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Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity of Ganoderma lucidum
... Đã có nhiều nghiên cứu ức chế tế bào ung thư gan HepG2 và tế bào thận khỉ Vero của Fathima và cộng sự (2016) [17], ức chế tế bào ung thư vú MDA-MB-231 của Zhao và cộng sự (2010) [18,19], ức chế tế bào ung thư phổi A549 [20], ức chế tế bào ung thư da B16F10, các hoạt chất cũng như con đường hoạt động cũng đã được xác định [19,21]. Như vậy, khả năng gây độc tế bào HepG2 và NCI H460 của dịch chiết nấm Linh chi G. lucidum có nguồn gốc từ Vườn quốc gia Phước Bình, Ninh Thuận cũng được khẳng định, đồng thời hoạt tính của nấm quế linh chi H. endertii lần đầu tiên được xác nhận trong nghiên cứu này. ...
... Kết quả thử nghiệm cũng cho thấy dịch chiết H. endertii có hiệu lực mạnh hơn dịch chiết G. lucidum ở các nồng độ thử nghiệm 1,25, 2,50, 6,25 mg/ml nhưng đạt hiệu lực thấp hơn khi thử nghiệm ở nồng độ 12,50 mg/ml. Hiệu lực ức chế tế bào HepG2 của dịch chiết nấm G. lucidum cũng được ghi nhận trong nghiên cứu của Fathima và cộng sự [17] với các dịch chiết được thu nhận trong các dung môi khác nhau (methanol, ethanol) và cho thấy hiệu lực ức chế cao với 53,96% ở nồng độ 15,60 μg/ml của dịch chiết trong methanol, 52,38% ở nồng độ 31,20 μg/ml của dịch chiết trong ethanol [17]. H. endertii 2,25 ± 0,28 4,13 ± 1,05 Nồng độ ức chế 50% (IC 50 ) của hai loại dịch chiết trên hai dòng tế bào ung thư được xác định bằng cách sử dụng phần mềm Prism, kết quả thể hiện ở bảng 1 cho thấy IC 50 của dịch chiết 2 loại nấm Linh chi trong thử nghiệm với tế bào NCI H460 thấp hơn trong thử nghiệm tế bào HepG2. ...
... Kết quả thử nghiệm cũng cho thấy dịch chiết H. endertii có hiệu lực mạnh hơn dịch chiết G. lucidum ở các nồng độ thử nghiệm 1,25, 2,50, 6,25 mg/ml nhưng đạt hiệu lực thấp hơn khi thử nghiệm ở nồng độ 12,50 mg/ml. Hiệu lực ức chế tế bào HepG2 của dịch chiết nấm G. lucidum cũng được ghi nhận trong nghiên cứu của Fathima và cộng sự [17] với các dịch chiết được thu nhận trong các dung môi khác nhau (methanol, ethanol) và cho thấy hiệu lực ức chế cao với 53,96% ở nồng độ 15,60 μg/ml của dịch chiết trong methanol, 52,38% ở nồng độ 31,20 μg/ml của dịch chiết trong ethanol [17]. H. endertii 2,25 ± 0,28 4,13 ± 1,05 Nồng độ ức chế 50% (IC 50 ) của hai loại dịch chiết trên hai dòng tế bào ung thư được xác định bằng cách sử dụng phần mềm Prism, kết quả thể hiện ở bảng 1 cho thấy IC 50 của dịch chiết 2 loại nấm Linh chi trong thử nghiệm với tế bào NCI H460 thấp hơn trong thử nghiệm tế bào HepG2. ...
Các loài nấm Linh chi được sử dụng nhiều trong y học cổ truyền và việc xác định các hoạt tính sinh học của các loài nấm Linh chi mới là cần thiết cho sự phát triển các sản phẩm từ dược liệu. Năm 2016, nấm quế Linh chi, Humphreya endertii, thuộc họ Ganodermataceae, đã được phát hiện ở Vườn quốc gia Phước Bình, tỉnh Ninh Thuận, Việt Nam. Nghiên cứu này đã khảo sát khả năng gây độc tế bào ung thư phổi NCI H460 và tế bào ung thư gan HepG2 của dịch chiết hai loài nấm Linh chi Ganoderma lucidum và H. endertii có nguồn gốc từ Vườn quốc gia Phước Bình, IC50 tương ứng cho dịch chiết G. lucidum và H. endertii là 1,78 ± 0,35 và 2,25 ± 0,28 mg/ml trên tế bào NCI H460; và 4,53 ± 0,48 và 4,13 ± 1,05 mg/ml trên tế bào HepG2. Bên cạnh đó, dịch chiết hai loài nấm này cũng thể hiện khả năng kháng 5 chủng vi khuẩn gây bệnh Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis và Salmonella typhimurium; dịch chiết nấm G. lucidum còn thể hiện sự kìm hãm với Escherichia coli trong khi dịch chiết H. endertii thì không có hoạt tính này
... Because of the lack of studies in the literature about the antibacterial effects of food packaging systems incorporated with GLE, our results were compared to those of free GLE. In line with our results, several studies have reported the partial antibacterial activity of GLE (Fathima & Reenaa, 2016;Iftekhar et al., 2011;Islam et al., 2018;Vazirian et al., 2014). However, other studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial properties of GLE against S. aureus and E. coli (Chu et al., 2021;Mustafin et al., 2022). ...
