“ ANALYSIS OF GREEN ECONOMY OF INDIA”

Abstract

ABSTRACT
India is a Republic Country of South Asia; it is the seventh largest country by area, the second most
populous country with over 1.2 billion people and the most populous democracy in the world. Since 1991
India accepted the LPG policy and became one of the fastest growing major economies. But today, there are
many environmental problems and issues in India. Therefore, there is the need for using alternative model
of development known as green economy. The concept of green economy is being discussed in recent
decade for achieving sustainability in inclusive growth and development of respective area of countries of
the World. In the recent years, discussion around sustainability has become a key element of the global
agenda and plan. This is because the newest and current scientific studies with our direct experiences of
environmental damage and climate change are making it clear the present economic development model
needs to change. Therefore, UN General Assembly decided to hold a summit in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 to
celebrate the 20th anniversary of the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992. Main theme of this conference was
“Green economy in the context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication” This paper
concluded that except one indicator of governmental expenditure on health, all remaining indicators of
green economy indicate India has been contributing honest attempts for a green economy.
Key Words: Green Economy, Rio Earth Summit, Renewable Energy, Life Expectancy, Health Expenditure.

Full text

Volume 2, Issue 8 August 2016 ISSN NO: 2454 - 9827
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ANALYSIS OF GREEN ECONOMY OF INDIA
PROF. (DR.) P. S. KAMBLE
Professor & Head, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur-416004
MR. VISHAL VISHNU OVHAL
Research Scholar, RGNF, UGC, NEW DELHI, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar,
Kolhapur-416004
ABSTRACT
India is a Republic Country of South Asia; it is the seventh largest country by area, the second most
populous country with over 1.2 billion people and the most populous democracy in the world. Since 1991
India accepted the LPG policy and became one of the fastest growing major economies. But today, there are
many environmental problems and issues in India. Therefore, there is the need for using alternative model
of development known as green economy. The concept of green economy is being discussed in recent
decade for achieving sustainability in inclusive growth and development of respective area of countries of
the World. In the recent years, discussion around sustainability has become a key element of the global
agenda and plan. This is because the newest and current scientific studies with our direct experiences of
environmental damage and climate change are making it clear the present economic development model
needs to change. Therefore, UN General Assembly decided to hold a summit in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 to
celebrate the 20th anniversary of the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992. Main theme of this conference was
“Green economy in the context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication” This paper
concluded that except one indicator of governmental expenditure on health, all remaining indicators of
green economy indicate India has been contributing honest attempts for a green economy.
Key Words: Green Economy, Rio Earth Summit, Renewable Energy, Life Expectancy, Health Expenditure.
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Industrial Revolution started from approximately 1770 through 1850 which was characterized by a
change in the manufacturing process through the use of machinery, chemical, education, skilled labour, new
ideas, and other innovations. This time period was about a distinct working class which worked in the factories

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and industries of the richer class of society, industrial owner often producing goods for relatively low pay in less
than suitable conditions. The middle hub of the Industrial Revolution was Great Britain. However, the Industrial
Revolution had an essential effect on many other countries around the world. During this industrial revolution
period British enter in India, they started commercial occupation for earning the wealth for self development;
slowly they became a leader of big India. They established East India Company in 31 Dec, 1600 for purpose of
collection of revenue and raw material for industrial production and collected all materials and money they were
sending to Britain. In addition, after goods were manufactured in Britain, these goods were brought from India to
be sold. Thus, India served to develop the Britain's market for the sale of Britain's manufactured and processed
goods. However India did not derive large benefit from the Industrial Revolution in the way that Great Britain
did. In reality, Indian economy was devastating by the Industrial Revolution. Besides, India‟s colonial masters
forced laws that determine to the farmers which crops exactly to cultivate and how much crops to cultivate. This
led to a situation where no food crops were cultivated due to all the land was devoted to only for production of
raw materials used for the industries purpose. The end result was famine and poverty rise. Hence, industrial
revolution turned India into a source of rare raw materials for British industries as well as a market for their
finished products. British only concentrate on use of production factors and mass production for earning profit
and collecting wealth for selfish development and it has led to a depletion of certain natural resources, leaving the
environment permanently damaged and injured. One of the examples is deforestation, which is the clearing of
forest trees for use in artificial commodity production. When the trees are finished, the wildlife in the forest also
becomes threatened. The absence of trees or forest is only compounded by the problem of carbon emissions and
bad weather or climate. Whereas forests would help emit the obligatory oxygen and refresh the levels of healthy
gases in the atmosphere, factories and industries are emitting poisonous emissions and eliminate the source of
oxygen. Pollution that has resulted from factories and industries involves not only airborne emissions but land and
water pollution also. The primary problem of global warming arises resulting from various pollutions and carbon
emissions. As the temperature rises, the glaciers and snow are melting and oceans are rising. More animal species
are becoming endangered or destroyed as a result of global warming. A good thing of the Industrial Revolution
has certainly been the mass production of food for the globe population. The population has grown by
algebraically due to the availability of food, at the same time the mass production of man-made and chemically
altered food has also contributed to worldwide obesity and physical health problems. Beside, while the Industrial
Revolution was the cause of positive transform for the industrial world, there is no question but other hand it has
wreaked havoc on the environmental biodiversity and ecosystem services. The depletion of natural resources,

