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The Parmelia borreri group in East Africa
... Medullary and cortical spot tests were also routinely used. Punctelia borreri is characterised by its black lower surface, pseudocyphellae which become sorediate, and by gyrophoric acid in the medulla (Hale & Kurokawa 1962, 1964Hale 1965;Krog & Swinscow 1977). It is distinct from P. subrudecta which has a pale lower surface and lecanoric acid (C+ red) as the main medullary constituent Parmelia c"""i"gllfu,,ii Crombie, J. Linn. ...
... Ascospores ellipsoid 11-16 X 7-10 J,lm. Hale (1965), and Krog & Swinscow (1977). P. rudecta is characterised by the abundant lobular, squamiform isidia, the uniformly pale lower surface and the presence of lecanoric acid in the me~ulla (Culberson 1962, Hale 1965, Krog & SWmscow 1977. ...
... French. G! For additional synonymy see Hale (1965), and Krog & Swinscow (1977). ...
Eight species of Parmelia Ach., with pseudocyphellae on the upper surface, and three species of Punctelia Krog, are recognised in the Australasian flora viz.: Parmelia cunninghamii Crombie, P. erumpens Kurokawa, P. pseudotenuirima Gyelnik, P. saxatilis (L.) Ach., P. signifera Nyl., P. sulcata Taylor, P. tenuirima J. D. Hook. et Taylor, and P. testacea Stirton; Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog, P. rudecta (Ach.) Krog, and P. subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog. A key to species is given together with details of morphology, chemistry, habitats, and dlstnbution. Parmelia erimis (Nyl.) Hillm., P. crambidiocarpa Zahlbr., and P. rudior Nyl., are reduced to synonymy with P. testacea; Cetraria corallophora Mull. Arg., Parmelia laceratula Nyl., P. rutidota var. vestita Zahlbr., and P. subflava Taylor to synonymy with Punctelia rudecta; and Parmelia pseudocoralloidea Gyelnik, P. hypoleuca f. coralloidea Müll. Arg., P. novae hollandiae f. coralloidea (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., and P. victoriana f. coralloidea (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., to synonymy with Punctelia subrudecta.
... Punctelia purpurascens is characterized by the lower surface beige to dirty white, medulla white or with an orange pigment, K+ purplish, and unciform conidia. This recently proposed (Canêz & Marcelli 2007) species is the second Punctelia described with a medullary pigment, the first one noted being P. neutralis (Hale) Krog (Krog & Swinscow 1977, Krog 1982 Canêz (2005) Notes. Punctelia reddenda is distinguished by the sorediate thallus, black lower surface and medulla with only fatty acids (negative with all spot tests). ...
... Distribution. Africa (Krog & Swinscow 1977, Swinscow & Krog 1988), Europe (Culberson 1962, Krog 1970, Purvis et al. 1992, North America (Esslinger 2007), and South America (Feuerer 2005). In South America it is known from Brazil (Marcelli 2004), Chile and Venezuela (Feuerer 2005). ...
... Punctelia negata (Nyl.) Krog has ascospores of similar size, 22-25 × 10-13 µm on the type specimen (Krog & Swinscow 1977). Nevertheless, gyrophoric acid is lacking and the conidia are filiform (Krog 1982, Ribeiro 1998, Eliasaro 2001). ...
Seven species of Punctelia Krog from the roadsides and slopes of Geral Range, Rio Grande do Sul State central region, Brazil, are described, illustrated, and keyed, including comments about a positive medullary reaction to para-phenylenediamine, recorded for the first time in this genus.
... The color of the lower surface has been used as a key species character since the genus was fi rst proposed (Hale 1965, Krog & Swinscow 1977 and some current molecular data corroborate this approach (Crespo et al. 2004, Lendemer & Hodkinson 2010. Of all the Punctelia species, seventeen have a black lower surface but only six lack vegetative propagules (Canêz 2009, Canêz & Marcelli 2010b. ...
... In comments under Punctelia subpraesignis (Stirton) Krog, Krog & Swinscow (1977) considered the holotype of P. negata to be present in H-NYL with an isotype in M, possibly influenced by Hale, who labeled the respective specimens as holotype (in 1959) and lectotype (in 1961). However, Hale never published this information and Nylander (1872) mentioned just the exsiccate Lindig 735 in the protologue, with no reference to any herbarium, but there are exsiccates housed in several herbaria (see comments below). ...
