No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 produced high levels of beta -glucosidase, endo-beta -1,4-glucanase, and exo-beta -1,4-glucanase. In pilot-scale production (50-1 fermenter), productivity and yield of CMCase (carborymethyl cellulose) and FPase (filter paper activity) were 273 U/ml and 35 U/ml, and 162 FPU/I h and 437 FPU/g, respectively. The fed-batch techniques were used to improve enzyme activities with constant cell concentration. The acidity was an important parameter and controlled at pH 3.9 and 5.0 by automatic addition of ammonium hydroxide. Cellulase powder was prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation and its CMCase and FPase activities were 3,631 U/g and 407 U/g, respectively.
... It has now become an economic interest to develop an effective and reliable method to hydrolyze this cellulosic biomass. During their growth on Cellulosic matters, microorganisms produce these inducible bioactive compounds called cellulases (Lee and Koo, 2001). A number of investigations have reported the degradation of cellulosic materials by cellulases, but only few studies have examined the microorganisms that had met the industrial requirement. ...
... It plays a vital role in the conversion of cellulosic biomass into commodity chemicals (Gong et al., 1999;Himmel et al., 1999). Lee and Koo (2001) showed that production of cellulase was the most expensive step during ethanol production from the cellulosic biomass where it accounted for almost 40% of the total cost. To obtain cheap ethanol, successful screening of novel cellulase producing strains is very important. ...
Cellulase-producing microorganisms were isolated and identified as Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus megaterium and Enterobacter cloacae among the bacteria and P. boydii , Streptomyces sp. and Candida sp. among the fungal isolates from the gut of Perionyx excavatus. They were then subjected to two different doses of metal Zinc ((Dose I- 60mg/Kg and Dose II- 120 mg/Kg.) and two doses of two commonly used pesticides (Pendimethalin and Pretilachlor). It has been observed that out of the six cellulase-producing microbes, the higher dose of the metal was proved to be detrimental for three of them. Bacillus megaterium , that was found to be producing a sufficient amount of the enzyme, was absent even when it has been exposed to the lower dose of the metal. Also, the fungal isolates showed a decrease in number when exposed to higher dose of the contaminants. But the cellulase- producing bacterial isolates like Micrococcus luteus and Enterobacter cloacae were not at all affected by the presence of either metal or the pesticides. The experiment throws light on the microbe-earthworm relationship and effect of toxins and metals on the commercially- important microbes present in the soil and earthworm’s gut. The isolates that were present even at the higher doses of the metal and pesticides would be very promising for the production of large amount of the enzyme cellulase.
... Cellulases are synthesized in the presence of cellulose, highlighting their adaptive response to environmental cues and their significance in natural and industrial processes. 45,46 In the structure of fungal cellulases, two distinct domains are typically present: the catalytic domain (CD), which facilitates the hydrolytic reaction, and the cellulose-binding module (CBM), tethered to the CD by a short polypeptide linker at the N-terminus, which often contains an abundance of serine and threonine residues and spans around 35 amino acids. Cellulosomes, multi-enzyme complexes, differ from solitary cellulase enzymes in their architecture, featuring cohesin modules for scaffolding and dockerin modules for enzymatic binding. ...
Pythium insidiosum, an Oomycete, causes severe keratitis that endangers vision. Its clinical, morphological, and microbiological characteristics are often indistinguishable from those of fungal keratitis, earning it the moniker “parafungus”. Distinctive clinical hallmarks that set it apart from other forms of keratitis include radial keratoneuritis, tentacles, marginal infiltration, and a propensity for rapid limbal spread. The therapeutic approach to Pythium keratitis (PK) has long been a subject of debate, and topical and systemic antifungals and antibacterials have been tried with limited success. Approximately 80% of these eyes undergo therapeutic keratoplasty to salvage the eye. Hence, there is a need to innovate for alternative and better medical therapy to safeguard these eyes. The resistance of Pythium to standard antifungal treatments can be attributed to the absence of ergosterol in its cell wall. Cell walls of plants and algae have cellulose as an essential constituent. Cellulose imparts strength and structure and acts as the “skeleton” of the plant. Fungal and animal cell walls typically lack cellulose. The cellular architecture of Pythium shares a similarity with plant and algal cells through the incorporation of cellulose within its cell wall structure. Inhibitors targeting cellulose biosynthesis (CBI), such as Indaziflam, Isoxaben, and Quinoxyphen, serve as critical tools for elucidating the pathways of cellulose synthesis. Furthermore, the enzymatic action of cellulase is instrumental for the extraction of proteins and DNA. To circumvent this issue, we hypothesize that CBI’s and cellulase enzymes can act on the Pythium cell wall and may effectively treat PK. The available literature supporting the hypothesis and proof of concept has also been discussed. We have also discussed these drugs’ molecular mechanism of action on the Pythium cell wall. We also aim to propose how these drugs can be procured and used as a potential medical management option for this devastating entity.
