Checklist of Singaporean Bryozoa and Entoprocta

Abstract

A checklist of 118 Singaporean species of Bryozoa (3 Cyclostomata, 7 Ctenostomata, 108 Cheilostomata) and three taxa of Entoprocta is presented, based upon sampling during recent workshops (2012–2014), registered museum material, incidental collecting and historical records. Accordingly, many species are reported for the first time from Singaporean waters, including a freshwater bryozoan (Hislopia malayensis), numerous marine bryozoans and an entoproct (Pedicellina sp.). Several easily collected intertidal species, including a population of the globally rare mangrove epiphyte Amphibiobeania epiphylla and certain alien-invasive taxa, are amenable to research on their biology (growth and reproduction) and ecology.

Full text

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RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2016
Checklist of Singaporean Bryozoa and Entoprocta
Kevin J. Tilbrook1 & Dennis P. Gordon2
Abstract. A checklist of 118 Singaporean species of Bryozoa (3 Cyclostomata, 7 Ctenostomata, 108 Cheilostomata)
and three taxa of Entoprocta is presented, based upon sampling during recent workshops (2012–2014), registered
museum material, incidental collecting and historical records. Accordingly, many species are reported for the rst
time from Singaporean waters, including a freshwater bryozoan (Hislopia malayensis), numerous marine bryozoans
and an entoproct (Pedicellina sp.). Several easily collected intertidal species, including a population of the globally
rare mangrove epiphyte Amphibiobeania epiphylla and certain alien-invasive taxa, are amenable to research on
their biology (growth and reproduction) and ecology.
Key words. Singapore, marine biodiversity, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata, Entoprocta
RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY Supplement No. 34: 593–603
Date of publication: 29 June 2016
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EFBDAC2F-A252-47E5-8739-4BD818ECBB09
© National University of Singapore
ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 0217-2445 (print)
1Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK;
Email: kevin.tilbrook@oum.ox.ac.uk
2National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901 Kilbirnie,
Wellington, New Zealand; Email: dennis.gordon@niwa.co.nz
INTRODUCTION
This paper presents a checklist of 118 species of Bryozoa
(3 Cyclostomata, 7 Ctenostomata, 108 Cheilostomata) and
three taxa of Entoprocta for Singapore. The list was compiled
from interim lists prepared by Kevin Tilbrook (October
2012, June 2013 and July 2014) and Dennis Gordon (May
2013). Species collected in 2012 during the Comprehensive
Marine Biodiversity Survey of Singapore (CMBS) (Tilbrook
& Gordon, 2015) and the Bryozoan and Hydroid Workshop
(held at TMSI, Singapore, 29 April – 3 May 2013) are a
component of the present checklist, augmented by museum
material and additional collecting by Singaporean biologists
in the course of other work. On the occasion of the Bryozoan
Workshop, shore bryozoans were collected from St John’s
Island, Sisters Island, the mangrove shore on Johor Strait at
the north end of Lim Chu Kang Road, and a small embayment
near the west side of Kranji Dam (examined for freshwater
bryozoans). Ria Tan, author of the Wild Singapore website,
also brought to the workshop bryozoans collected at other
locations. In total, 34 taxa of Bryozoa and one of Entoprocta
were seen during the ve days of the 2013 workshop. Dennis
Gordon examined some species in the Raffles Museum
in July 2012 and Kevin Tilbrook in October 2012 and
July 2014 (registering the entirety of the Lee Kong Chian
Natural History Museum bryozoan collection); Karenne
Tun subsequently sent photos of Lanceopora. The balance
of the species in the checklist is based on all other records
accumulated by the authors, including from the literature
(e.g., Harmer, 1915, 1926, 1934, 1957; Tilbrook, 2006).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
As noted by Tilbrook & Gordon (2015), specimens from the
CMBS, earlier survey work and dredge material collected
by the National University of Singapore RV Galaxea were
registered into the collections of the Lee Kong Chian Natural
History Museum (ZRC.BRY). All specimens collected during
the 2013 workshop, including those contributed by Ria Tan,
were preserved subsequent to examination of living material
and likewise registered. Some material collected during
the CMBS surveys were photographed or lmed live, and
subsamples of certain species/colonies were separated for
gene sequencing prior to long-term preservation. In a few
instances where there were multiple species on a rock, the
name registered is that pertaining to the one species that
dominates; accordingly, the other species on the rock are not
noted as being registered but are retained in the checklist (e.g.,
Hippothoa agellum, Parkermavella sp. and Crepidacantha
sp.). Specimens illustrated herein were photographed mostly
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of colony fragments
cleaned of organic material by soaking in liquid domestic
bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite). The SEM illustrations
show the skeletons of autozooids (feeding zooids) and,
where present, zooid polymorphs (avicularia), reproductive
structures (ooecia) and other characters.