... significantly reduce the bacterial population of fish fillets. In agreement with our results, several studies have reported weak antibacterial activity of GLE (Fathima & Reenaa, 2016;Iftekhar et al., 2011;Islam et al., 2018;Vazirian et al., 2014). However, further studies on the antimicrobial effects of GLE in real food systems are needed since various factors, including the environment in which the plants are grown, the genetic structure of the extracts, and the biochemical properties of the extracts can affect the antimicrobial activity of GLEs obtained from different G.lucidum plants. ...
The present study aimed to introduce a novel biocompatible food packaging system based on electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber containing Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) to improve the chemical and microbial stability of fresh rainbow trout fillets. For this purpose, PCL nanofibers containing 1–8% of GLE (w/w) were prepared and characterized. Also, their in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties were evaluated. Then, the effects of the PCL nanofibers without GLE and containing GLE 8% were investigated on the chemical and microbial qualities of fish fillets during 12-day storage at 4 °C. Results indicated that increasing GLE concentrations enhanced the in vitro antioxidant properties of PLC and the highest antioxidant activities belonged to PCL-GLE 8% (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, trout fillets wrapped with PCL-GLE 8% nanofiber showed significantly better antioxidant results compared to the other experimental groups at the end of storage time (P ≤ 0.05). Neither in vitro nor fish model studies showed any significant antibacterial activity for PCL-GLE 8%. The following scores belonged to the control, PCL, and PCL-GLE 8% groups, respectively: pH (7.62, 7.42, and 6.93), peroxide value (8.33, 8.27, and 5.28 meq/kg lipid), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (1.38, 1.34, and 1.06 mg MDA/kg of fish fillet), total carbonyl content (0.82, 0.60, and 0.50 nmol/mg protein), total viable counts (9.2 log10 CFU/g for all experimental groups), and total volatile basic nitrogen (36.54, 33.32 and 14.14 mg N/100 g sample). The findings of this study revealed that PCL-GLE 8% nanofiber can be employed as an active food packaging material for improving chemical stability of fresh rainbow trout fillets.
... G. lucidum is a traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom used for centuries to treat various diseases such as inflammatory, immunological disorders, and cancer [22]. The methanolic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum have been used as an effective and competent antimicrobial agent [23]. Its antiprotozoal effect has also been reported [9]. ...
... The toxic effect of the tested fungal extract is probably due to the toxins produced by the fungus, as many fungi have a direct schistosomicidal effect. This is in addition to the potent anti-oxidant and radical scavenging effects of G. lucidum extracts [23]. ...
Schistosomosis is a worldwide tropical disease primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni. Praziquantel is the only available drug for controlling schistosomosis, with many challenges. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro anti-Schistosoma effect of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) against adult and larval stages of Schistosoma based on the prediction of the binding activity of G. lucidum protein with proteins of various stages of S. mansoni by molecular docking to confirm its inhibitory potential through an insilico study. Results showed that Leu143, Ser165, Met214, and Asn213 were the primary crucial amino acids involved in the binding, with a promising large area of interactions
between the two studied proteins. The in vitro study evaluated the motility and survival of adult and larval stages, compared to praziquantel and niclosamide, respectively. There was a significant reduction in the motility of adults after the two-hour incubation, with all concentrations and 100% death of all parasites with the minimal concentration (10 μg/ml) within 4 and 6 h of incubation (P<0.01). Regarding the cercariae, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, all the cercariae (100%) died (P<0.01) after 15 min, and the miracidial complete mortality rate (100%) (P<0.01) occurred at a concentration of 10 μg/ml after 8 min. This study first predicted the binding activity of G. lucidum protein with proteins of S. mansoni at various stages and proved the anti-Schistosoma effect of G. lucidum in vitro, considered a promising treatment for schistosomosis.
... These studies include those on their taxonomy 1,10 and nutrients 11 . The medicinal effects, health-promoting activities such as antibacterial, anticancer 12 , antitumour 13 , anti-inflammatory 13 , antidiabetic 14 and antioxidant 8 , and biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids 15 and polyphenolic contents of, mostly Asian, Ganoderma mushrooms are noted in the literature. ...
Ganoderma is a genus of mushrooms that is prized in developed nations, especially those in Asia, due to its health-promoting properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as phenolics. However, in developing countries, particularly in Africa, Ganoderma mushrooms are untapped and are barely identified. In this study, we identified Ganoderma species collected from different host trees in the wild in Namibia, cultivated them on one substrate and determined their water absorption and solubility indices. Total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), condensed tannins (CT) and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) were determined in hot water infusions made from wild and cultivated Ganoderma mushrooms. Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, and DPPH assay methods were used to determine TP, TF, CT and AA, respectively. Wild species had 6.12-11.70% moisture, 1.91-5.32% ash, 11.55-24.40 (g of absorbed water/g of dry sample) water absorption index, 3.60-24.10% water solubility index, 18.37-44.78 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.09-1.67 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 2.97-6.37 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 40.8-49.3% AA. Cultivated species had 9.64-13.45% moisture, 2.34-6.20% ash, 13.55-28.30 water absorption index, 6.40-25.35% water solubility index, 36.70-52.73 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.41-0.86 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 11.38-15.29 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 53.6-63.7% AA. Infusions prepared from cultivated Ganoderma species had higher levels of TP, CT and AA, but lower levels of TF than those prepared from wild Ganoderma species, suggesting that they have potential as nutraceuticals. Significance: • The identification and confirmation of highly prized Lingzhi 'mushrooms of immortality' in Namibia highlights the presence of this untapped resource in Africa that is potentially worth billions of dollars. • The cultivation and phenolic content of this high-value medicinal mushroom have been demonstrated. • Cultivation could lead to sustainable utilisation and employment creation in developing countries which suffer from unemployment rates of at least 30%.
