Content uploaded by Helena Wieclaw
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Helena Wieclaw on Aug 24, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions (Taraxacum)
in Polish and Estonian coastal grasslands
Beata BOSIACKA 1*, Thea KULL 2, Helena WIĘCŁAW 1, Paweł MARCINIUK 3 and Marek PODLASIŃSKI 4
1 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, University of Szczecin, Wąska St. 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland,
*e-mail: bebos@univ.szczecin.pl (corresponding author)
2 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tar tu, Estonia
3 Department of Botany, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Natural Sciences,
Prusa St. 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
4 Department of Land Recultivation and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology,
Słowackiego St. 14, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
INTRODUCTION
Species of the Taraxacum sect. Palustria are
one of the most threatened groups of dan-
delions. This results from their high habitat
requirements and high sensitivity to changes
in grassland management. They are heliophi-
lous species which require relatively fertile,
at least periodically wet, mineral or organic
soils. Furthermore, in some regions, a high
content of available calcium and carbonates
in the soil and the associated neutral or alka-
line soil reaction appears to be an important
factor determining the occurrence of marsh
dandelions. Such ecological requirements and
low competitiveness reduce their occurrence
to natural and semi-natural wet grasslands
with undisturbed hydrological conditions.
Widespread land reclamation and abandon-
ment of traditional farming methods result
in the disappearance of suitable habitats as
well as a significant decrease in the number
and the size of the marsh dandelion popula-
tions (Ooster v e l d 1983, Kirschn e r and
Štěpanek 1998, S c h mid 2002, Marcini-
uk 2012).
The natural range of the Taraxacum sect.
Palustria covers Europe and Southwest Asia,
but the ranges of species included in the sec-
tion are relatively small, which permits the
identification of clear distribution groups, e.g.
with the Mediterranean, Alpine-Carpathian,
Central-European or Baltic range. Group
with the Baltic range encompasses 10 spe-
cies of dandelions, relatively closely associated
with grassland habitats of the Baltic coast.
ABSTRACT
Factors determining the distribution of highly endangered marsh
dandelion species in Polish and Estonian coastal grasslands have
been investigated. e aim of this study was twofold: (i) to deter-
mine which environmental variables are responsible for the vege-
tation patterns in coastal grasslands with marsh dandelion and (ii)
to analyse the ecological spectra of the identied marsh dandelion
species. Altogether 51 plots were sampled (in 2013 and 2014). ey
were used following statistical analysis: DCA, CCA, Spearman’s
rank correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis test and hierarchical divisive
cluster analysis (TWINSPAN). In total, three marsh dandelion
species were found in Polish and Estonian coastal grasslands. e
only species found in Poland was Taraxacum balticum. In Estonia
all three species occur: T. balticum, T. decolorans and T. suecicum.
Taraxacum balticum has been found in the widest ranges of all
soil properties included, usually on organic, saline, non-carbonate
and acid to slightly acid substrate. Taraxacum suecicum and T. de -
colorans have been found only on mineral, non-saline and slightly
alkaline to alkaline substrate. e ecological spectra determined
for endangered marsh dandelion species can be used to improve
the methods of their protection. Nomenclature: mosses – Oc hy ra
et al. (2003); vascular plants – Mirek et al. (2002).
ARTICLE INFO
R
P. J. E. (2016) 64: 213–230
A 2016
10.3161/15052249PJE2016.64.2.006
marsh dandelions
coastal meadows
vegetation-environment relations
CCA
TWINSPAN
Beata Bosiacka et al.
Their greatest species diversity was observed
on the Baltic islands: Gotland and Öland
(Kirschne r and Ště p anek 1998, Rydberg
2006).
The most comprehensive study of
marsh dandelions is a monograph based on
the knowledge of live material from many
countries (compared with cultivated plants
and herbarium specimens), and completed
with the information from previous studies
of the section Palustria (Kirschner and
Štěpanek 1998). With the growing inter-
est in the taxonomy and chorology of the
whole genus Taraxacum, also some new
studies related to floras of marsh dandelions
(Schmi d 2002, Rydb e r g 2006, Marcini-
uk 2012) or reports on the location of sin-
gle species (e.g. Štěpanek and Kirschner
2001, Marciniuk and Marciniuk 2006,
Trávníček et al. 2007, Aquaro et al.
2008, Marciniuk et al. 2012) have been
published. New studies are also undertaken
in the field of genetics, cytology, embry-
ology, karyology and biochemistry of dan-
delions from this group (e.g. Marciniuk
et al. 2010 a, b, Michalska et al. 2009,
Michalska et al. 2010 a, b, Musia ł et al.
2013, Płachno et al. 2014).
General ecological requirements are de-
termined for the whole section Palustria,
but detailed information about life spectra
of individual species is still incomplete, and
it usually applies to plant communities and
habitat types associated with the occurrence
of different species of marsh dandelions.
Physicochemical properties of the substrate
on which the plants grow are very rarely
determined; sometimes ecological indicator
values are indirectly used for this purpose
(Sterk et al. 1983, Sc h m id 2002). Such
studies may show local ecological adapta-
tion on a small scale, and determine more
precisely the tolerance ranges and indicator
values of individual marsh dandelion spe-
cies.
e aim of this study was twofold: (i) to
answer the question “which environmental
variables are responsible for the vegetation
patterns in coastal grasslands with marsh
dandelions”, and (ii) to determine the eco-
logical spectra of the identied marsh dande-
lion species in the Polish and Estonian coastal
grasslands.
STUDY AREA
The search for marsh dandelions was con-
ducted in all salt and brackish meadows along
the Polish Baltic coast and in salt, brackish
and calcareous coastal grasslands along the
western part of the Estonian Baltic coast.
The area of the Polish Baltic coast belongs
to the continental biogeographical region
and the suboceanic climate zone, whereas
the Estonian Baltic coast belongs to the bo-
real biogeographical region and the subcon-
tinental climate zone (Interpretation Manual
…2003).
Due to the natural and anthropogenic
factors limiting the occurrence of coastal
salt meadows in Poland, halophilous phy-
tocoenoses of short grasslands develop only
in few places like estuaries and the shores
of shallow bays (Bosiacka et al. 2011, Bo-
siacka 2012). The Estonian coastal grass-
lands are located mainly in western Estonia
and on its islands, but also at single sites
along the northern coast. Due to the gla-
cial history, the land surface of the Bal-
tic coasts in Estonia is still rising. In the
coastal zone of Estonia, in the vicinity of
salt and brackish wet meadows, calcareous
grassland (alvars) are also widespread – on
the limestone material, outside the direct
impact of the seawater, mainly dry, but at
some sites temporarily wet (Pärtel et al.