SPECIES LIST AND SYSTEMATIC NOTES
The classification below follows that given by Bock &
Gordon (2013) and Ostrovsky (2013). The 33 species listed
for the Johor Straits by Tilbrook & Gordon (2015) are
included below (asterisked) to show the total diversity per
family. Registration numbers and localities are given for the
additional species and specimens in the ZRC Collection.
Other records are indicated as to source—i.e., species not seen
by the authors but noted as having occurred in Singaporean
waters by Harmer (1915, 1926, 1934, 1957) and Tilbrook
(2006) are respectively superscripted SFH and KJT.

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Fig. 1. A, Nevianipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick, 1890), an infertile branch; B, Biustra grandicella (Canu & Bassler, 1929); C,
Thalamoporella labiata Levinsen, 1909; D, Cranosina coronata (Hincks, 1881); E, Retiustra schoenaui Levinsen, 1909, a live colony
on mud supported on stilt-like rhizoids and the feeding surface is on the underside of the elevated portion. Scale bars = 1 mm (A); 0.5
mm (B–D); 50 mm (E).

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PHYLUM BRYOZOA Ehrenberg, 1831
Class STENOLAEMATA Borg, 1926
Order CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk, 1852
Suborder Tubuliporina Milne Edwards, 1838
Family Diastoporidae Gregory, 1899
Desmeplagioecia lineata (MacGillivray, 1885)
SFH
Family Diaperoeciidae
Nevianipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick, 1890)
ZRC.BRY.0114 Sisters Buoy
Suborder Articulata Busk, 1859
Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847
Crisia cf. setosa MacGillivray, 1869 ZRC.
BRY.0062–64, 0659 St John’s Island; Eastern
Fairway off Marina East
Class GYMNOLAEMATA Allman, 1856
Order CTENOSTOMATA Busk, 1852
Superfamily Hislopioidea Jullien, 1885
Family Hislopiidae Jullien, 1885
Hislopia malayensis Annandale, 1916
ZRC0323 Kranji Dam Reservoir.
Superfamily Alcyonidioidea Johnston, 1838
Family Alcyonidiidae Johnston, 1838
Alcyonidium jauhar Tilbrook & Gordon, 2015*
ZRC0548–0550 north coast of Pulau Ubin
Superfamily Arachnidioidea Hincks, 1880a
Family Arachnidiidae Hincks, 1880a
Nolella cf. gigantea (Busk, 1856)* ZRC.
BRY.0474, 0575, 0577, 0622, 0625 Lim Chu
Kang mangroves.
Superfamily Victorelloidea Hincks, 1880a
Family Sundanellidae Jebram, 1973
Sundanella sibogae (Harmer, 1915)* ZRC.
BRY.0484, 0484 Lim Chu Kang mangroves.
Superfamily Vesicularioidea Johnston, 1847
Family Vesiculariidae Johnston, 1847
Amathia vermetiformis Harmer, 1926*
Amathia verticillata (Della Chiaje, 1822)*
ZRC.BRY.0457, 0476 SW47, 0574, 0576,
0585, 0587, 0589, 0591–93, 0602, 0639 OBS
Camp jetty, Pulau Ubin; Pulau Ubin jetty;
Pulau Seletar; Changi; Pulau Serangoon.
Amathia sp. ZRC.BRY.0485, 0569, 0571,
0573, 0580, 0623 OBS Camp jetty, Pulau
Ubin; Southern Fairway; Rafes Lighthouse.
