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Review of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth edition
... Socioeconomic level was estimated by the number of years of education completed or, in the case of children, their parent's education level. Other technical characteristics, such as reliability (internal consistency, stability, and inter-rater agreement) and validity of SB-5 scores were generally considered positive in two independent reviews [38,39]. Both reviews noted improvements over SB-4, but both also noted some problems. ...
Hearing impairment is a common type of sensory loss in children. Studies indicate that children with hearing impairment are deficient in social, cognitive and communication skills. This study compared the intelligence quotients of first- and second-generation deaf children with cochlear implants. This research is causal-comparative. All 15 deaf children investigated had deaf parents and were selected from Baqiyatallah Cochlear Implant Center. The 15 children with cochlear implants were paired with similar children with hearing parents using purposive sampling. The findings show that the Hotelling trace of multivariate analysis of variance (F = 6.78, p < 0.01, ηP² = 0.73) was significant. The tests of between-subjects effects for second-generation children was significantly higher than for first-generation children for all intelligence scales except knowledge. It can be assumed that second-generation children joined their family in the use of sign language as the primary experience before a cochlear implant. The use of of sign language before cochlear implants is recommended.
... In contrast, more restricted or specialized measures of cognitive ability, such as nonverbal measures of intelligence, possess not only strong psychometric characteristics (Braden & Athanasiou, 2005) but are supported by well-articulated models of intelligence (Kranzler, Flores & Coady, 2010).It is important to remember that IQ tests measure intelligence as well as other factors including personality (Chamorro-Premuzic, Moutafi, & Furnham, 2005), academic achievement (Kush, 2005;Sternberg, 1998Sternberg, , 1999, as well as the context of the learning environment (Ceci, 1991). It is this incremental validity that that provides IQ tests with the -broad explanatory power‖ described by Jensen (1998) ...
Psychologists continue to debate how best to define human intelligence. There is a general consensus among theoreticians that intelligence consists of a general, or overarching ability that underlies all aspects of the construct, as well as smaller, individual abilities such as verbal ability and abstract reasoning. Although many commercial tests of intelligence claim to be modeled upon established theories of intelligence, there is growing evidence that this may not always be the case. The underlying factor structure of many IQ tests is not always invariant across groups and does not always align with its theoretical origins. Additionally, IQ tests are increasingly adding subtests that include non-intellectual aspects such as tasks that are better described as measures of learning than measures of intelligence. Because many current IQ tests measure intelligence and other factors, the result is an inflated correlation between IQ tests and tests of achievement. An alternative approach to traditional IQ testing has included an examination of brain functioning including blood flow or other physiological indices as well as the assessment of elementary tests of cognitive abilities. These measures have much better face validity than commercial IQ tests however their predictive validity is somewhat lower. This chapter highlights one specific ECT measure, inspection time, and describes a process where an inspection time task can be combined with traditional IQ tests to produce a battery that may provide improved diagnostic utility, as well as a closer match to existing theories of human intelligence.
... Our sample's mean FSIQ score of 99.45 is consistent with that of the normative sample. Kush (2005) also reported detailed evidence that the SB5 has acceptable levels of content, criterion, concurrent, and construct-related validity. ...
Research Findings: Preschoolers' sleep patterns were examined related to cognitive and adaptive functioning. The sample consisted of 874 typically developing preschool children with a mean age of 40.01 months. Parent/caregiver reports of children's sleep pattern factors, Stanford-Binet 5 intelligence scale scores, and Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, adaptive behavior composite scores were examined. The results provided evidence of the interaction among preschoolers' sleep factors, cognitive variations across performance areas, and adaptive functioning. Practice or Policy: Sleep needs vary according to the child, and maintaining optimal sleep habits will help preschool performance and skills acquisition. Practical implications for prevention, early intervention, education, and policy are discussed.
... Theories of multiple intelligences have evolved or, perhaps, deevolved to the point where everything (e.g., memory, vocabulary, knowledge of social etiquette, reading ability) is considered by some to reflect a type of intelligence. For example, approximately two thirds of the information contained on the Stanford-Binet (5th edition) and tests of academic achievement reflects shared variance or overlapping content, a figure that is too high for instruments thought to be measuring related yet discrete constructs (Kush, 2005). Intelligence is related to, but not the same as, academic achievement, and as Naglieri has cogently pointed out (Naglieri & Das, 1997;Naglieri & Rojahn, 2004), most current IQ tests are contaminated with achievement content that confounds their interpretability. ...
The impact of technology in the field of intellectual assessment has, for the most part, been limited to computerized administration and scoring. Anderson's (2001) theory of intelligence suggests that performance on traditional IQ measures is acquired via two main routes, thinking and dedicated processing systems known as modules. Empirical data used to support this relationship between the speed of basic processing and intellectual functioning have been evidenced primarily by correlations between measures of general intelligence and measures of inspection time (IT). These IT measures allow individuals to make a forced choice discrimination task without a motor component. Because only the time used to cognitively solve the problem is recorded, these responses typically occur in milliseconds. Many theorists (e.g., Burns & Nettelbeck, 2002; Deary, 2000; Jensen, 2006) consider IT to be a more "pure" measure of intelligence, because the influences of verbal skills, memory, and socialization are minimized and results are therefore considered to be more culture-fair. Until relatively recently, IT measurement was restricted to complex and expensive specialized laboratory equipment. This article describes the theoretical background and developmental process of a computer-based IT measure that is easily adaptable to accommodate the needs of the researcher.