... These studies include those on their taxonomy 1,10 and nutrients 11 . The medicinal effects, health-promoting activities such as antibacterial, anticancer 12 , antitumour 13 , anti-inflammatory 13 , antidiabetic 14 and antioxidant 8 , and biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids 15 and polyphenolic contents of, mostly Asian, Ganoderma mushrooms are noted in the literature. ...
Ganoderma is a genus of mushrooms that is prized in developed nations, especially those in Asia, due to its health-promoting properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as phenolics. However, in developing countries, particularly in Africa, Ganoderma mushrooms are untapped and are barely identified. In this study, we identified Ganoderma species collected from different host trees in the wild in Namibia, cultivated them on one substrate and determined their water absorption and solubility indices. Total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), condensed tannins (CT) and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) were determined in hot water infusions made from wild and cultivated Ganoderma mushrooms. Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, and DPPH assay methods were used to determine TP, TF, CT and AA, respectively. Wild species had 6.12–11.70% moisture, 1.91–5.32% ash, 11.55–24.40 (g of absorbed water/g of dry sample) water absorption index, 3.60–24.10% water solubility index, 18.37–44.78 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.09–1.67 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 2.97–6.37 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 40.8–49.3% AA. Cultivated species had 9.64 13.45% moisture, 2.34–6.20% ash, 13.55–28.30 water absorption index, 6.40–25.35% water solubility index, 36.70–52.73 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.41–0.86 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 11.38–15.29 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 53.6–63.7% AA. Infusions prepared from cultivated Ganoderma species had higher levels of TP, CT and AA, but lower levels of TF than those prepared from wild Ganoderma species, suggesting that they have potential as nutraceuticals.
Significance:
• The identification and confirmation of highly prized Lingzhi ‘mushrooms of immortality’ in Namibia highlights the presence of this untapped resource in Africa that is potentially worth billions of dollars.
• The cultivation and phenolic content of this high-value medicinal mushroom have been demonstrated.
• Cultivation could lead to sustainable utilisation and employment creation in developing countries which suffer from unemployment rates of at least 30%.
... Fungi are widely used in traditional medicine Ganoderma lucidum has long history in the pharmacy of Korea, China, Japan and various other countries of southeast Asia [1]. Also, Ganoderma spp are considered as one of richest origins of natural compounds as antibiotics and various species of them inhibit the growth of a broad a spectrum of microorganisms [2]. Among different bioactive compounds of this mushroom (including Fatty acids, polysacchrides and also phenolic compounds are considered active compounds and reported to possess many medicinal effects, such as antitumor , cardiovascular , respiratory [3 ; 4]. ...
Natural compounds are regarded as one of the best important natural sources for getting effective compounds, especially indifferent medical fields due to the nature of their composition. One of these fungi is Ganoderma spp presented in Iraq. In this study, the fatty acids were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma spp under study, calculating their concentration and identification with Gas–Liquid Chromatography technique. fatty acids compounds which were separated and including Butyric acid, Myristic acid, Palmitic acid, Heptadecanoic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Arachidic acid, Eicosenoic acid, Linolenic acid, Erucic acid, Arachidonic acid, Tricosanoic acid, docosadienoic acid, Nervonic acid. Also, Volatile oil compounds were separated by the light clevenger device and identified with GLC– technique, volatile oils were included Camphor, Sabine,Terpinen, Myrcene, Limonene, Cineole, Linalool, a-Pinene.
... In MTT test to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of G. lucidum extracts, the methanol extract at concentration 15.6 µg/ml showed inhibition ratio of 53.96%, the ethanol extract at concentration of 31.2 µg/ml with inhibition ratio 52.38%, while the aqueous extract at concentration of 62.5µg/ml the inhibition rate was 50.75% (Fathima and Reenaa, 2016). Furthermore, Shahid et al., (2016) found that methanol extract of G. lucidum at a concentration of 20% inhibited Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternate growth by 57% and 52% respectively. ...
The Fylex extract exert a high inhibition effect against A. flavus growth on PDA medium, as the fungus growth was completely inhibited by 100% at a concentration of 0.2 and 0.3% of studied extract, while the lowest inhibition percentage (71%) was found at a concentration of 0.1%. Whereas magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed the highest inhibition ratio of A. flavus (100%) was detected at 0.2% and the lowest inhibition ratio (81.66%) was at concentration 0.5%. Moreover, the addition of G. lucidum powder to PDA medium with a concentration of 2.5 mg increased the inhibition rate of A. flavus growth which was 54.4%, while the lowest inhibition ration (18.22%) was found at a concentration of 1000 mg. The milky liquid (brocade milk) of Calotropis porcera plant showed the highest rate of inhibition against A. flavus growth at a concentration of 0.5%, which was (64.88%), while the lowest rate of inhibition (53.33%) was seen at a concentration of 0.1%. The results of the current study indicated that the studied treatments have a high inhibitory efficiency against the growth of A. flavus.
