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Making Sense of Mobile Media. Institutional Working Notions, Strategies and Actions in Convergent Media Markets
Abstract
This thesis is a study of how established institutions within the media and telecom industries act in times of change, using the first decade of the 2000s as its time frame. As an emerging field that has inspired high expectations but also much uncertainty, mobile media has been a leading subject of scholarly investigation. Located mainly within the management of technological innovation tradition, this thesis discusses how incumbent institutions, with their legacies from the traditional media and telecom industries, make sense of the mobile device as a media platform, as well as how they translate their perceptions into plans and actions. Furthermore, this thesis connects the development of mobile media to other, more far-reaching developments technological, cultural and economic within the media and telecom industries. Hence it considers how mobile-media perceptions and facilitations are related to the more general developments of media convergence, changing audience relations and challenging new-media business models. It concentrates on well-established institutions from the Norwegian media and telecom markets the incumbent telecom operator Telenor, the public service broadcaster NRK, the tabloid newspaper VG, the commercial television channel TV 2 and the commercial radio channel P4 in particular.
This thesis relies upon a multifold definition of the term “strategy” and distinguishes further among strategies as plans, patterns and perspectives. Hence, it analyses not only what these institutions say they plan to do (and what they actually do) regarding mobile media but also the foundation of these decisions that is, industry perceptions and working notions. The latter term is given particular attention in this thesis, because analyses of strategies as plans or patterns can mislead us into believing that the institution’s decision
-making processes are linear and rational and driven by well-documented goals and aims. On the other hand, studies that incorporate working notions where different working notions compete and where the dominant working notion might even change over time provide a more chaotic but ultimately more dynamic and realistic representation of reality. This thesis aims to substantiate why, and outline how, this is so.
... There has been tremendous metamorphosis in the functionality of mobile devices ranging from a device for just communication to a more sophisticated one used for consumption and production of multimodal content and services (Westlund, 2015). Given the uptake in the usage of mobile devices, news organizations worldwide have swung into action to avail the opportunities associated with mobile devices (Schanke-Sundet, 2012;Westlund, 2011Westlund, , 2015. ...
... RQ 1 dealt with finding out the availability of interactive features on the websites of six Indian national newspapers. The analysis revealed that these websites, mobile sites/responsive sites, mobile apps and co-opted social networking tools offered a wide spectrum of interactive features, which are evident in previous studies as well, to facilitate interaction between users and users, users and webpage content, and users and machine (Ariel & Avidar, 2015;Boczkowski, 2004;Larsson, 2012;Oblak & Vobi c, 2013;Schanke-Sundet, 2012;Stark, 2013;Stroud et al., 2014;Westlund, 2011Westlund, , 2015. ...
Drawing on the theories of new media and Domingo’s typology of interactivity, this paper examines the presence of interactive and participatory features on the websites of six Indian national dailies. The analysis reveals that newspapers offered its readers/users a wide variety of interactive features to “digitally manage” their “news environment.” Presence of features such as interactive polling, voting and star-grading media text, commenting and flagging a comment for error and abuse inter alia enabled readers/users to annotate the news content and provide feedback. Online forums, blogs, comment threads and other interactive features present on the website are affordances that are capable of fostering dialogue between user-user, user-machine and user-journalist. However, interactive features facilitating citizen journalism was not as ubiquitous as other dimensions on the websites of the newspapers studied. Out of six, only one newspaper had a dedicated section where readers/citizens could submit news of their neighborhood.
... Mobile device users can now produce content, for example, audio-visual clips and images, then distribute them quickly through social media (Westlund, 2013;Burum & Quinn, 2016;Adornato, 2018). In addition, individual journalists and many organizations have integrated the smartphone into newsroom workflows and journalistic works (Adornato, 2018;Kumar & Mohamed Haneef, 2018;Quinn, 2011a;Sundet, 2012). Perreault and Stanfield (2019) argue that contemporary research needs to study how news organizations understand mobile media and how smartphones change journalists do their jobs and institutionalize mobile media tools in newsrooms. ...