Sensitive, reliable measurement instruments are critical for the evaluation of disease progression and new treatments that affect the brain in the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). MPS I, II, and III have early onset clinical phenotypes that affect the brain during development and result in devastating cognitive decline and ultimately death without treatment. Comparisons of outcomes are hindered by diverse protocols and approaches to assessment including applicability to international trials necessary in rare diseases. We review both cognitive and adaptive measures with the goal of providing evidence to a Delphi panel to come to a consensus about recommendations for clinical trials for various age groups. The results of the consensus panel are reported in an accompanying article. The following data were gathered (from internet resources and from test manuals) for each measure and summarized in the discussion: reliability, validity, date and adequacy of normative data, applicability of the measure's metrics, cross cultural validity including translations and adaptations, feasibility in the MPS population, familiarity to sites, sensitivity to change, and interpretability. If, resulting from this consensus, standard protocols are used for both natural history and treatment studies, patients, their families, and health care providers will benefit from the ability to compare study outcomes.
The definition of mental retardation offered by the American Association on Mental Deficiency refers to an IQ of approximately 70 or below. This is identical to the Wechsler criterion of a test performance two standard deviations (SDs) below the population mean. In fact, Wechsler tests have not supplied such a criterion, rather they have deviated from it by anything from .27 to a full SD. Having done without such a criterion for 40 years, we should consider exchanging it for one that is fixed in time and whose external validity is attested to by an accumulated body of evidence.
The Mantel-Haenszel procedure is a noniterative contingency table method for estimating and testing a common two-factor association parameter in a 2×2×k table. As such it may be used to study “item bias” or differential item functioning in two groups of examinees. This technique is discussed in this context and compared to other related techniques as well as to item response theory methods.
An analytic and computer strategy is introduced and demonstrated for multistage Euclidean grouping (MEG). The procedure sequentially produces first-stage clusters for independent data blocks ; second-stage, higher order clusters based on a full similarity matrix for first-stage clusters; and third-stage clusters that allow case migration to relocate prior misassignments and to optimize within-cluster homogeneity. The process is facilitated by special SAS computer codes and, in addition to conventional SAS cluster output, produces special fusion statistics, plots of all fusion statistics, and indices of homogeneity within clusters and within profile variables. The program also reports replication rates for final clusters.
Data from 14 nations reveal IQ gains ranging from 5 to 25 points in a single generation. Some of the largest gains occur on culturally reduced tests and tests of fluid intelligence. The Norwegian data show that a nation can make significant gains on a culturally reduced test while suffering losses on other tests. The Dutch data prove the existence of unknown environmental factors so potent that they account for 15 of the 20 points gained. The hypothesis that best fits the results is that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather a correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence. This hypothesis can also explain differential trends on various mental tests, such as the combination of IQ gains and Scholastic Aptitude Test losses in the United States.
This study evaluated the sensitivity of maximum likelihood (ML)-, generalized least squares (GLS)-, and asymptotic distribution-free (ADF)-based fit indices to model misspecification, under conditions that varied sample size and distribution. The effect of violating assumptions of asymptotic robustness theory also was examined. Standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) was the most sensitive index to models with misspecified factor covariance(s), and Tucker-Lewis Index (1973; TLI), Bollen's fit index (1989; BL89), relative noncentrality index (RNI), comparative fit index (CFI), and the ML- and GLS-based gamma hat, McDonald's centrality index (1989; Mc), and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) were the most sensitive indices to models with misspecified factor loadings. With ML and GLS methods, we recommend the use of SRMR, supplemented by TLI, BL89, RNI, CFI, gamma hat, Mc, or RMSEA (TLI, Mc, and RMSEA are less preferable at small sample sizes). With the ADF method, we recommend the use of SRMR, supplemented by TLI, BL89, RNI, or CH. Finally, most of the ML-based fit indices outperformed those obtained from GLS and ADF and are preferable for evaluating model fit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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American Psychologkal Association. (2000). Report <ifIh' la'''-fore< on lest list,.
qIJalijicafians. Washington, DC: Author.
Human cogniti'll' abilititr: A ,ur<Jry <iffoetor analytic studies
- J B Carroll
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cogniti'll' abilititr: A,ur<Jry <iffoetor analytic
studies.. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2003: $499 per single-computer li cense kit (40 students) including installation guide (2002, 32 pages), quick reference card, and software manual
- Price Data
Price Data. 2003: $499 per single-computer li
cense kit (40 students) including installation guide
(2002, 32 pages), quick reference card, and software
manual (2002, 62 pages);
Walker of an earlier version, see 15:241
- Cindy M Ciechalski
Ciechalski and Cindy M. Walker of an earlier version,
see 15:241.
Review ofSTAR Math, Version 2.0 by.MARY