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A new species of genus Anteaglonium (Anteagloniaceae, Pleosporales) with its asexual morph

June 2016
Phytotaxa 263(3):233

June 2016
263(3):233

DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.263.3.4

Authors:

Subashini Chathumini Jayasiri

Qujing Normal University

E. B. G. Jones

King Saud University

Ji-Chuan Kang

Guizhou University

Itthayakorn Promputtha

Chiang Mai University

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The family Anteagloniaceae comprises the genera, Anteaglonium and Flammeascoma. The family shares similar characters with taxa in the Hysteriales, but groups in the Pleosporales. No asexual morph is known in this family. In the present study we introduce a new species Anteaglonium thailandicum, re-examine A. parvulum and document its asexual morph. We observed different culture characters with similar morphology and molecular data for four strains of A. parvulum isolated from collections in Thailand. In this study we introduce A. thailandicum which has different hysterothecial characters as compared to A. parvulum and A. globosum, especially in the globose, roughened wall, indistinct slit, short subicula and short tomentum and also based on differences in LSU, SSU and TEF sequence data.

RAxML Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on a combined partial LSU, SSU and TEF 1 gene datasets. Bootstrap values from maximum likelihood (ML, left) more than 70% are given above the nodes. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP, right) of more than 0.90 are given above the nodes. The tree is rooted to Dendryphiopsis atra AFTOL-ID 273. All new isolates are in blue.

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Anteaglonium thailandicum (holotype). a–c View of hysterothecia on host surface. d Section through hysterothecium. e Peridium. f Pseudoparaphyses. g–l Ascospores. m–p Asci. Scale bars: d=100 μm, e=20 μm, f=10 µm, g–l=5 µm, m–p=20 µm. Saprobic on decorticated wood of an unidentified plant. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 250–430 μm long, 200–250 μm high, 170–200 μm wide, superficial, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to oblong, straight, smooth or slightly striate laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, linear or rarely lying at irregular angles, occurring on a black thin crust, tending to darken the substratum, without KOH extractable pigments. Peridium 34–66 μm thick, carbonaceous, brittle with age, longitudinally striated at the margins, thickened towards apex, base less thick, the inner layer compressed and pallid, the outer layer thickened, comprising pigmented cells of textural angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, 1–1.5 µm (n = 30) wide, aseptate pseudoparaphyses, branched above the asci. Asci 45–50 × 3.5–5.5 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, obliquely to irregularly uniseriate. Ascospores 6.4–7.8

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Asexual morph of Anteaglonium thailandicum from culture. a Germinated spore. b, c Culture from above and below. d, e Fruiting bodies forming in culture. f Vertical section of conidioma. g Conidiomata wall. h Conidiophore. j, i Conidiogenous cells. k–n Conidia. Scale bars: a=10 µm, f=50 µm, g–j=20 µm, k–n=5 µm, k=10 µm.

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Anteaglonium parvulum (MFLU 16-0472-reference specimen). a–c View of hysterothecia on host surface. d Section through hysterothecium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Ascospores. j–m Asci. Scale bars: d=50 µm, e=10 µm, f–i=5 µm, j–m=10 µm. Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 250–430 μm long, 200–250 μm high, 170–200 μm wide hysterothecial, superficial or sunken in substrate, oval to elongate, or globose to subglobose, black, carbonaceous, straight or curved, rarely branched, without subiculum, acuminate apices, occurring on a black thin crust, not tending

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Phytotaxa 263 (3): 233–244

http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/

ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)

ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)

Accepted by Jian-Kui Liu: 10 May 2016; published: 3 Jun. 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.263.3.4

233

A new species of genus Anteaglonium (Anteagloniaceae, Pleosporales) with its

asexual morph

SUBASHINI C. JAYASIRI1,2, E.B. GARETH JONES3, JI-CHUAN KANG2, ITTHAYAKORN PROMPUTTHA4,*,

ALI H. BAHKALI3 & KEVIN D. HYDE1, 3, 5

1Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

2Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang

550025, Guizhou Province, China

3Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia

4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

5World Agro forestry Centre East and Central Asia Office, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China

*Author for correspondence: itthayakorn.p@cmu.ac.th

Abstract

The family Anteagloniaceae comprises the genera, Anteaglonium and Flammeascoma. The family shares similar characters

with taxa in the Hysteriales, but groups in the Pleosporales. No asexual morph is known in this family. In the present study

we introduce a new species Anteaglonium thailandicum, re-examine A. parvulum and document its asexual morph. We ob-

served different culture characters with similar morphology and molecular data for four strains of A. parvulum isolated from

collections in Thailand. In this study we introduce A. thailandicum which has different hysterothecial characters as compared

to A. parvulum and A. globosum, especially in the globose, roughened wall, indistinct slit, short subicula and short tomentum

and also based on differences in LSU, SSU and TEF sequence data.

Keywords: Asexual, hysterothecia, LSU, SSU, TEF

Introduction

The family Anteagloniaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (2013) to accommodate a monotypic genus Anteaglonium

which is associated with decorticated wood. Mugambi and Huhndorf (2009) introduced Anteaglonium, which grouped

in the Pleosporales and outside the order Hysteriales, which shows parallel evolution of hysteriothecial ascomata in the

class Dothideomycetes. A similar topology was shown in other studies (Schoch et al. 2009; Mugambi and Huhndorf

2009a; Zhang et al. 2012a) and confirmed by Hyde et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014). These studies show

that A. abbreviatum (Schwein.) Mugambi & Huhndorf, A. globosum Mugambi & Huhndorf, A. parvulum (W.R. Gerard)

Mugambi & Huhndorf and A. latirostrum Mugambi & Huhndorf, group in the Anteagloniaceae. The first three species

are characterized by hyaline didymospores (Zogg 1962), less than 8 μm long. The fourth species A. latirostrum has

longer spores (>8 μm). This family share common characters of thick-walled, carbonaceous, navicular pseudothecia

that characteristically dehisce by a longitudinal slit. Anteaglonium and Flammeascoma of this family have different

spore morphology and are clearly separated in the phylogenetic analyses. Anteaglonium shares similar morphological

characters with Psiloglonium, but is phylogenetically distinct (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009). Anteaglonium had

previously been placed in Hysteriaceae because of its hysterothecial ascomata (Boehm et al. 2009b; Mugambi and

Huhndorf 2009; Hyde et al. 2013). Subsequently, Flammeascoma was added in this family by Liu et al. (2015).