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carbon emissions, pollution of air, water and land with human health problems that have resulted directly from the
Industrial Revolution‟s accomplishments have only been disastrous for the earth environment.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH STUDY
The major objectives of the present research study are as follows.
1. To study the theoretical issues relating to the concept of a green economy;
2. To examine the nature and extent of a green economy achieved by the India;
3. To suggest the appropriate suggestions for attaining green economy in respect to India
3. HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY
The hypothesis of the present research study is as follows:
1. India is not rigorous and honest in achieving a green economy. (H0)
4. CONCEPT OF GREEN ECONOMY AND RESEARCH PROBLEM
Today we use the conventional macro economics indicators of GDP to understanding overall economic
position of a country, but GDP does not properly account for social and environmental cost and benefit. It is also
difficult to achieve sustainable decision-making. Therefore, the Green Economy is a new approach arose from
summit of Rio de Janeiro, 2012 (Rio+20) to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
The UNEP defines a green economy as one that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while
significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP, 2011, P-16). In its simplest
expression, a green economy is low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive economy. In a green
economy, growth in income and employment should be driven by public and private investments, that reduce
carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency and prevent the loss of biodiversity and
ecosystem services. The green economy approach is an effort to focus sustainable development and poverty
reduction effort on transforming economic activities and economies.
India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation
at the minimal cost of 0.02% to 0.04% of average annual GDP growth rate. According to a New World Bank
Report, 2013, this will allow India to maintain a high pace of economic growth without jeopardizing future
environmental sustainability. The annual cost of environmental degradation in India, amounts to about Rs. 3.75

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trillion ($ 80 billion) equivalent to 5.7% of GDP. It focuses on particle pollution from the burning of fossil fuels,
which has serious health consequences amounting to up to 3% of India‟s GDP along with losses due to lack of
access to clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene and natural resource depletion. Of this, the impacts of
outdoor air pollution account for the highest share at 1.7% followed by cost of indoor air pollution at 1.3%. The
higher costs for outdoor/indoor air pollution are primarily driven by an elevated exposure of the young and
productive urban population to particulate matter pollution, that results in a substantial cardio pulmonary and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality load among adults. Further a significant portion of diseases
caused by poor water supply, sanitation and hygiene is borne by children under 5. Above 23% of child mortality
in the country could be attributed to environmental degradation. Also according to World Bank Report, 2013
“Diagnostic Assessment of select Environmental Challenges in India” is green growth affordable to India, 10 %
particulate emission reduction by 2030 will lower GDP modestly, representing a loss of merely 0.3% to the GDP
compared to business as usual, on the other hand, a 30% particulate emission reduction lowers GDP about $ 97
billion, or 0.7% with very little impact on the growth rate. There are significant health benefits, the savings from
reduced health damage range from $ 105 billion in the 30% case to $ 24 billion with a 10% reduction. This, to a
large extent, compensates for the projected GDP loss. The report also emphasized that green growth is
measurable and important as India is a hotspot of unique biodiversity and ecosystems. The study undertook a first
ever comprehensive assessment of value of ecosystem services from various biomes across India. Based on
conservative estimates, it amounts to about 3.0% to 5.0% of GDP. Conventional measures of growth do not
adequately capture the environmental cost, which have been found to be particularly severe at the current rapid
growth rate (World Bank, 2013, p.24). In this backdrop, it is essential to evaluate the state of the green economy
of India. Therefore, the present study tries to examine the state consisting of nature and extent of the green
economy with reference to India through empirical analysis by using appropriate indicators of green economy for
the latest study period.
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present analytical research work depends on the time series secondary data provided by World Bank
(National Development Indicators) during the period 2000 to 2015. This study considers the appropriate
indicators of environment, human well-being and social equity relating to a green economy of India.

