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Kırsal Alanlarda Ulaşım Yoksunluğu ve Göç İlişkisinin Bilecik İli Örneğinde Analizi (Analysis of The Relationship Between Transport Deprivation and Migration in Rural Areas in The Case of Bilecik Province)
Abstract
still remains its importance for rural areas. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristic of
accesibility of rural areas and its affects on migration rates in the province of Bilecik. Net migration
rates of the rural settlements are calculated using data of population from the years 1990-2014 published
by TÜK. The nearest city center, town cenre, hospital, highway, bank and educational institution
data considered for determination of accessibility. ArcGIS 10, a geographical information system
software was used to determine distance between variables and settlements. The relationship between
net migration rates and data that obtained were analyzed. According to the results of the study positive
relationship observed between net migration rates of rural settlements and variables located in
Bilecik. The accessibility of health, education, employment and other services of people living in rural
areas is one of the most important issues in the world. The results of the studies addressing this issue
in areas where limited access to basic services is greater participation in the migration process. According
to this it is possible to say that varibles related to transport geography control net migration
rates of rural settlements The obtained results should be taken into account in development policies
and practices to be implemented.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Local transport systems in rural areas worldwide are facing significant challenges. In particular, increased car ownership and usage as well as broader socio-economic trends such as ageing populations and cuts in public spending are combining to threaten the bus–the traditional means by which people without cars have accessed the services that they need. Consequently, Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) systems have emerged in a bid to combine the benefits of bus-based and taxi-based services, to deliver a relatively cheap yet comprehensive level of public transport in low demand environments. Unfortunately, while attractive in principle, several barriers conspire to limit the effectiveness of such services in practice.
Objectives
To review research published before and after the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) examining barriers in seeking or accessing health care in rural populations in the USA.
Study design
This literature review was based on a comprehensive search for all literature researching rural health care provision and access in the USA.
Methods
Pubmed, Proquest Allied Nursing and Health Literature, National Rural Health Association (NRHA) Resource Center and Google Scholar databases were searched using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ‘Rural Health Services’ and ‘Rural Health.’ MeSH subtitle headings used were ‘USA,’ ‘utilization,’ ‘trends’ and ‘supply and distribution.’ Keywords added to the search parameters were ‘access,’ ‘rural’ and ‘health care.’ Searches in Google Scholar employed the phrases ‘health care disparities in the USA,’ inequalities in ‘health care in the USA,’ ‘health care in rural USA’ and ‘access to health care in rural USA.’ After eliminating non-relevant articles, 34 articles were included.
Results
Significant differences in health care access between rural and urban areas exist. Reluctance to seek health care in rural areas was based on cultural and financial constraints, often compounded by a scarcity of services, a lack of trained physicians, insufficient public transport, and poor availability of broadband internet services. Rural residents were found to have poorer health, with rural areas having difficulty in attracting and retaining physicians, and maintaining health services on a par with their urban counterparts.
Conclusions
Rural and urban health care disparities require an ongoing program of reform with the aim to improve the provision of services, promote recruitment, training and career development of rural health care professionals, increase comprehensive health insurance coverage and engage rural residents and healthcare providers in health promotion.
Roads are the predominant mode of transport in African countries, and represent a critical element for economic development. In Ghana, this reliance has led to major investments in road construction, including an initiative—the Ghana Transport Sector Program Support—that focuses on revitalizing rural economies and reducing poverty by prioritizing the improvement and maintenance of rural feeder road systems. This research employs a case study approach to assess the socio-economic impacts of rural road improvements in the three northern regions of Ghana. The study measured ex ante/ex post changes in household income and expenditures, crop production, the usage of motorized vehicles, access to markets, school and health facilities, and transport charges. The analysis revealed that road improvements led to dramatic growth in these indicators along each subject road corridor during the initial phase of the program. However, indicators grew to a minor degree or declined during the second phase. The analysis attributes this change to soaring fuel prices impacting freight and passenger charges. These findings suggest that Ghana should better coordinate road maintenance programs with the development of alternative fuels. This strategy would include utilization of natural gas reserves of the Jubilee oil field with a program that would develop natural gas fuels and alternative fuel vehicles. The use of alternative fuel vehicles in concert with rural road improvements could improve access and make transport less vulnerable to petroleum market fluctuations.
This study presents an approach to help alleviate poverty from a geotechnical engineering viewpoint. In order to improve accessibility of rural access roads to communities in rural areas of developing countries, a method to reinforce the base course with “do-nou”, a Japanese term for soil bag, has been developed. With this method, local available resources can be mobilized and the community can be involved. The main challenges are to build the base course without the necessity for qualified base course material or compaction equipment to bear the traffic load. The applicability of the available bags in developing countries to the base course was confirmed through tensile strength tests. The effectiveness of the reinforcement of “do-nou” was evaluated through a series of full-size model driving tests. The base course, built with “do-nou” and compacted manually, was able to reduce the settlement of the surface to 33% of that built with the conventional method, just by the spreading of gravel subjected to the traffic load. The technical transfer of reinforcement with “do-nou” to communities in developing countries will make it possible for the members of the communities themselves to work on rural access roads to improve trafficability. The applicability and limitations of road repair with “do-nou” were confirmed through a review of demonstrations and practices in Kenya. Typical sections with flat terrain, sags and gentle slopes, where trafficability was lost during the rainy seasons, were found to be effectively repairable with “do-nou”. Sections with steep slopes, however, are beyond the scope of “do-nou”. From an assessment of the impact after the technical transfer in Kenya, it was found that the application of “do-nou” motivates and empowers the community to initiate its own development. This earth reinforcement technology can be applied to the skills utilized by the communities in developing countries to improve the trafficability of rural access roads by considering the conditions of rural areas. Based on this technology, an approach is proposed to promote the concept of community involvement in repairing rural access roads and to enable the members of communities to improve the conditions of the roads by themselves at a low cost.
Bilecik linde Nüfusun Mekânsal Da l n n Jeoistatistiksel Yöntemlerle ncelenmesi
- S Mente E
- A Okuyucu
Mente e, S., Okuyucu, A., (2013). Bilecik linde Nüfusun Mekânsal Da l n n Jeoistatistiksel
Yöntemlerle ncelenmesi, Uluslararas Sosyal Ara t rmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Say : 24, 258-267.
Bilecik linde Farkl Karakterde ki ehir: Bilecik ve Bozhüyük
- E Özgür
- Murat
Özgür, E. Murat (1994). "Bilecik linde Farkl Karakterde ki ehir: Bilecik ve Bozhüyük", Ankara
Üniversitesi Türkiye ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, S. 3, s. 179-191.
Cumhuriyetin Harc: Modernitenin Altyaps Oluurken
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Tekeli,., lkin, S. (2004). Cumhuriyetin Harc: Modernitenin Altyaps Oluurken, stanbul Bilgi
Üniversitesi Yaynlar, stanbul.
Ula m Co rafyas , stanbul Üniversitesi Yay nlar No: 2053, stanbul: Co rafya Enstitüsü Yay nlar
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Tümertekin, E. (1976). Ula m Co rafyas, stanbul Üniversitesi Yay nlar No: 2053, stanbul:
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