Thick-walled, navicular hysterothecia with a prominent longitudinal slit, has long been considered synapomorphic,

and defining the order Hysteriales. However, this type of fruiting body has evolved five times within the subclass

Pleosporomycetidae (e.g., Farlowiella, Glonium, Anteaglonium, Hysterographium and Hysteriaceae) (Boehm et al.

2009a). It clearly shows that Anteaglonium (family Anteagloniaceae) evolved separately from Hysteriaceae (Boehm

et al. 2009b). Clearly, additional species and genera need to be sampled before a complete picture emerges for the

family Anteagloniaceae. In this study we introduce A. thailandicum and re-examine the morphology and phylogeny of

A. parvulum and record for the first time an asexual morph for this genus.

JAYASIRI ET AL.

Material and Methods

Collections, morphology and isolation

Specimens were collected in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Studies on the gross morphology and photomicrography were

carried out under a Nikon Eclipse Ni stereomicroscope. Sections of ascomata were made by free-hand using a blade.

Several specimens were used to observe the asci and ascospore characters and slides were preserved in lactoglycerol.

Micro-morphological characters were observed under a compound microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ni), and measurements

made using Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work v. 0.9.7. Single spore isolation was carried out following the method of

Chomnunti et al. (2014). New isolates are deposited in the Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU), Chiang

Rai, Thailand and Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (HKAS) China and ex-

type cultures in Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC), and Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB).

Facesoffungi (Jayasiri et al. 2015) and Index Fungorum (2016) numbers are provided for new taxa.

Establishing the asexual morphs

Circular (0.5 cm) agar blocks from growing colony margins were cut and placed on fresh Malt Extract Agar (MEA)

plates as described in Phookamak et al. (2015). Asexual structures produced on Malt Extract Agar were observed after

eight weeks of incubation, under light, at 20° C.

DNA isolation, amplification and sequencing

Fungal isolates grown on MEA for 28–30 days at 25°C in the dark. Genomic DNA was extracted from the growing

mycelium using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (BioFlux®) following the manufacturer’s protocol

(Hangzhou, P.R. China). DNA amplifications were performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The partial

small subunit nuclear rDNA (SSU) was amplified by using primers NS1 and NS4 (White et al. 1990). The partial

large subunit nuclear rDNA (LSU) was amplified by using primers LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). The

translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1) was amplified by using primers EF1-983F and EF1-2218R (Rehner

2001). The amplification reaction was carried out following the protocol: The final volume of the PCR reaction was

50μl which contained 2.0μl of DNA template, 1.5μl of each forward and reverse primers, 25μl of 2× Easy Taq PCR

SuperMix (mixture of EasyTaqTM DNA Polymerase, dNTPs, and optimized buffer, Beijing TransGen Biotech Co.,

Ltd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR China) and 20μl sterilized water (Phookamsak et al. 2013). The PCR thermal

cycle program of nuSSU, nuLSU and TEF1 genes amplification were provided as: initially 94 °C for 3 min, followed

by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 50 s, elongation at 72 °C for 1 min, and final

extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Newly generated sequence is in GenBank

Phylogenetic analysis

Sequence data were downloaded from GenBank to supplement the dataset (Table 1) The represented sequences

including those newly obtained were aligned using MAFFT v. 6.864b (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.

html) and improved manually where necessary using Bioedit (Hall 1999). Dendryphiopsis atra AFTOL-ID 273

selected as the outgroup taxon. The model of evolution was carried out using MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004). The

nucleotide substitution models selected for individual and combined datasets were GTR+I+G. Maximum likelihood

analysis was performed using RAxML GUIv.0.9b2 (Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The search strategy was set to rapid

bootstrapping and the analysis carried out using the GTRGAMMAI model of nucleotide substitution. The number of

replicates was inferred using the stopping criterion (Pattengale et al. 2009). Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values

equal or greater than 70% are given as the first set of numbers above the nodes (Fig. 1).

To perform Bayesian analysis, the model of evolution was performed by using MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander

2004). The nucleotide substitution models selected for individual and combined datasets were GTR+I+G. Posterior

probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996; Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002) were determined by Markov Chain

Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) in MrBayes v. 3.0b4 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Four simultaneous Markov

chains were run for 1, 000, 000 (0.008 split frequencies) generations and trees were sampled every 100th generation;

a total 10,000 trees were obtained. The first 2000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded,

while the remaining trees were used for calculating posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree (critical

value for the topological convergence diagnostic set to 0.01) (Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002). Posterior probabilities

(PP) values equal or greater than 0.90 are given as the second set of numbers above the nodes (Fig. 1).

TABLE 1. Taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis and GenBank accession numbers (LSU, SSU and TEF 1 sequence data)

and species. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold.

Species name Family Culture number Gene Bank accession no.