1999, Lotman and Le p i k 2004, Kaljuste
2004, Berg 2008).
According to the organic matter con-
tent and the thickness of the organic layer,
the coastal salt grasslands in Poland develop
on the ‘deep soil type’ with a high organic
matter content. In contrast, salt and alvar
coastal meadows in Estonia occur mainly
on young soils with low organic matter con-
tent and no distinct humus layer (or with
thin, slightly decomposed surface horizon),
which corresponds to the ‘shallow soil type’
(Tyl e r 1971, Kauer et al. 2004, Kõlli et
al. 2007, Niedźw i e cki et al. 2009, Hulis z
2013).
During the presented study, marsh dan-
delions were found at only 3 sites out of 8 in-
vestigated along the whole Polish coast, and
at 23 sites in Estonia (8 samples and 43 sam-
ples, respectively) (Fig. 1).
214
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Dandelions were determined based on the
publications of Kirs c h n er and Štěpánek
(1998) and Marc in iu k (2012). The main di-
agnostic features of T. balticum, T. suecicum
and T. decolorans are presented in Table 1.
Field sampling
Field data were collected in April and May
2013 and 2014. Altogether 51 plots were
sampled in patches with the presence of
marsh dandelions. The size of the plots
(relevés) was 2 × 2 m. The species cover in
Table 1. The main diagnostic features of T. balticum, T. suecicum and T. decolorans (according to
Kirschner and Št ě p á nek 1998).
T. balticum T. suecicum T. decolorans
Leaves
Deeply divided, lateral
lobes 3-5 linear or nar-
rowly triangular. Terminal
lobe tripartite, terminal
segment lingulate.
Entire or with remote
minute teeth.
Shallowly sinuate-lobulate
or sinuate-dentate, les often
lobed, lateral lobes 2-3 pat-
ent or recurved.
Outer bracts
9-13 adpressed, broadly
ovate to ovate lanceolate
6.0-7.5 mm long and 3.5-
4.0 mm wide. Borders in-
discting 0.6-1.0 mm wide.
10-14 adpressed, broadly
ovate to ovate 5.1-6.5 mm
long and 4.0-4.5 mm wide.
Borders conspicuos up to
1.5 mm wide.
10-11 adpressed, broadly
ovate to ovate lanceolate
5.5-7.5 mm long and 3.0-
4.2 mm wide. Borders very
distinct 0.8-1.3 mm wide.
Outer ligule striped Present, grey-green purple Present, greyish-purple Absent
Stigmas Greyish yellow Pure yellow Pale greyish yellow
Pollen Absent or rarely very
sparsely present Absent Absent
Chromosome number 2n=4x=32 2n=4x=32 2n=?
Mode of reproduction apomicts apomicts apomicts
Fig. 1. Localities: KrK – Karsiborska Kępa, Jar – Jarzębowo, Wdr – Włodarka, Uu – Uulu, Kv – Kavaru,
Pu – Puhtu, Rd – Ruilaid, Ro – Rooglaiu, Sa – Saastna, Ke – Keemu, Po – Põgari, To – Tooraku, Rh –
Rohuküla, Pl – Pullapää, Ru – Rumpo, Ho – Hosby, Vo – Vormsi, Ks – Kassari, Or – Orjaku, Ja – Jausa,
Ta – Tärkma, So – Sõru, Tr – Triigi, Ku – Kuusnõmme, La – Lahetaguse, Ra – Rahuste
215
Beata Bosiacka et al.
each plot was assessed using a nine-grade
scale (van der Maarel 1979): 15% >single
specimens, 25% >some specimens, 35%
>several specimens, 45% >many speci-
mens, 55−12.5%, 612.5−25%, 725−50%,
850−75%, 975−100%.
From each plot dandelion specimens
were collected as evidence. Estonian material
is deposited at the herbarium of the Institute
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
(TAA) at the Estonian University of Life Sci-
ences. Polish material is preserved in the her-
barium of the University of Szczecin (SZUB).
For each relevé, three samples of soil
were collected with a sampler from the root
zone of plants (0−25 cm). After mixing, they
formed one soil sample for chemical analysis,
representing a given relevé.
Laboratory analysis
Soil samples were dried at room tempera-
ture, and then rubbed through a sieve to
remove fractions larger than 1 mm. The
following properties were determined in
the thus-prepared material: (1) the con-
tent of organic matter – by losses on ig-
nition at 550°C, (2) soil reaction – by the
potentiometric method in 1 M solution of
KCl, (3) electrolytic conductivity of the satu-
rated soil extract (ECe) – by the conducto-
metric method, (4) the content of available
forms of potassium in 0.5 M solution of HCl
– by the AAS method, (5) the content of
available forms of magnesium in 0.5 M solu-
tion of HCl – by the AAS method, (6) the
content of available forms of phosphorus in
0.5 M solution of HCl – by the colorimetric
method, (7) carbonates (mainly CaCO3) –
by Scheibler’s method, (8) the total content
of carbon and nitrogen – using a chemical
analyser (CHNS, Costech) in air-dry, tritu-
rated soil samples.
Values of the soil salinity were determined
based on the conductivity of the saturated soil
extract (ECe). The following salinity classes
were applied: 0−2 dS m-1 non-saline soils,
2−4 dS m-1 slightly saline soils, 4−8 dS m-1
moderately saline soils, 8−16 dS m-1 strongly
saline soils, >16 dS m-1 very strongly saline
soils (Richards 1954).
Data analysis
Relationships between plant species compo-
sition and environmental factors were deter-
mined using the software package CANOCO
v. 4.5 (ter Braa k and Š m i laue r 2002).
Plant species distribution patterns in re-
lation to environmental variables were deter-
mined by canonical correspondence analysis
(CCA), after detrended correspondence anal-
ysis (DCA) detected a unimodal structure
of the species data. The data were not trans-
formed.
Tests of significance of the first and all ca-
nonical axes were performed for the statisti-
cal assessment of the relation between plant
species composition and environmental vari-
ables (Monte Carlo test: 499 permutations
under reduced model).