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This research study highlights three principal areas of a green economy and their indicators and the key
challenges to developing a framework for metrics for a green economy. Metrics framework of a green economy
given by the UNEP with identified three principal areas and the number of indicators of a green economy, within
these areas are given below.
5.1.Indicators of Economic Transformation
A green economy is first and foremost about transforming the way economies grow currently. Growth is
typically generated from investments in high emission, heavily polluting, waste generating, resource intensive and
ecosystem damaging activities. A green economy requires investment to shift towards low carbon, clean energy,
waste minimizing, resource efficient and ecosystem enhancing activities. The key indicators of economic
transformation, therefore, include the shift in investment over time, the consequent growth of environment
friendly or environmentally enhancing goods and services and related jobs.
5.2.Indicators of Resource Efficiency
Principal indicators of this area include those on the use of materials, energy, water, land, changes to
ecosystems, generation of waste and emissions of hazardous substances related to economic activities.
5.3.Indicators of Progress and Well-being
A green economy can contribute to societal progress and human well-being in two ways is, Firstly, by
redirecting investments towards green goods and services and secondly by redirecting investments towards the
strengthening of human and social capital. Some of the indicators of progress and well-being area include the
PRINCIPAL AREA OF
GREEN ECONOMY
ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION
RESOURCE
EFFICIENCE HUMAN WELBEING

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extent to which basic human needs are fulfilled, the level of education achieved, health status of the population
and the availability of, and access by the poor to social safety nets, conventional indicators of GDP, also covers
calories per capita, population below poverty (USD day), Human Development Index (HDI) and employment
generation from each sector.
Researchers have used the following actual and appropriate indicators of a green economy from its areas, which
are nearer to the original indicators.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA:
The environmental issues in India become more serious every day like that lack of environmental
education, falling fertility of agricultural land, declining water level in earth, mass deforestation, land degradation,
excess use of fertilizers and chemical in food production and river contamination and pollution. a true about India,
ours whopping 65 percent of the land is degraded in some way like nature or size and the infinite government
policies do little to curb the damage. In reality, there is no shortage at all of government legislation protecting the
environment and other resources but sorry to say that it is never enforced due to flagrant abuse of power,
corruption, lack of resources, lengthy process of policy preparation and its implementation. We discussed here,
some essential burning issues exist in Indian economy and whether or environment.
First, Drought is very dangerous calamity stood in front of India because most of area covered by natural
calamity of drought due to inadequate or lack of access to vital fresh water resources to common people of
Principal Area’s &
Actual Used
Indicators
Economic
Transformation
Total Renewable
Electricity
Generation
Adjusted Saving:
Natural Resources
Depletion
Resource
Efficiency
Energy Use
Agricultural Raw
Material Export
Human Wellbeing
Life Expectancy at
Birth
Health
Expenditure, Total
(Private + Public)

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country. Furthermore Indian economy in large scale depends on agriculture and allied sector. Therefore, economy
is directly influenced by impact of drought. Similarly, our 67 per cent agriculture land directly depends on
rainfall or monsoon. Consequently, one of the most important proverbs has applied to Indian agriculture, “Indian
Agriculture is gamble on monsoon”.
Second, Deforestation is one of the important issue exist in India in the form of over-grazing,
indiscriminate falling of forest tree and over exploitation of land resources. The devastating effects of
deforestation in India take account of soil, water and wind erosions, estimated to cost over 16,400 crores every
year. Deforestation and over-grazing have been causing tremendous land erosion and landslides. On an average
India is losing about 6,000 million ton of top soil annually due to water erosion in the absence of trees. The loss
worked out from the top soil erosion in 1973 was Rs. 700 crore, in 1976, 1977 and in 1978 was Rs. 889 crore, Rs.
1,200 crore and Rs. 1,091 crore respectively. At Present in India, the available of per capita forest land in India is
0.064 hectare compared to the world average of 1 hectare, Canada 14.2 hectare, Australia 7.6 ha and USA 7.30
ha. Indian forests comprise only 0.50 per cent of the world forest area. India is losing about 1.5 million hectares
of forest cover each year. If this trend continues we may in the next 20 years or so reach to zero forest value in
our country. (FAO, 2009, P.15).
Third point concern to air quality, due to the bad air quality most of the Indian Children suffering from
asthma in big cities, now at 50% and rising fast. Air pollution is the fifth leading cause of death in India after high
blood pressure, indoor air pollution, tobacco smoking and poor nutrition, with about 620,000 premature deaths
occurring from air pollution-related diseases. Like China, India faces an unprecedented public health crisis due to
air pollution.
Being a member of the G-20, India decided to promote the concept of a green economy is linked to its
overall aim to foster prosperity and sustainability in development as elaborated in the country‟s Eleventh Five-
Year Plan on 2007 to 2012. In embracing green growth, India envisages poverty alleviation and the lowering of
economic inequalities as a key benefit that could be derived from implementing the green economy concept
(Government of India, Planning Commission, 11th Five Year Plan (2007–12): Inclusive Growth. New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 2008, http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11th_vol1.pdf,
accessed 22 September, 2013). Before implementation of green growth, India need its quest to reduce poverty and
spur economic activity, regarded the controls on carbon emissions from fossil fuel-generated energy as unfair.
(Bowen A & S Fankhauser, „The green growth narrative: Paradigm shift or just spin‟, Global Environmental