... Maruyama et al., 1989;Yoon et al., 1994;Lin et. al., 1995;Min et al., 1998;Zhu et al., 1999;Eo et al., 2000;Bao et al., 2001(a); Bao et al., 2001;Liu et al., 2002;Sheena et al., 2003;Cao et al., 2004;Song et al., 2004;Wong et al., 2004;Ofodile et al., 2005;Gao et al., 2005;Li et al., 2005;Lakshmi et al., 2006;Du et al., 2007;Guo et al., 2009;Saltarelli et al., 2009;XiaoPing et al., 2009;Fatmawati et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2010;Nayak et al., 2010;Yang et al., 2010;Kamble et al., 2010;Quereshi and Pandey, 2010;Zhang et al., 2010;Zhao et al., 2010;Huang and Ning, 2010;Ameri et al., 2011;Smina et al., 2011;Li et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 2011;Fan et al., 2012;Gao et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2012;Skalicka-Woźniak et al., 2012;Mahendran et al., 2012;Kao et al.,2012;Kamra and Bhatt, 2012;Kozarski et al., 2012;Heleno et al., 2012;Heleno et al., 2013;Sakthivigneswari and Dharmaraj, 2013;Shi et al., 2013;Pan et al., 2013;Nithya et al., 2013;Cör et al., 2014;Ćilerdžić et al., 2014;Celık et al., 2014;Djide et al., 2014;Hleba et al., 2014;Shi et al., 2014;Singh et al., 2014;Modi et al., 2014;Xia et al.,2014;Ferreira et al., 2015;Sa-ard and Sarnthima, 2015;Kan et al., 2015;Fathima and Reenaa, 2016;Zhang et al., 2016;Karaca et al., 2017;Kang et al., 2019;Xiao et al., 2017;Zeng et al., 2019. 28 ...
In developed countries, diet plays an important role in diseases such as obesity, heart diseases, stroke, diabetes,
and some types of cancer. As a result of factors such as unhealthy diet, consumption of ready-made food and
not dieting, human health deteriorates and various diseases occur. For this reason, mushrooms have an
important place in our daily life. It is preferred as a diet product in terms of low calories. On the other hand,
medicinal mushrooms have a rich content of selenium mineral, which is also accepted as an antioxidant that
protects against cancer and strengthens immunity. In this study, the medically important Ganoderma species
was investigated. Studies on Ganoderma species have been included in the literature study. As a result, it is
accepted as the natural antioxidant source of Ganoderma species and has medical importance in terms of its
phenolic content.
Background
Foraminispora rugosa is a species reported from Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Costa Rica and Cuba. It is a basidiomycete in the Ganodermataceae family. In this study, both chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of F. rugosa were investigated for the first time.
Results
Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification of the specimens, and the results of cytotoxicity assays showed that at concentrations of 7.8–500.0 µg/mL the ethanolic extract displayed weak cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Five oxylipins were identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF–MS).
Conclusions
This study provides new insights into the current knowledge of bioactive compounds produced by macrofungi, and provides data for future biological assays with relative selectivity and safety.
There are studies showing anticancer effects of Ganoderma extract in herbal medicine literature. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on vero cancer cell line viability in cell culture. In this laboratory experimental study, we used MTT assay to determine cell viability following administration of different doses of Ganoderma lucidum in vero cell culture. The data were statically analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that the administration of 10 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml of Ganoderma lucidum resulted in decreased viability of vero cells (P<0.05), however, 1 mg/ml of Ganoderma lucidum extract resulted in increased viability of vero cells (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that viability of vero cells in cell culture is influenced by administration of Ganoderma lucidum and based on the dose of extract the viability may be reduced or increased.
The high incidence of resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) targeted against EGFR and downstream pathways has increased the necessity to identify agents that may be combined with these therapies to provide a sustained response for breast cancer patients. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) in breast cancer, focusing on the regulation of the EGFR signaling cascade when treated with the EGFR TKI, Erlotinib. SUM-149, or intrinsic Erlotinib resistant MDA-MB-231 cells, and a successfully developed Erlotinib resistant cell line, rSUM-149 were treated with increasing concentrations of Erlotinib, GLE, or their combination (Erlotinib/GLE) for 72h. Treatment effects were tested on cell viability, cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion. To determine tumor progression, severe combined immunodeficient mice were injected with SUM-149 cells and then treated with Erlotinib/GLE or Erlotinib for 13 weeks. We assessed the protein expression of ERK1/2 and AKT in in vitro and in vivo models. Our results show that GLE synergizes with Erlotinib to sensitize SUM-149 cells to drug treatment, and overcomes intrinsic and developed Erlotinib resistance. Also, Erlotinib/GLE decreases SUM-149 cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion. GLE increases Erlotinib sensitivity by inactivating AKT and ERK signaling pathways in our models. We conclude that a combinatorial therapeutic approach may be the best way to increase prognosis in breast cancer patients with EGFR overexpressing tumors.
The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. However, to the date, there is no detailed study for describing the effect of G. lucidum spores on oxidative stress, blood glucose level and lipid compositions in animal models of type 2 diabetic rats, in particular the effect on the gene expression profiles associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms.
G. lucidum spores powder (GLSP) with a shell-broken rate >99.9 % was used. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: Normal control, normal rats with ordinary feed; Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats with ordinary feed without intervention; Group 3: GLSP, diabetic rats with ordinary feed, an intervention group utilizing GLSP of 1 g per day by oral gavages for 4 consecutive weeks. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by streptozocin (STZ) injection. The changes in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in blood samples were analyzed after GLSP intervention. Meanwhile, gene expressions associated with the possible molecular mechanism of GLSP regulation were also investigated using a quantitative RT-PCR.
