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Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation
Abstract
"We must, therefore, be prepared to find that further advance into this region will require a still more extensive renunciation of features which we are accustomed to demand of the space time mode of description." — Niels Bohr.
... In fact, one of the central ideas of the original double solution approach was to accept a strong time-symmetry of the fundamental field constituting the soliton [16,17]. This strong timesymmetry is actually similar to the one later developed by Wheeler and Feynman [19,20] in their famous electrodynamics, namely the 'absorber theory' that involves a half sum of retarded and advanced fields. De Broglie realized already in 1925 [16,17] that such a time-symmetric field could be central to justify wave-particle duality and the stability of the non-radiating Bohr's orbits in atoms. ...
... Retrocausality or backward-in-time causality has also been seriously considered to evade the conclusions of Bell's theorem [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The idea goes back at least to Costa de Beauregard in the 1940s [40] and is linked to the work of Wheeler and Feynman on time-symmetric classical electrodynamics [19,20] (de Beauregard idea was developped during the war around 1942-1947 but Costa de Beauregard waited for the approval of de Broglie which came after the publication by Wheeler and Feynman [19]). This approach is directly linked to the present proposal inspired by the work of de Broglie in 1925 [16,17] also involving time-symmetric fields. ...
... Retrocausality or backward-in-time causality has also been seriously considered to evade the conclusions of Bell's theorem [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The idea goes back at least to Costa de Beauregard in the 1940s [40] and is linked to the work of Wheeler and Feynman on time-symmetric classical electrodynamics [19,20] (de Beauregard idea was developped during the war around 1942-1947 but Costa de Beauregard waited for the approval of de Broglie which came after the publication by Wheeler and Feynman [19]). This approach is directly linked to the present proposal inspired by the work of de Broglie in 1925 [16,17] also involving time-symmetric fields. ...
In this work, we review and extend a version of the old attempt made by Louis de Broglie for interpreting quantum mechanics in realistic terms, namely, the double solution. In this theory, quantum particles are localized waves, i.e., solitons, that are solutions of relativistic nonlinear field equations. The theory that we present here is the natural extension of this old work and relies on a strong time-symmetry requiring the presence of advanced and retarded waves converging on particles. Using this method, we are able to justify wave–particle duality and to explain the violations of Bell’s inequalities. Moreover, the theory recovers the predictions of the pilot-wave theory of de Broglie and Bohm, often known as Bohmian mechanics. As a direct consequence, we reinterpret the nonlocal action-at-a-distance in the pilot-wave theory. In the double solution developed here, there is fundamentally no action-at-a-distance but the theory requires a form of superdeterminism driven by time-symmetry.
... In the case of point source this erroneous thesis about the decisive role of backscattering was also developed in [18]. In it, an attempt was made to use the optical theorem for the point source to explain the physics of the Purcell effect in terms of the Wheeler−Feynman theory [19]. At the same time, despite the correct description of energy flow balances, the optical theorem for the point source was formulated in [18] as σ ext = (4π/k 0 ) Im e * s c p, where e s c is the polarization vector of the backscattered wave, and p is the dipole moment of the source, i.e., the extinction crosssection σ ext , was expressed in terms of the field scattered back to the source. ...
... The right side (19) includes the value G + 0 q s , which differs from the scattered field u s = G 0 q s by the presence of the Hermitian conjugation sign for G 0 . At the same time, in the paper [12] the similar expression given for the extinction power contained scattered field u s . ...
... Expression (20) with distinguished backscattering field looks like some complication of formula (19). Such a distinction seems redundant, since it simultaneously complicates the correct physical interpretation of the optical theorem. ...
The solution of the "paradox" in scattering theory is considered, according to which the extinction cross section is expressed in terms of the forward scattering amplitude (the so-called "optical theorem"), whereas for a point source, and as a consequence, for any emitter located at a finite distance from the scatterer, a similar ratio is often written through a scattered field near the emitter, i.e. determined by "backscattering". A clear picture of the formation of radiation losses during the transition of energy from the source to the scatterer is presented. It is shown that although the field backscattered to the source determines the change in its radiation characteristics (the Purcell effect), the optical theorem includes an extinction factor which is generally related to the work of the incident wave on the currents induced in the scatterer. This factor passes into the forward scattering amplitude in the limiting case of a plane incident wave. Keywords: optical theorem, energy conservation, radiation losses, Purcell effect, point source of radiation.
... В случае точечного источника указанный ошибочный тезис об определяющей роли обратного рассеяния развивался также в работе [18]. В ней делалась попытка использовать оптическую теорему для точечного источника для объяснения физики эффекта Перселла в рамках теории Уиллера−Фейнмана [19]. При этом, несмотря на правильное описание балансов энергетических потоков, оптическая теорема для точечного источника формулировалась в [18] как σ ext = (4π/k 0 ) Im e * s c p, где e s cвектор поляризации рассеянной назад волны, а p -дипольный момент источника, т. е. сечение экстинкции σ ext выражалось через рассеянное обратно к источнику поле. ...
... Здесь учтено соотношение u 0 = G 0 q 0 , так что u + 0 = q + 0 G + 0 , причем формально неограниченное интегрирование фактически выполняется по объему рассеивателя V s c , где отличен от нуля источник q s . В правую часть (19) входит величина G + 0 q s , которая отличается от рассеянного поля u s = G 0 q s наличием знака эрмитового сопряжения у G 0 . Вместе с тем в работе [12] приведенное аналогичное выражение для мощности экстинкции содержало рассеянное поле u s . ...
... Выражение (20) с выделенным полем обратного рассеяния выглядит как некоторое усложнение формулы (19). Такое выделение представляется излишним, поскольку оно одновременно затрудняет правильную физическую трактовку оптической теоремы. ...
The solution of the "paradox" in scattering theory is considered, according to which the extinction cross section is expressed in terms of the forward scattering amplitude (the so-called "optical theorem"), whereas for a point source, and as a consequence, for any emitter located at a finite distance from the scatterer, a similar ratio is often written through a scattered field near the emitter, i.e. determined by "backscattering". A clear picture of the formation of radiation losses during the transition of energy from the source to the scatterer is presented. It is shown that although the field backscattered to the source determines the change in its radiation characteristics (the Purcell effect), the optical theorem includes an extinction factor which is generally related to the work of the incident wave on the currents induced in the scatterer. This factor passes into the forward scattering amplitude in the limiting case of a plane incident wave.