The Monte Carlo permutation test was
further applied to determine the statistical
significance of environmental variables in
explaining the plant species composition. For
this purpose, stepwise ‘forward selection’ of
explanatory variables was used (available in
CANOCO). The procedure started with the
selection of the best explanatory variable (a
variable that best explains the total data vari-
ance), and the sequence of other variables
was determined according to their decreas-
ing importance in explaining the total vari-
ance in the data set, together with the previ-
ously selected variables. Therefore, a value
of ‘extra fit’ was calculated (Lambda A), un-
derstood as a change in the sum of all CCA
eigenvalues after another variable is added.
Additionally, statistical significance of each
variable was calculated. Variation in the plant
species composition, explained by environ-
mental variables included in the analysis, was
expressed as a percentage – the ratio of the
sum of all canonical eigenvalues to the value
of total variance (total inertia). Variation in
the species composition explained by indi-
vidual variables was calculated from the ratio
of Lambda A to the total variance (total iner-
tia) and expressed as a percentage.
For each soil property, related to indi-
vidual marsh dandelion species, basic statis-
tics were calculated (interquartile ranges of
values, the medians, outlier values, extreme
values). The ranges of this properties were il-
lustrated by separate box and whiskers plots.
216
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
The differences between soil properties typi-
cal for each species were assessed with Krus-
kal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s multiple
comparisons test. The relationship between
individual marsh dandelion species occur-
rence and soil parameters was examined us-
ing Spearman’s rank association test (STA-
TISTICA StatSoft v. 10.0).
Plant communities were distinguished in
the set of phytosociological relevés by the hi-
erarchical divisive cluster analysis performed
with the TWINSPAN software v. 2.3 (H i l l
and Šmilauer 2005).
RESULTS
The DCA results revealed a unimodal struc-
ture of the species data (the gradient length
represented by the first ordination axis was
3.797 SD), therefore the direct CCA ordina-
tion was performed. The obtained CCA re-
sults indicated that all the applied variables
accounted for 23.5% of the total variance
in the species data. The first axis and all ca-
nonical axes were significant as tested by the
unrestricted Monte Carlo permutation test
(P = 0.002).
The results of the stepwise forward selec-
tion of variables revealed that five out of eight
variables included (org. mat., ECe, pH, P,
CaCO3) were statistically significant and ac-
counted for 17.3% of the total variance in the
plant species composition in the investigated
coastal grassland patches. The largest amount
of the total variance was explained by the or-
ganic matter content (6.2%) and soil salinity
(3.2%) (Table 2).
In total three marsh dandelion species
were found in the Polish and Estonian coastal
grasslands. In Estonia all three species occur:
Taraxacum balticum, T. decolorans and T.
suecicum (Appendix 1a-c). The only species
found in Poland was T. balticum. According
to the ordination diagram of species and en-
vironmental variables (Fig. 2), the maximum
abundance of T. decolorans and T. suecicum,
together with a group of other species located
in their vicinity on the diagram (e.g. Molinia
coerulea, Festuca arundinacea, Centaurea ja-
cea, Carex flacca, Sessleria uliginosa), was re-
lated to the highest and moderate values of
pH and CaCO3 content in the soil, and lower
values of the soil salinity and organic matter
content, whereas the maximum abundance of
T. balticum, and of other species located in its
vicinity on the diagram (e.g. Juncus gerardi,
Agrostis stolonifera, Glaux maritima, Trifo-
lium fragiferum, Triglochin maritima), was
related to the highest and moderate values of
the soil salinity and organic matter content,
and lower values of pH and CaCO3 content.
Phytocoenoses of salt meadows from the
Polish part of the Baltic coast, developing on
the organic, acid, non-carbonate substrate
(samples 1−8; mean values of: EC
e
3.1 dS m
-1
,
pH 5.6, org. mat. 51%), where only T. balti -
cum was observed, clearly group together in
the right part of the ordination diagram of
samples and environmental variables (Fig. 3).
In the central, lower part of the diagram, four
samples from the Estonian coast of the Baltic
Sea are located; they come from phytocoeno-
ses with T. balticum, growing on the organic,
saline, non-carbonate and slightly acid sub-
strate (samples 9, 12, 16, 17; mean values of:
Table 2. Forward selection results with the test of variable significance for samples collected in the salt
and brackish meadows on the Polish and Estonian Baltic coast and in the Estonian coastal alvar grass-
lands; *significance level P <0.05.
Variables Explained data variance
[%] F-ratio P-value
org.mat. 6.2* 3.24* 0.002*
ECe3.2* 1.69* 0.002*
pH 2.7* 1.48* 0.020*
P 2.7* 1.38* 0.026*
CaCO32.5* 1.41* 0.050*
Mg 2.4 1.27 0.122
C:N 2.1 1.14 0.256
K 1.9 1.04 0.426
217
Beata Bosiacka et al.
EC
e
2.9 dS m
-1
, pH 6.9, org. mat. 21%). Some
samples from the Estonian coastal meadows,
where all three marsh dandelion species were
identified, dominate in the left, upper and cen-
tral parts of the diagram; they develop on the
mineral, non-saline, alkaline substrate, with
a high content of carbonates (samples 21−23,
35, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49; mean values of: EC
e
0.6
dS m
-1
, pH 7.8, CaCO
3
26%, org. mat. 4.8%).
The largest group of samples from Estonia is
located in the left, central and lower part of the
diagram; the samples were collected in phyto-
coenoses growing on the mineral, non-saline,
slightly alkaline substrate, with an increased
content of phosphorus and small content of
CaCO
3
(samples 10−15, 18−20, 24−34, 36−42,
45, 50−51; mean values of: EC
e
0.7 dS m
-1
, pH
7.3, P 204.7 mg kg
-1
, CaCO
3
2.7%, org. mat.
5.7%), within the range of which all three spe-
cies of marsh dandelions occurred.
More accurate numerical ranges of the
soil properties, related to individual marsh
dandelion species are presented in Fig. 4. Ta-
raxacum balticum was found in the widest
ranges of all included soil properties. It was
the only species found on organic (org. mat.