The reduction of blood glucose level occurred within the first 2 weeks of GLSP intervention and the lipid synthesis in the diabetic rats of GLSP group was significantly decreased at 4 weeks compared to the model control group. Furthermore, it was also found that GLSP intervention greatly attenuated the level of oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed up-regulation of lipid metabolism related genes (Acox1, ACC, Insig-1 and Insig-2) and glycogen synthesis related genes (GS2 and GYG1) in GLSP group compared to model control group. Additionally, there were no significant changes in the expression of other genes, such as SREBP-1, Acly, Fas, Fads1, Gpam, Dgat1, PEPCK and G6PC1.
This study might indicate that GLSP consumption could provide a beneficial effect in terms of lowering the blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Meanwhile, GLSP treatment was also associated with the improvement of blood lipid compositions through the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the type 2 diabetic rats.
Alcohol abuse is a public issue and one of the major causes of liver disease worldwide. This study was aimed at investigating the protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture (GLP) against hepatotoxicity induced by acute ethanol (EtOH) intoxication in rats.
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: normal, control, normal saline pharmacopuncture (NP) and GLP groups. The control, NP and GLP groups received ethanol orally. The NP and the GLP groups were treated daily with injections of normal saline and Ganoderma lucidum extract, respectively. The control group received no treatment. The rats in all groups, except the normal group, were intoxicated for 6 hours by oral administration of EtOH (6 g/kg BW). The same volume of distilled water was administered to the rats in the normal group. Two local acupoints were used: Qimen (LR14) and Taechung (LR3). A histopathological analysis was performed, and the liver function and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were assessed.
GLP treatment reduced the histological changes due to acute liver injury induced by EtOH and significantly reduced the increase in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme; however, it had an insignificant effect in reducing the increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme. It also significantly ameliorated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the catalase (CAT) activities.
The present study suggests that GLP treatment is effective in protecting against ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury in SD rats by modulating the activities of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and by attenuating oxidative stress.
Ganoderma lucidum, a polypore group fungus, provides polysaccharides in which beta-glu-cans are core structures that claim to possess cancerous and immunomodulatory properties. The objective of this work has been to establish a method of extraction from grinded form of Ganoderma lucidum with water in sub-critical conditions and with SCCO 2 at distinct temperatures to obtain extracts rich in water soluble organic compounds (WSOC), including mostly beta glucans and triterpenoids including ganoderic acids and alcohols respectively. For hydrothermal treatment, increase in temperatures showed positive effect on the recovery efficiency for water soluble organic compounds. It was demonstrated that the modified SCCO 2 extraction is suitable for the extraction of Ganoderma lucidum. It was also seen that molecular weights of extracts became smaller for high temperatures having increasing values for SCCO 2 extraction in comparison to hydrothermal treatment.
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a biologically active substance reported to possess anti-tumor ability. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of GLP-stimulated apoptosis are still unclear. This study aims to determine the inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of GLP on HCT-116 cells. We found that GLP reduced cell viability on HCT-116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which in turn, induced cell apoptosis. The observed apoptosis was characterized by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, S phase population increase, and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 led to a dramatic decrease of the GLP-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis unveiled that GLP up-regulated the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results demonstrate that apoptosis stimulated by GLP in human colorectal cancer cells is associated with activation of mitochondrial and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.
Mushrooms are highly nutritive, low-calorie food with good quality proteins, vitamins and
minerals. Mushrooms are an important natural source of foods and medicines. Traditional
aboriginals knew the medicinal importance of edible and wild mushrooms and these are now
being screened for their bioactivity in various ailments. Mushroom represents a major and
untapped source of potent new pharmaceutical products. A wide range of activities including
antitumour, cardiovascular and antimicrobial are reported in mushrooms. In developing
countries like India mushroom progress is a boon in the field of food, medicine, and in
generating employment. The alternative systems of medicine utilize the curative properties
of mushrooms. By virtue of having high fibre, low fat and low starch, edible mushrooms have
been considered to be ideal food for obese persons and for diabetics to prevent
hyperglycaemia. They are also known to possess promising antioxidative, cardiovascular,
hypercholesterolemia, antimicrobial, hepato-protective and anticancer effects. The present
review aimed to discuss on mushroom cultivation as well as medicinal importance as
nutraceuticals, antioxidatives, cardiovascular, hypercholesterolemia, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective,
The current study evaluated the glucose-lowering effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The diabetic mice were randomly divided into four groups (8 mice per group): diabetic control group, low-dose Gl-PS treated group (50 mg/kg, Gl-PS), high-dose Gl-PS treated group (150 mg/kg, Gl-PS) and positive drug control treated group (glibenclamide, 4 mg/kg), with normal mice used as the control group. Body weights, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin and blood lipid levels of mice were measured. After 28 days of treatment with Gl-PS, body weights and serum insulin levels of the Gl-PS treated groups was significantly higher than that of the diabetic control group, whereas FBG levels was significantly lower. Moreover, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of the Gl-PS treated groups had dropped, whereas the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels had increased. In addition, according to acute toxicity studies, Gl-PS did not cause behavioral changes and any death of mice. These data suggest that Gl-PS has an antihyperglycemic effect. Furthermore, considering the Gl-PS effects on lipid profile, it may be a potential hypolipidaemic agent, which will be a great advantage in treating diabetic conditions associated with atherosclerosis or hyperlipidemia.