LSU SSU TEF 1

Aigialus mangrovis Aigialaceae BCC 33564 GU479777 GU479742 GU479841

Aigialus grandis Aigialaceae BCC 18419TGU479774 GU479738 GU479838

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae GKM 1218 GQ221880 NA GQ221922

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae SMH 5223 GQ221909 NA GQ221918

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae SMH5210 GQ221907 NA GQ221917

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae GKM219N GQ221881 NA GQ221916

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 14 0815 KU922911 KU922912 KU922919

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 14-0817 KU922913 KU922914 NA

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 14-0821 KU922915 KU922916 KU922921

Anteaglonium parvulum Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 14-0823 KU922917 KU922918 KU922922

Anteaglonium brasiliense Anteagloniaceae HUEFS 192250TKF906410 NA NA

Anteaglonium abbreviatum Anteagloniaceae ANM 925aTGQ221877 NA NA

Anteaglonium abbreviatum Anteagloniaceae GKM 1029 GQ221878 NA NA

Anteaglonium globosum Anteagloniaceae ANM 925.2 GQ221879 NA NA

Anteaglonium globosum Anteagloniaceae SMH 5283 GQ221911 NA GQ221919

Anteaglonium latirostrum Anteagloniaceae GKM 1119 GQ221874 NA GQ221937

Anteaglonium latirostrum Anteagloniaceae GKML100Nb GQ221876 NA GQ221938

Anteaglonium thailandium Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 14-0816TKU922909 KU922910 KU922920

Amniculicola immerse Amniculicolaceae CBS 123 083 FJ795498 GU456295 GU456273

Amniculicola parva Amniculicolaceae CBS 123 092 GU301797 GU296134 GU349065

Ascocratera manglicola Aigialaceae BCC 09270 T GU479782 GU479747 GU479846

Byssolophis sphaerioides Lopiostomataceae IFRDCC2053 GU301805 GU456296 GU456263

Delitschia winteri Delitschiaceae AFTOL-ID 1599 DQ678077 DQ678026 DQ677922

Dendryphiopsis atra Kirschsteiniotheliaceae AFTOL-ID 273 DQ678046 DQ677996 DQ677884

Fissuroma maculans Aigialaceae MFLUCC 10 0886TNG_042598 JN846734 NA

Flammeascoma bambusae Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 10 0551TKP744485 KP753952 NA

Flammeascoma lignicola Anteagloniaceae MFLUCC 10 0128TKT324583 KT324584 KT324585

Gloniopsis subrugosa Hysteriaceae SMH557 GQ221896 NA GU397337

Glonium stellatum Gloniaceae CBS 207.34 FJ161179 FJ161140 FJ161095

Hysterium pulicare Hysteriaceae ANM1455 GQ221904 NA GQ221932

Hysterobrevium mori Hysteriaceae GKM 1013 GU397344 NA GU397338

Lepidosphaeria nicotiae Testudinaceae AFTOL-ID 1576TDQ678067 NA DQ677910

Lindgomyces ingoldianus Lindgomycetaceae ATCC 200398TNG042321 AB521719 NA

Lindgomyces rotundatus Lindgomycetaceae HHUF 27999/KT

1096

AB521740 AB521723 NA

Lophiotrema

brunneosporum

Lophiotremataceae CBS 123095 GU301835 GU296165 GU349071

...Continued on next page

JAYASIRI ET AL.

TABLE 1. (Continued)

Species name Family Culture number Gene Bank accession no.

LSU SSU TEF 1

Lophiotrema lignicola Lophiotremataceae CBS 122364T GU301836 GU296166 GU349072

Lophiotrema nucula Lophiotremataceae JCM 14132 AB619021 AB618703 NA

Lophiotrema nucula Lophiotremataceae CBS 627.86TGU301837 GU296167 GU349073

Lophium mytilinum Mytilinidiaceae AFTOL-ID 1609 DQ678081 DQ678030 DQ677926

Mytilinidion mytilinellum Mytilinidiaceae CBS 303.34 FJ161184 FJ161144 FJ161100

Neoastrosphaeriella

krabiensis

Aigialaceae MFLUCC 11 0025TNG042599 JN846739 NA

Oedohysterium insidens Hysteriaceae CBS 238.34 NA FJ161142 FJ161097

Polyplosphaeria fusca Tetraplosphaeriaceae KT 1616TAB524604 AB524463 AB524820

Pseudotetraploa

curviappendiculata

Tetraplosphaeriaceae KT 2558 AB524610 AB524469 AB524825

Psiloglonium simulans Hysteriaceae CBS 206.34 FJ161178 FJ161139 FJ161094

Quadricrura

septentrionalis

Tetraplosphaeriaceae HC 4984TAB524616 NA AB524831

Quintaria submersa Salsugineaceae CBS 11 5553 GU301866 NA GU349003

Rimora mangrovei Aigialaceae JK 5437BT GU479798 GU479765 NA

Salsuginea ramicola Salsugineaceae KT 2597.1TGU479800 GU479767 GU479861

Tetraplosphaeria sasicola Tetraplosphaeriaceae KT 563TAB524631 AB524490 AB524838

Triplosphaeria maxima Tetraplosphaeriaceae KT 870TAB524637 AB524496 AB524843

Verruculina enalia Testudinaceae BCC 18401TGU479802 GU479770 GU479863

Ulospora bilgramii Testudinaceae CBS 110020TDQ384108 DQ384083 NA

TType strain.

bNA = not available.

Results and Discussion

Molecular phylogeny

The combined LSU, SSU and TEF 1 dataset comprising 53 strains of species from the family Anteagloniaceae and

families close to Anteagloniaceae, were used to determine the generic placement of our four isolates of A. parvulum

and an isolate of A. thailandicum. Taxa were selected using multigene phylogenetic analysis of previous studies of

the class Dothideomycetes (Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014) and family Anteagloniaceae (De Almeida

et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015). Phylogenetic trees obtained from Maximum Likelihood and

Bayesian analysis yielded trees with similar overall topology at subclass and family relationships are in agreement

with previous work based on Maximum Likelihood analysis (De Almeida et al. 2014; Ariyawansa et al. 2015; Liu et

al. 2015). Individual LSU, SSU and TEF 1 single gene trees were initially made and had a similar topology (data not

shown). Therefore, the genes were combined and the best scoring ML tree is presented in Fig. 1. Our four A. parvulum

(MFLUCC 14 0815, 14-0817, 14-0821, 14-0823) isolates clustered with other strains of A. parvulum (GKM 1218,

SMH 5223, SMH5210 and GKM 219 N), hence we could confirm placement of our new collections. In addition,

we introduce A. thailandicum as it separates from species in the genus. In this study both Maximum Likelihood and

Bayesian analyses show a relationship with other verified Anteaglonium species. The new sequence data are deposited

in GenBank (Table 1).