> 20%) and saline soils (ECe > 2 dS m-1), the
most acid and the most alkaline soils (pH
range 5.1−8.2), the least and the most rich
in P (range 10.6−365.4 mg kg-1), Mg (range
66.3−4727.4 mg kg-1), K (range 7.5−987.7
mg kg-1), CaCO3 (range 0−36.7 %), the most
and the least fertile soils (range of C:N ratio
7.6−17.6). Taraxacum suecicum and T. decolo-
rans were found only on mineral and non-sa-
line soils. Ranges of soil properties were simi-
lar for both species and were usually much
narrower compared to T. balticum. Kruskal-
Wallis test revealed statistically significant
differences between habitats of Taraxacum
species in organic matter content and ECe
(Table 3). The post hoc Dunn’s multiple com-
parisons test detected no significant differ-
ences in soil conditions at sites of T. suecicum
and T. decolorans. Soil conditions in habitats
of T. balticum and the other two mentioned
above Taraxacum species differ significantly
only in ECe (Table 3).
Fig. 2. Ordination diagram of species and environmental variables along the first two CCA axes. *sta-
tistically significant variables.
Abbreviations of species names consist of the first three letters of a generic name and the first three
letters of a species name (see Appendix 2), with exceptions: Juni.com – Juniperus communis, Car.dich –
Carex disticha
218
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
Using Spearman’s rank test, the moderate,
statistically significant relationships were ob-
served for the occurrence of all three marsh
dandelion species and soil salinity, expressed
as ECe (positive correlation for T. balticum
and negative correlation for T. suecicum and
T. decolorans), and additionally – negative
correlation between the occurrence of T. s ue-
cicum and organic matter content in the soil,
and positive correlation between the occur-
rence of T. suecicum and pH (Table 4).
According to the hierarchical divisive
cluster analysis, four groups of plant commu-
nities were identified (Appendix 2). Clusters I
Fig. 3. Ordination diagram of samples and environmental variables along the first two CCA axes; *sta-
tistically significant variables.
black squares – samples from the salt meadows on the Polish Baltic coast, where only T. balticum was
observed; white squares - samples from the salt meadows on the Estonian Baltic coast, where only T.
balticum was observed; black circles – samples from alvar grasslands and transitional areas up to alvars
on the Estonian Baltic coast, where all three marsh dandelion species were identified, white circles –
samples from transitional areas up to brackish or alvar grasslands on the Estonian Baltic coast, where all
three marsh dandelion species were identified
Table 3. Results of Kruskal-Wallis test and the post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, showing sig-
nificance of difference in soil conditions at sites of Taraxacum balticum (Tar .bal), T. suecicum (Ta r .sue)
and T. decolorans (Tar.dec); *P <0.05 (significance level).
Soil
properties
Kruskal-Wallis test Dunn’s multiple comparisons test
Tar.ba l -Tar. sue Tar. b a l-Tar.de c Ta r. s ue-Tar.d e c
HP-value P-value P-value P-value
org. mat. [%] 6.1202 0.0469* 0.0682 0.5634 1.0000
ECe [dS m-1] 13.1887 0.0014* 0.0104* 0.0283* 1.0000
pH 4.5449 0.1031 0.1505 0.7671 1.0000
P [mg kg-1] 0.8484 0.6543 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
CaCO3 [%] 1.4408 0.4866 0.8441 1.0000 1.0000
Mg [mg kg-1] 0.4472 0.7996 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
C:N 0.2852 0.8671 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
K [mg kg-1] 0.8105 0.6668 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
219
Beata Bosiacka et al.
org. mat. [%]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EC [dS
.
m
-1
]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
pH
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
P [mg
.
kg
-1
]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
C:N
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
K [mg
.
kg
-1
]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CaCO
3
[%]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Mg [mg
.
kg
-1
]
Tar.bal Tar.sue Tar.dec
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Fig. 4. The range of values of the soil properties related to individual Taraxacum species. Large boxes
indicate 25–75% of the interquartile ranges of values, small boxes – the medians, white circles – outlier
values, asterisk – extreme values; Tar.bal – Taraxacum balticum, Tar.sue – Taraxacum suecicum, Ta r.
dec – Taraxacum decolorans
220
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
and II include samples from Estonian coastal
alvar grasslands and transitional areas up to
alvars. Molinia coerulea, Centaurea jacea, Ga-
lium boreale and Lotus corniculatus are indi-
cators common for both groups. The follow-
ing species are indicators for cluster I: Sesleria
uliginosa, Succisa pratensis, Deschampsia caes-
pitosa, and for cluster II: Festuca arundinacea,
Carex flacca, Inula salicina. Furthermore,
phytocoenoses from group II are character-
ised by more frequent and more abundant oc-
currence of Phragmites australis. Halophilous
species were rare or occasional in both groups.
Marsh dandelions were mostly represented by
T. balticum, which was also present in clusters
III and IV. Taraxacum suecicum and T. decolo-
rans were present only in clusters I and II.
Clusters III and IV include samples from
Polish and Estonian coastal salt meadows
and transitional areas up to salt and brack-
ish grasslands. Juncus gerardi and Agrostis
stolonifera are indicators common for both
clusters. Cluster III includes samples from
the Estonian coastal meadows, and cluster
IV − from the Polish coastal meadows. Clus-
ter III is distinguished from cluster IV by a
smaller contribution of halophytes. The lat-
ter is distinguished by a constant presence of
Carex nigra, Triglochin maritima, Leontodon
autumnalis, Trifolium fragiferum. Marsh dan-
delion species are represented in both groups
only by T. balticum.
DISCUSSION
Dandelions appear to be prompt indica-
tors under deteriorating habitat conditions
(Ooster veld 1983). This may be particu-
larly true in the case of species with narrower
ecological spectra, e.g. almost exclusively
confined to natural and semi-natural habitats
– unfertilized or slightly fertilized, not grazed
or extensively grazed pastures and meadows,
in periodically flooded places with an ac-
companying effect of new available minerals
from the sediments and suppressed compe-
titions. These conditions meet the require-
ments of dandelion species from the section
Palustria. Unfortunately, many of their habi-
tats have rapidly vanished in recent decades,
which resulted in a threat to the entire sec-
tion (Ooster veld 1983, Sterk et al. 1983,
Kirschne r and Ště p anek 1998).