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal and least understood form of advanced breast cancer. Its lethality originates from its nature of invading the lymphatic system and absence of a palpable tumor mass. Different from other metastatic breast cancer cells, IBC cells invade by forming tumor spheroids that retain E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions. Herein we describe the potential of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) as an attractive candidate for anti-IBC therapy. Reishi contains biological compounds that are cytotoxic against cancer cells. We report the effects of Reishi on viability, apoptosis, invasion, and its mechanism of action in IBC cells (SUM-149). Results show that Reishi selectively inhibits cancer cell viability although it does not affect the viability of noncancerous mammary epithelial cells. Apoptosis induction is consistent with decreased cell viability. Reishi inhibits cell invasion and disrupts the cell spheroids that are characteristic of the IBC invasive pathology. Reishi decreases the expression of genes involved in cancer cell survival and proliferation (BCL-2, TERT, PDGFB), and invasion and metastasis (MMP-9), whereas it increases the expression of IL8. Reishi reduces BCL-2, BCL-XL, E-cadherin, eIF4G, p120-catenin, and c-Myc protein expression and gelatinase activity. These findings suggest that Reishi is an effective anti-IBC therapeutic.
Ganoderma lucidum-derived polysaccharide (PS-G) can rapidly and effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that PS-G possesses the capacity to regulate immune responses. This study aimed to clarify the immunologic effect of PS-G on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs) from asthmatic children allergic to house dust mites. The MD-DCs were stimulated for 24 h with the related allergen, Der p 1, in the presence or absence of PS-G. Cell surface markers and phagocytic capacity were assessed by FACS analysis, and key polarizing cytokines (IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-10) were quantified. The subsequent regulatory effect of pulsed MD-DCs on naïve T cells was evaluated by determining the T-cell cytokine profile.
PS-G induced the maturation of MD-DCs and decreased phagocytic capacity, even if pulsed with Der p 1. After incubation with PS-G and Der p 1, MD-DCs produced higher amounts of IL-12 p70, IL-12 p40, IL-6, IL-23, and IL10 than Der p 1-pulsed DCs. Furthermore, type 1 helper T (Th1) cell cytokine (INF-γ) production was highly increased when naïve autologous T cells were co-cultured with Der p 1-pulsed MD-DCs. Naïve T cells stimulated by MD-DCs pulsed with Der p 1 failed to produce proliferation of T-cells, whereas the addition of PS-G to Der p 1 induced a significant proliferation of T-cells similar to that observed with PS-G alone.
The presence of PS-G in an allergen pulse promoted allergic MD-DCs to produce IL-12 p70, IL-12 p40, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-10, and exerted an effect on shifting the immune balance towards Th1 in children with allergic asthma.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and women in the world. Previous molecular studies have revealed that deregulation of the ß-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the progression of colorectal cancer. Therefore, modulation of the ß-catenin pathway offers a strategy to control colorectal cancer progression. The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a rich source of triterpenes with anticancer properties. Here, we show that ganodermanontriol (GNDT), a purified triterpene from GL, inhibited proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells without a significant effect on cell viability. Moreover, GNDT inhibited transcriptional activity of ß-catenin and protein expression of its target gene cyclin D1 in a dose-dependent manner. A marked inhibition effect was also seen on Cdk-4 and PCNA expression, whereas expression of Cdk-2, p21 and cyclin E was not affected by the GNDT treatment. In addition, GNDT caused a dose-dependent increase in protein expression of E-cadherin and ß-catenin in HT-29 cells. Finally, GNDT suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model of human colon adenocarcinoma cells HT-29 implanted in nude mice without any side-effects and inhibited expression of cyclin D1 in tumors. In conclusion, our data suggest that ganodermanontriol might be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
For thousands of years medicine and natural products have been closely linked through the use of traditional medicines and natural poisons. Mushrooms have an established history of use in traditional oriental medicine, where most medicinal mushroom preparations are regarded as a tonic, that is, they have beneficial health effects without known negative side-effects and can be moderately used on a regular basis without harm. Mushrooms comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, and most importantly for modern medicine, they represent an unlimited source of compounds which are modulators of tumour cell growth. Furthermore, they may have potential as functional foods and sources of novel molecules. We will review the compounds with antitumor potential identified so far in mushrooms, including low-molecular-weight (LMW, e.g. quinones, cerebrosides, isoflavones, catechols, amines, triacylglycerols, sesquiterpenes, steroids, organic germanium and selenium) and high-molecular-weight compounds (HMW, e.g. homo and heteroglucans, glycans, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, proteoglycans, proteins and RNA-protein complexes).
In a screen of 880 extracts from plants and fungi for antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, and leishmanicidal activity, an ethyl acetate extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum showed antiplasmodial activity with 79% inhibition at 4.9 microg/mL. HPLC-based activity profiling and subsequent isolation of the antiplasmodial compounds yielded seven lanostanes (1-7), of which three (2, 3, and 7) were new. A new benzofuran derivative (8) of the farnesyl hydroquinone ganomycin B was also identified. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their NMR data with those of related compounds. The lanostanes exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC(50) values from 6 to greater than 20 microM.