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Change, 21, 4, 2011, pp. 1157–59) In recent times, India‟s objectives of economic development show a different
point of view in which opportunities for growth could be realized from developing a green economy.
7. INDIA & BRCS ON ROAD MAP TO TURN INTO GREEN ECONOMY
7th BRICS conference was held in Russian city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on 8 & 9 July, 2015. In this
conference various Ministers from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, along with the executive
director of the United Nations Environment Programme, met to discuss on how to prepare ideal road map for
transitioning to green economies to ensure sustainable development without compromising on their
competitiveness. Also they discuss green economy development and cooperation in tackling climate change. In
BRICS, India highlighted that sustainable development should address in particular like poverty eradication,
changing unsustainable and promoting sustainable patterns of production and consumption, protecting and
managing the natural resource base of economic, cultural and social development; and talk about climate change
and global warming. The BRICS Environment Ministers decided to establish a Working Group on environment to
identify and discuss priority areas of cooperation to explore the potential of the BRICS New Development Bank
for funding environmental projects, explore the possibility of establishing a collaborative platform of the BRICS
countries, intended to share best environmental practices and facilitate the exchange of environmentally sound
technologies and know-how with participation of public and private stakeholders; and hold regular meetings of
Environment Ministers of BRICS. (Climate Change Policy and Practice 22 April, 2015. Accessed March 26,
2016; available from http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/brics-environment-ministers-discuss-green-economy-climate-
change/)
The BRICS nations hold a unique position as leading emerging economies and political powers at the
regional and international level. When mature economies across the globe grapple with high budget deficits, poor
growth rate and increasing unemployment, the BRICS are expanding rapidly for helping their members to lift
people or nation out of poverty and driving the global economy,” today Achim Steiner is Executive Director of
UN Environmental Programme (UNEP). He told that the BRICS' efforts towards establishing an environmental
public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism to facilitate investment in green technologies and related
environmental projects in member country. Also BRICS countries try to provide an opportunity to expedite and
strengthen the global transition to a green economy. Under the Innovative financial mechanisms of BRICS, for
instance- The New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement have the potential to construct a
sustainable green infrastructure, longer-term competitiveness for the BRICS economies and strengthen South-

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South cooperation. (United Nations Environmental Programme, MOSCOW, 22 April, 2015. Accessed March 26,
2016; available from http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=26811&ArticleID=3498
0&l=en)
8. DATA RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Researcher has selected six dummy or alternative but appropriate indicators for accounting of green
performance of India. For each area two indicators are chosen.
Table No. 8.1. Indicators of Resource Efficiency
Total Renewable Electricity Generation
Sr.
No
Year
In Billion
Kilowatt Hours
(000,000,000)
Annual %
Change
Indian
Population
In Crore
(00,00,000)
Annual
%
Change
Per Capita
Renewable
Electr.
Generation
(Khr.)
1
2000-01
77
0.00
101.4
0.00
76
2
2001-02
77
0.00
102.9
2.00
75
3
2002-03
68
-12
104.6
2.00
65
4
2003-04
80
18
105.1
0.37
76
5
2004-05
90
13
106.6
1.00
85
6
2005-06
109
21
108.1
1.00
101
7
2006-07
123
13
109.6
1.00
112
8
2007-08
133
8.00
113.1
3.00
118
9
2008-09
125
-6.00
114.8
2.00
109
10
2009-10
123
-2.00
116.7
2.00
105