The presented study concerns the marsh
dandelion flora of coastal salt meadows in
Poland, and salt and calcareous coastal grass-
lands in Estonia. The Polish coastal salt grass-
lands are classified to the EU habitat types
1330 Atlantic salt meadows, and Estonian
coastal salt grasslands – to the EU habitat
types 1630 *Boreal Baltic coastal meadows,
whereas Estonian coastal calcareous grass-
land – to the EU habitat types 6280 *Nordic
alvar and Precambrian calcareous flatrocks
(Interpretation Manual…2003). With regard
to the results of comprehensive studies on
the management, biodiversity and restora-
tion potential of the salt grassland vegetation
on the Baltic coast (Wanner 2009), it can
be questioned whether separation of the two
EU habitat types 1330 and 1630 is justified,
and if yes, whether the same management
and restoration guidelines can be applied to
both types. It can be suspected that there is a
gradual transition between both types. In ad-
dition, natural gradients between saline and
non-saline habitats occur along the coast of
Estonia (Pä r tel et al. 1999, B u r nside et al.
2007, Berg 2008).
The main reasons for the disappearance
of different types of grasslands along the Bal-
tic coast are: cessation of traditional farming
activities (abandonment of grazing and mow-
ing) or, on the other hand, ecological degra-
dation due to agricultural intensification and
drainage. As a consequence of these manage-
ment changes, a decrease in the species rich-
ness and community diversity, as well as a
decline in the landscape heterogeneity are ob-
Table 4. Results of Spearman’s rank association test between dandelion species occurrence and soil pa-
rameters; * P <0.05 (significance level).
taxon mat.org.
[%] C:N ECe
[dS m-1]pH P
[mg kg-1]K
[mg kg-1]Mg
[mg kg-1]CaCO3 [%]
T. balticum 0.073 0.085 0.325* -0.074 0.006 -0.056 0.089 -0,076
T. suecicum -0.392* -0.069 -0.468* 0.352* 0.151 -0.063 -0.094 0.188
T.decolorans -0.203 -0.025 -0.368* 0.174 -0.043 -0.159 0.012 0.089
221
Beata Bosiacka et al.
served (D oo dy 2001, Bur ns id e 2007, B erg
2008, Wanner 2009). In many countries, ac-
tive protection of coastal meadows has been
implemented in recent decades, resulting in
the reconstruction of characteristic physiog-
nomy and species composition (Puurmann
and Ratas 1998, B e rnhardt and Koch
2002, Rannap et al. 2004).
Active protection of grassland ecosystems
along the Baltic coast contributes also to the
preservation or restoration of populations of
endangered marsh dandelions from the group
of the Baltic range. We have found three such
species during our research: T. balticum, T.
suecicum and T. decolorans. Only T. balticum
was found on the Polish coast and only at three
sites in the western part of the country (in 8
samples), in phytocoenoses with a contribu-
tion of halophytes and usually with abundant
moss cover. It is the only species with the Bal-
tic range ever recorded in Poland. Ki rs chner
and Štěpanek (1998) define it as one of the
most halophilous species of the section, with a
distribution closely connected with the Baltic
coast. It reaches its southern limit in Central
Germany and is known to occur in Sweden,
Finland, Germany, Poland and Estonia. Like
other taxa from the section of Palustria, it be-
comes increasingly rare. None of the sites we
found along the Polish coast have been previ-
ously reported in literature. Together with T.
udum and T. madidum, T. balticum belongs
to extremely rare species in the Polish marsh
dandelion flora. Apart from the coast, T. bal ti-
cum has been recently confirmed only in one
inland salt grassland and one chalk meadow
in central Poland (Marciniu k 2012).
A much higher number of T. balticum
stands (22 stands in total, in 36 samples) was
found on the Estonian coast. The taxon oc-
curred in all types of the studied phytocoeno-
ses: in salt and brackish meadows, in coastal
alvar grasslands and in transitional areas; in
the widest ranges of all considered soil prop-
erties.
Another identified species was T. decolo-
rans. Ki r s chner and Štěpanek (1998) de-
fine it as primarily an ‘alvar’ species, but it
occurs also on calcareous fens at many con-
tinental sites. It is known to occur in Swe-
den and Estonia. In the course of our field
research, the species was recorded at 5 sites
(in 6 samples) in the western part of Estonia,
in phytocoenoses of coastal alvar grassland
with a high content of carbonates in the soil
(samples 44 and 49; in sample 44 – the high-
est CaCO
3
content of all investigated samples
from Estonia) and in transitional areas, with
a low content of carbonates (samples 28, 33,
26, 29).
Taraxacum suecium was the third species
found by us on the Estonian coast. K ir s c hn e r
and Štěpanek (1998) define it as a species
with a wider ecological range compared to T.
decolorans. It grows not only in alvar habitats,
but also in subsaline coastal wet meadows
and on calcareous fens. It is known to occur
in Latvia, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Es-
tonia. We have noted the species at 11 sites (in
12 samples) – both in phytocoenoses of alvar
grassland and in transitional areas with a low
content of carbonates in the soil. Soil salinity
did not exceed 1 dS m-1 at any of the sites of
the last two species.
The ecological spectra determined for
three marsh dandelion species, highly en-
dangered within their entire distribution
range, can be used to improve the methods
of their protection. To protect the popula-
tions of marsh dandelions, it is also impor-
tant to determine the habitat conditions for
the whole complex of accompanying spe-
cies. The obtained CCA results indicated
that the largest amount of the total variance
in the species data was explained by the soil
salinity and organic matter content in the
soil. The soil reaction, the content of avail-
able forms of phosphorus and carbonates
in the soil were also important. The plant
species diversity (species number) of the
investigated coastal grasslands was higher
in Estonia than in Poland. Similar conclu-
sions were reached in comparative studies
of salt meadows in Northern Denmark, the
NW and NE part of Germany and West-
ern Estonia (Wanner 2009). According to
the author, this is probably attributable to
a combination of lower salinity, relatively
low nutrient availability, higher spatial het-
erogeneity, higher variation of soil chemical
properties and more natural gradients be-
tween saline and non-saline habitats along
the Estonian Baltic coast, including alvars
– species-rich ecosystems even in a world-
wide perspective (Pärtel et al. 1996, 1999,
Berg 2008).
222
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We thank Toomas
Kukk, Ott Luuk and Peedu Saar for valuable help in
eldwork on Estonian coastal meadows searching
dierent Taraxacum species.
REFERENCES
Aquaro G., Caparelli K.F., Peruzzi L. 2008 – The
genus Taraxacum (Asteraceae) in Italy. I. A
systematic study of Taraxacum sect. Palustria
– Phytologia Balcanica, 14: 61–67.
Berg M.J. 2008 – Abandonment and reinstated
management upon coastal wet grasslands in
Estonia – Ph.D. thesis, University of Brighton,
Brighton, 284 pp.
