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Tribulus arabicus and Tribulus macropterus Are Comparable to Tribulus terrestris : An Antioxidant Assessment
Abstract
Background: Tribulus terrestris, unlike Tribulus macropterus and Tribulus arabicus, is a well-studied plant species and well known for its medicinal properties. It has been used as a medicine to treat sexual dysfunction and to relieve cardiac pain. It also has other properties such as antihypertensive, anti-microbial, anticancer and antihelmintic. Unfortunately, other Tribulus species such as T. macropterus and T. arabicus (common in the UAE), were not thoroughly investigated for such medicinal properties. Methods: In this trial, Tribulus terrestris (TT), Tribulus macropterus (TM) and Tribulus arabicus (TA) were tested for their antixodiant properties using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-Carotene assays. Results: TM and TA showed similar or slightly greater antioxidant properties than TT. Similar DPPH scavenging activities (presented as inhibition percent) were observed for both TM (42.7%) and TA (43.8%), and slightly higher than TT (39.9%) at the maximum concentrations (i.e., 1000 ug/ml). For β-Carotene, TT showed absorbance of 0.28 (control) and 0.35 (at 1000 ug/ml). TM and TA had averages of 0.38 and 0.49 vs 0.190 and 0.23 (control and at 1000 ug/ml, respectively) at 470 nm. Conclusion: The results reported here showed similar antioxidant potentials of T. macropterus and T. arabicus when compared to T. terrestris, which place these two Tribulus species at similar levels of antioxidant and medicinal properties as T. terrestris. A subsequent investigation on the potentials of T. macropterus and T. arabicus against sexual dysfunctions in rats is planned. The long-term aim would be to treat sexual dysfunctions in humans using T. macropterus and T. arabicus as an alternative to T. terrestris.
... Предыдущие фитохимические исследования видов Tribulus показали, что основными компонентами являются стероидные гликозиды [1, 4,5], флавоноиды [6] и алкалоиды [7]. Исследования компонентов T. macropterus продемонстрировали наличие сердечных гликозидов, дубильных веществ, алкалоидов, флавоноидов и сапонинов [8]. Из Tribulus macropterus Boiss экстракцией метанолом выделены (22S,25S) ...
... Традиционно T. macropterus использовали для лечения сексуальной дисфункции и сердечных заболеваний [8]. Была изучены антигипергликемическая и антигиперлипидемическая активность растения, показавшие многообещающие результаты [9]. ...
... Была изучены антигипергликемическая и антигиперлипидемическая активность растения, показавшие многообещающие результаты [9]. Исследование антиоксидантной активности с использованием анализа DPPH показало, что активность по улавливанию свободных радикалов составила 42,7% при концентрации 1 мг/мл [8]. Цитотоксическая активность T. macropterus ранее была исследована в отношении линии раковых клеток HepG2 с IC50 2,9 мкг/мл [10]. ...
... Furthermore, most of the medicinal plants have not been fully investigated for their pharmacological activities [1,2]. In this paper, we investigated the cell proliferation, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins [30]. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of the plant have been explored, showing promising outcomes [31]. ...
... Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of the plant have been explored, showing promising outcomes [31]. An investigation of the antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay reported a free radical scavenging activity of 42.7% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL [30]. The cytotoxic activity of T. macropterus was previously investigated against the cancer cell line HepG2 with an IC 50 of 2.9 µg/mL [32]. ...