FIGURE 1. RAxML Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on a combined partial LSU, SSU and TEF 1 gene datasets. Bootstrap

values from maximum likelihood (ML, left) more than 70% are given above the nodes. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP, right) of more

than 0.90 are given above the nodes. The tree is rooted to Dendryphiopsis atra AFTOL-ID 273. All new isolates are in blue.

JAYASIRI ET AL.

Taxonomy

Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf, Syst. Biodiv. 7(4): 460 (2009)

Type: Anteaglonium abbreviatum (Schwein.) Mugambi & Huhndorf.

Anteaglonium thailandicum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum Number: IF551984 Facesoffungi Number: FoF 01930 Fig:2

Holotype: MFLU 16-0471

Etymology:—With reference to country where the specimen was found.

FIGURE 2. Anteaglonium thailandicum (holotype). a–c View of hysterothecia on host surface. d Section through hysterothecium. e

Peridium. f Pseudoparaphyses. g–l Ascospores. m–p Asci. Scale bars: d=100 μm, e=20 μm, f=10 µm, g–l=5 µm, m–p=20 µm.

Saprobic on decorticated wood of an unidentified plant. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 250–430 μm long, 200–250

μm high, 170–200 μm wide, superficial, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to oblong, straight, smooth or slightly striate

laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, linear or rarely lying at irregular angles, occurring on

a black thin crust, tending to darken the substratum, without KOH extractable pigments. Peridium 34–66 μm thick,

carbonaceous, brittle with age, longitudinally striated at the margins, thickened towards apex, base less thick, the inner

layer compressed and pallid, the outer layer thickened, comprising pigmented cells of textural angularis. Hamathecium

comprising numerous, 1–1.5 µm (n = 30) wide, aseptate pseudoparaphyses, branched above the asci. Asci 45–50 ×

3.5–5.5 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, obliquely to irregularly uniseriate. Ascospores 6.4–7.8

× 2.4–3.1 μm (

= 7 × 2.8 µm; n = 20), ellipsoid to obovoid, straight, hyaline, smooth-walled, 1-septate, constricted at

the septum, guttulate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 100–150 µm high, 150–170 µm diam., pycnidial,

globose, superficial to subperidermal, separate, unilocular, thick-walled, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 30–50 µm wide,

composed of 6–8 layers, with outer 2–3 layers of pale brown and inner 4–5 layers of hyaline cells of texura angularis.

Conidiophores long, unbranched, hyaline, formed from the innermost layer of wall cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–5 ×

2–3 µm, globose, hyaline, smooth, with a rounded tip. Conidia 3–5 × 2–3 µm (

= 4 × 2.5 µm; n = 20), hyaline, oval

to globose, rounded at both ends, aseptate, smooth walled (Fig. 3).

Culture characters:—Colonies on MEA 23 mm diam after 7 d, raised, with lobate margin; colony two layered,

outer layer white and inwardly black. with asexual structures, finely floccose to woolly aerial mycelium in outer layer.

Reverse off white with middle black.

Material examined:—THAILAND. Chiang Rai: Doi Pui, dead branch of undetermined, 15 June 2014, Subashini

C. Jayasiri (MFLU 16-0471, holotype; isotype in KUN); ex-type culture, MFLUCC 14-0816, KUNCC.

FIGURE 3. Asexual morph of Anteaglonium thailandicum from culture. a Germinated spore. b, c Culture from above and below. d, e

Fruiting bodies forming in culture. f Vertical section of conidioma. g Conidiomata wall. h Conidiophore. j, i Conidiogenous cells. k–n

Conidia. Scale bars: a=10 µm, f=50 µm, g–j=20 µm, k–n=5 µm, k=10 µm.

Notes:—This species belongs to the genus Anteaglonium because of its morphological features, in particular

the oval to elongate, or globose to subglobose, black, carbonaceous, hysterothecia, which are superficial or sunken

in the substrate, cylindric-clavate, short-pedicellate asci, and uniseriate, hyaline, two-celled, small (less than 8 μm

long) ascospores. It also differs in the multigene phylogenetic analysis, where it clusters with other Anteaglonium

JAYASIRI ET AL.

species but is distinct. Anteaglonium globosum resembles A. thailandicum in spore shape and size and in tending

to darken the substratum, but Anteaglonium globosum differs from A. thailandicum in having globose hysterothecia

with a roughened wall, an indistinct slit, short subicula, short tomentum hysterothecial wall and producing a strong

green soluble pigments in KOH. Anteaglonium thailandicum lacks a subiculum, has a rough, tomentose and irregular

hysterothecial wall and lacks KOH extractable pigments. These character differences and multigene phylogenetic

analysis are used to justify the introduction of this new species.

Anteaglonium parvulum (W.R. Gerard) Mugambi & Huhndorf, Syst. Biodiv. 7(4): 462 (2009)

Facesoffungi Number: FoF 01931

Reference specimen: MFLU 16-0472 Fig: 4

FIGURE 4. Anteaglonium parvulum (MFLU 16-0472-reference specimen). a–c View of hysterothecia on host surface. d Section through

hysterothecium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Ascospores. j–m Asci. Scale bars: d=50 µm, e=10 µm, f–i=5 µm, j–m=10 µm.

Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 250–430 μm long, 200–250 μm high, 170–200 μm wide

hysterothecial, superficial or sunken in substrate, oval to elongate, or globose to subglobose, black, carbonaceous,

straight or curved, rarely branched, without subiculum, acuminate apices, occurring on a black thin crust, not tending

to darken the substratum, without KOH extractable pigments. Ostiole central, slit-like. Peridium 35–41 μm thick, dark

brown, comprising a single stratum of dark brown cells of textura epidermoidea. Hamathecium comprising 0.5–1.3

μm thin, cylindrical to filiform, hyaline, septate pseudoparaphyses in a gelatinous matrix, found between and above the

asci. Asci 30–52 × 3.2–5.8 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, elongate cylindric-clavate, straight or slightly curved,

short-pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 5.2–8 × 2–3.2 μm (

= 7 × 2.7 µm; n = 20),

uniseriate, 2-celled, very small, ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at septa, widest at the middle and tapering

towards the narrow ends, straight, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 110–121 µm high,

104–115 µm diam., pycnidial, globose, superficial to subperidermal, separate, unilocular, thick-walled. Conidiomata

wall 19–23 µm wide, composed of 4–6 layers, brown colour cells textura angularis. Conidiophores 8–13 µm long,

unbranched, hyaline, formed from the innermost layer of wall cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–5 × 3–2–3 µm, globose,

hyaline, smooth, with a rounded tip. Conidia 3–5 × 2–3 µm (

= 4 × 2.5 µm; n = 20), hyaline, oval to globose, rounded

at both ends, aseptate, smooth walled (Fig. 5).

FIGURE 5. Asexual morph of Anteaglonium parvulum from culture. a Germinated ascospore. b Above view of colony. c Reverse view

of colony. d Asexual structures in culture. e Section through pycnidia. f Conidiomata wall. g, h Conidiogenous cells. i Conidia. Scale bars:

b, c=4 cm, e=50 µm, f=20 µm, g–i=10 µm.

JAYASIRI ET AL.

Colony characteristics:—Colonies on MEA, 13–16 mm diam within 7 days at 25° C, tightly arranged, with short,

aerial mycelium. Four strains were isolated from this species and there are given different colonies when grow in same

condition (Fig. 6).

Material examined:—THAILAND. Chiang Rai: Doi Pui, dead branch of undetermined tree, 15 June 2014,

Subashini C. Jayasiri, reference specimen designated here (MFLU 16-0472, (HKAS91941) (MFLU 16-0473,

MFLU16-0474, MFLU 16-0470) ex-type culture (MFLUCC 14-0817) (MFLUCC 14-0815, MFLUCC 14-0821,

MFLUCC 14-0823).

Notes:—This species belongs to the genus Anteaglonium because of its morphological features, in particular

the black, carbonaceous hysterothecia, cylindric-clavate, short-pedicellate asci, and uniseriate, hyaline, two-celled,

small (less than 8 μm) ascospores. In the multigene phylogenetic analysis, it also clusters with other Anteaglonium

species. In this study, four Anteaglonium parvulum strains (MFLUCC 14-0817, MFLUCC 14-0815, MFLUCC 14-

0821, MFLUCC 14-0823) were isolated from Chiang Rai, Thailand. They are morphologically similar with previous

records (GKM 1218, SMH 5223, SMH5210, GKM 219 N) of this species in having acuminate hysterothecial apices,

lack of darkening of substrate, and absence of KOH-soluble pigments (Boehm et al. 2009b). They also clustered

with sequences strains of A. parvulum from the GenBank. Morphologically and phylogenetically these four strains

(MFLUCC 14-0817, MFLUCC 14-0815, MFLUCC 14-0821, MFLUCC 14-0823) are similar, but have different

culture characteristics as illustrated in Fig. 6. Biological and culture characters were used as criteria for separating

species in plant pathogenic fungi (Bernadovičová and Juhásová 2006), but this is not adopted in this paper.

FIGURE 6. Different colony morphology of four Anteaglonium parvulum strains. a MFLUCC 14-0817 forward, b Reverse. c MFLUCC

14-0821 forward, d Reverse. e MFLUCC 14-0823 forward, f Reverse. g MFLUCC 14-0815 forward, h Reverse. Scale bars: a–h=4 cm.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the International Research Group Program (IRG-14-27), Deanship of Scientific

Research, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. K.D. Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences, [project number

2013T2S003], for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of

Botany. MFLU [grant number 56101020032] is thanked for supporting studies on Dothideomycetes. We are grateful

to the Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Subashini C. Jayasiri is grateful to Mr. and (Late) Mrs.

Jayasiri and S.P.R.D. Lasantha for their valuable suggestions.

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Full-text available

Oct 2023

This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.

The Influence of Cone Age and Urbanisation on the Diversity and Community Composition of Culturable Seed Fungal Endophytes within Native Australian Banksia ericifolia L.f. subsp. ericifolia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023
J. Fungi

Seed fungal endophytes play a crucial role in assisting the overall health and success of their host plant; however, little is known about the factors that influence the diversity and composition of these endophytes, particularly with respect to how they change over time and within urban environments. Using culturing techniques, morphological analyses, and Sanger sequencing, we identified the culturable seed fungal endophytes of Banksia ericifolia at two urban and two natural sites in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. A total of 27 Operational Taxonomic Units were obtained from 1200 seeds. Older cones were found to contain, on average, more colonised endophytes than younger cones. Species richness was also significantly influenced by cone age, with older cones being more speciose. Between urban and natural sites, the overall community composition did not change, although species richness and diversity were greatest at urban sites. Understanding how these endophytes vary in time and space may help provide an insight into the transmission pathways used and the potential role they play within the development and survival of the seed. This knowledge may also be crucial for restoration purposes, especially regarding the need to consider endophyte viability in ex situ seed collection and storage in seed-banking practices.

