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New records of two pyrophilous ascomycetes from Siberia:
Pyropyxis rubra and Rhodotarzetta rosea
Nina FILIPPOVA
Tatiana BULYONKOVA
Uwe LINDEMANN
Ascomycete.org, 8 (4) : 119-126.
Juillet 2016
Mise en ligne le 08/07/2016
Abstract: The paper reports the rst ndings of Pyropyxis rubra and Rhodotarzetta rosea from Asian Russia
(West Siberia). The ecological conditions, i.e. vegetation, substrates and phenology of both species are des-
cribed and compared with earlier publications. Also the morphological characteristics are described and de-
picted by photographic images and the dierences between these quite similar species are highlighted.
P. rubra has been cultivated in vitro. The paper provides descriptions of the anamorphic stage and culture
growth on dierent media.
Keywords: Ascomycota, ecology, post-re successions, Pyronemataceae, pyrophilous fungi, West Siberia.
НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ ДВУХ ВИДОВ ПИРОФИЛЬНЫХ АСКОМИЦЕТОВ PYROPYXIS RUBRA И
RHODOTARZETTA ROSEA В СИБИРИ
Пиропиксис красная (Pyropyxis rubra) – редкий вид, связанный с пирогенными сообществами, где он
развивается в первые годы после пожара на почве как сапротроф или факультативный паразит. Ареал
вида был изначально ограничен Северо-американским континентом, однако позже появились на-
ходки в Швеции и в европейской части России (Мордовский заповедник). Нами отмечено новое ме-
стонахождение пиропиксиса в Западной Сибири в окрестностях г. Ханты-Мансийска. Родотарцетта
розовая (Rhodotarzetta rosea) отмечалась ранее в Европе и Северной Америке, а также на Дальнем Вос-
токе России и также является пирофильным видом. Нами отмечена первая находка вида на территории
Западной Сибири в окр. Юганского заповедника. Виды имеют схожий внешний облик и сложно раз-
личаются без подробного ознакомления.
В статье мы провели описание экологических условий произрастания, фенологии, морфологического
строения двух видов в их сравнении, а также условий культивирования P. rubra на искусственных сре-
дах.
Introduction
Pyropyxis rubra (Peck) Egger is a pyrophilous species reported
from post-re habitats where it grows as a saprophyte and colonizes
the seedlings of trees (EGGER & PADDEN, 1986a, 1986b). Originally only
known from North America, it was later recorded in Sweden (EICH-
WALD, 1999) and recently in Russia (BOLSHAKOV & IVOYLOV, 2012). Rho-
dotarzetta rosea (Rea) Dissing & Sivertsen which is confusingly
similar to Pyropyxis rubra, is known from a comparatively larger
number of records from Europe, North America and the Far East of
Russia. It is probably also a saprophytic pyrophilous species.
The scope of the present publication is to describe new records
of both species from West Siberia along with morphological, ecolo-
gical and — in the case of P. rubra — cultural characteristics.
Material and methods
Specimens were collected by random routes in dierent forest
communities including post-re locations. We did not attempt to
assess the occurrence and abundance of the species.
Voucher specimens were collected in the eld according to the
standard scheme (LODGE et al., 2004). Macroscopic pictures were
taken using a Canon EOS 60D in situ and with a stereo microscope
with a mounted camera.
Apothecia were examined microscopically from material rehydra-
ted in tap water. Lugol’s solution was applied for testing the iodine
reaction. The preparations were dyed with Congo Red to improve
the view of the structures of excipulum. Anamorphic stages from
culture were examined in tap water in the vital stage. A Zeiss Axio-
star microscope with an Achromat 40/0.65 objective (dry) and an
Achromat 100/1.25 Oil immersion objective was used for examina-
tion. Мicrographs were made with an AxioCam ERc5s digital camera.
Cultures were obtained from dried apothecia. Small parts of hy-
menium were placed onto agar medium thus obtaining polysperm
cultures. The cultures were grown on three media: 1) potato dex-
trose agar (PDA): potatoes (300 g), glucose (10 g), agar (20 g), tap
water (1000 g), pH = 7; 2) water agar (WA): agar (20 g), tap water
(1000 g), pH = 7; 3) PDA with addition of 1/2 spoon of aspen-wood
ash, pH = 8. Five replicates were made of each media.