The holotype of Punctelia negata and its isotypes were studied and compared to similar species. The type study confirmed that P. negata has a pale lower surface and lobules on the upper surface rather than a black lower surface and no vegetative propagules, as reported previously. Brazilian collections identifi ed as P. negata present a black lower surface; therefore should be referred to P. borrerina (Nyl.) Krog. At present, P. negata is only known from the type locality in Colombia.
... Biogeográficamente se la clasifica aquí como una especie de distribución Americana, dado que las citas para África de Krog & Swinscow (1977) no fueron confirmadas por Swinscow & Krog (1988). ...
... Distribución geográfica: P. punctilla fue descripta originalmente en base a material saxícola de África, por Hale (en Krog & Swinscow, 1977) para el sur y este de ese continente. Para EEUU fue citada por primera vez para California por Riefner (1989). ...
Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Parmotrema yodae and Xanthoparmelia braziliensis, new to Argentina and extension of distributions for other Parmeliaceae (Lichenized Ascomycota). Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyeln. & Foriss) Hale, Parmotrema yodae (Kurok.) Hale and Xanthoparmelia braziliensis Nash & Elix, are reported for the first time for Argentina, which were collected in north-western and central-western provinces. In addition, new distribution reports from Argentine provinces for twelve species in the Parmeliaceae (Lichenized Ascomycota) are given. They correspond to the following enumerated genera, indicating in brackets the number of species treated for each one: Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman (1), Flavoparmelia Hale (1), Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale (1), Parmotrema Mass. (4), Punctelia Krog (4). The 14 species are briefly described and categorized with respect to their world geographic distribution. The distributions inside Argentina are also given for each species.
... In a previous study in the genus Punctelia [25], we found evidence that P. rudecta is not monophyletic, and in this study we focus on delimiting species boundaries in this widespread taxon. P. rudecta has a subcosmopolitan distribution, being known from North and South America, Africa, and Asia [24,26,27]. In spite of its broad, intercontinental distribution, it appears to be absent from Australasia [28] and records from Europe are dubious [29]. ...
... nov. The type specimen of P. rudecta was collected in North America [27,85] Description: Thallus foliose, adpressed to the substratum, 3-4 cm across; lobes rotund, 2-4 mm wide, margins entire, eciliate. Upper surface whitish grey, often bordered by a narrow, brown margin, reticulately rugulose near the margin of lobes, pseudocyphellate and isidiate. ...
High levels of cryptic diversity have been documented in lichenized fungi, especially in Parmeliaceae, and integrating various lines of evidence, including coalescent-based species delimitation approaches, help establish more robust species circumscriptions. In this study, we used an integrative taxonomic approach to delimit species in the lichen-forming fungal genus Punctelia (Parmeliaceae), with a particular focus on the cosmopolitan species P. rudecta. Nuclear, mitochondrial ribosomal DNA and protein-coding DNA sequences were analyzed in phylogenetic and coalescence-based frameworks. Additionally, morphological, ecological and geographical features of the sampled specimens were evaluated. Five major strongly supported monophyletic clades were recognized in the genus Punctelia, and each clade could be characterized by distinct patterns in medullary chemistry. Punctelia rudecta as currently circumscribed was shown to be polyphyletic. A variety of empirical species delimitation methods provide evidence for a minimum of four geographically isolated species within the nominal taxon Punctelia rudecta, including a newly described saxicolous species, P. guanchica, and three corticolous species. In order to facilitate reliable sample identification for biodiversity, conservation, and air quality bio-monitoring research, these three species have been epitypified, in addition to the description of a new species.
... Observaciones: Punctelia rudecta se define por el color café de la cara inferior, presencia de isidios y su crecimiento cortícola. Punctelia punctilla (Hale) Krog, también tiene la cara inferior de color café claro y presenta isidios, pero su hábitat es saxícola (Krog y Swinscow, 1977). ...
... los isidios con las puntas de color café obscuro; en el material estudiado los isidios son concoloros con la cara superior y sin cambio de color en las puntas. Según Brodo et al. (2001) es un liquen muy común en el E de Norteamérica; Krog y Swinscow (1977) lo citaron del E de África y Kurokawa y Lai (2001) de Taiwán. De México la registró Gibert (1935) del Distrito Federal y Culberson (1962) de Chiapas y Veracruz. ...