Saudi Arabian flora have a history of use as folklore remedies, although such properties have yet to be explored rigorously, and the safety of such remedies should be assessed. This study determined the anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of extracts of the following five plants indigenous to Saudi Arabia: Aizoon canariense, Citrullus colocynthis, Maerua crassifolia, Rhazya stricta, and Tribulus macropterus. The aerial parts of the five plants were collected from various locations of the western and northern regions of Saudi Arabia and used to prepare methanolic extracts. Three approaches were used to determine the proliferation and cytotoxicity effects using HaCaT cells: MTT, FACS, and confocal microscopy. Meanwhile, two approaches were used to study the antioxidant potential: DPPH (acellular) and RosGlo (cellular, using HaCaT cells). C. colocynthis possessed anti-proliferative activity against HaCaT cells, showing a significant decrease in cell proliferation from 24 h onwards, while R. stricta showed significant inhibition of cell growth at 120 and 168 h. The IC50 values were determined for both plant extracts for C. colocynthis, with 17.32 and 16.91 µg/mL after five and seven days of treatment, respectively, and for R. stricta, with 175 and 105.3 µg/mL after five and seven days of treatment. R. stricta and M. crassifolia exhibited the highest capacities for scavenging the DPPH radical with IC50 values of 335 and 448 µg/mL, respectively. The subsequent ROS-Glo H2O2 assay confirmed these findings. The R. stricta and M. crassifolia extracts showed potent antioxidant activity in both acellular and cellular models. The C. colocynthis extract also demonstrated significant anti-proliferation and cytotoxic activity, as did the R. stricta extract. These properties support their usage in folk medicine and also indicate a further potential for development for holistic medicinal use or as sources of new active compounds.
... To date, GSTT has been the focus and a popular topic of research. It can reduce the degree of cardiomyocyte injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion by increasing the endogenous antioxidant capacity of the body and decreasing the oxidation of lipids, thus exerting a direct protective effect on cardiomyocytes (3,11,12). A previous study found that GSTT could increase the survival rate of rat RGCs cultured in vitro and had the effect of promoting the growth of RGCs in mixed culture (13). ...
Background:
To investigate the protective effect of ultrasound microbubble combined with gross saponins of tribulus terrestris (GSTT) (a Chinese herb) on glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
Methods:
Rabbits were randomly divided into five groups. Normal (Group A), high intraocular pressure (IOP, Group B), GSTT (Group C), GSTT + ultrasound (Group D), and GSTT + ultrasound + microbubble destruction (Group E). The high intraocular pressure eye (model eye) was compared to the normal eye (control eye) at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after model establishment. Rabbits were sacrificed 4 weeks later to measure the retina thickness using Cirrus OCT, slit lamp photograph, and fundus photography. The retina and optic nerve of rabbits in each group were collected and the stretched retina were prepared for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counting, the optic nerve axon was measured, and a transmission electron microscopy was used.
Results:
Retina thickness based on Cirrus OCT: mean retinal thickness in Group E was significantly greater than that in Group B, but still thinner than that in Group A. RGCs counts: RGCs counts in Group E were significantly higher than those in Groups B, C, and D but still lower than those in Group A. Quantitative analysis of optic nerve axons: In Group E, the number of optic nerves was increased, diameters of optic nerve axons were decreased, the percentage of optic nerve area occupied by axons was increased, and there were statistically significant differences compared to Groups B, C, and D. Content of GSTT in retina: The content of GSTT in Group E was significantly higher than that in other groups. Observation of the rabbit optic nerves: In Group E, the structure of the myelin sheath of the optic nerve was still intact but less ordered, and the microtubule and microfilament structures in the axons were clear.
Conclusions:
Combination of the ultrasound microbubble and GSTT can improve the protective effect of GSTT on optic nerve damage in rabbits with ocular hypertension.
... Anticancer, cardiovascular, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antifungal [54][55][56] Tribulus arabicus (Hosni.) (Zygophyllaceae) Aerial parts Antihyperuricemic, antioxidant [57,58] Paulownia tomentos (Thunb.) Steud. ...
Ursolic acid is a pharmacologically active pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from medicinal plants, fruit, and vegetables. The pharmacological activities of ursolic acid have been extensively studied over the past few years and various reports have revealed that ursolic acid has multiple biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, etc. In terms of cancer treatment, ursolic acid interacts with a number of molecular targets that play an essential role in many cell signaling pathways. It suppresses transformation, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Although ursolic acid has many benefits, its therapeutic applications in clinical medicine are limited by its poor bioavailability and absorption. To overcome such disadvantages, researchers around the globe have designed and developed synthetic ursolic acid derivatives with enhanced therapeutic effects by structurally modifying the parent skeleton of ursolic acid. These structurally modified compounds display enhanced therapeutic effects when compared to ursolic acid. This present review summarizes various synthesized derivatives of ursolic acid with anti-cancer activity which were reported from 2015 to date.