... More generally, a fully non-local interpretation exists-the Wheeler-Feynman (WF) absorber formulation. [53][54][55][56][57] When applied to quantized charges, [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] it reproduces all physical predictions of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) including entanglement, but the theory does not contain quantized, local degrees of freedom that create the entanglement. If such an absorber theory can be formulated for gravity, it would explain gravitationally induced entanglement without introducing gravitons, while still being consistent with classical general relativity. ...
... An example of such a drastic approach is provided by the Wheeler-Feynman (WF) absorber theory of electromagnetism. 53,[55][56][57]76 In the absorber theory, the interaction between charges is non-local, captured by the Lagrangian, ...
... The absorber theory is manifestly causal due to the lightcone integral in Eq. (23a). The absorbing boundary conditions are not required for causality, but they ensure approximate forward causation, see Ref. 56. ...
Observable signatures of the quantum nature of gravity at low energies have recently emerged as a promising new research field. One prominent avenue is to test for gravitationally induced entanglement between two mesoscopic masses prepared in spatial superposition. Here, we analyze such proposals and what one can infer from them about the quantum nature of gravity as well as the electromagnetic analogues of such tests. We show that it is not possible to draw conclusions about mediators: even within relativistic physics, entanglement generation can equally be described in terms of mediators or in terms of non-local processes—relativity does not dictate a local channel. Such indirect tests, therefore, have limited ability to probe the nature of the process establishing the entanglement as their interpretation is inherently ambiguous. We also show that cosmological observations already demonstrate some aspects of quantization that these proposals aim to test. Nevertheless, the proposed experiments would probe how gravity is sourced by spatial superpositions of matter, an untested new regime of quantum physics.
... MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content. momentum conservation among interacting particles [11,12]. Whereas instantaneous action at a distance has the distinct advantage of obeying Newton's third law, thus naturally obeys energy and momentum conservation without seeking contributions from fields, although it does not directly account for the propagation of waves (signal/energy). ...
... where represents the whole vacuum space, and ( ⃑) = ( ⃑) = ( ) 4 (12) Delta function has been routinely used in physics and engineering to model point properties. Delta function value is zero everywhere except at coordinate zero, and its integral over the entire coordinate is equal to one. ...
The interaction of matter when separated by a distance is a fundamental question, whether such interactions occur through instantaneous action at a distance or retarded interaction (principle of locality)? While the mainstream consensus favors the principle of locality, instantaneous action at a distance offers certain advantages. Previously, instantaneous action at a distance has been viewed as an appearance or representation from specific gauge choices of electromagnetic potentials (retarded). In this paper, we propose a novel approach that combines Weber’s electrodynamics with the concept of vacuum polarization to explore a new possible connection between the two viewpoints: instantaneous action at a distance and the locality principle. This new approach aligns with the observation of locality in signal/energy propagation while retaining the notion of instantaneous action at a distance.
... The renormalization process for symmetric fields leads to self-forces at retarded times that cancel out the self-forces at advanced times, and no correction is necessary for the generalized Synge problem. These neutral second-order FDEs are called Wheeler-Feynman equations [38,39]. A good critical discussion on the Dirac-Lorentz versus Wheeler-Feynman equations can be seen in [40]. ...
... The α parameter is just a trick to consider linear combinations between retarded and advanced fields that represent different solutions of Maxwell's equations. Two cases are worth mentioning: the first is α = 1/2, corresponding to the causal scenario with retarded fields; the second is α = 0, which corresponds to the Wheeler-Feynman formulation of electromagnetism [38,39], where a symmetrical contribution of retarded and advanced fields is considered. The retarded and advanced electromagnetic fields can be written as follows: ...
Synge’s problem consists in to determine the dynamics of two point
electrical charges interacting through their electromagnetic fields, without to take
into account the radiation terms due to the self-forces in each charge. We discuss
how this problem is related to the question on to establish initial conditions for the
electromagnetic fields that are compatible with the two point charges system isolation,
that is, the charges are free from the action of external forces. This problem stems from
the existence of inter-temporal constraints for the charges trajectories, which implies
that the relativistic Newton equations for the charges is not a system of ODEs, but
rather a system of Functional Differential Equations (FDEs). We developed a new
method to obtain global solutions that satisfies this system of FDEs and a given initial
condition for the charges positions and velocities. This method allows the construction
of a recursive numerical algorithm that only use integration methods for ODEs systems.
Finally, we apply this algorithm to obtain numerical approximations for the quasicircular
solutions that are predicted in Synge’s problem.
... These fundamental operator objects on the Fock space and the related symmetry properties of their algebraic representations proved to be governing in deepening our understanding the electron spin nature and its importance for the matter stability in the Universe. The elementary point charged particle, like electron, its spin, energy spectrum and mass problem were inspiring many physicists [26] [8,20,21,40,15,16,22,23,27,28,30], and modern quantum field theories [31,33,34,35,37,42,45,48,51] of Yang-Mills and Higgs type, as in [1,24,25,50] and others, whose recent and extensive review is done in [49]. ...
... with respect to the own reference frame Kt hold. Being further interested in the evolution equations (48), suitably rewritten in the transformed Fock spaceΦ with respect to the common temporal parameter t ∈ R, we need to take into account [18] that the following functional relationships ψ(t) := ψ(t,t)|t =t=t ,Ã(t) :=Ã(t,t)|t =t=t (57) hold. In particular, from (57) the evolution expressions follow ...
The quantum electron spin structure and the photon dressed electron energy spectrum problem are reanalyzed in the framework of the Fock many-temporal parameter approach. There is analyzed the spin structure and its dependence on the symmetry properties of the related representations of the basic Clifford algebra, generated by creation-annihilation operators. The self-interaction phenomenon is discussed within the quantum renormalized Lorenz constraint on a suitably reduced Fock space. The electron energy spectrum is analyzed within the many-temporal Fock and Feynman proper time paradigms.
... Furthermore, this term does not depend on the nature of the force. This is exactly what one expects of the back reaction caused by the inertial resistance of the particle to accelerated motion and, according to Wheeler and Feynman [47], is precisely what is meant by radiation reaction. Remark 4.9. ...
... Remark 4.12. Wheeler and Feynman [47] conjectured that action-at-a-distance and field theory represented different sides of the same theory. The above discussion explains why and how their conjecture is true. ...