Acrogenospora stellata De la Peña-Lastra, A. Mateos & Quijada, sp. nov. on dead wood or bark. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
Persoonia

Acrogenospora stellata De la Peña-Lastra, A. Mateos & Quijada, sp. nov. Fungal Planet 1436 – Persoonia 49, 2022: 261– 350

Refined families of Dothideomycetes: Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020

Novel saprobic Hermatomyces species (Hermatomycetaceae, Pleosporales) from China (Yunnan Province) and Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

During our survey of the diversity of woody litter fungi in China and Thailand, three Hermatomyces species were collected from dead woody twigs of Dipterocarpus sp. (Dipterocarpaceae) and Ehretia acuminata (Boraginaceae). Both morphology and multigene analyses revealed two taxa as new species ( Hermatomyces turbinatus and H. jinghaensis ) and the remaining collections as new records of H. sphaericus . Hermatomyces turbinatus is characterized by 1) dimorphic conidia, having circular to oval lenticular conidia and 2) turbinate conidia consisting of two columns with two septa composed of 2–3 cells in each column. Hermatomyces jinghaensis is characterized by dimorphic conidia, having circular to oval lenticular conidia and clavate or subcylindrical to cylindrical conidia and consisting of one or two columns with 6–8 cells in each column. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS, tub 2, tef 1-α and rpb 2 sequence data supports the placement of these new taxa within Hermatomycetaceae with high statistical support.

Novel saprobic Hermatomyces species (Hermatomycetaceae, Pleosporales) from Thailand and China (Yunnan Province)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

During our survey of the diversity of woody litter fungi in China and Thailand, three Hermatomyces species were collected from dead woody twigs of Dipterocarpus sp. (Dipterocarpaceae) and Ehretia acuminata (Boraginaceae). Both morphology and multigene analyses revealed two taxa as new species (Hermatomyces turbinatus and H. jinghaensis) and the remaining collections as new records of H. sphaericus. Hermato-myces turbinatus is characterized by 1) dimorphic conidia, having circular to oval lenticular conidia and 2) turbinate conidia consisting of two columns with two septa composed of 2-3 cells in each column. Hermatomyces jinghaensis is characterized by dimorphic conidia, having circular to oval lenticular conidia and clavate or subcylindrical to cylindrical conidia and consisting of one or two columns with 6-8 cells in each column. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS, tub2, tef1-α and rpb2 sequence data supports the placement of these new taxa within Hermatomycetaceae with high statistical support.

Towards a natural classification of Astrosphaeriella-like species; introducing Astrosphaeriellaceae and Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae fam. nov. and Astrosphaeriellopsis, gen. nov.

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

Astrosphaeriella sensu lato is a common genus occurring on bamboo, palms and stout grasses. Species of Astrosphaeriella have been collected from various countries in tropical, subtropical or temperate regions. In Asia, species have been collected in Brunei, China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and Vietnam. There have been several morphological studies on Astrosphaeriella, but molecular work and phylogenetic analyses are generally lacking. Taxa included in Astrosphaeriella were characterized in three main groups 1) typical Astrosphaeriella species (sensu stricto) having carbonaceous, erumpent, conical ascostromata 2) atypical Astrosphaeriella species (sensu lato) having immersed, coriaceous ascostromata with short to long papilla and 3) lophiostoma-like species having immersed ascostromata with slit-like openings. Some of the latter Astrosphaeriella species, having slit-like openings, have been transferred to Fissuroma and Rimora in Aigialaceae. In this study five type specimens of Astrosphaeriella were loaned from herbaria worldwide and re-examined and are re-described and illustrated. Collections of Astrosphaeriella were also made in Thailand and morphologically examined. Pure cultures were obtained from single spores and used in molecular studies. The asexual morph was induced on sterile bamboo pieces placed on water agar. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU and TEF1 sequence data of astrosphaeriella-like species using Bayesian, Maximum parsimony (MP) and Randomized Accelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) analyses were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses show that species of Astrosphaeriella can be distinguished in at least three families. Species of Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto with erumpent, carbonaceous ascostromata, form a strongly supported clade with Pteridiospora species and a new family, Astrosphaeriellaceae, is introduced to accommodate these taxa. The genera are revised and Astrosphaeriella bambusae, A. neofusispora, A. neostellata, A. thailandica, A. thysanolaenae and Pteridiospora chiangraiensis are introduced as new species. Astrosphaeriella exorrhiza is reported on a dead stem of Thysanolaena maxima and is the first record for Thailand. Reference specimens for A. fusispora and A. tornata are designated to stabilize the taxonomy of Astrosphaeriella. The coelomycetous asexual morph of A. bambusae is reported and forms hyaline, globose to subglobose, aseptate conidia. Species of Astrosphaeriella sensu lato with immersed, coriaceous ascostromata, with short to long papilla and striate ascospores, form a sister clade with Tetraplosphaeriaceae. The genus Pseudoastrosphaeriella is introduced to accommodate some of these taxa with three new species and three new combinations, viz. P. aequatoriensis, P. africana, P. bambusae, P. longicolla, P. papillata and P. thailandensis. A new family Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae is introduced to accommodate this presently monotypic lineage comprising Pseudoastrosphaeriella. The asexual morph of P. thailandensis is described. Astrosphaeriella bakeriana forms a distinct clade basal to Aigialaceae. Astrosphaeriella bakeriana is excluded from Astrosphaeriella and a new genus Astrosphaeriellopsis, placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, is introduced to accommodate this taxon. Fissuroma aggregata (Aigialaceae) is re-visited and is shown to be a cryptic species. Three new species of Fissuroma and a new combination are introduced based on morphology and phylogeny viz. F. bambusae, F. fissuristoma, F. neoaggregata and F. thailandicum. The asexual morph of Fissuroma bambusae is also reported.