... thủy phân cellobiose và các đoạn oligosaccharide thành đơn phân glucose [3,4]. Cellulase được sinh tổng hợp chủ yếu bởi vi khuẩn, xạ khuẩn và nấm mốc trong quá trình sinh trưởng và phát triển của chúng trên các vật liệu cellulose [5,6]. Phần lớn cellulase trên thị trường hiện tại được sản xuất bởi nấm mốc do khả năng sinh tổng hợp cellulase cho hoạt tính cao [7]. ...
Phần lớn enzyme cellulase trên thị trường hiện nay có nguồn gốc từ vi sinh vật. Trong đó, vi khuẩn đã được chứng minh là nhóm sinh vật có nhiều tiềm năng ứng dụng trong việc sản xuất cellulase nhờ khả năng sinh trưởng nhanh và sản xuất nhiều loại enzyme ngoại bào. Trong nghiên cứu này, Bacillus subtilis TH-VK22 đã được nuôi cấy và đánh giả khả năng sinh tổng hợp cellulase. Môi trường Bushnell Haas Medium (BHM) với thành phần chủ yếu là các muối vô cơ đã được sử dụng để khảo sát điều kiện nuôi cấy thích hợp cho khả năng sinh tổng hợp cellulase của chủng vi khuẩn này. B. subtilis TH-VK22 sản xuất được cellulase có hoạt tính tốt khi nuôi cấy trong môi trường BHM có bổ sung 11,0% maltodextrin, 2,0 peptone, 0,5% rơm, pH 5,0 và 35°C. Cellulase từ chủng B. subtilis TH-VK22 có thể hoạt động ổn định trong khoảng pH 5,0-9,0. Kết quả này cho thấy tiềm năng ứng dụng trong nhiều ngành công nghiệp khác nhau của B. subtilis TH-VK22, đặc biệt là trong ngành sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học.
... .(Lee and Koo, 2001;Kotchoni et al., 2003) آنزيم فعاليت بر كاملينا كنجاله مختلف سطوح ﺣاوي )واﺣد ميكروبي هيدروليتيك هاي ميلي در فعاليت بره شكمبه دقيقه( در ليتر پرواري هاي ...
... Bacillus pumilus B6.4 strain was incubated in MT1 medium containing 1 % CMC at 37 o C in 36 h for producing cellulase. In the medium, CMC is known as the carbon source to induce the production of cellulases (Sang-Mok and Koo, 2001;Kubicek, 1993). After incubation, the crude enzymes (in the supernatants) were collected for determining cellulase production through enzymatic assay. ...
THESIS ABSTRACT
Master candidate: Samley Mam
Thesis title: Screening and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp.
Major: Food Technology Code:24181065
Educational Organization: Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)
General objectives: Screening and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp. and
determine some characteristic of this enzyme.
Specific objectives
- Screening Bacillus sp. producing cellulase from the collection of Bacillus sp.;
- Identification of selected strains by 16S rDNA gene sequencing;
- Characterization of cellulase produced by selected strain (including optimal
temperature, optimal pH, thermal stability and pH stability).
Materials and Methods
Materials
A hundred strains of Bacillus sp. were supplied by Faculty of Food Science and
Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture. There are two different
sources of collection strains, one from the Muong Khuong chili sauce and the other
from cow rumen.