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11
2010-11
135
10
117.3
1.00
115
12
2011-12
160
19
119.1
1.00
135
13
2012-13
160
0.00
121.1
1.00
133
14
2013-14
166
4.00
122.1
1.00
136
15
2014-15
174
5.00
123.7
1.00
141
16
2015-16
182
5.00
130.1
5.00
140
C.G.R
7.00%
2.00%
5.00%
MEAN
124
113.5
108
C.V
30%
7.00%
24%
(Source: 1-U.S Energy information administration -http://www.eia.gov or World development Indicators-last
updated: 28/07/2015. 2-Population Statistics Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C)
World Walk and run through energy, therefore all countries has been engaging in energy and electricity
generation help of natural resources like coal, oil, gas, timber etc,. But this conventional energy is harmful to
environment and ecosystem services of respective country. Hence, today there is need to be generated the clean or
healthy energy for sustainable development of the World. Above table revealed the data about total renewable
electricity generation in India. It shows that until 2002 and excepting 2008, 09 & 2012; renewable electricity
generation status has been good, even their compound growth rate was at positive 7 per cent and averagely
generated 124 Billion Kilowatt Hours. But coefficient of variation indicates renewable electricity generating
process is inconsistent therefore C.V is at 30 per cent. Besides, if we compare the renewable electricity generation
with growing population then we come over the growth of renewable electricity is higher than growth of Indian
Population therefore; per capita electricity has been showing a continuous increase. It increased from 77 Khr in
2000 to 140 Khr in 2015 due to technological and industrial development in India. Averagely, 108 Khr per capita
renewable energy has increased. But only at 5 per cent compound growth rate is found in respect to per capita
renewable electricity generation in India.
In conclusion, performance of renewable electricity generation of India has been improving year by year.
For that, we should hard work for increasing share of renewable energy in total electricity generation in India.

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Table No.8.2: Adjusted Saving: Natural Resources Depletion
Adjusted Saving: Natural Resources Depletion
Sr. No.
Year
% of GNI
Net Annual Percentage Change (%)
1
2000-01
2.83
0.00
2
2001-02
2.72
-0.11
3
2002-03
2.69
-0.03
4
2003-04
2.73
0.04
5
2004-05
2.86
0.13
6
2005-06
3.02
0.16
7
2006-07
3.62
0.6
8
2007-08
4.04
0.42
9
2008-09
5.55
1.51
10
2009-10
3.01
-2.54
11
2010-11
4.19
1.18
12
2011-12
4.26
0.07
13
2012-13
3.23
-1.03
14
2013-14
3.14
-0.09
15
2014-15
4.12
0.98
16
2015-16
4.22
0.10
C.G.R
3.00%
MEAN
3.51
C.V
23%
(Source:World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods in World Bank's "The Changing Wealth of Nations:
Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium"-2011 or World development Indicators-last updated: 28/07/2015)

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Resource depletion means the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural
resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Here, we want the
meaning of Natural resource depletion is the sum of net forest depletion, energy depletion, and mineral depletion.
Net forest depletion is unit resource rents times the excess of round wood harvest over natural growth. Energy
depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of energy resources to the remaining reserve lifetime (capped at 25
years). It covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Mineral depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of mineral
resources to the remaining reserve lifetime (capped at 25 years). It covers tin, gold, lead, zinc, iron, copper,
nickel, silver, bauxite, and phosphate.
Above table no.8.2 shows that percentage of natural resource depletion in India. In 2000, natural resources
deplete at 2.83 percent of GNI and then this depletion rate has been gradually increasing until 2008 then it goes
done in the year of 2009, 2012 and 2013. Excepting these years, slowly depletion rate has increasing still now.
Right column of table shows that annual percentage change of resources depletion in India. We may see that most
of positive percentage changes found in years 2008 & 2010 and negative percentage changes found in 2001,
2002, 2009, 2012 & 2013. But we should keep in mind, positive percentage changes shows that more resources
exploitation by citizen vice versa negative percentage changes showing that improved the condition of natural
resource, means lower deplete of natural resource in respective years. Overall picture of Natural resources
repletion is showing that compound growth rate of 3 per cent. Similarly, natural resource depletion has been 3.51
average percentage of GNI. This means 23 percent of coefficient of variation is found in given period of study.
Table No.8.3.Indicators of Resource Efficiency
Following two indicators has taken from principal area of resource efficiency for accounting of green
performance.
Energy Use
Sr. No.
Year
kg of Oil Equivalent
Per Capita
Annual Percentage
Change (%)
1
2000-01
438
0.00
2
2001-02
438
0.00

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3
2002-03
444
1.00
4
2003-04
448
1.00
5
2004-05
466
4.00
6
2005-06
479
3.00
7
2006-07
498
4.00
8
2007-08
521
5.00
9
2008-09
538
3.00
10
2009-10
585
9.00
11
2010-11
599
2.00
12
2011-12
616
3.00
13
2012-13
637
3.00
14
2013-14
643
1.00
15
2014-15
661
3.00
16
2015-16
679
3.00
C.G.R
3.00%
MEAN
543
C.V
16%
(Source: International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics ｩ OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp or World
development Indicators-last updated: 28/07/2015)
In the Modernization, energy plays most important role in inclusive and sustainable development of
around the world of humans. In the above table, Energy concept prepared or framed from various sources of
primary energy like Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are fossil fuels, and also non-renewable resources. Under the
principal area of resource efficiency; these primary natural resources should be used perfectly or fully without
waste of any part of respective source of energy. Today these energy resources have been depleting fast to meet

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the requirements of industry and transportation. That means, we may come over the conclusion of those countries
has been using higher natural resources of energy, those gone on top of economic, social and cultural
development. Vice-versa those countries has used less energy compared to developed countries like USA,
Australia, Norway etc. realized less development and achieved low growth. Therefore, conventional sources of
energy cannot be neglected, it is imperative to develop programmes in the area of renewable sources, as they not
only help conserve scarce conventional sources of energy but contribute immensely to a forestation, improvement
of the environment, employment generation, upgradation of health and hygiene, social and women‟s welfare,
provision of water for agriculture and drinking, and bio-fertilizer production.
Above table shows the data about per capita energy use (kg of Oil Equivalent) in India. In 2000, annual
per capita energy use was 438kg, then after the 2001 gradually rate of per capita energy use has been growing up
to present year 2016. In the present, availability of energy is 679Kg per capita. Conclusion of this description is
that compound growth of annual availability of energy in India during the study period is at positive 3 per cent
and average availability of energy in India is 543 Kg per capita. Variation is also normally seen at 16 per cent
(C.V) during study period. Ultimately, per capita energy has been steadily rising at 3% CGR. This is very positive
thing for developing India to acquire sustainability in economic development and growth.
Table No.8.4: Agricultural Raw Material Export
Agricultural Raw Material Export
Sr. No.
Year
% of Merchandise
Exports
Net Annual Percentage
Change (%)
1
2000-01
1.26
0.00
2
2001-02
1.14
-0.12
3
2002-03
1.06
-0.08
4
2003-04
1.08
0.02
5
2004-05
1.20
0.12
6
2005-06
1.27
0.07

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7
2006-07
1.72
0.45
8
2007-08
1.98
0.26
9
2008-09
1.74
-0.24
10
2009-10
1.16
-0.58
11
2010-11
2.01
0.85
12
2011-12
1.83
-0.18
13
2012-13
1.95
0.12
14
2013-14
2.06
0.11
15
2014-15
1.57
-0.49
16
2015-16
2.03
0.46
C.G.R
4.00%
MEAN
1.57
C.V
25%
(Source: World Bank staff estimates from the Comtrade database maintained by the United Nations
Statistics Division or World development Indicators-last updated: 28/07/2015)
Agriculture has been backbone of Indian Economy because before the independence period and after the
two decades of independence, share of agriculture sector in total GDP was above 60 percent. Similarly, share of
agriculture in total merchandise exports also essential for improving the balance of trade. Therefore, this study is
important for critical analysis of role agriculture in not only merchandise exports but also economic and social
development. Beside, agriculture is purely pollution free and hazardless occupation. Resulting, it has been giving
important contribution in attaining green growth and green economy objectives. In respect to India, since long
period; India has been exporting agricultural raw material to European countries.
Here, we analyze the performance of agriculture sector with the help of table no.8.4. It releases data about
Agricultural Raw Material Export by India. In 2000, out of total 1.26 percent share was in total merchandise
export. During the study period of research, its percentage share has been increasing averagely at 1.57. But

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excepting some years, in 2010-11, 2013-14 & 2015-16 share of agriculture raw material export in total export has
rise. During the study period, coefficient of variation seen normally at 25% then its share has been increasing at
4.00 percent (C.G.R). Conclusion, share of agricultural raw material export has been steadily growing. In
consideration of it will have helped to attain the objective of green economy.
Table No.8.5 Indicators of Progress and Well-being
There were some indicators included in principal area of Progress and well-being for accounting of
physical growth of respective country but, here only two indicative and representative indicators has taken for
analysis of whether the performance is green in India.
Life Expectancy at Birth
Sr. No.
Year
Total Age (Years)
Annual Percentage
Change (%)
1
2000-01
62
0.00
2
2001-02
63
1.61
3
2002-03
63
0.00
4
2003-04
63
0.00
5
2004-05
64
1.58
6
2005-06
64
0.00
7
2006-07
64
0.00
8
2007-08
65
1.56
9
2008-09
65
0.00
10
2009-10
65
0.00
11
2010-11
66
1.53
12
2011-12
66
0.00

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13
2012-13
66
0.00
14
2013-14
66
0.00
15
2014-15
67
1.51
16
2015-16
67
0.00
C.G.R
0.49%
MEAN
65
C.V
2.00%
(Source: Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population
Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report
(various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat:
Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6)
U.S. Census Bureau: International Database or World development Indicators-last updated: 28/07/2015)
Above indicators of life expectany at birth is essential for accounting the real influences of development
on human life standard in respective countries. Healthy and Long life can be obtained through green and
sustainable development of around the respective area of human society. For example, people of Norway,
Australia and Netherland have long life comparative to India. Therefore, we may come over to conclusion of
getting the long life to citizen of respective country is best indicator of physical development of green economy.
Above table no.8.5 shows that expected total life of Indian people in response to implementation of green
development model for inclusive and sustainable development of Indian economy. In 2000, life was 62 years of
Indian people then it has been gradually increasing up to 67 in 2015-16. During this study period compound
growth rate of life expectancy is very meager at 0.49 per cent but positive. Moreover, coefficient of variation also
found very normal at 2 percent. Ultimately, we can tell about average life of Indian is 65 year during the selected
study period.

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Table No.8.6: Total Health Expenditure (Private + Public)
Total Health Expenditure (Private + Public)
Sr. No.
Year
% of GDP
Net Annual Percentage Change (%)
1
2000-01
4.31
0.00
2
2001-02
4.55
0.24
3
2002-03
4.45
-0.10
4
2003-04
4.35
-0.10
5
2004-05
4.56
0.21
6
2005-06
4.31
-0.25
7
2006-07
4.09
-0.22
8
2007-08
3.94
-0.15
9
2008-09
3.99
0.05
10
2009-10
4.05
0.06
11
2010-11
3.82
-0.23
12
2011-12
3.83
0.01
13
2012-13
3.81
-0.02
14
2013-14
3.97
0.16
15
2014-15
3.72
-0.25
16
2015-16
3.67
-0.05
C.G.R
-1.00%
MEAN
4.09
C.V
7.00%
(Source: World Health Organization National Health Account database-
http://apps.who.int/nha/database/DataExplorerRegime.aspx or World development Indicators-last updated: 28/07/2015)

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Physical and Mental oriented Labour‟s work efficiency ultimately depend on their body fitness and good
health because if, labours neither physically fit nor healthy for work, result will show that not only micro level but
also macro level production would decline. Moreover, many researches has demonstrated that more significant
relationship between labour health and industrial production level, income level, standard of living of labour of
respective firm and concluding, overall growth has been depending on health condition of respective firm,
industry, or country. Therefore, study of health or expenditure on them; should be important for accounting the
green performance of respective area.
Above table no.8.6 shows the chronological total health expenditure (Public + Private) on Indian citizen.
Table figures showing in percentage to total expenditure of India. According to pure scientist and social scientist,
above percentage of expenditure on health is not significant comparative to present population status and their
growth. Howbeit, study about government expenditure on their citizen should be important for evaluate the
present schemes of social welfare. Hence, above table helps to understanding the trend of government expenditure
on Health. In 2000, government had expended at 4.31 percent share of total expenditure. But this percentage share
slowly declined up to 2006 and speedily declination of expenditure on health, in 2015-16, government spent only
3.67 percentage share on Indian health service out of total expenditure.
Conclusion, during the present research study period, India has been spending average 4.09 percent budget
on health infrastructure in developing India. This is not sufficient budget provision for subcontinent India.
Moreover, one additional demerit of government health expenditure is that compound growth rate shows at minus
1 percent. Besides, coefficient of variation seen at only 7 percent, but this fluctuation is not matter for improving
health condition in subcontinent India.
9. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The researcher has used the one sample (Two tailed) t-test for hypothesis testing. This test has applied to each
indicator of different principal area of green economy for evaluating the role of a particular parameter in attaining
the green economy in India.

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One sample t-test (Two tailed test) at 0.05 Percent Significance Level
Sr. No
Hypothesis-H0
Degree of
Freedom
T-
Calculated
Value
T-Table
Value
Mean
Difference
P-
Value
Decision
(Accept or
Reject)
Economic Transformation
1
H0-There is no
significant contribution
by renewable energy to
green economy in India.
15
4.976
2.731
46.875
.000
(P<0.05)
H0-Reject
Ha-Renewable energy
has significantly
contributed to green
economy in India.
Ha-Accept
2
H0-No significant
depletion in natural
resources has taken
place in India.
15
3.378
2.731
0.68437
.004
(P<0.05)
H0-Reject
Ha-A significant
depletion in natural
resources has taken
place in India.
Ha-Accept
Resource Efficiency
3
H0-Energy use in India is
not efficient
15
4.804
2.731
105.125
.000
(P<0.05)
H0-Reject
Ha-Energy use is
efficient in India
Ha-Accept
4
H0-There is no
significant export of
agricultural raw
materials by India.
15
3.161
2.731
0.30625
.006
(P<0.05)
H0-Reject

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Ha-There is significant
export of agricultural
raw materials by India
Ha-Accept
Human Wellbeing
5
H0-There is no
significant improvement
in life expectancy at
birth in India.
15
7.201
2.731
2.750
.000
(P<0.05)
H0-Reject
Ha-There is significant
improvement in life
expectancy at birth in
India.
Ha-Accept
6
H0-There is no
significant expenditure
on health by
government in India
15
-2.998
2.731
-22125
.009
(P<0.05)
H0-Accept
Ha-There is significant
expenditure on health
by government in India
Ha-Reject
All results are significant at .05 percent significant level for 15 degree of freedom
Above Table revealed very essential statistical data about the formulated Null hypothesis either to accept
or reject. We have used one sample t-test to all indicators of three principal areas of green economy, at 0.05
percent significance level for 15 degree of freedom (d.f). Above results show that except the p-values of sixth
indicator of health, remained indicators p-values are less than 0.05. (P<0.05); along with came out the result about
t-value. Calculated value of „t‟ are more than the table values in respected of all indicators of green economy
except the sixth indicator of health. This means that, formulated first five null hypotheses are rejected and
alternatives would be accept. Because of “If the calculated value of „t‟ exceeds t0.05. We say that the difference
between x-bar x
̄ (Sample Mean) and μ (Population Mean) is significant at 5% level. Vice-versa if „t‟≤ t0.05, We
conclude that the difference between x
̄ and μ is not significant and hence the sample might have been drawn from
a population with mean= μ.

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In conclusion, except the last indicator of total health expenditure, remaining indicators has been
significant contributing in attaining the green economy for India. But, why last indicator did not significantly
contributed in attaining green economy. Because of Indian government has been less expending on health facility
or infrastructure, therefore, its mean difference has been minus 22125. Ultimately, researcher has come over out
of six green economy indicators; five has been significantly contributed in green growth and green economy.
10. CONCLUSIONS
The thorough discussion of some indicators from their principal area of green economy with reference to
India reveals that some indicators show positive trend useful for green economy except the indicator health. This
adequately proves that India had adopted the strategy of green economy; hence it is endeavoring in that direction.
But there is urgent need to improve the health sector and its positive results. The necessary provision for health in
government budget with honesty and rigorous in spending and implementation will help us a lot.
REFERENCES:
1. Bowen A & S Fankhauser, „The green growth narrative: Paradigm shift or just spin‟, Global Environmental
Change, 21, 4, 2011, pp. 1157–1159
2. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C commission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_
v1/11th_vol1.pdf, accessed 22 September, 2013 Default.aspx?Document ID=26811&ArticleID=34980&l=e
3. Climate Change Policy and Practice 22 April, 2015. Accessed March 26, 2016; available from http://climate-
l.iisd.org/news/brics-environment-ministers-discuss-green-economy-climate-change
4. Food and Agricultural Organization (2009). “The State of Food and Agriculture”, United Nation, ISBN.978-
92-5-106215-9, pp.1-180
5. Government of India, Planning Commission, 11th Five Year Plan (2007–12): Inclusive Growth. New
Delhi:Oxford University Press,2008,http://planning https://www.cia.gov/
6. International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp
7. U.S Energy information administration-http://www.eia.gov/last updated: 28/07/2015
8. UNEP (2011). “Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication”, Kenya,
ISBN.978-92-807-3143-9, pp.1-631.
9. United Nations Environmental Programme, MOSCOW, 22 April, 2015. Accessed March 26, 2016; available
from http://www.unep.org/newscentre/

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10. World Bank Report (2013). “A World Free of Poverty: Ending Extreme Poverty and Promoting Shared
Prosperity”, Washington. D.C 20433, pp.1-63.
11. World Health Organization National Health Account database http://apps.who.int/nha/database
/DataExplorerRegime.aspx

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