To examine the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) on the immune liver injury induced by BCG infection, and investigate the relationship between degrees of hepatic damage and NO production in mice.
Immune hepatic injury was markedly induced by BCG-pretreatment (125 mg.kg(-1), 2-week, iv) or by BCG-pretreatment plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 125 microg.kg(-1), 12-hour,iv) in mice in vivo. Hepatocellular damage induced by BCG-pretreated plus inflammatory cytokines mixture (CM), which was included TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and LPS in culture medium in vitro. Administration of GLP was performed by oral or incubating with culture medium at immune stimuli simultaneity. Liver damage was determined by activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and in hepatocytes cultured supernatant, by liver weight changes and histopathological examination. NO production in the cultured supernatant was determined by the Griess reaction. Moreover, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression was also examinated by immunohistochemical method.
Immune hepatic injury was markedly induced by BCG or BCG plus inflammatory cytokines in BALB/c mice in vivo and in vitro. Under BCG-stimulated condition, augment of the liver weight and increase of the serum/supernatant ALT level were observed, as well as granuloma forming and inflammatory cells soakage were observed by microscopic analysis within liver tissues. Moreover, NO production was also increased by BCG or/and CM stimuli in the culture supernatant, and a lot of iNOS positive staining was observed in BCG-prestimulated hepatic sections. Application of GLP significantly mitigated hepatic tumefaction, decreased ALT enzyme release and NO production in serum/supernatant, improved the pathological changes of chronic and acute inflammation induced by BCG-stimuli in mice. Moreover, the immunohistochemical result showed that GLP inhibited iNOS protein expression in BCG-immune hepatic damage model.
The present study indicates that NO participates in immune liver injury induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. The mechanisms of protective roles by GLP for BCG-induced immune liver injury may be due to influence NO production in mice.
The popular edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) has been widely used for the general promotion of health and longevity in Asian countries. The dried powder of Ganoderma lucidum was popular as a cancer chemotherapy agent in ancient China. The authors recently demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum inhibits constitutively active transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and AP-1, which resulted in the inhibition of expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR. Ganoderma lucidum also suppressed cell adhesion and cell migration of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells, suggesting its potency to reduce tumor invasiveness. Thus, Ganoderma lucidum clearly demonstrates anticancer activity in experiments with cancer cells and has possible therapeutic potential as a dietary supplement for an alternative therapy for breast and prostate cancer. However, because of the availability of Ganoderma lucidum from different sources, it is advisable to test its biologic activity.
Ganoderma lucidum (G lucidum) is a medicinal fungus with a variety of biological activities. It has long been used as a folk remedy for promotion of health and longevity in China and other oriental countries. The most attractive character of this kind of medicinal fungus is its immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. Large numbers of studies have shown that G lucidum modulate many components of the immune system such as the antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes. The water extract and the polysaccharides fraction of G lucidum exhibited significant anti-tumor effect in several tumor-bearing animals mainly through its immunoenhancing activity. Recent studies also showed that the alcohol extract or the triterpene fraction of G lucidum possessed anti-tumor effect, which seemed to be related to the cytotoxic activity against tumor cells directly. Preliminary study indicated that antiangiogenic effect may be involved antitumor activity of G lucidum.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS), a major active component in Chinese medicinal fungus, on cytochrome P450 metabolic activity in Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-induced immune hepatic injury in rats. The enzyme kinetics of the probes including chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), phenacetin (CYP1A2) and nifedipine (CYP3A) were evaluated by HPLC. The results showed that BCG-pretreatment (125 mg/kg) significantly increased serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), nitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA), inhibited activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased P450 total content in microsomes (p<0.05). Administration of GLPS (50 and 200 mg/kg) reversed above hepatic injury stimulated by BCG in vivo. Moreover, GLPS dose-dependently inhibited activities of CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A in hepatic microsomes in vitro, suggesting that inhibition of GLPS on P450 oxidative metabolism might participate in the hepatoprotective mechanism, and also suggested that pharmacokinetics might be changed by drug-herb interaction.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum that shows the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity among the extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms by a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized and dose-ranging study in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
In this trial, we randomly assigned 88 men over the age of 49 years who had slight-to-moderate LUTS to 12 weeks of treatment with G. lucidum extract (6 mg once a day) or placebo. The primary outcome measures were changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and variables of uroflowmetry. Secondary outcome measures included changes in prostate size, residual urinary volume after voiding, laboratory values and the reported adverse effects.
G. lucidum was effective and significantly superior to placebo for improving total IPSS with 2.1 points decreasing at the end of treatment (mean difference, -1.18 points; 95% confidence interval, -1.74 to -0.62; P < 0.0001). No changes were observed with respect to quality of life scores, peak urinary flow, mean urinary flow, residual urine, prostate volume, serum prostate-specific antigen or testosterone levels. Overall treatment was well tolerated with no severe adverse effects.
The extract of G. lucidum was well tolerated and improved IPSS scores. These results encouraged a further, large-scale evaluation of phytotherapy for a long duration using the extract of G. lucidum on men with LUTS.