Bernhardt K.G., Koch M. 2002 – Restoration of
a salt marsh system: temporal change of plant
species diversity and composition – Basic
Appl. Ecol. 4: 441– 451.
Bosiacka B. 2012 – [1330 Coastal salt marshes
(Glauco-Puccinellietalia part - coastal com-
munities) (In: [Monitoring of habitats. Meth-
odological guide. Part II] Ed: Mróz W.) – Bib-
lioteka Monitoringu Środowiska, Warszawa,
pp. 72–84 (in Polish).
Bosiacka B., Podlasiński M., Pieńkowski P. 2011 –
Salt marshes conditioned by ascending brine
in Northern Poland: land-use changes and
vegetation-environment relations – Phytocoe-
nologia, 41: 201–213.
Burnside N.G. 2007 – Use of vegetation classifi-
cation and plant indicators to assess grazing
abandonment in Estonian coastal wetlands – J.
Veg. Sci. 18: 645–654.
Doody J.P. 2001 – Coastal conservation and man-
agement: an ecological perspective – Conserva-
tion Biology Series 13. Kluwer Academic Pub-
lishers. Boston. Dordrecht. London, 306 pp.
Hill M.M., Šmilauer, P. 2005 - TWINSPAN for
Windows version 2.3. – Huntington & Ceske
Budejovice: Center for Ecology and Hydrol-
ogy & University of South Bohemia.
Hulisz P. 2013 – [Genesis, properties and system-
atic position of the brackish marsh soils in the
Baltic coastal zone] – Wyd. Naukowe Uniwer-
sytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń, 137 pp. (in
Polish).
Interpretation Manual of European Union Habi-
tats, Eur 25. 2003. European Commission, DG
Environmental Nature and Biodiversity.
Kaljuste T. 2004 – Coastal meadow management
from a botanist’s point of view (In: Coastal
meadow management. Best practice guide-
lines. The experiences of LIFE-Nature project
“Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preservation
in Estonia”, Eds: Rannap R., Briggs L., Lotman
K., Lepik I., Rannap V.) – Ministry of the En-
vironment of the Republic of Estonia, Tallinn,
pp. 62–69.
Kauer K., Köster T., Kõlli R. 2004 – Chemical pa-
rameters of coastal grassland soils in Estonia
– Agron. Res. 2: 169–180.
Kirschner J., Štěpanek J. 1998 – A monograph of
Taraxacum sect. Palustria – Institute of Bota-
ny, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Repub-
lic, Pruhonice, 281 pp.
Kõlli R., Köster T., Kauer K. 2007 – Organic mat-
ter of Estonian grassland soils – Agron. Res. 5:
109–122.
Lotman K., Lepik I. 2004 – Coastal meadow as
a habitat (In: Coastal meadow management.
Best practice guidelines. The experiences of
LIFE-Nature project “Boreal Baltic Coastal
Meadow Preservation in Estonia”, Eds: Rannap
R., Briggs L., Lotman K., Lepik I., Rannap V.)
– Ministry of the Environment of the Republic
of Estonia, Tallinn, pp. 8–25.
Marciniuk J. 2012 – [Taraxacum sect. Palustria in
Poland] – Rozprawa Naukowa 14. Wydawnic-
two Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanisty-
cznego, Siedlce, 184 pp. (in Polish, English
summary).
Marciniuk J., Marciniuk P. 2006 – New sites of Ta-
raxacum portentosum Kirschner & Štěpanek
and Taraxacum vindobonense Soest against a
background of their distribution in Poland –
Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 3–4: 304–307.
Marciniuk J., Grabowska-Joachimiak A., Mar-
ciniuk P. 2010a – Differentiation of the pollen
size in five representatives of Taraxacum sect.
Palustria – Biologia, 65: 954–957.
Marciniuk J., Rerak J., Grabowska-Joachimiak
A., Jastrząb I., Musiał K., Joachimiak A.J.
2010b – Chromosome numbers and stoma-
tal cell length in Taraxacum sect. Palustria
from Poland – Acta Biol. Cracov. Bot. 52:
117–121.
Marciniuk P., Musiał K., Joachimiak A.J., Mar-
ciniuk J., Oklejewicz K., Wolanin M. 2012 –
Taraxacum zajacii (Asteraceae), a new species
from Poland – Ann. Bot. Fenn. 49: 387–390.
Michalska K., Marciniuk J., Kisiel W. 2009 – Root
constituens of Taraxacum udum – Planta
Medica, 75: 936.
Michalska K., Marciniuk J., Kisiel W. 2010a – Ses-
quiterpenoids and phenolics from roots of Ta-
raxacum udum – Fitoterapia, 81: 434–436.
Michalska K., Żylewski M., Marciniuk J., Kisiel W.
2010b – Structural analysis of 1L-chiro-inosi-
tol diester from Taraxacum udum – Carbohy-
drate Res. 345: 172–174.
Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M.
2002 – Flowering plants and pteridophytes of
Poland. A checklist. – W. Szafer Institute of
Botany, PAS, Kraków, 442 pp.
223
Beata Bosiacka et al.
Musiał K., Górka P., Kościńska-Pająk M., Marcini-
uk P. 2013 – Embryological studies in Tarax a-
cum udum Jordan (sect. Palustria) – Botany,
91: 614–620.
Niedźwiecki E., Protasowicki M., Malinowski R.,
Bucior A., Poleszczuk G. 2009 – Water and soil
conditions facilitating halophyte development
in the Polish western coastal areas of the Baltic
Sea – Ecol. Chem. Eng. 16: 439–451.
Ochyra R., Żarnowiec J., Bednarek- Ochyra H. 2003
– Census catalogue of Polish mosses – W. Szafer
Institute of Botany, PAS, Kraków, 372 pp.
Oosterveld P. 1983 – Taraxacum species as envi-
ronmental indicators for grassland manage-
ment – Environ. Monit. Assess. 3: 381–389.
Pärtel M., Kalamees R., Zobel M., Rosén E. 1999
– Alvar grasslands in Estonia: variation in spe-
cies composition and community structure – J.
Veg. Sci. 10: 561–570.
Pärtel M., Zobel M., Zobel K., van der Maarel E.
1996 – The species pool and its relation to spe-
cies richness: evidence from Estonian plant
communities – Oikos, 75: 111–117.