This paper reviews research on the foundations of quantum electrodynamics (QED). We show that there are three definitions of the proper time that follow from Einstein’s theory. The first definition is used to prove that the universe has a unique clock (Newton-Horwitz-Fanchi time) available to all observers. This clock is used to briefly discuss the mathematical foundations for Feynman’s time ordered operator calculus. We use this calculus to solve the first and second conjectures of Dyson for QED: that the renormalized perturbation series is asymptotic and, that the ultra-violet divergence is caused by a violation of the time-energy uncertainly relationship. The second definition gives Minkowski’s version of Einstein’s theory and its problems are briefly reviewed. The third definition gives the dual Newton, dual Maxwell and dual quantum theories. The theory is dual in that, for a set of n particles, every observer has two unique sets of global variables ( X , t ) and ( X , τ ) to study the system, where X is the canonical center of mass. Using ( X , t ) time is relative with speed c , while in ( X , τ ), time is unique with relative speed b . The dual Maxwell theory contains a longitudinal (dissipative) term in the E field wave equation, which appears instantaneously with acceleration and we predict that radiation from a cyclotron will not produce photoelectrons. It is shown that this term gives an effective mass for the photon. A major outcome is the dual unification of Newtonian mechanics and classical electrodynamics with Einstein’s theory and without the need for point particles or a self-energy divergency. This means that a second quantized version will not produce a self-energy or infrared divergency. These results along with the proof of Dyson’s second conjecture resolves all the problems with QED. The dual Dirac theory provides a new formula for the anomalous magnetic moment of a charged particle, which can give exact values for the electron, muon and proton g-factors.
... Although Einstein [2], Sommerfeld [3], and Brillouin [4] all discussed negative velocity problems, their theories were either flawed or incomplete; They need to be restated today. In addition, although J. Wheeler and R. Feynman [5] pointed out as early as 1945 that the advanced solutions of Maxwell-Helmholtz wave equation should not be arbitrarily discarded, they did not dare to say that there would be a single advanced wave. Today, we know that there are waves with negative velocity. ...
... In recent years, the advanced waves has been proved by experiments, or we say the development of experiments has exceeded the theoretical expectation. In 2013, I published a paper "Negative characteristic motion of electromagnetic waves and negative electromagnetic parameter of medium" [7], which mentioned that the concept of advance wave originated from the early papers of J. Wheeler and R. Feynman [5]. In 1940, Feynman pointed out to Wheeler that a single electron in space does not emit radiation, but only when both the source and the receiver are present. ...
Newton mechanics is great, Newton's contribution is indelible. But from Newton's classical mechanics, the definition of velocity (=) must mean that this physical parameter is a vector, so "negative velocity" only means the opposite direction of motion, no other meaning. It is difficult to understand negative velocity within the framework of classical mechanics. However, wave is a special form of material motion, wave mechanics has a unique method and meaning, and its concept and connotation are significantly different from classical mechanics. For example, wave velocity (whether phase velocity or group velocity) is a scalar quantity. "Negative wave velocity" does not mean that the direction of motion is reversed, but a special phenomenon that does not accord with causality from the surface view. In any case, research in recent decades has shown that negative wave velocity is not only theoretically possible, it has also been repeatedly shown to exist experimentally. Moreover, negative wave velocity is a special form of superluminal speed; The wave with negative velocity is the advanced wave. It corresponds to the leading solution of the basic equation of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave. The past practice (discarding the advanced solution) is wrong! As for causality, scientists have provided a new definition and interpretation. In short, both wave mechanics and quantum optics take a different approach from classical mechanics. This paper points out that it is unusual for the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics to be awarded to Alain Aspect and two others, since Aspect's experiments on the Bell inequality were completed in 1982, Which still stands today as a crucial experiment that proved Einstein's EPR paper wrong and quantum mechanics (QM) correct. Aspect's award in 2022 showed that mainstream physical community had been forced to accept that quantum entanglement existed and that the "light-speed limit" theory of SR was a mistake. This paper discusses the proposition "negative characteristic motion of electromagnetic wave" put forward by the author in 2013, pointing out that it is an inherent physical phenomenon reflecting symmetry in nature. In this paper, the faster-than-light motion of waves found in the near-field of antennas is discussed. In addition, the realizability of "time travel" is also discussed.
... Furthermore, this term does not depend on the nature of the force. This is exactly what one expects of the back reaction caused by the inertial resistance of the particle to accelerated motion and, according to Wheeler and Feynman [47], is precisely what is meant by radiation reaction. ...
... Remark 4.12. Wheeler and Feynman [47] conjectured that action-at-a-distance and field theory represented different sides of the same theory. The above discussion explains why and how their conjecture is true. ...
This paper reviews research on the foundations of quantum electrodynamics (QED). We show that there are three definitions of the proper time that follow from Einstein's theory. The first definition is used to prove that the universe has a unique clock (Newton-Horwitz-Fanchi time) available to all observers. This clock is used to briefly discuss the mathematical foundations for Feynman's time ordered operator calculus. We use this calculus to solve the first and second conjectures of Dyson for QED: that the renormalized perturbation series is asymptotic and, that the ultraviolet divergence is caused by a violation of the time-energy uncertainly relationship. The second definition gives Minkowski's version of Einstein's theory and its problems are briefly reviewed. The third definition gives the dual Newton, dual Maxwell and dual quantum theories. The theory is dual in that, for a set of n particles, every observer has two unique sets of global variables (X, t) and (X, τ) to study the system, where X is the canonical center of mass. Using (X, t) time is relative with speed c, while in (X, τ), time is unique with relative speed b. The dual Maxwell theory contains a longitudinal (dissipative) term in the E field wave equation, which appears instantaneously with acceleration and we predict that radiation from a cyclotron will not produce photoelectrons. It is shown that this term gives an effective mass for the photon. A major outcome is the dual unification of Newtonian mechanics and classical electrodynamics with Einstein's theory and without the need for point particles or a self-energy divergency. This means that a second quantized version will not produce a self-energy or infrared divergency. These results along with the proof of Dyson's second conjecture resolves all the problems with QED. The dual Dirac theory provides a new formula for the anomalous magnetic moment of a charged particle, which can give exact values for the electron, muon and proton g-factors.