Smartphones and social media have changed how the media gather, produce, edit, and disseminate news. By employing the journalistic capital concept, this paper examines how journalists in Kompas.com, one of the pioneers of online media in Indonesia, incorporate mobile journalism practice into their work. This article explores how journalists and newsrooms respond to change that coincides with mobile devices and social media in the newsroom. The qualitative data analysis obtained from in-depth interviews with Kompas.com journalists and document analysis revealed that the application of mojo in Kompas.com is relatively new and is still looking for a form. Kompas.com integrate mobile smartphones into journalistic work to produce stories with a multimedia approach to meet changing journalistic and business needs. Journalists are expected to produce journalistic content in short videos using mobile devices related to daily events around them. Thus, the practice of mojo emerged as a new order in journalism. Kompas.com develops a multimedia division and improves journalists’ skills through training on all desks in the newsroom. Journalists learn new applications and tools and produce short videos for social media.
... I den første fasen ble det ikke gjort så mange produksjonsstudier (Klausen 1986;Puijk 1990;Ytreberg 1999), men etter århundreskiftet er det en rekke produksjonsstudier som handler om relasjonene mellom tradisjonelle og nye medier. Noen av disse konsentrerer seg om nye produksjonsformer innen fjernsynet (Enli 2007;Kjus 2009b;Sundet 2012), mens andre tar utgangspunkt i (nyhets)journalistikk (Erdal 2008;Krumsvik 2009;Steensen 2010;Sjøvaag 2011;Barland 2012a). ...
The introduction of a new medium leads to adaptation of the existing media, but the relation between the new and the old changes over time. Following different phases in the development of a health and lifestyle programme (PULS), this article analyses changes that have taken place in the relationship between television and the internet in the past decade. While the possibilities of the internet were used in the first phase to enhance the television concept, the internet has gained more independence in the recent phase. Online health and lifestyle journalists are no longer integrated in Puls’s television activity, but with NRK’s general online activity focusing on their front page. This development changes the hierarchical relation between these media that has become more equal.
... Adopting mojo practices in news organizations should be attractive for a number of reasons: mobile productions tend to be very flexible and hold the promise for organizations to reduce production costs and present a fast way to produce video, audio, and multimedia content for multiple platforms (Sundet 2012;Jokela, Väätäjä and Koponen 2009;Staschen and Wellinga 2018;Mills et al. 2012). Mojo practices make the journalist fully operational for a 24/7 news production cycle (Carolus et al. 2018;Westlund and Quinn 2018;Guribye and Nyre 2017;Bruck and Madanmohan 2013 ;Lund 2012). ...
Mobile journalism is a fast-growing area of journalistic innovation that requires new skills and work practices. Thus, a major challenge for journalists is learning not only how to keep up with new gadgets but how to advance and develop a mojo mindset to pursue their interests and solidify future work options. This paper investigates a globally pioneering network of mojo journalism, the Mojo Community, that consists of journalists and practitioners dedicated to creating multimedia content using mobile technologies. The study is based on empirical data from interviews with and the observation of the participants of the community over a two-year period. The analysis draws on Wenger’s concept of “communities of practice” to explore the domain, structure, and role of this communal formation for innovation and change in journalistic practices. The community’s core group is comprised of journalists mainly affiliated with legacy broadcast organizations and with a particular interest in and extensive knowledge of mobile technologies. The participants perceive their engagement with the community as a way of meeting the challenges of organizational reluctance to change, fast-evolving technological advancements, and uncertain job prospects.
... Undersøkelsene finner heller en stor grad av endringsmotstand (Krumsvik, 2009, s. 3;Ryfe, 2009, s. 198). Både Vilde Schanke Sundet (2012) og Amy Schmitz Weiss (2013, s. 449) har studert medie-og nyhetsbransjens strategier innen mobile medier, og peker på betydelige forskjeller mellom brukernes forventninger til moderne mobile medier og nyhetsbransjen, og til hva bransjen faktisk leverer. ...