Order CHEILOSTOMATA
Suborder Inovicellina Jullien, 1888
Superfamily Aeteoidea Smitt, 1868a
Family Aeteidae Smitt, 1868a
Aetea ligulata Busk, 1852*
Aetea sp. ‘short’ ZRC.BRY.0032, 0034, 0043,
0495, 0505; Pulau Hantu; Cyrene Reef; St
John’s Island jetty.
Suborder Malacostegina Levinsen, 1902
Superfamily Membraniporoidea Busk, 1852
Family Electridae Stach, 1937
Arbopercula bengalensis (Stoliczka, 1869)*
ZRC.BRY.0075, 0451, 0454, 0647, 0660
Eastern Bunkering A anchorage off Changi
East; Laba Buoy, W Johor Strait; Sungei Buloh
Besar; Pulau Tekong coastal area.
Conopeum sp.* ZRC.BRY.0099, 0487 Lim
Chu Kang mangroves
Tarsocryptus laboriosus (Tilbrook, 2006) ZRC.
BRY.0408, 0410, 0483 Changi, on seagrass
Family Membraniporidae Busk, 1852
Biustra grandicella (Canu & Bassler, 1929)
ZRC.BRY.0001, 0471, 0558, 0643 west of
Sungei Buloh Besar; Pulau Tekong coastal
area; Pulau Ubin jetty.
Biustra perambulata Louis & Menon, 2009*
Biustra sp. ZRC.BRY.0482, 0524 Brani Buoy;
Eastern Bunkering A anchorage off Changi
East.
Jellyella tuberculata (Bosc, 1802) ZRC.
BRY.0073, 0421, 0582, 0596 Eastern
Bunkering A anchorage off Changi East;
Sungei Buloh Besar; Tanjong Tajam, Pulau
Ubin
Family Sinoustridae Gordon, 2009
Sinoflustra amoyensis (Robertson, 1921)*
ZRC.BRY.0072, 0076, 0448, 0664 Eastern
Bunkering A anchorage off Changi East.
Sinoflustra annae (Osburn, 1953)* ZRC.
BRY.0048, 0111, Pulau Tekong coastal area;
OBS Camp, Pulau Ubin
Suborder Thalamoporellina Ostrovsky, 2013
Superfamily Thalamoporelloidea Levinsen, 1902
Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1902
Thalamoporella labiata Levinsen, 1909* ZRC.
BRY.0122 Angler Buoy, East Johor Strait
Thalamoporella tubifera Levinsen, 1909 not
ZRC-registered
Family Steginoporellidae Hincks, 1884
Steginoporella magnilabris (Busk, 1854) ZRC.
BRY.0626 Pulau Biola
Suborder Flustrina Smitt, 1868b
Superfamily Calloporoidea Norman, 1903
Family Calloporidae Norman, 1903
Cranosina coronata (Hincks, 1881) ZRC.
BRY.0004, 0042, 0439, 0500, 0620 Pulau
Hantu; St John’s Island; Sisters Islands;
Lazarus Island
Crassimarginatella corniculata Tilbrook,
Hayward & Gordon, 2001 ZRC.BRY.0024
Pulau Hantu
Parellisina curvirostris (Hincks, 1862)
Family Cymuloporidae Winston & Vieira, 2013
Crepis sidneyi Reverter-Gil, Souto &
Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2011 ZRC.BRY.0115
Eastern Petroleum A anchorage
Family Antroporidae Vigneaux, 1949
Antropora minor (Hincks, 1880b) ZRC.
BRY.0127, 0130, 0494 Pulau Jong; Little
Sister Island, Eastern Boarding Ground A

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Tilbrook & Gordon: Singapore Bryozoa and Entoprocta
Fig. 2. A, B, Nellia tenella (Lamarck, 1816), respectively showing a branch bifurcation (unbleached) and a bleached zooid; C, Cellaria
punctata (Busk, 1852); D, Antropora minor (Hincks, 1880); E, Smittipora cordiformis (Harmer, 1926); F, Aspiscellaria frondis (Kirkpatrick,
1890); G, bizooidal internode of Catenicella tuberculifera Harmer, 1957. H, Poricellaria ratoniensis Waters, 1887. Scale bars = 0.5 mm
(A, E, F); 0.1 mm (B, C); 0.2 mm (D, G, H).

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Family Cupuladriidae Lagaaij, 1952
Cupuladria guineensis (Busk, 1854) SFH
Family Quadricellariidae Gordon, 1984
Nellia tenella (Lamarck, 1816)* ZRC.
BRY.0060, 0362, 0649 Pulau Tekong coastal
areas
Superfamily Flustroidea Fleming, 1828
Family Flustridae Fleming, 1828
Retiustra schoenaui Levinsen, 1909 ZRC.
BRY.0256, 0293, 0568, 0570 W of Terumbu
Pempang Laut; Eastern Bunkering A anchorage
off Changi East
Superfamily Buguloidea Gray, 1848
Family Bugulidae Gray, 1848
Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)* ZRC.
BRY.0027, 0028, 0450, 0563, 0614, 0624,
0640–42, 0646, 0653 Pulau Jong; OBS Camp
jetty, Pulau Ubin; sh farm off Changi; Pulau
Ubin jetty
Bugula sp. 1*
Bugula sp. 2 ZRC.BRY.0012, 0014 St John’s
& Lazarus Island jetties
Caulibugula sp. ZRC.BRY.0016 Eastern
Boarding Ground A off Changi East
Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816) ZRC.
BRY.0334 off Changi Naval Base
Family Beaniidae Canu & Bassler, 1927
Amphibiobeania epiphylla Metcalfe, Gordon
& Hayward, 2007* ZRC.BRY.0435, 0488,
0490 Lim Chu Kang mangroves
Beania cookae Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon,
2001 ZRC.BRY.0092, 0093 St John’s Island
Beania regularis Thornely, 1916 ZRC.
BRY.0247 Pulau Jong
Family Candidae d’Orbigny, 1851
Aspiscellaria frondis (Kirkpatrick, 1890) ZRC.
BRY.0067, 0567 Pulau Jong
Caberea transversa Harmer, 1926 ZRC.
BRY.0036 St John’s Island jetty
Licornia curvata (Harmer, 1926) ZRC.
BRY.0489 5514TB1
Licornia diadema Busk, 1852* ZRC.
BRY.0058, 0453, 0479 Pulau Tekong coastal
area, Balok Buoy off Pulau Senang
Licornia ferox Busk, 1852 SFH
Licornia longispinosa Harmer, 1926 SFH
Paralicornia sinuosa (Canu & Bassler, 1927)*
ZRC.BRY.0054, 0061 Sungei Besar, Eastern
Fairway
Family Epistomiidae Gregory, 1893
Synnotum aegyptiacum (Audouin, 1826)*
ZRC.BRY.0006, 0540, 0545, 0566 near Pulau
Sudong; Pulau Semakau; St John’s Island;
Pulau Tekong
Superfamily Microporoidea Gray, 1848
Family Calescharidae Cook & Bock, 2001
Caleschara minuta (Maplestone, 1909)* ZRC.
BRY.0449 Johor Strait
Family Onychocellidae Jullien, 1882a
Smittipora cordiformis Harmer, 1926 ZRC.
BRY.0010, 0309, 0621, 0628 Pulau Hantu;
Rafes Lighthouse; Pulau Biola
Family Poricellariidae Harmer, 1926
Poricellaria ratoniensis (Waters, 1887b) ZRC.
BRY.0022, 0101, 0446 St John’s Island
Superfamily Cellarioidea Fleming, 1828
Family Cellariidae Fleming, 1828
Cellaria punctata (Busk, 1852) ZRC.
BRY.0011, 0019 St John’s Island
Superfamily Cribrilinoidea Hincks, 1879
Family Cribrilinidae Hincks, 1879
Figularia ssa (Hincks, 1880b) SFH
Puellina vicariata (Waters, 1923) SFH
Puellina sp. ZRC.BRY.0030, 0428, 0436, 0442
Pulau Tekukor; Kusu Island; Big Sister Island
Superfamily Catenicelloidea Busk, 1852
Family Catenicellidae Busk, 1852
Catenicella triangulifera (Harmer, 1957) ZRC.
BRY.0013 St John’s Island jetty
Catenicella uberrima (Harmer, 1957) SFH
Vasignyella otophora (Kirkpatrick, 1890) ZRC.
BRY.0020 no location
Family Savignyellidae Levinsen, 1909
Savignyella lafontii (Audouin, 1826) ZRC.
BRY.0017, 0071 St John’s & Lazarus Island
jetties
Superfamily Hippothooidea Busk, 1859
Family Hippothoidae Busk, 1859
Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, 1870
unregistered, St John’s Island
Family Chorizoporidae Vigneaux, 1949
Chorizopora brongniartii (Audouin, 1826)
ZRC.BRY.0031, 0506 Pulau Hantu; Pulau
Tekukor
Family Trypostegidae Gordon, Tilbrook &
Winston in Winston, 2005
Trypostega henrychaneyi Tilbrook, 2006 ZRC.
BRY.0123 Eastern Bunkering A anchorage off
Changi East
Superfamily Arachnopusioidea Jullien, 1888
Family Arachnopusiidae Jullien, 1888
Poricella celleporoides (Busk, 1884) ZRC.
BRY.4413 DR1-009
Poricella spathulata (Canu & Bassler, 1929)
ZRC.BRY.0021 Lazarus Island jetty
Family Exechonellidae Harmer, 1957
Exechonella ampullacea Hayward & Ryland,
1995 ZRC.BRY.0039, 0597 Pulau Jong;
Jurong Island
Exechonella cf. grandis (Duvergier, 1921)
ZRC.BRY.0084, 0486 Raffles Lighthouse;
Pulau Tekong
Superfamily Adeonoidea Busk, 1884
Family Adeonidae Busk, 1884
Adeona articulata Canu & Bassler, 1929 SFH
Adeonella extensa Harmer, 1957 SFH
Adeonella intricaria Busk, 1884 SFH
Adeonella lichenoides (Lamarck, 1816) SFH
Superfamily Lepralielloidea Vigneaux, 1949
Family Lepraliellidae Vigneaux, 1949

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Tilbrook & Gordon: Singapore Bryozoa and Entoprocta
Fig. 3. A, Poricella celleporoides (Busk, 1884); B, Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882); C, Parasmittina galerita Ryland & Hayward,
1992; D, Exechonella ampullacea Hayward & Ryland, 1995; E, Calyptotheca tenuata Harmer, 1957; F, Trematooecia clivulata Tilbrook,
2006. Scale bars =0.5 mm.

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Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882)* ZRC.
BRY.0413, 0529, 0531, 0532, 0537, 0652
Pulau Biola; Pulau Hantu; Kusu Island; Pulau
Tekukor; Rafes Marina
Celleporaria fusca (Busk, 1854) SFH
Celleporaria tridenticulata (Busk, 1881)*
ZRC.BRY.0052, 0512, 0535, 0560 Sungei
Buloh Besar; Pulau Tekong; Pulau Jong
Celleporaria sp. ZRC.BRY.0077, 0078, Pulau
Hantu
Drepanophora indica Hayward, 1988 ZRC.
BRY.0025 Pulau Hantu
Family Romancheinidae Jullien, 1888
Hippomenella sp. ZRC.BRY.0629 Pulau Biola
Superfamily Smittinoidea Levinsen, 1909
Family Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909
Parasmittina galerita Ryland & Hayward,
1992*
Parasmittina vacuramosa Lu, Nie & Zhong
in Lu, 1991 ZRC.BRY.0109 St John’s Island
DSTA lagoon
Parasmittina sp. 1 ZRC.BRY.0053 no location
Parasmittina sp. 2*
Parasmittina sp. 3 ZRC.BRY.0081–83 St
John’s Island; Kusu Island
Pleurocodonellina macroperforata Tilbrook,
2006 ZRC.BRY.0098, 0104, 0105, 0426, 0536,
0613, 0617 St John’s Island; Big Sister Island;
Kusu Island; Pulau Jong; Tanjong Tajam,
Pulau Ubin
Family Bitectiporidae MacGillivray, 1895
Hippoporina indica Pillai, 1978* ZRC.
BRY.0051, 0055, 0455, 0461, 0561, 0581,
0650, 0655 Sungei Buloh Besar; Pulau Tekong
coastal area; OBS Camp jetty, Pulau Ubin
Parkermavella sp. unregistered, St John’s
Island
Family Lanceoporidae Harmer, 1957
Calyptotheca tenuata Harmer, 1957* ZRC.
BRY.0059, 0499, 0533 Sungei Buloh Besar;
Pulau Jong
Calyptotheca wasinensis (Waters, 1913) ZRC.
BRY.0116, 0416, 0452, 0599 Sisters Buoy;
Lazarus Island; Jurong Island
Lanceopora sp. ZRC.BRY.0007 Eastern
Fairway, Singapore Strait
Family Watersiporidae Vigneaux, 1949
Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890) ZRC.
BRY.0496 Little Sisters Island
Superfamily Schizoporelloidea Jullien, 1882b
Family Schizoporellidae Jullien, 1882b
Stylopoma amboyna Tilbrook, 2001 ZRC.
BRY.0586 Rafes Lighthouse
Stylopoma velatum Tilbrook, 2001 ZRC.
BRY.0087, 0414, 0627, 0636 Raffles
Lighthouse; Pulau Biola; Labrador Park
Stylopoma viride (Thornely, 1905) ZRC.
BRY.0003, 0131–37, 0221, 0429, 0501,0608,
0609, 0619 St John’s Island; Rafes Lighthouse;
Sisters Islands; Kusu Island; Tanjong Tajam,
Pulau Ubin
Family Escharinidae Tilbrook, 2006
Bryopesanser latesco Tilbrook, 2006 ZRC.
BRY.0530 Eastern Holding area off Marina
East
Family Hippaliosinidae Winston, 2005
Hippaliosina triforma Canu & Bassler, 1929
KJT
Family Hippopodinidae Levinsen, 1909
Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884)* ZRC.
BRY.0119 Sungei Buloh Besar
Hippopodina iririkiensis Tilbrook, 1999* ZRC.
BRY.0012, 0456, 0605–07, 0610, 0611, 0615,
0638 Brani Buoy; Pulau Tekong coastal area;
Labrador Park; Kusu Island; Lazarus Island
Hippopodina tahitiensis (Leca & d’Hondt,
1993) ZRC.BRY.0637 Labrador Park
Family Margarettidae Harmer, 1957
Margaretta opuntioides (Pallas, 1766) SFH
Family Microporellidae Hincks, 1879
Microporella sp.* ZRC.BRY.0121 Pulau
Tekong
Family Petraliellidae Levinsen, 1909
Mucropetraliella bidata Tilbrook, 2006 ZRC.
BRY.0026 south of Kusu Island
Mucropetraliella loculifera Harmer, 1957 SFH
Mucropetraliella thenardii (Audouin, 1826)
SFH
Petraliella dentilabris (Ortmann, 1892)* ZRC.
BRY.0008, 0117, 0246, 0417, 0520 Tanjong
Tajam, Pulau Ubin; Johor Strait; Kusu Island;
Lazarus Island; St John’s Island
Family Robertsonidridae Rosso, Sciuto & Sinagra,
2010
Robertsonidra argentea (Hincks, 1881) ZRC.
BRY.0015, 0432 Pulau Jong; St John’s Island
Superfamily Mamilloporoidea Canu & Bassler, 1927
Family Crepidacanthidae Levinsen, 1909
Crepidacantha sp. (unregistered) St John’s
Island
Superfamily Celleporoidea Johnston, 1838
Family Colatooeciidae Winston, 2005
Cigclisula areolata (Kirkpatrick, 1890) ZRC.
BRY.0033, 0035, 0038, 0556, 0557, 0656,
0657 Eastern Boarding Ground, off Marina
East; Terumbu Raya off Pulau Semakau;
Changi
Cigclisula fruticosa Hayward & Ryland, 1995*
ZRC.BRY.0046, 0056 Johor Straits
Cigclisula occlusa (Busk, 1884) SFH
Trematooecia clivulata Tilbrook, 2006 ZRC.
BRY.0029, 0598 St John’s Island; Jurong
Island
Family Phidoloporidae Gabb & Horn, 1862
Iodictyum sanguineum (Ortmann, 1890)*
Iodictyum sp. ZRC.BRY.0057, 0118 Eastern
Fairway off Marina East
Lifuella sp. ZRC.BRY.0079, 0469, 0538, 0542
Pulau Hantu

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Plesiocleidochasma laterale (Harmer, 1957)
ZRC.BRY.0124, 0477, 0525 Southern Fairway
off St John’s Island; Pulau Jong
Rhynchozoon haha Hayward, 1988 ZRC.
BRY.0079, 0107, Pulau Hantu; St John’s
Island
Triphyllozoon arcuatum (MacGillivray, 1889)
ZRC.BRY.0018, 0037 Kusu Island
Triphyllozoon hirsutum (Busk, 1884) SFH
Triphyllozoon tubulatum (Busk, 1884) SFH
Superfamily Conescharellinoidea Levinsen, 1909
Family Conescharellinidae Levinsen, 1909
Conescharellina catella Canu & Bassler, 1929
ZRC.BRY.0002, Pulau Hantu
Flabellopora irregularis Canu & Bassler, 1929
ZRC.BRY.0005 near Eastern Bunkering A
anchorage off Changi East
PHYLUM ENTOPROCTA Nitsche, 1870
Order SOLITARIA Emschermann, 1972
Family Loxosomatidae Hincks, 1880a
Loxosoma spp. SFH
Order COLONIALES Emschermann, 1972
Family Barentsiidae
Barentsia gracilis (M. Sars, 1835) SFH
Family Pedicellinidae Johnston, 1847
Pedicellina sp. unregistered St John’s Island
A fuller account of the species listed above requires more-
detailed taxonomic analysis of those species having uncertain
identity, in some instances because colonies were represented
by small or infertile specimens that lacked diagnostic
characters. For example, a ctenostome bryozoan that
resembles Nolella gigantea Busk, 1856 was found growing
intermixed with Sundanella sibogae among mangroves at the
east side of the north end of Lim Chu Kang Road (W Johor
Strait). It may be the same as “N. sp. (as N. papuensis Menon,
1972)” in d’Hondt (1983, p. 46), non N. papuense Busk, 1886
(= N. gigantea). Live zooids had eight tentacles. In the same
environment an undetermined species of Conopeum grew on
the underside of carapaces of the mangrove horseshoe crab
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Other undetermined species
belong to the order Cyclostomata and the cheilostome families
Aeteidae, Electridae, Membraniporidae, Thalamoporellidae,
Calloporidae, Bugulidae, Cribrilinidae, Exechonellidae,
Lepraliellidae, Romancheinidae, Smittinidae, Bitectiporidae,
Lanceoporidae, Microporellidae, Crepidacanthidae and
Phidoloporidae. All of these need to be examined in detail by
scanning electron microscopy and compared with congeners
from the wider region. The record of Thalamoporella tubifera
in the checklist is based on a colony found attached to a
specimen of Iodictyum from Singapore in the Australian
Museum. An historic record of undetermined loxosomatid
entoprocts (Harmer, 1915) on colonies of Triphyllozoon
signies that these solitary creatures too are in need of
further study. They are not uncommon epizoites of fenestrate
bryozoans and certain other invertebrates but are mostly very
small and easily overlooked.
DISCUSSION
The 118 species of Bryozoa listed herein were collected from
a wide range of habitats, including muddy and rocky shores,
seagrass meadows, macroalgae, anthropogenic substrata like
wharf pilings and subtidally by diving and dredging. The most
unusual habitat is, arguably, mangrove leaves at waist- to
chest-height off the mangrove oor; the beaniid cheilostome
Amphibiobeania epiphylla occurs on the undersides of leaves
of Avicennia alba and A. rumphiana at a slightly lower level
on these trees than the saddle oyster Enigmonia aenigmatica.