... A well-known folklore going back to Boltzmann (1896Boltzmann ( , 1898 says that the increasing entropy of the universe, as observed in processes like melting ice, is what determines time's arrow ( Figure 5.6). Reichenbach formulates 6 Price (19916 Price ( , 1996 argues further that temporal symmetry is supported here by the adoption of the Wheeler and Feynman (1945) absorber theory, where each contribution to an electromagnetic field between a source and an absorber is half-advanced and half-retarded, but adjusting the proposal by dropping the requirement that every source has a perfect absorber. My own sympathies still lie with the photon: as Penrose (1979, p.590) points out, a theory that so tightly constrains the electromagnetic field seems "unfairly biased against the poor photon, not allowing it the degrees of freedom admitted to all massive particles!". ...
... That, I stole! (Feynman 1972, p The idea was fruitful for Feynman: understanding time reversal as including matter-antimatter exchange led him to the absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman (1945) as well as to the Feynman (1949) theory of positrons. By inspecting Figure 8.1, one can immediately see that on Feynman's view, inverting the direction of time automatically converts each instantaneous electron state into a positron, and vice versa. ...
The arrow of time refers to the curious asymmetry that distinguishes the future from the past. Reversing the Arrow of Time argues that there is an intimate link between the symmetries of 'time itself' and time reversal symmetry in physical theories, which has wide-ranging implications for both physics and its philosophy. This link helps to clarify how we can learn about the symmetries of our world; how to understand the relationship between symmetries and what is real, and how to overcome pervasive illusions about the direction of time. Roberts explains the significance of time reversal in a way that intertwines physics and philosophy, to establish what the arrow of time means and how we can come to know it. This book is both mathematically and philosophically rigorous yet remains accessible to advanced undergraduates in physics and philosophy of physics.
... A well-known folklore going back to Boltzmann (1896Boltzmann ( , 1898 says that the increasing entropy of the universe, as observed in processes like melting ice, is what determines time's arrow ( Figure 5.6). Reichenbach formulates 6 Price (19916 Price ( , 1996 argues further that temporal symmetry is supported here by the adoption of the Wheeler and Feynman (1945) absorber theory, where each contribution to an electromagnetic field between a source and an absorber is half-advanced and half-retarded, but adjusting the proposal by dropping the requirement that every source has a perfect absorber. My own sympathies still lie with the photon: as Penrose (1979, p.590) points out, a theory that so tightly constrains the electromagnetic field seems "unfairly biased against the poor photon, not allowing it the degrees of freedom admitted to all massive particles!". ...
... That, I stole! (Feynman 1972, p The idea was fruitful for Feynman: understanding time reversal as including matter-antimatter exchange led him to the absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman (1945) as well as to the Feynman (1949) theory of positrons. By inspecting Figure 8.1, one can immediately see that on Feynman's view, inverting the direction of time automatically converts each instantaneous electron state into a positron, and vice versa. ...
The arrow of time refers to the curious asymmetry that distinguishes the future from the past. Reversing the Arrow of Time argues that there is an intimate link between the symmetries of 'time itself' and time reversal symmetry in physical theories, which has wide-ranging implications for both physics and its philosophy. This link helps to clarify how we can learn about the symmetries of our world; how to understand the relationship between symmetries and what is real, and how to overcome pervasive illusions about the direction of time. Roberts explains the significance of time reversal in a way that intertwines physics and philosophy, to establish what the arrow of time means and how we can come to know it. This book is both mathematically and philosophically rigorous yet remains accessible to advanced undergraduates in physics and philosophy of physics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
... Field theory (retarded action at distance) has the distinct advantage of explaining most of the electromagnetic wave phenomena. However, it is not without its drawbacks [10], particularly in terms of the non-straightforward treatment of energy and momentum conservation among interacting particles [11,12]. Whereas instantaneous action at a distance has the distinct advantage of Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). ...
The interaction of matter when separated by a distance is a fundamental question, whether such interactions occur through instantaneous action at a distance or retarded action at a distance (principle of locality)? While the mainstream consensus favors the principle of locality, instantaneous action at a distance offers certain advantages. Previously, instantaneous action at a distance has been viewed as an appearance or representation from specific gauge choices of electromagnetic potentials (retarded). In this paper, we propose a novel approach that combines Weber’s electrodynamics with the concept of vacuum polarization to explore a new possible connection between the two viewpoints: instantaneous action at a distance and the locality principle. This new approach aligns with the observation of locality in signal/energy propagation while retaining the notion of instantaneous action at a distance.
... The Transactional Interpretation (TI) of Cramer [24,25,53] is a version of quantum theory inspired by the time-symmetric formulation of electromagnetism by Wheeler and Feynman [54]. In the Wheeler-Feynman theory, both advanced and retarded solutions of Maxwell's equations are incorporated equivalently. ...
We investigate two types of temporal symmetry in quantum mechanics. The first type, time symmetry, refers to the inclusion of opposite time orientations on an equivalent physical footing. The second, event symmetry, refers to the inclusion of all time instants in a history sequence on an equivalent physical footing. We find that recent time symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics fail to respect event symmetry. Building on the recent fixed-point formulation (FPF) of quantum theory, we formulate the notion of an event precisely as a fixed point constraint on the Keldysh time contour. Then, considering a sequence of measurement events in time, we show that both time and event symmetry can be retained in this multiple-time formulation of quantum theory. We then use this model to resolve conceptual paradoxes with time symmetric quantum mechanics within an 'all-at-once', atemporal picture.
... • The electrodynamic arrow of time reflects how electromagnetic radiation is received after a signal is sent, not before, even though Maxwell's equations themselves are time symmetric. Its origin is discussed in [40][41][42]. In an EBU advanced and retarded potential are not equivalent because the future does not yet exist, so there can be no advanced potential and associated Green function as occurs in a block universe. ...