... According to these findings, we decided to evaluate Tribulus arabicus, locally known as Zahar, Abu Drais, Sharshar and Hasak, for its ability to inhibit XO activity and thus reduce serum uric acid level. Tribulus arabicus is a perennial herb with grey-green leaves and with large yellow flowers (1.5-2.0 cm) [17], and it is reported to have significant antioxidant potential [18]. There is little information in the literature either on the biological activity of this species or its chemical constituents. ...
Background
Hyperurecemia is usually associated with gout and various metabolic arthritis disorders. Limited medications are available to manage such conditions. This study aimed to isolate the triterpenes constituent of the plant and to assess xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory and antihyperuricemic activities of Tribulus arabicus ethanolic extract, its fractions and the isolated compound using in vitro and in vivo approaches.
Methods
The ethanolic extract, fractions; n-hexane, chloroform and n-butanol and the isolated compound (ursolic acid) were evaluated in vitro for their XO inhibitory activity. Those that demonstrated significant activity were further evaluated for their antihyperuricemic activity on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia in mice.
Results
The ethanolic extract was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg. The extract and its n-hexane fraction exhibited significant inhibitory activity on XO, whilst only a modest reduction in the enzymatic activity was noticed with n-butanol and chloroform fractions. Furthermore, administration of the ethanolic extract at low and high doses significantly reduced serum urate levels in mice by 31.1 and 64.6% respectively. The isolated active constituent, ursolic acid, showed potent XO inhibition activity (Half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 10.3 μg/mL), and significantly reduced uric acid level in vivo by 79.9%. Virtually, the binding mode of ursolic acid with XO was determined using molecular docking simulations.
Conclusions
The activity of the ethanolic extract of T. arabicus and its n-hexane fraction can be attributed to the isolated compound, ursolic acid. Ursolic acid has good hypouricemic activity and therefore has high potential to be used for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia-related diseases.
... According to these findings, we decided to evaluate Tribulus arabicus, locally known as Zahar, Abu Drais, Sharshar and Hasak, for its ability to inhibit XO activity and thus reduce serum uric acid level. Tribulus arabicus is a perennial herb with grey-green leaves and with large yellow flowers (1.5-2.0 cm) [17], and it is reported to have significant antioxidant potential [18]. There is little information in the literature either on the biological activity of this species or its chemical constituents. ...
Published data concerning the composition and bioactivity of Tribulus arabicus are very limited. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive contents of the Tribulus arabicus grown in the United Arab Emirates, assess xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of its ethanolic extract, and fractions; hexane, chloroform and n-butanol and to evaluate their antihyperuricemic in vivo. LD50 of the ethanolic extract confirmed its safety up to 5g/kg. The ethanolic extract and its fractions were evaluated in vitro for their XO inhibitory activity and the in vivo for anti-hyperuricemic activity using potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model in mice. Two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of the ethanolic extract were used and one dose (100 mg/kg) was used for each fraction. Allopurinol was used as a positive control.
Tribulus arabicus ethanolic extract together with its hexane and n-butanol fractions exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activity (IC50 20.4, 12.6 and 15.3 μg/mL respectively), while only a modest reduction in enzymatic activity was noticed with chloroform fraction with IC50 45.8 μg/mL. Furthermore, oral administration of the ethanolic extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced significantly the serum urate levels in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice by 30.1 and 64.6% respectively. Hexane and n-butanol fractions showed a significant reduction in uric acid levels by 51.7 and 54.1% respectively.
Results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Tribulus arabicus and its hexane and n-butanol fractions might have great potential as a hypouricemic agent. This activity is attributed to the high content of phenolic and triterpenoidal compounds.
