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Legal Protection of the Right to Old-Age Insurance for Migrant Workers from Rural Areas in China
Abstract
By the end of 2009, more than 149 million migrant workers from rural areas worked in cities and towns in China.1 Most of their jobs fall into the so-called 3 Ds category, which means “dirty, dangerous and demeaning” employment. Their wages are very low and many have no pension scheme. According to a survey conducted by the Legal Aid Programme for Migrant Workers at Nanjing University in the summer of 2009, only 39.3 per cent of migrant workers in the Yangtze delta region possessed any kind of pension, and about 31.5 per cent had no social insurance at all.2 However, the first generation of migrant workers, those who began to work in cities in the early 1980s, are approaching or have reached the compulsory retirement age, which is 60 for male workers and 50 for female workers. If these workers continue to live in cities after their retirement, their right to pensions becomes a serious social problem, an issue that has drawn significant attention in the media.3
... They are considered 'invisible' [9] and 'expandable' yet 'essential' [5]. They work in jobs considered dirty, dangerous, difficult, and degrading [6]. They are also usually tied to their employer through a regulated work permit [2]. ...
Purpose
This pilot study of a culturally adapted online mental health literacy (MHL) program called ‘Tara, Usap Tayo!’ (C’mon, Let’s Talk) aims to assess the acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and potential effectiveness in improving the help-seeking behavior of Filipino migrant domestic workers in the United Kingdom (UK).
Methods
Using mixed methods, we conducted a non-randomized single-group study of the online MHL program with 21 participants. The development of this intervention was guided by the Medical Research Council Framework for developing complex interventions and utilized Heim & Kohrt’s (2019) framework for cultural adaptation. Content materials from the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Program (mhGAP), WHO Problem Management Plus (PM +) and Adult Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) were modified and translated into the Filipino language. The MHL program was delivered online in three sessions for two hours each session. Data were collected at three time points: (T1) pretest; (T2) posttest; and (3) follow-up test. Quantitative data on participants’ attitudes towards help-seeking and level of mental health literacy as outcome measures of potential intervention effectiveness were collected at T1, T2 and T3, while focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess participants’ feedback on the acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of the online MHL program were conducted immediately at T2. Data analysis was done using a thematic approach for qualitative data from the FGDs and descriptive statistics and repeated-measures ANOVA were used to assess the difference in the T1, T2, and T3 tests . Both quantitative and qualitative results were then integrated and triangulated to answer the research questions.
Results
The online MHL program is generally acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for use among Filipino migrant domestic workers. Preliminary findings lend support for its possible effectiveness in improving mental health literacy and help-seeking propensity. The cultural adaptation made in the content, form, and delivery methods of the intervention was acceptable and feasible for this target subcultural group.
Conclusion
By improving their mental health literacy and help-seeking propensity, this online MHL program has the potential to provide support to the mental health and well-being of Filipino migrant domestic workers in the UK. Further feasibility study or large-scale randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm the preliminary findings of this study.
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