This paper is a comment on both Bunamano and Rovelli (Bridging the neuroscience and physics of time arXiv:2110.01976. (2022)) and Gruber et al. (in Front. Psychol. Hypothesis Theory, 2022) and which discuss the relation between physical time and human time. I claim here, contrary to many views discussed there, that there is no foundational conflict between the way physics views the passage of time and the way the mind/brain perceives it. The problem rather resides in a number of misconceptions leading either to the representation of spacetime as a timeless Block Universe, or at least that physically relevant universe models cannot have preferred spatial sections. The physical expanding universe can be claimed to be an Evolving Block Universe with a time-dependent future boundary, representing the dynamic nature of the way spacetime develops as matter curves spacetime and spacetime tells matter how to move. This context establishes a global direction of time that determines the various local arrows of time. Furthermore time passes when quantum wave function collapse takes place to an eigenstate; during this process, information is lost. The mind/brain acts as an imperfect clock, which coarse-grains the physical passage of time along a world line to determine the experienced passage of time, because neural processes take time to occur. This happens in a contextual way, so experienced time is not linearly related to physical time in general. Finally I point out that the Universe is never infinitely old: its future endpoint always lies infinitely faraway in the future.
... for each fakeon leg. Note that the propagator (2.17) coincides with the Feynman-Wheeler one [23], which leads to inconsistencies, such as violation of the locality of counterterms and instabilities [20], when used inside loop diagrams. ...
Quantum field theories with purely virtual particles, or fakeons, require suitable modifications in one-loop integrals. We provide the expressions for the modified scalar integrals in the case of the bubble, triangle and box diagrams. The new functions are defined by means of their difference with the ‘t Hooft-Veltman scalar integrals. The modifications do not affect the derivation of the Passarino-Veltman reduction and one-loop integrals with nontrivial numerators can be decomposed in the same fashion. Therefore, the new functions can be directly used to study the phenomenology of any models with standard particles and fakeons. We compare our results with standard amplitudes and show that the largest differences are often localized in relatively small energy ranges and are characterized by additional nonanalyticities. Finally, we give explicit examples in the context of a toy model, where cross sections and decay widths of standard particles are modified by the presence of fakeons.
... When Wheeler and Feynman (1945) created their absorber theory, they showed that a nonlocal quantum exchange, acting as "direct action," can explain everything that happens between the emitter and the absorber. However, their theory was still a classical theory because it treats these exchanges as if they are causal waves traveling through spacetime. ...
In Part 1 of this series, "Opening Doors to a Quantum Theory of Life" (ODQTL) (Marman, 2023a), we saw that Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg were some of the first to raise hopes that discoveries in quantum mechanics might solve biology's hardest problem: explaining how life works. However, they hit a wall. In fact, they hit a similar wall when they tried to make sense of quantum mechanics. We found that two recent interpretations of quantum mechanics open some new doors to both the mystery of life and to an intuitive understanding of quantum mechanics. Surprising signs of life at the quantum level were reviewed in Part 1, as well as unexpected signs of quantum behavior in relationships between organisms. A detailed analysis showed that quantum states display the same properties as what biologists call "anticipation" when future possibilities in superposition states influence the end results. And a quantum wave function collapse displays an act when a selection is made, showing the same properties as what biologists call "purposeful action." We then saw how, starting with four principles, it is possible to derive all of quantum formalism. This suggests a new possibility: Sentience and relationships between sentient agents may be the true foundation of quantum mechanics. This also makes sense as a foundation for biology. This paper, Part 2 of this ODQTL series, proposes a quantum theory of life that shows how cellular life could have emerged from quantum processes. A new model for life's origin, called the Catalyst-First Hypothesis, is offered that shows why catalysts might be the real drivers of the origins of life: because catalysts engage properties of top-down causation. The new theory described in this series of papers suggests that life is not based on the right combination of ingredients; it is a mutually responsive relationship between a life form and its living habitat. We cannot take this relationship apart to study life because taking it apart ends the relationship. Interpretations of quantum mechanics can explain this irreducible property as entanglement. And a new interpretation explains why we should see quantum principles like entanglement in relationships between organisms. And this all leads to the complexity at the heart of life that emerges from top-down causation in nested relationships.
... This is now known as "Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory." (Wheeler and Feynman, 1945) John Cramer, an American physicist, realized that Wheeler and Feynman's discovery suggested that the traditional Schrödinger equation used in quantum wave equations was missing the absorber side of the story. Based on this idea, Cramer reformulated the complete wave-equation theory and published it in 1986 as the Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. ...
The idea that the key to life might be a quantum process is not new. Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg found signs of life at the quantum level. What they saw was useful, but not enough to solve the mystery of how life works. Two recent interpretations of quantum mechanics add new pieces to the puzzle: Quantum states act the same as what biologists call "anticipation" when the future possibilities of superposition states influence the outcome. And quantum wave function collapse acts the same way as what biologists call "purposeful actions" when a choice is made.
This paper, the first in the series, "Opening Doors to a Quantum Theory of Life" (ODQTL), explores in detail the above two properties that are traditionally seen by biologists as being unique to life. In fact, many surprising traits of life are present at the quantum level. The idea that quanta might be alive is explored and shown to be a valid interpretation.
A detailed theory of life is presented in Part 2 of this ODQTL series. It is published in this same issue of Integral Review (Marman, 2023b). The new theory explains how cellular life might have emerged from quantum processes. It offers a Catalyst-First Hypothesis and shows why catalysts might be the real drivers of life, not metabolism, RNA, or accidents such as lightning striking primordial soup.
The new theory that emerges from this series of papers proposes that life is not based on the right combination of ingredients; it is a mutually responsive relationship between a life form and its habitat. We cannot take this relationship apart to study how life works because taking it apart kills the process of life. Quantum theory can explain this irreducible property as an entangled state, but new interpretations of quantum mechanics are needed to show why quantum principles must also be actively involved in relationships between organisms. This insight suggests that, when trying to understand life, context is more important than content. As a result, the science of quantum biology can expand to include interactions between organisms, opening doors that take us beyond quantum mechanics and chemistry, and perhaps even beyond biology to include psychology, as Heisenberg predicted.
... This includes in particular the understanding of the general relativistic bound system of two compact bodies which is essential for the computation of precise theoretical predictions of gravitational wave signals which since the first direct observation in 2015 [8,9] by the LIGO interferometers are now regularly observed by gravitational wave detectors. The problem of motion of particles in relativistic theories including both GR and electromagnetism has a long rich history with early work by Einstein [10,11], Dirac [12], Feynman [13,14] and numerous other authors. An important property of relativistic motion is the self-interaction of bodies which is a consequence of force being carried by space-time fields and results in radiation of energy. ...