Tribulus terrestris have been traditionally used as folk medicine owing to its rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant potential by performing quantification of polyphenolic compounds present in Tribulus terrestris fruit through HPLC analysis. Various extracts of Tribulus terrestris fruit were prepared through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) carried out at three different time intervals of 1, 3, and 5 minutes respectively. The extracts were then subjected to antioxidant characterization. The results showed maximum values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay for the extract prepared at 3 minutes as 54.86±0.51mg GA/g, 544.33±4.50mg QE/g, 87.67±0.57%, 1051.67±3.21mM Fe +2 /g, and 86.34±2.08% respectively. However, the minimum values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS were observed for the extract prepared at 1 minute heating time as 39.27±0.36mg GA/g, 282.66±3.51mg QE/g, 60.33±1.15%, 756.34±4.50mM Fe +2 /g, and 66.33±1.52% respectively. Quantification of major polyphenolic compounds in microwave-assisted Tribulus Terrestris fruit extract was performed through HPLC analysis. The results of the analysis detected twenty-four polyphenolic compounds. The maximum concentration was detected for naringin i.e., 4694.18 mg/100g of dried extract among flavonoids, while the maximum phenolic acid was found to be salicylic acid i.e., 728.41 mg/100g of dried extract. The present study concluded that Tribulus terrestris fruit is a good source of natural antioxidants and various polyphenols.
Tribulus terrestris have been traditionally used as folk medicine owing to its rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant potential by performing quantification of polyphenolic compounds present in Tribulus terrestris fruit through HPLC analysis. Various extracts of Tribulus terrestris fruit were prepared through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) carried out at three different time intervals of 1, 3, and 5 minutes respectively. The extracts were then subjected to antioxidant characterization. The results showed maximum values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay for the extract prepared at 3 minutes as 54.86±0.51mg GA/g, 544.33±4.50mg QE/g, 87.67±0.57%, 1051.67±3.21mM Fe+2/g, and 86.34±2.08% respectively. However, the minimum values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS were observed for the extract prepared at 1 minute heating time as 39.27±0.36mg GA/g, 282.66±3.51mg QE/g, 60.33±1.15%, 756.34±4.50mM Fe+2/g, and 66.33±1.52% respectively. Quantification of major polyphenolic compounds in microwave-assisted Tribulus Terrestris fruit extract was performed through HPLC analysis. The results of the analysis detected twenty-four polyphenolic compounds. The maximum concentration was detected for naringin i.e., 4694.18 mg/100g of dried extract among flavonoids, while the maximum phenolic acid was found to be salicylic acid i.e., 728.41 mg/100g of dried extract. The present study concluded that Tribulus terrestris fruit is a good source of natural antioxidants and various polyphenols
Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) is an herb that has been used in various traditional medicine practices since ancient times. More recently, the pronounced health benefits of this herb have been evaluated within a wide scope, without properly acknowledging its nutraceutical value. Therefore, this article intends to provide an integrated overview on the nutraceutical potential of T. terrestris in the area of human health promotion. This review discusses the potential employability of T. terrestris and its derived products as nutraceuticals in prevention, treatment, and management of prevalent human diseases and associated conditions. The outcomes of several in vitro and in vivo studies elaborate on the ability of T. terrestris supplements and different fractions to act as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, testosterone boosting, and cardio, renal and liver protective agents. Many studies reveal that T. terrestris would act as an excellent nutraceutical that prevents harmful impacts to the human body. Its bioactivities are driven by various factors, and it has been suggested to be used to replace certain pharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs. In-depth clinical studies on the herbal pharmacodynamics are needed and would broaden the scope of nutraceutical applications of T. terrestris.
Background
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. leaf has been used since ancient time for its sex enhancing activity by traditional physicians. So, the work was chosen to authenticate the knowledge of pharmaceutical significance of the plant.
Methods
The dried leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus were extracted by cold maceration method using water. Aqueous extract of Flueggea leucopyrus leaf was screened for phytochemicals and in vivo aphrodisiac activity using mating behavior, potency and morphological tests.