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most extensively studied mushrooms due to its medicinal properties. Herein, a systematic study was carried out in order to compare the antioxidant activity of phenolic and polysaccharidic extracts from fruiting body, spores and mycelium, obtained in three different culture media, of G. lucidum from Northeast Portugal. Phenolic extracts were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection, while polysaccharidic extracts were hydrolysed and further characterized using HPLC and refraction index detection. In general, the phenolic extracts (Ph) proved to have higher antioxidant potential than their corresponding polysaccharidic extracts (Ps). Amongst phenolic extracts, FB-Ph provided the highest antioxidant activity (EC50 ≤ 0.6 mg/ml) and the highest content in total phenolics (~ 29 mg GAE/g extract) and phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acids). S-Ps was the polysaccharidic extract with the best antioxidant activity (EC50 ≤ 2 mg/ml); nevertheless, the highest levels of total phenolics were obtained in FB-PS (~ 56 mg GAE/g extract), while the highest levels of total polysaccharides (~ 14 mg PE/g extract) and individual sugars were observed in mycelia obtained from solid culture media, M-PDA-Ps and M-sMMN-Ps. The free radical scavenging properties, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition of G. lucidum seemed to be correlated with phenolic compounds mostly in a free form, but also linked to polysaccharides.
"This book has succeeded in covering the basic chemistry essentials required by the pharmaceutical science student the undergraduate reader, be they chemist, biologist or pharmacist will find this an interesting and valuable read." -Journal of Chemical Biology, May 2009 Chemistry for Pharmacy Students is a student-friendly introduction to the key areas of chemistry required by all pharmacy and pharmaceutical science students. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the various areas of general, organic and natural products chemistry (in relation to drug molecules). Clearly structured to enhance student understanding, the book is divided into six clear sections. The book opens with an overview of general aspects of chemistry and their importance to modern life, with particular emphasis on medicinal applications. The text then moves on to a discussion of the concepts of atomic structure and bonding and the fundamentals of stereochemistry and their significance to pharmacy- in relation to drug action and toxicity. Various aspects of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic chemistry and their pharmaceutical importance are then covered with final chapters looking at organic reactions and their applications to drug discovery and development and natural products chemistry. accessible introduction to the key areas of chemistry required for all pharmacy degree courses student-friendly and written at a level suitable for non-chemistry students includes learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter focuses on the physical properties and actions of drug molecules.
Ganoderma lucidum Karst is well known as 'Reishi', a traditional food in China and Japan. It contains a polysaccharide component known to induce granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production from murine splenocytes. Moreover, GM-CSF may be a therapeutic agent for Crohn's disease. In this study, we investigated the water-soluble, polysaccharide components of Reishi (designated as MAK) in murine colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). We examined the concentration of GM-CSF in peritoneal macrophage cells (PMs) of C57BL/6 mice during in vitro and in vivo stimulation with MAK. After feeding with chow or MAK for 2 weeks, 2 mg of TNBS/50% ethanol was administered to each mouse. After 3 days of TNBS treatment, intestinal inflammation was evaluated, and mononuclear cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and colon were cultured for ELISA. To determine the preventive role of GM-CSF, the mice were pre-treated with or without anti-GM-CSF antibody before TNBS administration. In vitro and in vivo MAK-stimulated PMs produced GM-CSF in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal inflammation by TNBS was improved by feeding with MAK. MLNs of mice treated with TNBS produced IFN-γ, which was inhibited by feeding with MAK. In contrast, MLNs of mice treated with TNBS inhibited GM-CSF production, which was induced by feeding with MAK. The colon organ culture assay also revealed that IFN-γ was decreased and GM-CSF was increased by MAK. The preventive effect was blocked by the neutralization of GM-CSF. We concluded that the induction of GM-CSF by MAK may provide the anti-inflammatory effect.
This article gives an overview of the literature data on the biological activity of glycopolymers separated from cultural liquid, fruit body and mycelia of Basidiomycetes mushroom. The structure and properties of mushrooms polysaccharides were considered as well as the dependence of their biological activity on the physical and chemical properties. A possibility of using the preparations based on the mushrooms polysaccharides for plant protection as well as for therapy and prophylactics of human and animal diseases was discussed
GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) was a bioactive fraction obtained by the liquid fermentation of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, EtOH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.GLPG was a proteoglycan with a carbohydrate: protein ratio of 10.4: 1. Its antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. In addition, it had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml. In order to study the mode of action of the antiviral activity of GLPG, cells were treated with GLPG before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h post-infection was determined using a TCID((50)) assay. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our work suggests that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early events of viral adsorption and entry into target cells. Thus, this proteoglycan appears to be a candidate anti-HSV agent.
Modern medical practice relies heavily on the use of highly purified pharmaceutical compounds whose purity can be easily assessed and whose pharmaceutical activity and toxicity show clear structure-function relationships. In contrast, many herbal medicines contain mixtures of natural compounds that have not undergone detailed chemical analyses and whose mechanism of action is not known. Traditional folk medicine and ethno-pharmacology coupled to bioprospecting have been an important source of many anticancer agents as well as other medicines. With the current decline in the number of new molecular entities from the pharmaceutical industry, novel anticancer agents are being sought from traditional medicine. As the example of medicinal mushrooms demonstrates, however, translating traditional Eastern practices into acceptable evidence-based Western therapies is difficult. Different manufacturing standards, criteria of purity, and under-powered clinical trials make assessment of efficacy and toxicity by Western standards of clinical evidence difficult. Purified bioactive compounds derived from medicinal mushrooms are a potentially important new source of anticancer agents; their assimilation into Western drug discovery programs and clinical trials also provides a framework for the study and use of other traditional medicines.
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