[English summary bellow]
Nyheter, til deg, der du er. Utvikling av lokativ journalistikk for mobile enheter – et pragmatisk perspektiv
Mobiltelefonen har i flere land blitt den største plattformen for nyhetskonsum. Dette har resultert i at folk forholder seg annerledes til nyheter og leser nyheter på nye steder. Sammen med posisjonsteknologier innebygd i mobiltelefonen åpner dette for nye måter å formidle og lage journalistikk på. Gjennom forskningsprosjektet Lokanytt undersøker avhandlingen hvordan en lokasjonsbestemt journalistikk, kalt lokativ journalistikk, kan designes, og hvordan den påvirker journalistikken og bruken av den.
Lokativ journalistikk kan karakteriseres som en ikke-eksisterende praksis som dermed har ubenyttet potensial. For å undersøke dette potensialet analyserer avhandlingen et system for produksjon av denne typen nyheter designet i samarbeid med andre forskere. Spørsmål som hvordan man lager journalistikk tilpasset folk i bevegelse og hva slags nyheter som fungerer -hvor, når og hvorfor er sentrale utgangspunkt for prosjektet. Utfordringen for lokativ journalistikk ligger ikke bare i å tilpasse journalistikk til deg som person, men også til deg der du er. Dette inkluderer både en stedstilpasning og en situasjonstilpasning av det journalistiske stoffet som går utover praksisen til lokaljournalistikken i dag. For eksempel vil en slik form for journalistikk innebære at sorteringen av nyhetene du får på mobilen baserer seg på avstanden til den aktuelle hendelse fremfor en dagsorden foreslått av redaktøren.
Avhandlingen stiller altså ikke spørsmål ved hvordan journalistikk blir eller har blitt laget, men hvordan journalistikk kan bli laget. Dette skiller avhandlingen fra tradisjonell journalistikkforskning som i all hovedsak har undersøkt eksisterende eller historiske praksiser.
Avhandlingens hovedfunn er at lokativ journalistikk bidrar til mer hendelsesdrevet journalistikk og en mer informasjonsdrevet bruk av nyheter enn den tradisjonelle journalistikken. Dette sees i sammenheng med at digitale og mobile nyheter gjør journalistikken mer geografisk orientert, og bringer den tettere på brukerens hverdagsliv med informasjon om lokale hendelser. Dette bidrar til en spenning mellom nyhetsjournalistikk og praktisk informasjon som gjør at brukerne av lokativ journalistikk har problemer med å forholde seg til dette som journalistikk siden båndene til den etablerte journalistiske formen er sterke. Avhandlingen argumenterer i tillegg med at flere medie- og journalistikkforskere bør designe journalistisk innhold og tekniske prototyper for å kunne bidra til kommunikasjonsløsninger som er godt tilpasset brukerne og plattformene de benytter.
Summary of the doctoral thesis:
News, to you, where you are
Developing locative journalism for mobile devices – a pragmatic perspective
The smartphone has now become the largest platform for accessing news in several countries. This has changed how consumers relate to and consume news. This change combined with the built-in positioning technologies allows new ways of distributing and telling news stories. Through the research project called LocaNews this thesis investigates how a location-dependent form of journalism, called locative journalism, can be designed and how this form affects the content and its use.
Locative journalism can be characterized as a non-existent practice and therefore contains an unused potential. To investigate this potential the thesis analyzes a system, designed together with other researchers, for production of this kind of news. Questions as how to make journalism tailored to people on the go and what kind of news fits this format were key questions this project departed from. The challenge for locative journalism is not just simply to tailor news to you as a person, but also to you where you are. This includes a place- and a situational fit of the journalistic content which exceeds the current practice of the local journalism today. As an example, presented news stories in this form of journalism is depending on the distance to the news story rather than editorial selections.