In this work the worldline quantum field theory (WQFT) approach to computing observables of the classical general relativistic two-body system is presented. Compact bodies such as black holes or neutron stars are described in an effective field theory by worldline fields with spin degrees of freedom efficiently described by anti-commuting Grassmann variables. Novel results of the WQFT include the gravitational bremsstrahlung at second post-Minkowskian order and the impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order all at quadratic order in spins. Next, the WQFT is presented with a comprehensive discussion of its in-in Schwinger-Keldysh formulation, its Feynman rules and graph generation and its on-shell one-point functions which are directly related to the scattering observables of unbound motion. Here, we present the second post-Minkowskian quadratic-in-spin contributions to its free energy from which the impulse and spin kick may be derived to the corresponding order. The computation of scattering observables requires the evaluation of multi-loop integrals and for the computation of observables at the third post-Minkowskian order we analyze the required two-loop integrals. Our discussion uses retarded propagators which impose causal boundary conditions of the observables. Finally we turn to results of the WQFT starting with the gravitational bremsstrahlung of the scattering of two spinning bodies. This waveform is discussed together with its radiative information of linear and angular momentum fluxes. Lastly we present the conservative and radiative impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order and quadratic order in spins together with the a conservative Hamiltonian at the corresponding perturbative order. The results obey a generalized Bini-Damour radiation-reaction relation and their conservative parts can be parametrized in terms of a single scalar.
... If something durable is derivable from those exchanges addressable in second person description, the likelihood of practicing empirical sciences anchored upon third person description may be increased. That likelihood may actually come to the surface while the external observer pays attention to the inter-agential transactions unique to the participatory observers [12,13]. This is teleonomic in the sense that the functional end constantly invites the participating agents to revisit their previous deeds and update them through interpretations, figuratively speaking. ...
Embodying the indexical signs is vital to semiosis as a cohesive material agency mediating between consequents and antecedents. One unique factor of biology compared with standard physics and chemistry is the cohesion enabling the biological components, codes and organizations to accommodate themselves with a specific material embodiment. Every individual body is uniquely biological and requires a specific cohesion of material origin for its own sake that could not be found in the non-living material world. The relevant cohesion comes from the exchange interaction of the atomic quantum particles, such as the carbon atoms, which is far greater than the electrons as a common exchange mediator adopted for the spatial cohesion ubiquitous in physics and chemistry. What is specific to the temporal cohesion latent in the atomic exchange is the immutable identity of the individual quantum particle surviving only over a limited time, while being constantly alternated with the new ones of the same kinds in a successive manner. Semiosis is supported by the underlying teleonomic cohesion, such that the preceding temporal cohesion may constantly induce the succeeding similar one ad infinitum.
... The retarded solution is attractive in physics because it is compatible with the idea of causality (But see [30] for discussions about the advanced solution). ...
Oleg D. Jefimenko's electrodynamics textbook is unique in its approaches to deriving the electric and magnetic fields of arbitrary charge and current distributions, and those of an arbitrarily moving point charge. However, an uncommon form of the inhomogeneous wave equations used in the early steps often poses difficulty for readers right from the beginning. In this paper, we substitute in a commonly used form, making his approaches readily accessible.
... 1990 Einstein has debated with Ritz about the existence of the advance potential. 1945 Wheeler and Feynman introduced the absorber theory which is based on the existence of advanced potential [1,2]. The absorber theory is further developed to form the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics, which was done by J. Crammer in 1986 [3,4,5]. ...
... AB is inspired by the absorber theory of radiation by Wheeler and Feynman [7]. In this theory, the reaction produced by a photon's absorption propagates backwards not only in space but also in time. ...
The conflict between quantum mechanics (QM) and the intuitive concepts of locality and realism is most noticeable in the correlation between measurements performed in remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state of photons. It has been hypothesized that a transient deviation (from the value predicted by QM) may occur if the correlation is measured in a time shorter than $L\!/\!c$ L / c , where $L$ L is the spatial spread of the entangled state, and $c$ c is the speed of light. This hypothesis solves the conflict by minimally modifying the interpretation of QM, and opens the door to interesting possibilities. Technical reasons make the hypothesis impossible to test directly nowadays, but a stroboscopic observation is attainable. We present preliminary, nonconclusive results of an experiment in progress aimed to perform that test.
... The particle dynamics considered in this paper generally lead to an integro-differential equation for the particle motion involving the past history of the particle. This is different from Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics [24,25], which involves integro-differential equations containing the past and future of the particle motion. For a mathematical study of the Wheeler-Feynman equations, we refer the reader to [1]. ...
... Other proposed mechanisms include a relational interpretation by Rovelli, which involves the correlation between the system and observers so different observers may observe different results [13]. Retro-causality has also been considered as a possible mechanism, where past events affect future events [14]. More recent interpretations include quantum information theories [15]. ...
A new quantum mechanics mechanism theory based on statistical mechanics is introduced. This theory is based on corresponding changes in the number of states with associated energy changes at the observer and observed occurring at observer 1) reset and 2) observation. It is shown that a) the change in the number of states has different consequences than determining the “value” obtained at observation, where each state is a possible interaction between the system and the environment. The number of bits, as a measure of information content, is determined in discrete cell size increments. Two experiments are proposed to validate the introduced mechanism. The first experiment is to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of energy changes and how they are related to the observer and observed during the entire measurement process. The second experiment is designed to determine timing between changes in the number of states in the system at observer reset. It is anticipated that these experiments will demonstrate no time delay, an entangled process, and, hence, explain delayed choice observations. Moreover, they would demonstrate that bits not stored in the system are transferred to the environment at observer reset, so when the number of inputs is greater than the number of outputs, an energy change occurs and interference is observed (wave characteristics). Conversely, if the number of inputs equals the number of outputs, no energy change occurs and no interference is observed (particle characteristics). It is envisioned that upon validating this mechanism theory, it will further the understanding of the measurement process and entanglement’s involvement in that process.
... The structure of the electron has been an active topic of research since its discovery [1,2]. An important question is how to avoid an infinite amount of energy in the electromagnetic field, and this has been a subject of much research over the years [3,4,5,6,7]. Certainly quantum electrodynamics addresses a finite mass and charge for the electron. ...
Classical models of the electron have been predicted to have negative rest energy density in certain regions. Using the model of the electron by Blinder we show that there are regions containing negative energy density, although the integral of the energy density over all space gives the electron rest mass. If the spin of the electron is ignored, then all regions of space have positive energy density with the Blinder model. The existence of Poincaré stress for the Blinder model is also demonstrated. The classical model for the electron discussed here admittedly does not involve quantum electrodynamics, where the infinite self energy is made finite with renormalization methods.