The lichens Flavopunctelia and Punctelia (Parmeliaceae) are characterized by the presence of pseudocyphella in the upper surface. The first one has a yellowish-green upper surface, usnic acid in the cortex and bifusiform picnidiospores. The second one has whitish-grayish to yellowish-brown upper surface, lecanoric acid in the cortex and filiform or unciform picnidiospores. 219 specimens were recollected in 102 localities from the Nueva Galicia region (Aguascalientes, Colima and Jalisco, and part of Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit and Zacatecas). The studied specimens correspond to seven species: Flavopunctelia flaventior, F. praesignis, F. soredica, Punctelia hypoleucites, P. perreticulata, P. rudecta and P. subrudecta; from them, P. perreticulata is a new record to Mexico; three are new reports to Jalisco, three to Zacatecas, two to Nayarit and one to Colima. A dichotomic key is presented for the species found in Nueva Galicia.
... Manteniendo la opinión de los monógrafos y los criterios nomenclaturales expuestos (ver Material y métodos, pág. 33), la tratamos como una especie colectiva, en espera de los estudios del material tipo, necesarios para establecer la validez de las muchas entidades ESSLINGER (1977;1978a);Fos (1998a);HALE (1955;1976a;JAMES (1982); KROG (1982); KROG & SWINSCOW (1977;; LAMBINON & SERISAUX (1985); LUMBSCH et al. (1988); MAAS GEESTERANUS (1947); MUÑOZ et al. (1992);NASH et al. (1995); RICO & MANRIQUE (1995;; RICO et al. (1988);TAVARES (1945b; Este género, numeroso y dispar, ha sido sometido a varias subdivisiones (Parmelina, Melanelia, Xanthoparmelia, Parmotrema, Pseudoparmelia, Punctelia, etc.) basadas en la estructura cortical, el tamaño de las ascosporas, la forma de los conidios, los tipos de cilios, la ramificación de las ricinas y la composición química, entre otros. Otros liquenólogos, fundamentalmente europeos (Wirth, 1980;Poelt & Vezda, 1981;Cannon et al., 1985;Clauzade & Roux, 1985;Nimis & Poelt, 1987;Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1987;Purvis et al., 1992;Nimis, 1993;Giralt, 1996;Nimis & John, 1998;Fos, 1998a), opinan que varios de estos géneros están todavía mal delimitados por que "no se ha establecido una correlación entre las diferencias de los caracteres referidos a los ascocarpos y conidios" (Hawksworth et al., 1980) y rechazan la separación a tan alto rango. ...
The study of the lichenized mycobiota of the Plant micro-reserve Las Hoyuelas (Sinarcas, W of Valencia, E of Spain), carried out in 2001, allowed the elaboration of a catalogue of 115 taxa in 49 genera and and 2 lichenicolous fungi. Taxonomic, ecological, and chorological data of all these species are provided. Among the identified taxa, 13 are floristic novelties for the Valencian Community. The study was financed by the aid program of the Generalitat Valenciana for the drafting of recovery and management plans for threatened flora and fauna species.
... lichenoides, O. pulicaris, O. rimalis, O. subrimalis Parmelia Ach. ADLER (1990);AHTI (1966b;; COASSINI-LOKAR et al. (1987); CULBERSON (1961); ELIX (1993); ELIX & HALE (1987); ELIX & NASH (1997);ESSLINGER (1977;1978a);Fos (1998a);HALE (1955;1965a;1976a;JAMES (1982); KROG (1982); KROG & SWINSCOW (1977;; LAMBINON & SERISAUX (1985); LUMBSCH et al. (1988);MAAS GEESTERANUS (1947);NASH et al. (1995); RICO et al. (1988); RICO & MANRIQUE (1995;TAVARES (1945b; Este género, numeroso y dispar, ha sido sometido a varias subdivisiones (Parmelina, Melanelia, Xanthoparmelia, Parmotrema, Pseudoparmelia, Punctelia, etc.) basadas en la estructura cortical, el tamaño de las ascosporas, la forma de los conidios, los tipos de cilios, la ramificación de las ricinas y la composición química, entre otros. Otros liquenólogos, fundamentalmente europeos (Wirth, 1980;Poelt & Vezda, 1981;Cannon et al., 1985;Clauzade & Roux, 1985;Nimis & Poelt, 1987;Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1987;Purvis et al., 1992;Nimis, 1993;Giralt, 1996;Nimis & John, 1998;Fos, 1998a), opinan que varios de estos géneros están todavía mal delimitados por que "no se ha establecido una correlación entre las diferencias de los caracteres referidos a los ascocarpos y conidios" (Hawksworth et al., 1980) y rechazan la separación a tan alto rango. ...