Nothing is known about the reproductive biology of this
apparently rare bryozoan species (previously known only
from the Darwin area, Australia), and the easily accessible
population at the north end of Lim Chu Kang Road would
be worthy of study. In the same habitat, the ctenostome
Sundanella sibogae is abundant. Masses of colonies, instantly
recognisable by the relatively large size of the zooids, occur
in bands around the bases of mangrove trees and on other
substrata (mostly trash). Although this unusual species is
geographically widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacic, it
has never been the subject of an intensive autecological
study, which would make a valuable contribution to the
broader knowledge of Ctenostomata. The large zooid size
renders this species a potentially useful model organism for
bryozoan studies.
The occasion of the Bryozoan and Hydroid Workshop held
at the Tropical Marine Science Institute on St. John’s Island,
Singapore, 29 April – 3 May 2013 provided an opportunity
to examine live Singaporean bryozoans microscopically,
learning details of biology not previously recorded for some
species. For example, colonies of Tarsocryptus laboriosus,
a tiny transparent species found on the leaves of sea grasses
(Halophila ovalis, H. spinulosa) provided by Ria Tan to the
workshop, was found to be producing abundant sperm on 2
May. This workshop also yielded the rst Singaporean record
of a freshwater bryozoan (Hislopia malayensis), several
marine bryozoans, and a new generic record of phylum
Entoprocta (Pedicellina). The freshwater bryozoan, which
is widely distributed in SE Asia, was found in Kranji Dam
reservoir (1°22’32.18” N, 104°00’21.3” E) under rocks and
submerged leaves of large plants. Only a few zooids of the
entoproct were found, on the underside of a rock along the
northwestern shore of St John’s Island at low tide. Harmer
(1915, pp. 17, 28) had previously reported undetermined
species of solitary entoprocts and the colonial entoproct
Barentsia gracilis; the wide geographic distribution attributed
to this latter taxon, however, suggests that more than one
species is involved.
Some of the species in the checklist are clearly invasive
(for example, Bugula neritina and Watersipora subatra);
others are probably invasive (e.g., Biustra perambulata and
Hippoporina indica); many others on the list are certainly
cryptogenic. The majority of bryozoan species, however,
generally widespread in the tropical Indo-West Pacic, are
anticipated to be native to Singapore.
The Bryozoa of Singapore have long been overlooked and

601
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understudied. In the event, several easily collected intertidal
species, including populations of Sundanella sibogae,
Amphibiobeania epiphylla and some of the alien-invasive
taxa, are amenable to research on their biology (growth
and reproduction) and ecology. Although a number of taxa
in the above list are presently undetermined to species, the
total number encountered is at least indicative of the hitherto
unappreciated diversity of phylum Bryozoa in Singapore’s
waters. As Tilbrook & Gordon (2015) pointed out, the
actual diversity of Singaporean Bryozoa is likely to reach
or exceed 200 species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are deeply grateful for invitations to participate
in the recent workshops held in Singapore, respectively in
2012 and 2013. The Johor Straits and Singapore Straits marine
biodiversity workshops on Pulau Ubin and St. John’s Island,
Singapore respectively (attended by KJT), were organised
by the National Parks Board and National University of
Singapore. As part of the Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity
Survey they were supported by generous contributions
from Asia Pacic Breweries Singapore, Care-for-Nature
Trust Fund, Keppel Care Foundation, Shell Companies in
Singapore and The Air Liquide Group. DPG participated in
the Bryozoan and Hydroid Workshop held at the Tropical
Marine Science Institute’s research laboratory on St John’s
Island. KJT also spent July 2014 in the Lee Kong Chian
Natural History Museum as a Shell Visiting Scientist.
Organisers, participants and vessel skippers involved in
the workshops are warmly thanked for all help rendered.
Ria Tan enthusiastically provided additional specimens
to the 2013 bryozoan workshop and assisted in the eld.
Special thanks are due to Tan Koh Siang and Serena Teo
for providing the opportunities for the authors to visit the
outstanding island nation of Singapore and to take delight
in its exceptional biodiversity.
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