The fundamental nature of causality and its relationship to time has been a central question in both classical and quantum physics. Traditional views hold that causality is a fundamental principle, with time flowing linearly from past to future. However, the transformations i→−i and t→−t challenge this perspective. Time-reversal symmetry suggests that physical laws are invariant if time is reversed, while the imaginary unit in quantum mechanics influences phase and time evolution. This paper explores whether causality is fundamentally linked to these transformations or if it emerges from deeper symmetries and initial conditions, providing new insights into the nature of time and causality.
Keywords: Causality, time-reversal symmetry, imaginary unit, quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, emergent properties, Lee-Wick model, spacetime structure, light cones, decoherence, entropy, arrow of time, fundamental symmetries, initial conditions, analytic continuation.
Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws-simplicity, exactness, and objectivity-and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.
In relativistic quantum theory, one sometimes considers integral equations for a wave function \(\psi (x_1,x_2)\) depending on two space-time points for two particles. A serious issue with such equations is that, typically, the spatial integral over \(|\psi |^2\) is not conserved in time–which conflicts with the basic probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. However, here it is shown that for a special class of integral equations with retarded interactions along light cones, the global probability integral is, indeed, conserved on all Cauchy surfaces. For another class of integral equations with more general interaction kernels, asymptotic probability conservation from \(t=-\infty \) to \(t=+\infty \) is shown to hold true. Moreover, a certain local conservation law is deduced from the first result.
The possibility of multiphoton teleportation with the production of entangled particle clones has been studied. Issues of causality in quantum teleportation have been considered.
This chapter takes an in-depth look at the concept of S-matrix. It starts with an elaborate analysis of Heisenberg’s introduction and his initial motivations, along with Pauli’s criticisms. It describes how Heisenberg’s initial program of shifting emphasis to only observable aspects, augmented by Lorentz Invariance and some minimal analyticity grew with subsequent inclusion of causality, crossing-symmetry, etc. It takes a detailed look at Heisenberg’s initial papers. The dramatic suggestion of Kronig to include causality is explained in detail along with the works of Kronig and Kramers that motivated it. The connection between causality and analyticity, which was a hallmark of the Kramers-Kronig works is explained lucidly, and in considerable depth. After explaining how this connection works in non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics, the stage is set for the analogous discussion in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory(RQFT) based on the concept of microcausality. The nuances of this concept with regard to issues of measurability of quantum fields, particularly the fermionic and gauge fields are also clarified. Forty references covering the period 1937–1957 including many book references are included to aid the readers.
Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.
This study deals with the exact solution of Einstein's field equations for a sphere of incompressible liquid without the additional limitation initially introduced in 1916 by Schwarzschild, by which the space-time metric must have no singularities. The obtained exact solution is then applied to the Universe, the Sun, and the planets, by the assumption that these objects can be approximated as spheres of incompressible liquid. It is shown that gravitational collapse of such a sphere is permitted for an object whose characteristics (mass, density, and size) are close to the Universe. Meanwhile, there is a spatial break associated with any of the mentioned stellar objects: the~break is determined as the approaching to infinity of one of the spatial components of the metric tensor. In particular, the break of the Sun's space meets the Asteroid strip, while Jupiter's space break meets the Asteroid strip from the outer side. Also, the space breaks of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are located inside the Asteroid strip (inside the Sun's space break).
In the physics of magnetized plasmas there are problems of principle that apparently still miss a microscopic explanation. A typical case is the reabsorption of cyclotron emission by gyrational electron motions in a magnetic field. On the other hand, it seems that a microscopic explanation of reabsorption is contained in the 1945 paper of Wheeler and Feynman that, however, strangely enough, to our knowledge is never mentioned in this connection. Here we introduce a simple toy model that, on the one hand, contains all the features of the Wheeler–Feynman electrodynamics (which in fact is just the standard electrodynamics, as they repeatedly point out) and, on the other hand, presents such a simple kinematics as to allow for an analytic treatment. In such way reabsorption is proven. As a byproduct, a density limit for magnetic confinement due to a microscopic instability is also deduced.
The Einstein “Classical Program” consists in trying to recover Quantum Mechanics (undoubtedly the “good” theory) within a “realistic” theory. Here we address the extreme form of the program in which the realistic theory is just classical electrodynamics of charges, with their Newtonian trajectories. First of all we remove the objection that in a classical frame “electrons fall on nuclei and ions come to rest”, because of radiation emission by the accelerated charges. Indeed this is not proved for charges in bulk, which is the case of interest for atomic physics. On the other hand we use a generic cancellation property of the single-particle emissions for matter in bulk, which was proposed by Wheeler and Feynman in 1945, and is actually proven. We also point out that such cancellation explains two fundamental laws of physics, whose microscopic explanation is apparently lacking. Namely, Kirchhoff’s law for the energy radiated by a hot body (emission proportional to surface rather than to volume), and reabsorption in plasmas. Finally, some examples of implementation of the extreme Einstein program are mentioned, one of which, the existence of polaritons in ionic crystals, is a phenomenon not yet explained in a quantum frame.
The article contributes to the development of an a priori methodology adequate to the legitimate claims of fundamental physics as a mathematical philosophy of nature. Husserl’s phenomenological method of variations - the most important part of this methodology - is seen as a means of bringing to clarity and achieving apodictic evidence, highly relevant in the current conditions of erosion of the empirical criterion of truth, when the invention of hypotheses for the needs of deductive theorization has become the norm of so-called fundamental research. As an example for express testing of the method, a problematic principle is taken that needs to be clarified: the “Mach principle” formulated in many ways since the time of A. Einstein. The result of a clarifying reflection of one of the transitions between versions of the principle is the conclusion that the conceptual development of the general theory of relativity on methodologically clarified grounds, one of which would be a correctly formulated Mach principle, should proceed from a relational understanding of space-time consistent with this principle. Mach’s principle, since it determines the structure of the equations of the theory themselves, the solutions of which are conceived in the modus of the possible, is in no way affected in its truth value by the fact of the existence of vacuum solutions of these equations. In conclusion, the article examines the question of the influence of the Mach theory of thought experiment on the genesis of the phenomenological method of variations.