The study of the lichenized mycobiota of the Barranc dels Horts (Ares del Maestrat, N of Castellón, E of Spain), carried out in 1999, allowed the elaboration of a catalog of 127 taxa in 46 genera. Among the quoted species, 13 taxa were newly reported for the Valencian Community.
... Ilustraciones: Hale, en Krog & Swinscow (1977), como Parmelia punctilla Hale, p. 172, Fig. 2;Adler (1988) Talo gris mineral, adnato, hasta 15,0 cm diám., corticícola o saxícola. Lóbulos subirregulares, frecuentemente redondeados apicalmente, crenados a incisos, 2,0−8,0 mm de ancho. ...
Veintitrés especies de Parmeliaceae foliosas fueron coleccionadas en el Parque Nacional Copo y alrededores, sobre troncos y ramas en bosques vírgenes y secundarios de Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco y Schinopsis lorentzii, dos especies arbóreas conocidas como quebracho blanco y quebracho colorado respectivamente. Las especies se describen brevemente, incluyendo comentarios particulares y la distribución geográfica de cada una de ellas. Hypotrachyna aspera C. H. Ribeiro & Marcelli se menciona por primera vez para la Argentina. Doce especies se citan también por primera vez para la Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Se propone una clave para diferenciar las especies descriptas.
... The presence of a yellow pigment was more obvious in the distal (marginal) portions of all thalli studied. The presence of ochraceous K+ purple medullary pigment in the genus Punctelia was previously reported only for P. neutralis (Hale) Krog, an African sorediate species (Krog & Swinscow 1977). ...
During a survey of Parmeliaceae species in the area of Fazenda da Estrela, in the municipality of Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul State, we discovered two new species of Punctelia: P. fimbriata and P. purpurascens.
... Posteriormente, Krog & Swinscow (1983) mudaram de idéia, mas Hawksworth e outros liquenólogos europeus (que não têm um contato imediato com a riqueza tropical de Parmeliaceae) até pouco tempo atrás (veja Purvis et al., 1992) continuavam não aceitando nenhum dos outros gêneros propostos por Hale. No final dos anos 1970 e começo dos anos 1980, surgiram os trabalhos de H. Krog e T.D.V Swinscow, tratando das Parmeliaceae da África (Krog, 1974(Krog, , 1982Krog & Swinscow, 1977, 1981, 1983, e que deram origem ao livro "Macrolichens of East Africa" (Swinscow & Krog, 1988), de grande influência na liquenologia tropical. Estes estudos vieram a público em uma época em que as publicações disponíveis sobre liquens tropicais (à exceção dos trabalhos de Hale) eram bastante escassas, e possibilitaram que liquenólogos de outras regiões, como a América do Sul, tivessem em mãos revisões atualizadas, incluindo estudos de materiais-tipo, que facilitassem a identificação de seus liquens. ...
This study presents the introductory data and a key to 11 genera of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) occurring on roadsides and cliffs on the slopes of the Serra Geral, Vale do Rio Pardo, located at the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The genera found were Bulbothrix, Canomaculina, Canoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Myelochroa, Parmelinopsis, Parmotrema, Punctelia, Relicina, Rimelia, and Xanthoparmelia.
... Distribución geográfica: Punctelia stictica se encuentra en Europa, África y América (Hale & Cole, 1988;Krog & Swinscow, 1977;Swinscow & Krog, 1988); en Ámerica del Sur fue citada por Adler (1996) para Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile y Argentina. En Argentina ha sido citada para las Provincias de Tierra del Fuego, Mendoza (Stenroos, 1991), Salta, Tucumán, Córdoba, Buenos Aires (Adler, 1996) y para Río Negro (Calvelo & Adler, 1999). ...