Probability Distribution of Molecular Evolutionary Trees: A New Method of Phylogenetic Inference

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1996

A new method is presented for inferring evolutionary trees using nucleotide sequence data. The birth–death process is used as a model of speciation and extinction to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and branching times. Nucleotide substitution is modeled by a continuous-time Markov process. Parameters of the branching model and the substitution model are estimated by maximum likelihood. The posterior probabilities of different phylogenies are calculated and the phy-logeny with the highest posterior probability is chosen as the best estimate of the evolutionary relationship among species. We refer to this as the maximum posterior probability (MAP) tree. The posterior probability provides a natural measure of the reliability of the estimated phy-logeny. Two example data sets are analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationship of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. The best trees estimated by the new method are the same as those from the maximum likelihood analysis of separate topologies, but the posterior probabilities are quite different from the bootstrap proportions. The results of the method are found to be insensitive to changes in the rate parameter of the branching process.

Fungal Diversity Notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa, including five new families, 20 new genera, and 100 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new families, Ascocylindricaceae, Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae (Ascomycota) are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology. The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria (Amniculicolaceae), Heracleicola, Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis (Didymellaceae), Pseudopithomyces (Didymosphaeriaceae), Brunneoclavispora, Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium (Halotthiaceae), Lophiohelichrysum (Lophiostomataceae), Galliicola, Populocrescentia and Vagicola (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Ascocylindrica (Ascocylindricaceae), Elongatopedicellata (Roussoellaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria (Latoruaceae) and Pseudomonodictys (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae) are introduced. The newly described species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola (Amniculicolaceae), Flammeascoma lignicola (Anteagloniaceae), Ascocylindrica marina (Ascocylindricaceae), Lembosia xyliae (Asterinaceae), Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola (Botryosphaeriaceae), Caryospora aquatica (Caryosporaceae), Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum (Didymellaceae), Pseudopithomyces palmicola (Didymosphaeriaceae), Floricola viticola (Floricolaceae), Brunneoclavispora bambusae, Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica (Halotthiaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria fagi (Latoruaceae), Keissleriella dactylidicola (Lentitheciaceae), Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi (Lophiostomataceae), Aquasubmersa japonica (Lophiotremataceae), Pseudomonodictys tectonae (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae), Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae (Microthyriaceae), Alloleptosphaeria clematidis, Allophaeosphaeria cytisi, Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora, Dematiopleospora luzulae, Entodesmium artemisiae, Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria, Loratospora luzulae, Nodulosphaeria senecionis, Ophiosphaerella aquaticus, Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Elongatopedicellata lignicola, Roussoella magnatum and Roussoella angustior (Roussoellaceae) and Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata (Tetraploasphaeriaceae). The new combinations Pseudomassariosphaeria grandispora, Austropleospora archidendri, Pseudopithomyces chartarum, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Pseudopithomyces sacchari, Vagicola vagans, Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida and Punctulariopsis efibulata Dothideomycetes. The new genera Dictyosporella (Annulatascaceae), and Tinhaudeus (Halosphaeriaceae) are introduced in Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota) while Dictyosporella aquatica (Annulatascaceae), Chaetosphaeria rivularia (Chaetosphaeriaceae), Beauveria gryllotalpidicola and Beauveria loeiensis (Cordycipitaceae), Seimatosporium sorbi and Seimatosporium pseudorosarum (Discosiaceae), Colletotrichum aciculare, Colletotrichum fusiforme and Colletotrichum hymenocallidicola (Glomerellaceae), Tinhaudeus formosanus (Halosphaeriaceae), Pestalotiopsis subshorea and Pestalotiopsis dracaenea (Pestalotiopsiceae), Phaeoacremonium tectonae (Togniniaceae), Cytospora parasitica and Cytospora tanaitica (Valsaceae), Annulohypoxylon palmicola, Biscogniauxia effusae and Nemania fusoideis (Xylariaceae) are introduced as novel species to order Sordariomycetes. The newly described species of Eurotiomycetes are Mycocalicium hyaloparvicellulum (Mycocaliciaceae). Acarospora septentrionalis and Acarospora castaneocarpa (Acarosporaceae), Chapsa multicarpa and Fissurina carassensis (Graphidaceae), Sticta fuscotomentosa and Sticta subfilicinella (Lobariaceae) are newly introduced in class Lecanoromycetes. In class Pezizomycetes, Helvella pseudolacunosa and Helvella rugosa (Helvellaceae) are introduced as new species. The new families, Dendrominiaceae and Neoantrodiellaceae (Basidiomycota) are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella (Neoantrodiellaceae), here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data. In the class Agaricomycetes, Agaricus pseudolangei, Agaricus haematinus, Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus (Agaricaceae), Amanita melleialba, Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina (Amanitaceae), Entoloma calabrum, Cora barbulata, Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa (Inocybaceae), Xerocomellus sarnarii (Boletaceae), Cantharellus eucalyptorum, Cantharellus nigrescens, Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor (Cantharellaceae), Cortinarius alboamarescens, Cortinarius brunneoalbus, Cortinarius ochroamarus, Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii (Cortinariaceae), Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides (Hymenochaetaceae), Xylodon ramicida (Schizoporaceae), Colospora andalasii (Polyporaceae), Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae (Russulaceae), Tremella dirinariae, Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae (Tremellaceae) are introduced. Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea, Neoantrodiella thujae (Neoantrodiellaceae), Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida, Punctulariopsis efibulata (Punctulariaceae) are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota. Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis, Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana (Cunninghamellaceae), Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana (Mortierellaceae) are newly introduced in the Zygomycota, while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis (Neocallimastigaceae) are introduced in the Neocallimastigomycota. Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia, Cucurbitaria ephedricola, Austropleospora, Austropleospora archidendri, Byssosphaeria rhodomphala, Lophiostoma caulium, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Massariosphaeria, Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.