In addition to the cultures on agar media, the mycelium was ino-
culated on three types of sterile substrates and grown in jars for two
months. This was done to induce the teleomorphic stage of the spe-
cies by growing in culture. Three substrates were composed as fol-
lows: 1) sand (500 g) + bran (50 g) + charcoal (½ spoon) mixture; 2)
grain (300 g) + charcoal (½ spoon) mixture; 3) garden soil (300 g) +
ash and charcoal (½ spoon) mixture.
Results
Morphological description
Pyropyxis rubra (Peck) Egger, Can. J. Bot., 62 (4): 705 (1984).
Basionym: Peziza rubra Peck, Ann. Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
24: 95 (1872).
Apothecia rst hemispherical, then urnulate to cupulate, sessile,
up to 2 cm in diameter, 1 cm high, pink with paler outer surface and
more intensively coloured hymenium, outer surface pubescent from
short hairs (lens), becoming glabrescent when old, hymenial surface
smooth, pubescent margin of the apothecium extending beyond
the hymenium for 0.1 mm. The fruitbodies grow scattered to den-
sely packed, forming bright beds covering the soil surface mixed
with ash, charred wood and forest litter.
Ectal excipulum 0.7 (at base) to 0.2 (at margin) mm thick, consis-
ting of textura globulosa of thick-walled hyaline cells (10–15 m),
cells of outer layer forming scarce chains at anks and dense moni-
liform brownish hairs 50–80 m long at margin. Medullary excipu-
lum of tightly packed textura intricata, cell walls thickened but less
than in the ectal excipulum. Subhymenium composed of intricate
hyphae 3–5 m broad arising from the layer of enlarged globose
cells beneath. Asci cylindrical, gradually enlarged to upper part,
†170–195 × 13–16 m, with croziers, operculate, inamyloid. Para-
physes liform, same length as asci, scarcely branched, 2–3 m
broad, septate, some lled with refractive hyaline vacuolar content
in dead state. Ascospores ellipsoid, with several small to medium
guttules when immature, but eguttulate at maturity, †14.2–17.4 ×
7.7–9.8 m, mean: 15.6 × 8.8 m (n = 20).
120 Ascomycete.org
Fig. 1. Pyropyxis rubra – macroscopical features: A. Densely packed apothecia forming bright beds covering soil surface, B. Photograph of
apothecia in studio showing size and shape (bar = 1 cm), C. Median section through the apothecium, photograph under the lens.
Mycelium from agar colonies 2–10 m broad, hyaline to brow-
nish, septate, smooth to densely warted in old cultures; catenulate
hyphae 7–9 m broad, septate with constrictions, producing dense
sclerotial tissue of thick-walled cells of textura globulosa; conidio-
phores up to 100 m long, 3–5 m broad, hyaline, septate, terminal
fertile cells dichotomously branched and inated up to 9 m, pro-
ducing abundant conidia on short denticles; conidia subglobose,
obovate, elliptical, clavate to subcylindrical, with short denticles,
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Fig. 2. Pyropyxis rubra – microscopic features: A. Ascus (dead state), B. Paraphysis (dead state) with vacuolar content, C. Ascus apical ap-
paratus in IKI, D. Basal part of ascus, E. Immature spores containing small guttules, F. Mature spores lacking oil content, G. Medullar excipulum
of textura intricata (CR), H. Ectal excipulum of textura globulosa made of thick-walled cells, I. Moniliform hairs of ectal excipulum. All structures
examined from exsiccata (rehydrated in KOH). Scale bars in A, G, H, I = 20 m and B, C, D, E, F = 10 m.
122 Ascomycete.org
Fig. 3. Pyropyxis rubra – culture characteristics: A. Colonia view (conidial stage) on PDA, one week after inoculation, B. Same culture three
weeks after inoculation with cottony clumps of catenuate hyphae, C. Conidiophores with dichotomously branched upper part producing
conidia, D. Conidia, E. Catenuate hyphum with thick walls from sclerotium at later stages of culture development. All structures in vital
state. Scale bars in D = 10 m and C, E = 20 m.