Płachno B.J., Musiał K., Świątek P., Tuleja M.,
Marciniuk J., Grabowska-Joachimiak A. 2014
– Synergids and filiform apparatus in the
sexual and apomictic dandelions from section
Palustria (Taraxacum, Asteraceae) – Proto-
plasma, 25: 211–217.
Puurmann E., Ratas U. 1998 – The formation,
vegetation and management of sea-shore
grasslands in west Estonia (In: European wet
grasslands: biodiversity, management and res-
toration, Eds: Wade P.M., Joyce C.B.) – John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 97–110.
Rannap R., Briggs L., Lotman K., Lepik I., Rannap V.
2004 – Coastal meadow management. Best prac-
tice guidelines. The experiences of LIFE-Nature
project “Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preserva-
tion in Estonia” – Ministry of the Environment
of the Republic of Estonia, Tallinn, 95 pp.
Richards L.A. 1954 – Diagnosis and improvement
of saline and alkali soils – USDA. Agriculture
Handbook 60, Washington D. C., 166 pp.
Rydberg H. 2006 – [Taraxacum sect. Palustria
on Faro, Gotland] – Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 100:
67–75 (in Sweden).
Schmid M. 2002 – Morphologie, Vergesellschaf-
tung, Ökologie, Verbreitung und Gefährdung
der Sumpf-Lowenzahne (Taraxacum sect.
Palustria Dahlst., Asteraceae) Suddeutsch-
lands –Bibliotheca Botanica, 155:1-194.
S I. 2011 – Statistica (data analysis
software system), v. 10.0. www. statsoft.com.
Sterk A.A., Groenhart M.C., Mooren J.F.A. 1983
– Aspects of the ecology of some microspecies
of Taraxacum in the Netherlands – Acta Bot.
Neerl. 32: 385–415.
Štěpanek J., Kirschner J. 2001 – A new haxaploid
species of Taraxacum sect. Palustria from
Savoie, the W Alps. – Preslia, 73: 277–279.
ter Braak C.J.F., Šmilauer P. 2002 – CANOCO Ref-
erence Manual and User’s Guide to Canoco for
Windows: Software for Canonical Communi-
ty Ordinantion (version 4.5) –Microcomputer
Power. Ithaca, NY, USA.
Trávníček B., Marciniuk J., Žíla V. 2007 – New
localities of Taraxacum species from S Poland
(with nine new species for Polish flora) – Acta
Soc. Bot. Pol. 76: 209–224.
Tyler G. 1971 – Distribution and turnover of or-
ganic matter and minerals in a shore meadow
ecosystem. Studies in the ecology of Baltic sea-
shore meadows – Oikos, 22: 265–291.
van der Maarel E. 1979 – Transformation of cover-
abundance values in phytosociology and its ef-
fect on community similarity – Vegetatio, 39:
97–114.
Wanner A. 2009 – Management, biodiversity and
restoration potential of salt grassland vegeta-
tion of the Baltic Sea: analyses along a complex
ecological gradient. – Ph.D. thesis, University
of Hamburg, Hamburg, 221 pp.
224
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
Appendix 1a
Scan of herbarium sheet of T. balticum.
Appendix 1b
Scan of herbarium sheet of T. decolorans.
Appendix 1c
Scan of herbarium sheet of T. suecicum.
225
Beata Bosiacka et al.
Appendix 2. Plant communities separated by the hierarchical divisive cluster analysis; clusters I and II: samples from Estonian coastal alvar grasslands and tran-
sitional areas up to alvars; clusters III and IV: samples from Polish and Estonian coastal salt meadows and transitional areas up to salt and brackish grasslands
Abbreviations of localities: KrK – Karsiborska Kępa, Jar – Jarzębowo, Wdr – Włodarka, Uu – Uulu, Kv – Kavaru, Pu – Puhtu, Rd – Ruilaid, Ro – Rooglaiu, Sa –
Saastna, Ke – Keemu, Po – Põgari, To – Tooraku, Rh – Rohuküla, Pl – Pullapää, Ru – Rumpo, Ho – Hosby, Vo – Vormsi, Ks – Kassari, Or – Orjaku, Ja – Jausa,
Ta – Tärkma, So – Sõru, Tr – Triigi, Ku – Kuusnõmme, La – Lahetaguse, Ra – Rahuste
Scale of species cover: 15% >single specimens, 25% >some specimens, 35% >several specimens, 45% >many specimens, 55-12.5%, 612.5-25%, 725-
50%, 850-75%, 975-100%
Locality
Po
Ro
Ku
Or
Pl
La
Kv
Sa
Ks
Po
Ku
Ku
Ku
To
So
Pu
Ra
Ra
Ti
Ho
Ta
Ta
Rd
Vo
Vo
Pu
Rh
Ru
La
Ja
Po
Ru
Kv
Ja
Ra
So
Or
Uu
Uu
Ra
Kv
Sa
Ke
Jar
Jar
Jar
Jar
KrK
KrK
Wdr
Wdr
Cluster
I
II
III
IV
No of relevé
8
4
2
1
4
8
1
5
3
9
0
1
3
5
5
1
4
6
4
9
7
8
3
7
8
2
6
1
9
0
0
0
3
9
5
6
2
0
9
7
2
6
7
3
4
5
6
1
2
7
8
Deschampsia
caespitosa
8
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
5
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
Juniperus
communis
-
2
-
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Achillea
millefolium
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Agrostis canina
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gymnadenia
conopsea
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lathyrus palustris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Phleum pratense
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ranunculus
polyanthemos
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carex lepidocarpa
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Danthonia
decumbens
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Filipendula
vulgaris
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Listera ovata
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Polygala amarella
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Potentilla erecta
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Primula farinosa
-
-
1
2
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
226
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
Locality
Po
Ro
Ku
Or
Pl
La
Kv
Sa
Ks
Po
Ku
Ku
Ku
To
So
Pu
Ra
Ra
Ti
Ho
Ta
Ta
Rd
Vo
Vo
Pu
Rh
Ru
La
Ja
Po
Ru
Kv
Ja
Ra
So
Or
Uu
Uu
Ra
Kv
Sa
Ke
Jar
Jar
Jar
Jar
KrK
KrK
Wdr
Wdr
Cluster
I
II
III
IV
Prunella vulgaris
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sesleria uliginosa
6
2
1
8
6
6
5
1
1
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Scorzonera humilis
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Succisa pratensis
-
1
1
1
4
-
2
3
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Taraxacum
suecicum
4
-
3
2
3
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
3
4
-
1
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Centaurea jacea
-
2
-
-
3
2
-
-
-
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
3
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Galium boreale
1
1
-
2
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
4
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Taraxacum
decolorans
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Molinia coerulea
-
-
1
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
2
3
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pinus sylvestris
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Filipendula
ulmaria
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lathyrus pratensis
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ophioglossum
vulgatum
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
3
-
5
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vicia cracca
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
3
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
4
-
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alopecurus
pratensis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Angelica palustris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
3
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Angelica sylvestris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cnidium dubium
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Festuca
arundinacea
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
6
-
2
-
2
2
2
2
3
-
1
5
6
7
1
-
4
5
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hierochloë odorata
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Inula salicina
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
3
-
-
2
-
5
-
7
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lotus corniculatus
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Poa pratensis
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
227
Beata Bosiacka et al.