Extension of the known distribution of species in the Parmeliaceae (Lichenized Ascomycota) inside Argentina. Eighteen species in the family Parmeliaceae belonging to the Argentine lichen flora are described briefly. Their world geographic distributions are given as well as their distributions inside the country. New reports from Argentine provinces, for each of the described species are also informed. They correspond to the following enumerated genera, indicating in brackets the number of species treated for each one: Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman (1), Flavoparmelia Hale (1), Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale (4), Melanelia Essl. (2), Parmelia Ach. (3), Punctelia Krog (1), Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale (4) and Parmotrema Mass. (2).
... Posteriormente, Krog & Swinscow (1983) mudaram de idéia, mas Hawksworth e outros liquenólogos europeus (que não têm um contato imediato com a riqueza tropical de Parmeliaceae) até pouco tempo atrás (veja Purvis et al., 1992) continuavam não aceitando nenhum dos outros gêneros propostos por Hale. No final dos anos 1970 e começo dos anos 1980, surgiram os trabalhos de H. Krog e T.D.V Swinscow, tratando das Parmeliaceae da África (Krog, 1974(Krog, , 1982Krog & Swinscow, 1977, 1981, 1983, e que deram origem ao livro "Macrolichens of East Africa" (Swinscow & Krog, 1988), de grande influência na liquenologia tropical. Estes estudos vieram a público em uma época em que as publicações disponíveis sobre liquens tropicais (à exceção dos trabalhos de Hale) eram bastante escassas, e possibilitaram que liquenólogos de outras regiões, como a América do Sul, tivessem em mãos revisões atualizadas, incluindo estudos de materiais-tipo, que facilitassem a identificação de seus liquens. ...
This study presents the introductory data and a key to 11 genera of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) occurring on roadsides and cliffs on the slopes of the Serra Geral, Vale do Rio Pardo, located at the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The genera found were Bulbothrix, Canomaculina, Canoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Myelochroa, Parmelinopsis, Parmotrema, Punctelia, Relicina, Rimelia, and Xanthoparmelia.
The first microconidial dimorphism in noncrustose lichen-forming fungi to have ecogeographical correlations is reported from two North American species. The microconidia of Parmelia hypoleucites and those of the new species P. semansiana differ in length, the former averaging about twice (11-12 μm) as long as the latter (5 μm). Parmelia hypoleucites, apparently an obligate epiphyte of trees, is confined to the highlands of Mexico and Arizona. Parmelia semansiana, primarily a rock-inhabiting species that extends its substrate tolerance to bark at the center of its range, is widely distributed in south-central North America. Small but significant spore-size differences accompany the microconidial dimorphism.
The lichens Flavopunctelia and Punctelia (Parmeliaceae) are characterized by the presence of pseudocyphella in the upper surface. The first one has a yellowish-green upper surface, usnic acid in the cortex and bifusiform picnidiospores. The second one has whitish-grayish to yellowish-brown upper surface, lecanoric acid in the cortex and filiform or unciform picnidiospores. 219 specimens were recollected in 102 localities from the Nueva Galicia region (Aguascalientes, Colima and Jalisco, and part of Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit and Zacatecas). The studied specimens correspond to seven species: Flavopunctelia flaventior, F. praesignis, F. soredica, Punctelia hypoleucites, P. perreticulata, P. rudecta and P. subrudecta; from them, P. perreticulata is a new record to Mexico; three are new reports to Jalisco, three to Zacatecas, two to Nayarit and one to Colima. A dichotomic key is presented for the species found in Nueva Galicia.
Two new species of Parmelia are described from southern Africa on rock. The new species are Parmelia bibax Brusse, and Parmelia usitata Brusse. Affinities with other species are discussed.
The ontogeny and polymorphism of the vegetative propagules of Punctelia punctilla (Hale) Krog, which have previously been misinterpreted, are described with detail. A similar propagule polymorphism was observed in specimens which fit in the diagnosis of P. missouriensis G. Wilh. & Ladd. Consequently, a wide concept of P. punctilla is proposed, considering the name P. missouriensis as a synonym, and its distribution is extended.
A comparative study on Punctelia borreri, P. perreticulata and P. subrudecta from the Iberian Peninsula has been carried out. New data are incorporated for the differentiation of the three species on the basis of medullary substances, lower cortex colour, thallus morphology and characters of pycnidia and conidia.