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light brownish when mature, rst smooth becoming more or less
echinulate in old cultures with thin spines up to 1.5 m high, *10–
28 × 6–9 m, mean: 16.5 × 8 µm (n = 30).
Studied collections: 1. RUSSIA, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous
Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk vicinities, Mukhrino eld station of the
Yugra State University, 60.90019°N, 68.73659°E, 16 Jun. 2011, leg.
T. Bulyonkova & N. Filippova, det. N. Filippova, Fungarium of the
Yugra State University (YSU-F-03353). This nding was photogra-
phed in situ, collected and preserved as a dry specimen, studied mi-
croscopically, but after that the collection was lost and not available
for further study. 2. RUSSIA, same location, 19 Jun. 2012, leg. N. Filip-
pova, det. U. Lindemann, Fungarium of the Yugra State University
(YSU-F-03585) and private herbarium of Uwe Lindemann (U.L. 180-
15). This collection was made in the same location, two years after
re. The specimens were photographed in situ and in laboratory
under the lens. This specimen was used for cultivation and its ana-
morphic stages grown on dierent media are stored as dry cultures.
Rhodotarzetta rosea (Rea) Dissing & Sivertsen, Mycotaxon, 16 (2):
456 (1983).
Basionym: Pustularia rosea Rea, Trans. Worcestershire Nat. Club, 8:
20 (1924).
Synonym: Tarzetta rosea (Rea) Dennis, Brit. Ascom.: 30 (1978).
Apothecia sessile, cupulate with slightly involute sinuous margin,
partially embedded in substrate, uniformly bright pink with a slight
lilac tinge at center, 3–7 mm in diameter; external surface smooth,
concolorous.
Ectal excipulum composed of ramose, tangled, partially inated
elements, often in chains, 9–24 (mean 15, n = 22) µm wide and 19.7–
60 (mean 35.1, n=22) µm long, ventricose-cylindrical, utriform, fusi-
form, clavate or irregular-shaped, some with walls up to 2.5 µm
thick, cemented by a thin external layer of gelatinous material; hairs
not observed; apothecium attached to the substrate via tangled, ra-
mose lamentous hyphae 3.0–7.7 (mean 4.9, n = 20) µm wide. Me-
dullary excipulum as textura globulosa, 200–700 µm thick of tightly
packed thin-walled inated hyaline elements 13–40 (mean 25, n =
20) µm wide. Subhymenium a very tightly packed (preventing exa-
mination of individual structures) textura intricata 50–100 µm thick
of thin-walled lamentous hyphae, appearing reddish en masse.
Asci cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the base, †175–200 × 11–
15 µm, with croziers, operculate, inamyloid. Paraphyses liform,
same length as asci, occasionally branched in the lower third, enlar-
ged in upper part to 4–6 µm wide, with orange vacuolar pigment
(in the rehydrated exsiccatum). Ascospores ellipsoid, smooth, hya-
line, with several guttules when immature, ripe with two guttules
or one large central guttule, †14.7–17.7 × 7.6–8.7 µm, mean 16.1 ×
8.1 µm (n = 20).
Studied collections: RUSSIA, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous
Okrug, Surgutskiy rayon, Ugut vicinities, in Leikovskiy Bor,
60.35469°N, 74.01040°E, 25 Jul. 2015, leg. and det. T. Bulyonkova,
YSU-F-06578 and in the private collection of Tatiana Bulyonkova (T.B.
#3530).
Culture growth of Pyropyxis rubra
PDA: Colonies fast growing, reaching 9 cm diameter in 3 days,
greyish, with brownish conidial mass, with occose overgrowth for-
ming 2-3 indistinct radial zones, later forming abundant white cot-
tony clumps throughout the colony. Conidia begin to form after 2–3
days. At later stages of colony development the white cottony
clumps become dense warts and nally form sclerotia, they develop
intensively during the colony die-o.
PDA with ash: Similar characteristics.
WA: Similar characteristics, but colonies much thinner, mycelium
mostly submerged, slow growing and conidia barely forming.