Locality
Po
Ro
Ku
Or
Pl
La
Kv
Sa
Ks
Po
Ku
Ku
Ku
To
So
Pu
Ra
Ra
Ti
Ho
Ta
Ta
Rd
Vo
Vo
Pu
Rh
Ru
La
Ja
Po
Ru
Kv
Ja
Ra
So
Or
Uu
Uu
Ra
Kv
Sa
Ke
Jar
Jar
Jar
Jar
KrK
KrK
Wdr
Wdr
Cluster
I
II
III
IV
Potentilla reptans
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sonchus arvensis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
4
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Thalictrum f lavum
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Blysmus rufus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carex flacca
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
7
7
4
-
2
-
2
-
2
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
6
-
-
6
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carex viridula
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Centaurium
littorale
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rhinantus serotinus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tetragonolobus
maritimus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Phragmites
australis
-
3
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
4
4
6
-
3
-
5
6
5
5
3
-
6
7
-
4
-
6
3
5
-
6
6
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valeriana
officinalis
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
2
2
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carex panicea
-
4
7
2
-
7
7
8
8
6
5
-
-
6
6
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
7
4
6
6
4
2
-
-
5
6
4
7
7
-
3
2
2
-
-
-
-
3
Carex disticha
-
-
-
2
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
6
2
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
5
-
3
2
2
-
-
-
-
Alopecurus
arundinaceus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Festuca rubra
3
-
-
2
-
3
4
4
-
-
6
5
6
4
5
5
7
8
5
5
8
7
-
6
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
8
-
-
-
5
8
5
4
-
4
5
-
6
-
6
3
4
Anthoxanthum
odoratum
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
Carum carvi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cerastium
fontanum
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Potentilla anserina
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
3
-
-
2
5
5
4
-
6
-
5
2
4
4
-
5
-
-
4
-
-
3
4
6
6
5
2
5
5
2
-
-
3
4
4
5
4
3
3
-
Trifolium pratense
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
5
1
-
5
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Taraxacum
balticum
-
1
3
-
3
-
1
4
3
2
2
5
-
3
-
2
1
1
2
-
6
6
1
2
4
3
5
4
1
-
3
3
2
1
2
3
5
2
1
4
1
3
2
4
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
228
Habitat requirements of marsh dandelions
Locality
Po
Ro
Ku
Or
Pl
La
Kv
Sa
Ks
Po
Ku
Ku
Ku
To
So
Pu
Ra
Ra
Ti
Ho
Ta
Ta
Rd
Vo
Vo
Pu
Rh
Ru
La
Ja
Po
Ru
Kv
Ja
Ra
So
Or
Uu
Uu
Ra
Kv
Sa
Ke
Jar
Jar
Jar
Jar
KrK
KrK
Wdr
Wdr
Cluster
I
II
III
IV
Juncus articulatus
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
Plantago maritima
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
4
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
6
-
Trifolium repens
-
-
-
3
-
-
2
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
5
3
4
-
-
2
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
2
4
3
-
4
5
-
4
5
Galium palustre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
Plantago lanceolata
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
Ranunculus acris
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
1
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
2
3
-
-
2
2
-
2
Rumex crispus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
Carex distans
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
4
Elytrygia repens
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
3
3
2
-
-
3
-
-
Plantago major
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Glaux maritima
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
4
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
4
4
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
2
3
-
-
-
-
3
Juncus alpino-
articulatus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carex nigra
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
2
6
3
4
3
3
Triglochin
maritimum
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
5
6
7
3
3
5
5
1
Agrostis stolonifera
-
-
-
2
-
7
4
3
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
2
2
6
4
6
6
4
3
6
6
7
6
6
4
6
7
Cardamine
pratensis
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
-
-
Festuca pratensis
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Aster tripolium
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Eleocharis
uniglumis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
3
-
4
-
4
4
Juncus gerardi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
6
5
2
4
-
3
3
6
5
5
2
6
5
5
3
Melilotus altissima
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Juncus compressus
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
3
3
-
-
-
Blysmus
compressus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
3
-
-
-
4
5
Carex cuprina
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
-
229
Beata Bosiacka et al.
Locality
Po
Ro
Ku
Or
Pl
La
Kv
Sa
Ks
Po
Ku
Ku
Ku
To
So
Pu
Ra
Ra
Ti
Ho
Ta
Ta
Rd
Vo
Vo
Pu
Rh
Ru
La
Ja
Po
Ru
Kv
Ja
Ra
So
Or
Uu
Uu
Ra
Kv
Sa
Ke
Jar
Jar
Jar
Jar
KrK
KrK
Wdr
Wdr
Cluster
I
II
III
IV
Cerastium
holosteoides
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
Dactylorhiza
majalis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
Eleocharis palustris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
Juncus effusus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
4
-
-
Leontodon
autumnalis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
Lotus uliginosus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
-
-
Planatago winteri
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
3
-
Rumex acetosa
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
Trifolium
fragiferum
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
3
Caliergonella
cuspidata
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
Caltha palustris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
Cynosurus cristatus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dactylorhiza
incarnata
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
Eriophorum
angustifolium
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
Avenula pubescens
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hydrocotyle
vulgaris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
-
-
-
-
Lychnis flos-cucculi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
-
-
-
1
Ranunculs
flammula
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
-
-
-
-
Ranunculus repens
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
3
-
-
3
-
-
Triglochin palustre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
Valeriana dioica
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
Mentha aquatica
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
-
-
-
-
230