However, the thesis does not ask the question how journalism is or has been produced, but rather how journalism can be made. This separates the thesis from traditional journalism research that mainly has investigated existing or historical practices.
The main conclusion is that locative journalism contributes to more event-based journalism and to a more information-driven use of news. Part of the reason is that digital and mobile news makes the journalism more geographical oriented and brings it closer to the consumers beat of everyday life with information on local events. This causes a tension between news journalism and practical information and shows that the user of locative journalism has problems identifying this as journalism since the ties to the traditional journalistic form remain strong. In addition, the thesis argues that more media- and journalism scholars should design journalistic content and technical prototypes to contribute to the making of systems for well-tailored communication.
... För nyhetsmedieföretag handlar en central fråga om på vilka sätt som förskjutningen mot mobil nyhetskonsumtion påverkar nyhetsmedier, och hur dessa ska utveckla sin affärsverksamhet i en mobil tidsålder (se t.ex. Schanke Sundet, 2012;Westlund, 2011). Det talas This article is downloaded from www.idunn.no. ...
A key aspect of music-streaming services is the user’s access to their vast libraries and abundant choices anytime and anywhere. This article explores how artists performing at a large music festival in Norway were streamed before, during, and after the festival over the course of four different years. The data shows that festival streams grew by more than 40% compared to control weeks and were particularly pronounced among users who lived near the venue. The article then argues that changes in listening patterns may reflect a more general shift towards the “eventization” of streaming media.
The sessions that combined the projection of images, the recitation of texts and the interpretation of musical melodies reached between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries an important socio-cultural relevance at the international level. For their aims, these sessions used a new device that adopted names such as fantascope, megascope, solar microscope or projection lantern, and that gave the name to a very popular social media known under the term ‘magic lantern’. Despite its undoubted influence, the presence of the magic lantern in the academic field has always been residual. Fortunately, for the last two decades, there has been a change of trend enhancing its cultural relevance, largely thanks to the renewal and the thrust introduced by ‘media archeology’. Given the growing scientific interest in an object of study as extensive as the magic lantern, the authors make two fundamental contributions: (a) a brief historical introduction of the magic lantern in Europe based on ten textual references; (b) a theoretical approach from the genetic-cultural in the terms proposed by L.S. Vygotski so as to be able to integrate the magic lantern into a hypothetical ‘mediation archeology’.
This paper considers new and old challenges to journalism production and education, focusing on the rising field of mobile journalism. The article examines how journalism schools are adapting to the increasing integration and proliferation of mobile technologies within journalism production and consumption, and the increasing trend to incorporate technical skills training within courses. In addition, it integrates the “mobilities paradigm” to insert questions about the social meanings and implications of the “mobile turn” within journalism and journalism education, exploring how mobile subjectivities are deeply embedded within and undergird mobile journalism and journalism education infrastructures. In all, while the technical skills of mobile journalism are important to training successful professional journalists, the analysis points toward a need for the re-definition and re-orientation of mobile journalism education toward the unequal power relations and broader and societal implications of mobile journalism whereby journalists’ labor is increasingly and contradictingly more precarious, immobile, and invisible than imagined within educational priorities.
Drawing on Bourdieu’s field theory, this paper examines how the Hindustan Times, one of the leading English dailies in India, integrates mojo (contraction of mobile journalism) into its journalistic practices. Further, this paper explores how journalists respond to the concomitant changes brought about by the adoption of technologised practices in the newsroom. The analysis of qualitative data obtained from participant-observation and in-depth interview reveals that the practice of mojo, which is about learning new apps and tools, producing short videos by and for mobile devices, and disseminating news to digital readers through multiple platforms, emerges as a new rule in the field of journalism. Instead of depending solely on a team of mobile journalists, the newspaper aims to develop capabilities and impart training to journalists across the board in the newsroom. This study also reveals that journalists at the Hindustan Times experienced the practice of mojo as both en-skilling and de-skilling.
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