Inoculation of three types of substrates (sand-bran-charcoal,
grain-charcoal, and garden earth-charcoal) produced extensive
growth with formation of conidia and sclerotia. No apothecia for-
med by the end of cultivation period (2 months). The most intensive
colonization was observed in sand-bran-charcoal, while earth-char-
coal supported the weakest growth.
Ecological conditions
The rst record of Pyropyxis rubra was made in the vicinities of the
Mukhrino eld station of the Yugra State University in June 2011.
An abundant fruiting of the species was discovered on a raised bank
of the Mukhrina river, in a periodically ooded birch-aspen forest
with admixture of conifers and shrubs, one year after re. Apothecia
were abundant on open soil covered by ash and charred litter in an
area of 50 m, especially abundant fruiting was found on a slope of
the Mukhrina river bank in a well-lit location. The re had damaged
the shrub and herbaceous layers approximately a year earlier (July
2010) but did not disturb the tree layer on the area of 300 m. Traces
of charred debris and ash covering the soil were still present in June
2011. Besides the occurrence of P. rubra, the site was inhabited by
other pyrophilous species: Pholiota highlandensis (Peck) Singer, Co-
prinellus xanthothrix (Romagn.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson,
C. domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson, Psathyrella
pennata (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis, Anthracobia sp., Daldinia loculata
(Lév.) Sacc., Morchella tomentosa M. Kuo, Peziza tenacella W. Phillips,
and Plicaria endocarpoides (Berk.) Rifai. The second record of P. rubra
comes from the same location visited one year later (June 2012),
where it was fruiting much less abundantly compared to the rst
year. The traces of re were almost gone and shifts in other fungal
community composition also occurred.
Rhodotarzetta rosea was recorded at a signicant distance in the
vicinities of the Yuganskiy Nature Reserve. The fruitbodies grew in
an area recovering after a low-intensity re of 2013 in a Cladonia –
Scots Pine forest. Fruitbodies grew on a well-lit southern microslope
above a marshy creek owing through a boggy former oxbow lake,
in a small group covering an area of about 10 × 10 cm on charred
sandy soil, among fresh shoots of Funaria hygrometrica.
Discussion
Pyropyxis rubra
The known distribution of P. rubra was originally restricted to
North America where it was frequently encountered in eastern On-
tario and also recorded in New York (Highland) and British Columbia
(EGGER, 1984). The rst European collection was reported in 1993
from Sweden (EICHWALD, 1999). Two additional collections from Swe-
den in 2000 were reported in a short note of EICHWALD (2002). A
search of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database
yields 16 records of P. rubra, all from Sweden. They include the three
reports mentioned above and 13 additional collections made in
2015 in the vicinities of Fagersta (Sweden). The rst Russian collec-
tion of P. rubra was reported from Mordovia (BOLSHAKOV & IVOYLOV,
2012). Apothecia were collected on burned soil in a Scots Pine forest
(approximate collection coordinates: 54.7823°N, 43.1833°E). The
next collection came from Novgorod oblast’ where the species was
found by S. Arslanov on burnt soil in a post-re coniferous forest (Eu-
gene Popov, information based on the Botanical Institute of V.L. Ko-
marov herbarium (LE) database). Our collections are signicantly
more eastern (about 2000 km) in relation to the previous Russian
reports and located in the Asian part of Russia. Our collection is cur-
rently the northernmost report (61°N) of the species.
All known collections of P. rubra are related to post-re commu-
nities, and thus the species is considered as a pyrophilous species
(DIX & WEBSTER, 1995). It has been registered mostly in post-re deci-
duous and coniferous forests rather than open grassland land-
scapes. In relation to post-re succession, P. rubra seems to belong
to the group of species fruiting soon after burning (DIX & WEBSTER,
124 Ascomycete.org
Fig. 4. Rhodotarzetta rosea – macroscopical and microscopical features: A. Apothecia in situ, B. Medullar excipulum of textura globulosa,
C. Ectal excipulum, partially inated hyphae in an intercellular matrix, D. Filamentous hyphae at the bottom of apothecium, E. Hymenium
and ascospores, F. Ascus tips and paraphyses in Melzer’s reagent, G. Crozier at ascus base, H. Paraphyses. All structures examined from the
rehydrated exsiccate, except of F, which was rehydrated in 3% NaOH. Scale bars = 50 m.