Results
Qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, unsaturated sterols, glycosides, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and protein. Results revealed that all the treated groups on the 15th, 30th and 45th day of treatment showed significant increase in Intromission Frequency, Mounting Frequency and Ejaculatory Latency significant decrease in Intromission Latency, Mounting Latency, Inter Intromission Interval and Post Ejaculatory Interval. In Test for Potency significant increase in Erections, Long Flips and Quick Flips were observed. Morphological study showed significant increase in reproductive organs weight and Sperm Count in all the experimental animals.
Conclusion
The prolonged treatments for all the treated groups were highly effective to increase the sexual libidity, as compared to the solvent control. This indicates that aphrodisiac activity has been shown by water extract but it is less than the standard used for study.
Background
Açaí (Euterpe oleracea), a “superfruit” consumed worldwide, is a Brazilian Amazon native fruit, with high nutritive value due to its high content of lipids, proteins, and fibers, besides bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in its composition associated with biological action beneficial to health. The increased consumption of this fruit has stimulated breeding programs in the search of plants and fruits with higher productivity and bioactive compounds, generating information for the development of new cultivars with improved attributes. This work aimed to study six different genotypes of açaí, developed by the breeding program, evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and proximate composition, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity.
Methods
The genotypes were analyzed for titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids and proximate composition, such as moisture, protein, lipids, total fiber, carbohydrates and ashes contents. A spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent performed the phenolic compounds analysis and HPLC evaluated carotenoids and anthocyanins extracted exhaustively. The ABTS assay evaluated the antioxidant activity.
Results
The L06P13 and L09P09 genotype presented higher content of total fiber, carbohydrates, and ashes when compared to the commercial sample used as a standard. Furthermore, L22P13 genotype showed the highest content of total anthocyanins (6745.81 mg/100g), total carotenoids (118 μg/g) and antioxidant activity (674.83 μM Trolox/g) when compared to commercial sample.
Conclusion
The results revealed promising açaí genotypes and support the importance of advances in the area of functional foods and breeding programs.
Background
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that colonize inside the plant tissues without causing any disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have emerged as an interesting source for the isolation of bioactive compounds. In this study, we selected Calotropis procera, a member of the Asclepiadaceae family commonly called ‘Aak’ to evaluate the antioxidant potential of isolated endophytic fungi.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity by using different assay and phytochemical screening of endophytic fungi isolated from Calotropis procera (leaves, stem and root).
Method: Crude ethyl acetate extracts of 20 different endophytic fungi isolated from Calotropis procera were tested for their preliminary phytoconstituents presence, TPC estimation (by Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay) and antioxidant potential [1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenging assay, β-carotene-linoleic free radical scavenging assay, metal chelating assay and xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay].
Results
Phenols, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavanoids were the main phytoconstituents present in the endophytic fungi. Among the endophytes, Aspergillus nomius showed the highest TPC [72.71±1.67 µg GAE (gallic acid equivalent) /mg dry weight of fungi] and antioxidant activity for DPPH free radical scavenging assay (68.86±0.19%). A high positive linear correlation was found between TPC and xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay (R2-0.890) and between TPC and DPPH free radical scavenging assay (R2-0.839). Aspergillus and Fusarium genus species showed significant antioxidant activity by the different assay.
Conclusion
The present study revealed some endophytic fungi from Calotropis procera could be a potential source of novel natural antioxidant compounds.
In this study Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH (1, 1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging method for different extracts of aerial parts like leaves and flowers of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. plant species which showed that alcoholic extract of leaves of this plant on higher concentration possess better antioxidant potential when compare to reference standard ascorbic acid. They exhibited strong antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 9.3 and 24.8 µg/ml for ascorbic acid and alcoholic leaves extract respectively. The absorbance for reducing power was found to be 0.0390, 0.0989 for ascorbic acid and alcoholic leaves extract respectively. The strongest antioxidant activity of ethanol extract could be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols.