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Studies on the Distribution Pattern of Freshwater
Gastropods of Porur Lake, Chennai
1 2 3
RAJAN, S. , N. KARTHICK AND R. VENKITESAN
1,2Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology
Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
3Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest
Southern Regional Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Received: 26 August 2015; Revision: 2 September 2015 Accepted: 22 October 2015
ABSTRACT
Increasing awareness on the importance of biological diversity and environment
conservation, for the future of mankind, it has become necessary to estimate the resource
available and to understand the structural and functional significance of the species. Molluscs
are conspicuous and abundant in any productive aquatic ecosystem and can be considered as
treasures within arms reach. The impact of threats to molluscan biodiversity is complicated by
limited knowledge of the freshwater mollusc fauna of Tamil Nadu. Since Porur Lake is
considered to be one of storage water point of Chennai drinking water supply, it is proposed to
study the status of freshwater gastropod diversity (Mollusca) and their distributions in Porur
lake. It is known that the gastropods play an important role in transmitting diseases to man and
its livestock have to be conducted on their local and seasonal distributions.
In line with these objectives in mind, a total number of 2689 freshwater gastropods were
collected in Porur lake during the study period of January to June 2014. The total collection of all
the specimens were physically verified. The Class Gastropods was exclusively concentrated, due
to more number of specimens are present under this class of Phylum Mollusca.. The gastropods
were classified and reported under 17 species of 10 genera 7 families 2 order and two sub classes
under Phylum Molusca. A total list of 17 species were recorded and their scientific names were
updated. The revalidations of names were done through different information sources. The
names were updated according to the current classification. Cataloging has been made for Class
Gastropods up to species level and processed through orders, families, genus and species. It is
concluded that the information of the faunal diversity of freshwater gastropods may serve as a
base line data for the future research with regard to public and veterinary health.
Keywords: Freshwater molluscan diversity – Gastropod diversity – taxonomic status of gastropods –
Conservation of molluscs.
INTRODUCTION
Natural history collections play a vital role in our
understanding of biodiversity, evolution,
population genetics and the environmental
impacts of climate change, pesticide use and so
on. This is because historical collections provide
bas e lin e dat a agai nst w hich m ode rn
observations can be compared and to develop
productive models. Our biosphere faces an
increasing rate of biological extinctions and
ecosystem alterations resulting from human
Corresponding author: drsrajan@gmail.com; drvenkat@rediffmail.com
International Journal on Environmental Sciences 6 (2) : 292-302, July-December 2015
(ISSN No.: )0976-4534
Research Paper
292
293
impacts. In many cases, species become extinct
even before they are described. To maintain, our
biodiversity and to understand changes in our
environment, we need to sustain our natural
history collections. The accurate identification
of organisms is essential for providing
credibility to the studies and to the publications
of result from those studies.
Phylum Mollusca, the second largest of
invertebrates next only to the Arthropods,
comprises of soft bodied animals. Out of seven
classes, Gastropoda is the largest and most
diverse class comprising some 65000 to 75000
species including marine, freshwater and
terrestrial forms many of which are important to
man. Thus, during their evolution, they have
become adapted to living in nearly all available
habitats. Out of the 415 families in Phylum
Mollusca, only 257 families are represented in
the Indian subcontinent. Of these, freshwater
Mollusca are represented by 210 species under
52 genera and 21 families (Subba Rao, 1993).
Temperature, chemical factors, vegetation and
nature of substratum play an important role in
the distribution of these molluscs. Freshwater
molluscs play a significant role in the aquatic
ecosystem and many species are sources of food
for aquatic animals as well as for human beings
(species like Bellamya bengalensis, Pila globosa,
Brotia costula, Angulyagra oxytropas and
Lamellidans marginalis and for pearls like
L a m e l l i d a n s m a r g i n a l i s a n d
Lamellidanscorrialis). Further, other species of
the genus Parrieysia are largely used in the
manufacture of shell buttons and poultry feeds.
The need for a stronger focus on invertebrate
conservation has long been organized, but the
information on the status and distribution of
them are not readily available (Groombridge,
1993). The study of molluscs began nearly 200
years ago. Studies on the Indian Molluscs were
scattered and scanty. With reference to
freshwater Gastropoda, Preston's (1915) Fauna of
British India, Mollusca, Gastropoda and
Pe l e c y p oda (freshwater) contains the
descriptions of several species, 260 species of
Gastropoda under 3 order and 10 families
belonging to the 40 genera.
There were several researchers attempted on
freshwater gastropods in different states of India.
In North India, for instances, molluscs of Thar
desert (Subba Rao, 1993); in western Himalaya
(Subba Rao and Mitra (1995); mollusc in west
Bengal (Mitra and Day (1992). Mollusc from
Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve (Surya Rao and
Mitra, 1997), in Maharastra (Khade and Mane
(2012), in rivers of Barak of Assam (Roy and
Gupta, 2010), in river Narmada (Kumar and
Vyas, 2012), and in Nepal (Gloer and Bossneck,
2013). Patil (2002) studied the mollucan fauna of
Renuka Wetland, Surya Rao et al., (2002 a, b)
investigated the molluscan fauna of Ujjaini, and
also the taxonomic account of the molluscan
fauna of Kabar Lake. Patil and Talmale (2005)
published a Checklist of Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Maharashtra State. Sharma et al.,
(2005) attempted to compile the information on
the diversity of freshwater snail fauna of Western
Uttar Pradesh and Southern Rajasthan (Sharma,
1997).
Ray (1951), Ray and Roy Choudhury (1969)
described several new species of freshwater
molluscs. Ray (1961) brought out a detailed
account on non-marine Mollusca from South
India. Zoloogical Survey of India (ZSI)
undertook the following important studies on
molluscan faunal diversity, which includes
Subba Rao, et al., (1979) gave the distribution
pattern of freshwater mollusca of Orissa and of
India (Subba Rao, 1993). Subba Rao, et al.,
(1994) reported about new records of two
Pulm ona te fr esh water ga str opods' w ith
description of a new species, Bulinus indicus.In
South India, Seshaiya (1928, 1929a,b, 1935,
1936a,b & 1940) investigated the freshwater
gastropods, similarly in Andra Pradesh,
Janakira m a n d R a d h a k r i shna, (1984),
investigated the freshwater molluscs.
From the review of literature, it is observed that
information available on the freshwater
molluscan fauna from Indian southern state of
International Journal on Environmental Sciences 6 (2) 293
RAJAN, S. et. al.,
294
Tamil Nadu are very limited. The land and fresh
water molluscs in the collection of the Madras
go v e r n m e n t M u s e u m wo r k e d o u t b y
Satyamurthi (1960). The study by Subba Rao
(1989) revealed the presence of 26 gastropod
species from Tamil Nadu. In view of the paucity
of information on the gastropod fauna, it has
become very essential to undertake the studies
on the freshwater gastropods. This fact has been
stressed by Subba Rao (1991a,b) that the
information on the freshwater gastropods on the
four southern states including Pondicherry is
restricted to only few ecosystems. Hence, an
attempt has been made to compile the
information on the Freshwater gastropods of
Porur lake, Chennai, Tamilnadu. The objectives
of present study includes:
ØTo prepare a clear list of Gastropod species
which are prevalent in Porur Lake, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu.
ØTo make consolidate list with suggestions for
conservation of molluscs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location of sampling site - Porur Lake
Porur is a vibrant suburb of Chennai located in
Thiruvalur district of Tamilnadu. Porur lake is
located at 13.03 N and 80.16 E and 52 feet (15
meters) above the sea level (Fig. 1). Porur is one
of the primary water resource for people residing
in Chennai. It is actually a temporary catchment
area connected with Chembarambakkam Lake.
The water from Porur lake is pumped to K.K.
Nagar double tank and the treated water is
distributed to southern part of Chennai. This
lake is exclusively used for City water supply
augmentation. It acts as a buffer basin for storage
and distribution of Veeranam water for the
Chennai city.
Method of collection of specimen
Freshwater gastropods were handpicked from
the Porur lake during January to June 2014. The
fleshy remains of the snails and hermit crabs
were removed. After this, the shells were washed
in water and with dilute hydrochloric acid to
remove the hard outer coat and to reveal the
natural colours. Collected specimens were
preserved in 90% ethyl alcohol. The shells thus
processed have been identified. with the
available keys and comparing with the
collection of species available at Zoological
Survey of India, Chennai. The Collected species
were tabulated and described with reference to
biodiversity based on Vaught's classification
(1989).
RESULTS
Increasing awareness on the importance of
biologi c a l d i v e r s i ty and environm e n t
conservation, for the future of mankind, it has
become necessary to estimate the resource
available and to understand the structural and
functional significance of the species. The need
for a stronger focus on molluscan conservation
has long been organized, but the information on
the status and distribution of them are not
readily available. A total number of 2689
Gastropods were collected from Porur lake
(January to June 2014) and the collected
specimens of gastropods were classified based
on manuals and experts from ZSI and they are
presented in Table 1.
Classification of Phylum Mollusca
The Molluscs are one of the most important
economic groups of organisms in the tropical
Indo-West Pacific region, but they are also one of
the most taxonomically difficult families to deal
with. A major problem in resolving the
taxonomy of the Molluscan is that many species
Fig 1 : Overview of Porur lake.
Studies on The Distribution Pattern.....294 JULY-DECEMBER 2015
295
Table 1: Systematic account of the Gastropods reported in the Porur lake, Chennai (Jan. 2014 to June
2014). All the specimens collected fall under Phylum-Mollusca and Class-Gastropoda.
Subclass Order Super Family Sub Genus Sub Speices No.
family family genus of
species
bengalensis
(Lamark,
1882)
typica 16
(Lamark,
1989)
annandalei 16
(Kobelt,
1908)
dissimilis
(Mueller,
1774)
67
micron
(Ann-
andale, 54
1921)
globosa
(Swainson,
1822)
9
Virens
(Lamark, 12
1822)
troscheli
(Paasch, 25
1842)
pulchella
(Benson, 181
1836)
orcula
(Frauenfeld, 281
1884)
stenothy-
roides 307
(Dohrn,
1857)
travancorica
(Benson, 414
1860)
scabra
(Mueller, 94
1774)
Viviparidae Bellamyinae Bellamya -
Viviparoidea - Pila -
ariidae
Ampull
BithyniBithyni
-
Digoniostoma
(Annandale,
1920)
Digoniostoma
(Annandale,
1920)
Gabbia
Thiara
-
-
-
Bithyniidae
International Journal on Environmental Sciences 6 (2) 295
RAJAN, S. et. al.,
tuberculata
(Mueller, 64
1774)
acuminata
(Lamark,
1822)
chlamys
(Benson, 46
1836)
gracilior
(Martens, 36
1836)
48
convexi-
usculus 41
(Hutton,
1849)
trochoidea
(Benson, 129
1836)
exutus
(Deshayes, 510
1834)
luteola
(Lamark,
1822)
340
Cerithioidea Thiaridae Thiarinae
Melanoides -
Lymnoidea Lymnaeidae – Lymnaea Pseudo-
succinea
Pulmonata Basomma-
tophora
Pulmonata Segmentina
(Pilsbry,
1906)
Polypylis
Bullinidae Bullininae Indoplanorbis –
Total number of species identified 2689
Gyraulus –
Pulmonata Basomma-
tophora
are similar in morphology, and separation of taxa
has been mainly on the basis of fresh
colouration. The collected specimens were
physically examined. The t a xonomic
information provided in this report is based on
published literatures. It has been recognized that
there are seven classes of molluscs namely: 1.
Gastropoda, 2. Bivalvia, 3. Scaphopoda, 4.
A p l a c o ph or a, 5 . Pol y p la co ph ora , 6 .
Monoplacophora and 7. Cephalopod. Among the
seven classes of Phylum mollusca, the classes,
Aplacophora and Monoplacophora are not
represented in India. However, gastropods are
predominantly present in Porur lake, hence the
gastropods population alone was focused in the
present investigation.
Class - Gastropoda
Gastropods, including common forms such as
snails, slugs, and whelks, occupy both marine
and non-marine environments. Most of the
gast ropods are classif ied based on the
characteristics the gill structures and other soft-
bodied features. Few distinguishing characters
of the univalved shell are used in classification
as many are the result of convergent evolution.
These collections are seats of permanent
information storage and unique scientific
records of biological diversity of organisms.
A scientific name becomes valid when it is
published according to the code of nomenclature.
There is a clear difference between the valid name
and available name. The latter denotes that the
296
Studies on The Distribution Pattern.....296 JULY-DECEMBER 2015
297
name is properly published according to the
requirement of the code. The valid name denotes
that it is not preoccupied by a senior synonym or
homonym and it is published in accordance with
the provision of the code. The catalogue and
check lists are extremely useful to know how
many species or the genera reported earlier from
an area.
In the present study, a total no of 17 species
under 10 genera of 7 families of 2 order and two
sub classes were identified. The detailed list of
species along with number of specimens
collected during the study period is presented in
Table No. 1 and Fig. 5. Family Viviparidae is
represented with three species viz. 1. Bellamya
bengalensis form typica (Lamarck) and form
annandalei (Kobelt) 2. Bellamya dissimilis
(Mueller) 3. Bellamya micron (Annandale).
Family Ampullaridae represented with two
species of Pila globosa and Pila virens under
single genus. Family Bithinidae with Two genera
of Bithinia and Gabbia along with one subgenus
under Digoniostoma of five species were
recorded from the study area.
Two species of Thiara (Thiara) scabra and
Melanoides tuberculata were recorded under the
family Thiaridae. Family Lymnaeidae under
gen u s Lym naea a l ong w i th sub genu s -
Pseudosuccinea species acuminata form typica,
form chlamys, form gracilior and Lymnaea
(Pseudosuccinea) luteola form typica were
c o l l e c t e d a n d r e c o r d e d . G y r a u l u s
convexiusculus along with genus Gyraulus,
Segmentina (Polypylis) trochoidea ge nu s
Segmentina subgenus- Polypylis as under family
Planorbidae, Indoplanorbis exutus under family
Bullinidae were recorded. The percentage of
Family wise, genera wise and monthly wise
number of gastropods collected on all the
seventeen species were given in Fig. 2-5. The
detailed list of species along with synonyms,
material examined, diagnostic characters and
their distribution status are presented elsewhere
(Karthick, 2014).
Fig 2 : Familywise distribution of
Gastropodes
Fig 3 : Generawise distribution
of Gastropods
Fig 4 : Monthwise distribution of Gastropods
International Journal on Environmental Sciences 6 (2) 297
RAJAN, S. et. al.,
298
DISCUSSION
A total of 2689 specimens of gastropods were
collected during the study period from the Porur
lake. The maximum number of specimens
(1167) was collected during summer month of
May, 2014 comprising of 14 species as maximum
and the minimum number of 3 species was
encountered during the month of June 2014.
Bithynia (Digoniostoma) pulchella, Gabbia
orcula were continuously collected and
recorded for the entire study period. Pila globosa
was recorded with minimum of only 9
specimens on 4 occasions. Indoplanorbis exutus
was collected with maximum number of
gastropods (510) in May 2014. Based on the
numbers of collected gastropods, the number of
species identified in Porur lake were shown in
Table 1.