125
Ascomycete.org
1995): it was frequently collected in a one-year-old re by EGGER
(1984), it was found in Sweden one year after re (EICHWALD, 1999),
and our observations registered a strong decline in abundance on
a third year after re (no apothecia were found in the site in the fol-
lowing years). In spite of the fact that many fungal species of post-
re successions are saprotrophic, P. rubra is considered to be
facultatively pathogenic. Under experimental conditions it caused
pathogenic infection of germinants and seedlings of Pinus contorta
(EGGER & PADEN, 1986a, 1986b). However, the enzymes of pectinase,
cellulase and phenol oxidase were also registered (EGGER, 1986). The-
refore the ability of the species to live as a saprobe can not be ex-
cluded. In supporting this observation, its anamorphic stage easily
grows in culture as a saprobe on simple media.
We successfully cultivated P. rubra but so far have managed to
grow only its anamorphic stage. The anamorph is undemanding
and grew well on simple media without additives. More intensive
growth was observed during cultivation on rich media (PDA) com-
pared to water agar. Conidial stages did not require addition of ash
to the media (pH 8) for growth. We failed to obtain the teleomorphic
sporulation in culture using dierent types of media and substrates.
The morphological characteristics of the teleomorphic and ana-
morphic stages of our collections coincide well with earlier descrip-
tions from Canada (EGGER, 1984) and Sweden (EICHWALD, 1999). The
characteristic of culture growth was similar to descriptions in EGGER
(1984) except of the conidia which in our cultures were formed
abundantly without ultraviolet light treatment.
Rhodotarzetta rosea
R. rosea was originally described from Britain where it is presently
known from many records in the Fungal Record Database of Britain
and Ireland. The species was also registered in other countries of
Northern and Central Europe: in Norway (DISSING & SIVERTSEN, 1983;
HANSEN & KNUDSEN, 2000; BRANDRUD, 2010), Finland (KORHONEN, 2009),
Denmark (DISSING & SIVERTSEN, 1983; HANSEN & KNUDSEN, 2000), The Ne-
therlands (MAAS GEESTERANUS, 1967; DISSING & SIVERTSEN, 1983), Slovakia
(BARANOVIČ, 2016), Lithuania (KUTORGA, 1986), Switzerland (JAKOB &
SENN-IRLET, 2015), Austria, Germany, and Estonia (data of GBIF). The
species is said to be widely distributed in North America (BEUG et al.,
2014). In Russia R. rosea was known originally from several registra-
tions in the Far East (BOGACHEVA, 2005, 2009)1. Recently, new records
from Central Russia in the vicinities of Saint-Petersburg and Moscow
were reported on a Russian mycological Internet forum (Eugene
Popov, personal communication).
The association of R. rosea with burned areas is supported by all
publications mentioned. Nevertheless, the trophic status of the spe-
cies is unclear. It could be saprophytic, as well as bryosymbiotic (si-
milar to other species of Octospora lineage); an ectomycorrhizal
status is also possible in regard to the phylogenetically close genus
Rhodoscypha (HANSEN et al., 2013). R. rosea was collected in both
coniferous and deciduous (oak) forests (BRANDRUD, 2010). In our re-
cords, there is a remarkable similarity of habitat preferences bet-
ween R. rosea and P. rubra: both species grow at well-lit burnt sites
on slopes with southern exposure in proximity of owing water.
That could explain their apparent rarity (see below “Conservation”).
Whether they are or not indeed stenotopic will remain an open
question until more nds are reported.
DENNIS (1968) and DISSING & SIVERTSEN (1983) provide a detailed mor-
phological description of R. rosea; macro-photographs are provided
by several publications: BARANOVIČ (2016), BEUG et al. (2014), KORHONEN
(2009), PETERSEN (2016), STOREY (in VAN VOOREN, 2015), RUBIO (1997). In
comparison to these, our collection has smaller apothecia (3–7 mm)
while the size could reach up to 2 cm in other descriptions. The outer
surface of our apothecia is naked and waxy only with minute cot-
tony fragments, but in the pictures of J.H. Petersen and M. Storey it
is covered by loose white mycelium. This discrepancy could be ex-
plained by dierences in age (our specimens were not very old) or
moisture conditions. The structure of the excipulum in our collection
is two-layered (featuring a medullar excipulum made up of a textura
globulosa) while it was described and pictured by DISSING & SIVERTSEN
(1983) as a uniform textura intricata. We cannot explain this die-
rence, but probably it also relates to the age of examined apothecia.
The spore size of R. rosea was: 17–20 × 9–11 µm in DENNIS (1978),
16.5–17.9–19.8 × 7.6–8.7–9.9 µm in DISSING & SIVERTSEN (1983), 15–17
× 9 µm in REA (1924) — but 16–20 × 7.5–9.5(–11) µm in YAO & SPOONER
(2003), measured from the same type collection. Compared with
this range, our spore measurements are amongst the smallest but
t within the total range.
Comparison of Pyropyxis rubra and Rhodotarzetta rosea
The two species are quite similar to each other, but several mor-
phological dierences help to distinguish them reliably. The outer
surface of R. rosea is glabrous-waxy or covered by a white mycelial
layer in older specimens while it is nely downy from short dense
hairs in P. rubra (more apparent in younger specimens and at the
margin); the outer surface of P. rubra is lighter than the hymenium
while in R. rosea both are concolorous. Furthermore, the ascospores
in R. rosea are characterized by two large guttules which remain also
in the mature state; on the contrary, the ascospores of P. rubra
contain two guttules or several small guttules when immature but
they are eguttulate when mature. The shape of the ascospores is
also dierent: the ascospores of P. rubra are more fusoid (with rela-
tively acute ends) while in R. rosea they are more obtuse. The two
species are also reliably distinguishable by the structure of the ecto-
excipulum which is a thick-walled textura globulosa in P. rubra and a
textura intricata of slightly inated and thick-walled hyphae cemen-
ted by a gelatinous substance and loose lamentous aerial hyphae
in R. rosea.
Another species with a quite similar morphology is Rhodoscypha
ovilla (Peck) Dissing & Sivertsen, but there are considerable die-
rences in the shape and size of the ascospores. Also R. ovilla is not
pyrophilous, but grows on soil and forest litter (DISSING & SIVERTSEN,
1983).
Conservation
The reduction of natural habitats (pristine forests and natural res)
creates the threat of extinction of closely associated pyrophilous
species. For this reason, R. rosea is included in conservation lists by
several countries. It is listed as a Near Threatened species in Norway
(KÅLÅS et al., 2010) and also recorded in dierent protection status
for Denmark, Finland, Germany and The Netherlands (in the Com-
piled European fungal Red List data base) (OTTO, 2011). P. rubra is lis-
ted in the Red List of Finland (OTTO, 2011) and is recommended for
the Red List status in Mordovia Republic, Russia (BOLSHAKOV & IVOYLOV,
2012b). We do not have enough information on the abundance of
the two species in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug to draw
conclusions regarding their conservation status. But it seems unli-
kely that their habitats in the region will decline in the near future.
Both species appear to be rare compared to other pyrophilous spe-
cies and additional study of their ecology and habitat would be very
valuable.
Acknowledgements
We thank Eugene Popov for providing information from LE her-
barium and his personal database about the species occurrences in
1BOGACHEVA (2009) describes the range of R. rosea in the Far East of Russia without detailed description of collection sites: in Daurskiy (54N
123E), Okhotskiy (61N 145E), Ussuriyskiy (47N 135E) and North-Sakhalinskiy (53N 143E) oristic regions. The same author (BOGACHEVA, 2005)
describes a collection from Sakhalin island in Bauri river valley (51N 143E), where it was collected on bare soil (VLAD-2021, VLAD-2030).
Russia. We are grateful to Chris Yeates for improving the English lan-
guage in the manuscript.
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ef
Tatiana Bulyonkova
A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems Russian Academy of
Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, prospect Lavrentyeva, 6
Russia
ressaure@gmail.com
Nina Filippova
Yugra State University, 628508 Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous
Okrug, Shapsha village, Stroiteley street 1
Russia
lippova.courlee.nina@gmail.com
Uwe Lindemann
Pügerstrasse 62
12047 Berlin
Germany
uwe.lindemann@rub.de