We consider the reversible processes between two one-to-one correlated measurement outcomes which underlie both problem solving and quantum nonlocality. In the former case, the two outcomes are the setting and the solution of the problem; in the latter, they are those of measuring a pair of maximally entangled observables whose subsystems are space separate. We argue that the quantum description of these processes mathematically describes the correlation but leaves the causal structure that physically ensures it free of violating the time symmetry required of the description of a reversible process. It would therefore be incomplete and could be completed by time symmetrizing it. This is done by assuming that the two measurements evenly contribute to selecting the pair of correlated measurement outcomes. Time symmetrization leaves the ordinary quantum description unaltered but shows that it is the quantum superposition of unobservable time-symmetrization instances whose causal structure is completely defined. Each instance is a causal loop: Causation goes from the initial to the final measurement outcome and then back from the final to the initial outcome. In the speedup, all is as if the problem solver knew in advance half of the information about the solution she will produce in the future and could use this knowledge to produce the solution with fewer computation steps. In nonlocality, the measurement on either subsystem retrocausally and locally changes the state of both subsystems when the two were not yet spatially separate. This locally causes the correlation between the two future measurement outcomes.
We start from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) “spooky actions at distance” to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements. Besides providing a new perspective on quantum gravity, when added to the Standard Model as (SMG), with non-negligible affects at its scales, and to the Standard Cosmology, U_MF can contribute explanations of several open questions and challenges. It also clarifies some relationships and challenges met by other quantum gravity models and Theories of Everything. It leads to suggestions for these works. We also reconstruct the spacetime of U_MF, starting from the random walks of particles in an early spacetime. U_MF now appears as a noncommutative, discrete, yet Lorentz symmetric, spacetime that behaves roughly 2-Dimensional at Planck scales, when it is a graph of microscopic Planck size black holes on a random walk fractal structure left by particles that can also appear as microscopic black holes. Of course, at larger scales, spacetime appears 4-D, where we are able to explain curvature and recover Einstein’s General Relativity. We also discover an entanglement gravity-like contributions and massive gravity at very small scales. This is remarkable considering that no Hilbert Einstein action, or variations expressing area invariance, were introduced. Our model also explains why semi classical approaches can work till way smaller scale than usually expected and present a new view on an Ultimate Unification of all forces, at very small scales. We also explore opportunities for falsifiability and validation of our model, as well as ideas for futuristic applications, that may be worth considering, if U_MF was a suitable model for our universe U_real.
The arrow of time refers to the curious asymmetry that distinguishes the future from the past. Reversing the Arrow of Time argues that there is an intimate link between the symmetries of 'time itself' and time reversal symmetry in physical theories, which has wide-ranging implications for both physics and its philosophy. This link helps to clarify how we can learn about the symmetries of our world; how to understand the relationship between symmetries and what is real, and how to overcome pervasive illusions about the direction of time. Roberts explains the significance of time reversal in a way that intertwines physics and philosophy, to establish what the arrow of time means and how we can come to know it. This book is both mathematically and philosophically rigorous yet remains accessible to advanced undergraduates in physics and philosophy of physics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In this work we develop a time-symmetric soliton theory for quantum particles inspired from works by de Broglie and Bohm. We consider explicitly a non-linear Klein–Gordon theory leading to monopolar oscillating solitons. We show that the theory is able to reproduce the main results of the pilot-wave interpretation for non interacting particles in a external electromagnetic field. In this regime, using the time symmetry of the theory, we are also able to explain quantum entanglement between several solitons and we reproduce the famous pilot-wave nonlocality associated with the de Broglie-Bohm theory.
Providing a comprehensive exposition of the transactional interpretation (TI) of quantum mechanics, this book sheds new light on long-standing problems in quantum theory such as the physical meaning of the 'Born Rule' for the probabilities of measurement results, and demonstrates the ability of TI to solve the measurement problem of quantum mechanics. It provides robust refutations of various objections and challenges to TI, such as Maudlin's inconsistency challenge, and explicitly extends TI into the relativistic domain, providing new insight into the basic compatibility of TI with relativity and the meaning of 'virtual particles.' It breaks new ground in approaches to interpreting quantum theory and presents a compelling new ontological picture of quantum reality. This substantially revised and updated second edition is ideal for researchers and graduate students interested in the philosophy of physics and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Es werden entscheidende Grnde gegen die bliche Vorstellung von ausgedehnten Elektronen angefhrt und die Grundzge einer Elektrodynamik, die sieh von dieser Vorstellung freimacht und die Elektronen als punktfrmige Kraftzentra betrachtet, angedeutet. Dabei ergibt sich, da die Maxwell-Lorentzschen Differentialgleichungen spezielle Lsungen gestatten, die von den retardierten und voreilenden Potentialen verschieden sind, und die vielleicht fr die Quantentheorie von Bedeutung sein knnten. Ferner werden die Bewegungsgleichungen eines Elektrons und das damit verknpfte Problem der Masse diskutiert. Im 3. Teil ist auf die Umformung des Energiebegriffs hingewiesen, welche aus der Nichtexistenz von Selbstkrften folgt. Dabei wird die bliche totale elektromagnetische Energie (und der Energiestrom) durch die entsprechende Gre, welche die gegenseitige Wirkung verschiedener Elektronen aufeinander bestimmt, ersetzt.
How do we perceive light? We assume that we have to absorb a photon to perceive light. When we set out to confirm this assumption experimentally then we find that everything we knew about light is wrong. We can perceive light wherever it is, provided light is in the perceivable range of our eyes. More than one photon detector can simultaneously detect a single photon. Obviously, a single photon cannot be absorbed by more than one detector. We can see a laser beam refract as it enters water from air but we find no refraction when we view the laser beam from the side of the container. It is possible only if we can see the light without having to absorb the light. Perception of the total solar eclipse as it occurs confirms this observation. All light sources emit only energy, light is produced by the object that absorbs this energy. Only difference between a luminous object and an illuminated object is that luminous objects generate their own energy to radiate light whereas illuminated objects need energy from an external source to radiate light. The observations are conclusively validated in several other advanced experiments. These experiments also show that the idea of motion cannot be associated with the light; illusion of motion of light is created due to movement of energy through the medium that produces light. These experiments conclusively invalidate theory of relativity, standard model of cosmology, and standard model of particle physics.
- P. A. M. Dirac