The present result agrees with Karimi et al.
(2004) where they found that late Summer and
Autumn had the optimal temperature required
for breeding and reproduction of snails, and
partially agrees with El-Kady et al. (2000); they
stated that April, May and June showed the
highest number of snails in Sinai Peninsula,
while the lowest number was recorded during
January and February. Van Schayck (1985)
reported that the snails are not directly
dependent on aquatic plants but they may prefer
a habitat with aquatic vegetation. However,
Utzinger et al. (1997) concluded that the
distribution of freshwater snails is a result of
more complex interactions of different habitat
factor. However, Imfidon (1991); Agi (1995) and
Agi & Okwuosa (2001) reported that freshwater
snails are known to exhibit high degree of
tolerance and adaptation within a reasonable
range of physicochemical fluctuation.
The present study shows that gastropod
communities found to inhabit the Porur lake in
different months represented by a range of
Fig. 5 : Freshwater gastropod diversity in Porur lake.
Studies on The Distribution Pattern.....298 JULY-DECEMBER 2015
299
species. It might, therefore be useful and to
investigate the contributions of these macro
invertebrates towards nutrient processing and
explore their role as bio-monitors. This study
revealed that the densities of the recorded
freshwater gastropods at Porur lake underwent
changes in numbers in different months of study
period. Several environmental factors appear to
affect the snail populations, in particular, the
presence or absence of the aquatic weeds which
may be cleaned to reduce the populations of
snails. Further, the construction of flyover over
the lake affected the ecosystem. In addition, the
water from Veeranam lake (200 km south of
Chennai) is regularly pumped in to Porur lake,
for the augmentation of water supply to city,
which affect the physic-chemical water quality,
consequently affected the density of gastropod
population in the freshwater ecosystem.
However, the information on the number of
gastropod species in land and freshwater
molluscs from other parts of the country, showed
that Jammu and Kashmir (89); Himachal Pradesh
(29); Rajasthan (28); West Bengal (185); Orissa
(71) and Pune (Maharashtra) (130) are available
(Subba Rao et al., (1989). Based on the study in
West Bengal, 38species of freshwater gastropods
belonging to 8 families under 12 genera were
reported by Mitra and Day (1992). Surya Rao
and Mitra (1997) reported 13 species belonging
to 6 families from Delhi under following genera
Bellamya, Digoniostoma, Gabb ia , Thiara
Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Gyraulus, Segmentina
and Physa. In Renuka wetland area, 7 species of
gastropods belonging to 4 families of genera
BellamyaThiara, Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis were
reported (Surya Rao and Mitra, 2000). In the
Sikkim state, 4 species belonging to 3 families
under 3 genera were reported (Dey et al., 2003).
A report on Pench National Park comprises of 23
species belonging to 6 families under 9 genera
were reported (Patil and Ramakrishna, 2004).
Based on the study made from Desert National
Park, 4 species belonging to 4 families under 4
genera were reported (Surya Rao et al., 2004).
This present study also falls in the same lines of
the above referred reports, with 17 species under
10 genera of 7 families of 2 order and two sub
classes of Phylum Mollusca from Porur lake as
first of its kind. Freshwater mollusks have been
known to play a significant role in the public and
veterinary health, Hence, it is necessary to
identify the intermediate hosts for the diagnostic
of trematodes parasites since the family
Thiaridae were recorded to harbor larval
trematodes. Therefore, this present study
elucidate the distribution of intermediate hosts
belong to the families of Planorbidae and
Lymnaeidae in the urban area of Chennai. It is
concluded that the information of faunal
diversity of freshwater gastropods may serve as a
base line data for the future research interms of
public and veterinary health aspects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Principal and Head of the
Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College,
Chennai, for their co-operation in this project:
and ZSI, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Southern Regional Centre, Chennai, for the
identification of molluscs in the present study
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