The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

Abstract Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms. Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases (notably Index Fungorum, Species Fungorum and MycoBank) can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi, while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Although the sequence data may be linked to a name, the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images, descriptions or herbarium material. There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases, other than whether the submission is from a reputable source. To tackle this problem, a new database (FacesofFungi), accessible at www.facesoffungi.org (FoF) has been established. This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data, phenotypic details and other useful data, which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system. In addition, the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens. This database is user-friendly, providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks, with the classification system based primarily on molecular data (from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees), and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable. In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives, but also relevant data is provided, wherever available, on various applied aspects, such as ecological, industrial, quarantine and chemical uses. The data include the three main fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basal fungi) and fungus-like organisms. The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise. The webpage has 76 curators, and with the help of these specialists, FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi, with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data. The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups. The structure and use of the database is then explained. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages. Keywords Classification . Database . FacesofFungi . Fungi . Phylogeny . Taxonomy

Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species

Article

Full-text available

May 2015

This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new family, Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology. The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae. The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Amphibambusa (Amphisphaeriaceae), Brunneomycosphaerella (Capnodiales genera incertae cedis), Chaetocapnodium (Capnodiaceae), Flammeascoma (Anteagloniaceae), Multiseptospora (Pleosporales genera incertae cedis), Neogaeumannomyces (Magnaporthaceae), Palmiascoma (Bambusicolaceae), Paralecia (Squamarinaceae) and Sarimanas (Melanommataceae). The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii, Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis, A. muriformia, Alternaria cesenica, Amphibambusa bambusicola, Amphisphaeria sorbi, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Atrotorquata spartii, Brunneomycosphaerella laburni, Byssosphaeria musae, Camarosporium aborescentis, C. aureum, C. frutexensis, Chaetocapnodium siamensis, Chaetothyrium agathis, Colletotrichum sedi, Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis, Cytospora berberidis, C. sibiraeae, Diaporthe thunbergiicola, Diatrype palmicola, Dictyosporium aquaticum, D. meiosporum, D. thailandicum, Didymella cirsii, Dinemasporium nelloi, Flammeascoma bambusae, Kalmusia italica, K. spartii, Keissleriella sparticola, Lauriomyces synnematicus, Leptosphaeria ebuli, Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium, L. ravennicum, Lophiotrema eburnoides, Montagnula graminicola, Multiseptospora thailandica, Myrothecium macrosporum, Natantispora unipolaris, Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola, Neosetophoma clematidis, N. italica, Oxydothis atypica, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Paraconiothyrium nelloi, P. thysanolaenae, Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola, Paralecia pratorum, Paraphaeosphaeria spartii, Pestalotiopsis digitalis, P. dracontomelon, P. italiana, Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis, Phragmocapnias philippinensis, Pseudocamarosporium cotinae, Pseudocercospora tamarindi, Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata, P. thailandica, Psiloglonium multiseptatum, Saagaromyces mangrovei, Sarimanas pseudofluviatile, S. shirakamiense, Tothia spartii, Trichomerium siamensis, Wojnowicia dactylidicola, W. dactylidis and W. lonicerae. The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus, A. hanthanaensis, A. parvibicolor, A. sodalis, Cantharellus luteostipitatus, Lactarius atrobrunneus, L. politus, Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi, Meliola tamarindi, Pallidocercospora acaciigena, Phaeosphaeria musae, Plenodomus agnitus, Psiloglonium colihuae, P. sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum, A. nitens, A. stygium, Biscogniauxia marginata, Fasciatispora nypae, Hypoxylon fendleri, H. monticulosum, Leptosphaeria doliolum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Neomicrothyrium, Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei, Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae. A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs (or drawings). Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.

Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2014

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data.

A new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes from the semiarid region of Brazil

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2014

During an inventory of ascomycetes in the semi-arid region of Brazil, one new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes were found. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit were performed to investigate the placement of the new taxa within the class Dothideomycetes. Anteaglonium brasiliense is described as a new species within the order Pleosporales, and Graphyllium caracolinense is described as a new species nested inside Hysteriales. Morphological and molecular data support Hysterodifractum as a new monotypic genus in the Hysteriaceae. The type species, H. partisporum, is characterized by navicular, carbonaceous, gregarious hysterothecia and pigmented, fusiform ascospores that disarticulate into 16 ovoid or obovoid, septate, part-spores. This is the first report of a hysteriaceous fungus producing part-spores.

The sooty moulds

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2014

Sooty moulds are a remarkable, but poorly understood group of fungi. They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia, which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants. Few researchers have, however, tried to quantify their economic importance. Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level, but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny. Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Coccodiniaceae, Euantennariaceae, Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera. However, molecular data is available for only five families. Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states. Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs. Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected, but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities. They are more common in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming. Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential. They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic. This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications. Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical “weed” fungi and bacteria. They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.

Die Hysteriaceae s. str. und Lophiaceae unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der mitteleuropäischen Formen

Article

Jan 1962

H. Zogg

Phylogeny and Morphology of Leptosphaerulina saccharicola sp. nov. and Pleosphaerulina oryzae and Relationships with Pithomyces

Article

Dec 2013

A Dothideomycete species, associated with leaf spots of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), was collected from Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand. A single ascospore isolate was obtained and formed the asexual morph in culture. ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1 alpha gene regions were sequenced and analyzed with molecular data from related taxa. In a phylogenetic analysis the new isolate clustered with Leptosphaendina americana, L. arachidicola, L. australis and L. trifolii (Didymellaceae) and the morphology was also comparable with Leptosphaerulina species. Leptosphaertdina saccharicola is introduced to accommodate this new collection which is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other species of Leptosphaerulina. A detailed description and illustration is provided for the new species, which is compared with similar taxa. The type specimen of Pleosphaerulina oryzae, is transferred to Leptosphaerulina. It is redescribed and is a distinct species from L. australis, with which it was formerly synonymized. Leptosphaerulina species have been linked to Pithomyces but the lack of phylogenetic support for this link is discussed. The character of the asexual morph of Leptosphaerulina, which is similar to Pithomyces, may to have evolved on separate occasions.

A new species of genus Anteaglonium (Anteagloniaceae, Pleosporales) with its asexual morph

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