A total of 19 genera and 97 species represent the Taiwanese taxa of Parmelia and related genera exclusive of the essentially cetrarioid groups in the Parmeliaceae. Thirty four species are reported herewith as new to Taiwan: Bulbothrix tabacina (Mont. & Bosch) Hale, Canomaculina leucosemotheta (Hue) Elix, Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Hypotrachyna exsplendens (Hale) Hale, H. imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale, H. immaculata (Kurok.) Hale, H. kingii (Hale) Hale, H. pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale, H. revoluta (Flörke) Hale, H. sublaevigata (Nyl.) Hale, Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. L. F. Meyer, Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl., Myelochroa denegans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, M. xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale, Parmelia masonii Essl. & Poelt, P. meiophora Nyl., P. praesquarrosa Kurok., Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl., Parmotrema argentinum (Kremp.) Hale, P. chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti, P. corniculans (Nyl.) Hale, P. dilatatum (Vain.) Hale, P. eurysacum (Hue) Hale, P. exquisitum (Kurok.) DePriest & B. Hale, P. lobulascens (J. Steiner) Hale, P. overeemii (Zahlbr.) Elix, P. permutatum (Stirt.) Hale, P. robustum (Degel.) Hale, P. subrugatum (Kremp.) Hale, P. ultralucens (Krog) Hale, Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog, P. rudecta (Ach.) Krog and Rimelia clavulifera (Räsänen) Kurok. Xanthoparmelia formosana Kurok. is validated by designating the holotype.
Twenty three species of foliose Parmeliaceae were collected and identified in Copo National Park and surroundings, on trunks and branches in primary and secondary forests of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco and Schinopsis lorentzii, two tree species known as quebracho blanco and quebracho colorado respectively. The species are briefly described, including particular comments and the geographic distribution of each one of them. Hypotrachyna aspera C. H. Ribeiro & Marcelli is reported for the first time for Argentina. Twelve species are also reported for the first time for Santiago del Estero Province. A key to differentiate the described species is proposed.
Parmelia araucana Adler & Calvelo is described as a new species in the genus Parmelia Ach. sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycetes). The distribution area of six species of Parmeliaceae sensu stricto is extended as follows: Parmelinopsis subfatiscens, new to South America; Bulbothrix imshaugii and Hypotrachyna bogotensis, new to Argentina; Flavoparmelia gerlachei, new to Tierra del Fuego province; Punctelia stictica, new to Rió Negro province; the presence of Flavocetraria nivalis subsp. nivalis in Argentina is confirmed. All species are described.
The morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of the vegetative propagules of Punctelia colombiana and P. stictica are described. The morphological traits and environmental requirements of the two species are compared and discussed.
Additional taxa in Parmelia Ach., and Punctelia Krog, are recorded from Australasia viz. Parmelia protosulcata Hale, and Punctelia subalbicans (Stirton) D. Galloway et Elix. A revised key to Australasian species in the two genera is given.
The morphology, chemistry and anatomy as well as distribution and ecology of Parmelia borreri, P. stictica, P. subrudecta and P. ulophylla in Switzerland are discussed. A key, and a distribution map for Switzerland are presented for each species. Parmelia ulophylla is confirmed to be a separate taxon from P. subrudecta. The differences (ecology and pycnidiospore length) between P. stictica and P. borreri are highlighted.
Six species of Punctelia with black lower surface lacking vegetative propagules are taxonomically revised. Lectotypes are designated for P. borrerina, P. microsticta and Parmelia borreri var. allophyla. Punctelia involuta Canêz & Marcelli is described as new. Punctelia borreri var. allophyla Kremp. is regarded as a synonym of P. borrerina (Nyl.) Krog, instead of P. microsticta (Müll. Arg.) Krog, as previously thought. Punctelia jujensis Adler is recorded for the first time for Brazil. All the species of this group occur in Brazil.
Punctelia constantimontium Sérusiaux, a species present in South America and in southern Africa, is described as new. Punctelia riograndensis is reported for the first time for Africa.
The genus Punctelia Krog gen. nov., comprising subgen. Punctelia (the Parmelia borreri group) and subgen. Flavopunctelia Krog subgen. nov. (the Parmelia flaventior group), is here segregated from Parmelia s. str. The main differences between the two genera lie in the development of the pseudocyphellae, the chemical properties of the medulla, and the centres of distribution. Parmelia s. str. has its highest number of species in East Asia and the Australian region, Punctelia in the Americas and Africa.
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