1982, Watling 1983, Bon 1985a, Gulden
et al. 1985, Irlet 1985, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Kühner & Lamoure 1986, Bon 1987b, Bon & Cheype
1987, Senn-Irlet 1987, Watling 1987, Senn-Irlet 1988, Bon 1991, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Ohenoja
& Ohenoja 1993, Senn-Irlet 1993, Bon & Ballarà 1996, Knudsen & Mukhin 1998, Peintner 1998,
Sarnari 1998, Vesterholt 1998, Bresinsky et al. 2000, Niezdoiminogo 2003, G. Gulden, pers. comm.).
The fungus is also very common in the alpine zone of the Western Carpathians (Nespiak 1960, Tondl
1988, Fellner & Landa 1991, 1993, Adamčik 1998a). The species is new to Romania.
Specimens examined. Munţii Bucegi, at the Cabana Babele hostel, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum, N
45°24’22’’, E 25°28’21’’, alt. 2200 m, 25-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54926; the same locality, 27-07-2004, leg. EC, JC,
Fig. 8. Russula heterochroa Kühner, coll. KRAM F-55098: dcy – dermatocystidia, pp – elements of
pileipellis, pl – pleurocystidia; scale bar = 10 µm.
Unauthenticated
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SOMMERFELTIA 31 (2008)206
KRAM F-54927; at the Şaua Şugărilor pass, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum and Dryas octopetala, N 45°25’54”,
E 25°27’34”, alt. 2400 m, 27-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54928; between Vf. Caraiman and Vf. Coştila peaks, alpine
meadow with Polygonum viviparum, N 45°25’01”, E 25°29’06”, alt. 2385 m, 26-07-2004, leg. JC, KRAM F-54929; main
plateau, slopes between the Cabana Babele hostel and Muntele Caraiman, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum, N
45°24’39’’, E 25°28’25’’, alt. 2200 m, 26-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54930; S from the Vf. Omul peak, alpine meadow
with Polygonum viviparum, N 45°25’54”, E 25°27’34”, alt. 2500 m, 27-07-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54931; Munţii
Făgăraşului, S-W slopes of the Arpaşu Mic peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala and Salix retusa, N 45°35’41”, E
24°39’19”, alt. 2250 m, 03-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54932; the Ţarâta peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala,
Polygonum viviparum, Salix reticulata, and Salix retusa, N 45°36’20”, E 24°41’42”, alt. 2440 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR,
KRAM F-54933; E ridge of the Ucişoara peak, alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum, Salix reticulata, and Salix retusa,
N 45°36’27”, E 24°43’49”, alt. 2400 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54934; N slopes of the Şaua Podragului pass,
alpine meadow with Polygonum viviparum and Salix reticulata, N 45°36’15”, E 24°41’23”, alt. 2330 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR,
MR, KRAM F-54935; the Arpaşu Mare peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala, N 45°35’48”, E 24°40’49”, alt. 2460
m, 08-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54936.
Russula saliceticola (Singer) Kühner ex Knudsen & T.Borgen
Notes on distribution. Russula saliceticola is known from alpine and arctic-subarctic habitats in
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Swedish and Norwegian mountains,
the Swiss, French and German Alps (Favre 1955, Kühner 1975b, Knudsen & Borgen 1982, Lamoure
et al. 1982, Schmid-Heckel 1985, Bon 1991, Hansen & Knudsen 1992, Vesterholt 1998, G. Gulden,
pers. comm.). Russula saliceticola is also present in the Western Carpathians (Fellner & Landa 1993,
Knudsen & Ronikier 2003). The species is new to Romania.
Specimens examined. Munţii Făgăraşului, N slopes of the Şaua Podragului pass, alpine meadow with Polygonum
viviparum and Salix reticulata, N 45°36’15”, E 24°41’23”, alt. 2330 m, 07-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54937; the
Ţarâta peak, alpine meadow with Dryas octopetala, Polygonum viviparum, Salix reticulata, and Salix retusa, N 45°36’20”, E
24°41’42”, alt. 2440 m, 05-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54939; the Portiţa Arpaşului pass, alpine meadow with Polygonum
viviparum, N 45°36’00”, E 24°39’23”, alt. 2170 m, 08-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54940; the Arpaşu Mare peak, alpine
meadow, N 45°35’48”, E 24°40’49”, alt. 2460 m, 12-08-2004, leg. AR, MR, KRAM F-54941; Munţii Latoriţei, N slopes
of the Vf. Fratoşteanu Mare peak, alpine meadow, among mosses, N 45°24’38”, E 23°47’57”, alt. 1980 m, 16-08-2004, leg.
AR, MR, KRAM F-54938.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am greatly indebted to Michał Ronikier for his help in collecting, describing and photographing fungi
in the field. Special thanks are also due to Catalin Tănase (Iaşi, Romania) for his help in gathering
Romanian literature, to Pierre-Arthur Moreau (Lille, France) for his remarks on Inocybe microfastigiata
and assistance with literature, and to a reviewer for the insightful comments on the manuscript. This
study was partly carried out within the framework of the project financed by the Polish Ministry of
Education and Science, grant no. 2P04C 086 30. Field collection of fungi was financially supported
by grants from EU project INTRABIODIV (6th FP). The author’s attendance at the ISAM7 was sup-
ported by the Foundation for the Polish Science and Foundation for Polish Botany.
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