Methods
Microorganisms with cellulolytic activity were incubated in MT1 media and
determined by the formation of clear zone around colony through the lugol overlay
method; Cellulolytic bacteria were identified by using 16S rDNA gene sequencing; the
neighbor - joining phylogenetic analysis was carried out with Tree view programme to
show evolution relationship between selected strains and some others in the database;
Cellulase was measured indirectly by spectrometric determination of reducing sugars
by DNS method. Optimal temperature was determined by incubating the enzyme at the
various temperatures ranging from 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80°C; Thermal
stability was first investigated by pre-incubating the enzyme at the various temperature
including: 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 120 minutes;
Residual enzyme activity was determined with 1 % CMC in a 50 mM sodium acetate
9
buffer with pH 5.0, at 37°C. Optimal pH was determined with different buffer at
various pH : 5.0, 5,5, 6.0, 6,5, 7.0, 7,5, and 8. The pH stability was tested by pre-
incubating the enzyme in variable pH buffer 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 at 37 °C for 30, 60,
90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 minutes.
Main findings and conclusion:
Three among of 100 isolates collection strains were cultured on CMC agar plate
for screening cellulase producing bacteria. In which, 3 isolates coded A1.2, A1.8 and
B 6.4 having the highest diameter of clear zone as 24 mm were chosen for further
studies. Those strains were identified as Bacillus cereus A1.2, Bacillus cereus A1.8,
and Bacillus pumilus B6.4. According to the Bacillus pumilus notified as a GRAS
(FDA, 2015), it was chosen for further studies. The result showed that the crude and
purification enzyme activity of Bacillus pumilus B6.4 were found at 3.007 U/ml and
3.874 U/ml, respectively. The optimal temperature and pH for cellulolytic cellulase of
Bacillus pumilus B6.4 were found at 55 o C and 6.5, respectively. On the other hand,
the enzyme was maintained more than 58 % stability at 55 to 65 o C after 150 min
whereas the pH stability was maintained more than 56 % at 5.5 to 6.5 after 120 min.
... Fungi exhibiting high cellulase activity are perhaps the most common, however bacterial cellulase production is acquiring prominence since bacteria have higher growth rates than fungi, making them ideal for cellulose enzyme synthesis. 19,20 ...
In the current research, a total of 10 bacterial isolates have been collected from municipal waste, vegetable waste, a dumping ground, a rice field, termite waste, cotton dyeing industry waste, forest waste, the soil under a coconut tree, dead decomposed plant waste, and sewage waste.Using soluble carboxy methyl cellulose degradation assays, the 10 bacterial strains have been isolated and examined for cellulolytic activity. In one percentage CMC agar medium, four strains, namely C9D, C9E, C9C, and C9B, efficiently digested cellulose, with a cellulolytic index of 35 mm, 25 mm, 17 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. The appearance of a clear zone was utilised to estimate cellulolytic activity. High-cellulolytic-activity isolates were identified up to the genus level.
... Plant biomass is an important resource that a person needs, however, such raw materials are not always used effectively, remaining in the fields after harvesting and undergoing natural processes of decomposition. Moreover, cellulose, being the main component of plant biomass, has a crystalline structure, which complicates its enzymatic hydrolysis in natural environment [1][2][3]. Various soil microorganisms play an important role in this process [4][5]. Decomposition of cellulose materials depends on many factors, such as the nature of plant raw materials, conditions for enzymatic activity and the composition of the microbial community [6][7]. ...
A great number of plant residues remain in the soil after harvesting almost all types of agricultural crops. At the same time, such residues mostly consist of cellulose, which can enrich the soil with feed sources for further agricultural crops. However, plants are not able to use cellulose itself, and thus great importance is given to various microorganisms involved in the cleavage of cellulose to more simple compounds. Within the framework of this work, the cellulolytic ability of 221 strains of bacteria isolated earlier from soil and peat samples was studied. The obtained data made it possible to select 35 strains with the highest cellulose activity. Most of the studied bacterial cultures had no antagonistic properties towards each other, which allows to use them together in the developed biopreparations. In conclusion, we offer a scheme for the production of experimental biopreparations to evaluate the collaborative work of selected bacterial strains directly in the field.
... These enzymes are mainly used in the textile industry and show a wide range of applications in the food, biomedical, and chemical industries. They have also increased interest in the production of bioethanol [95]. ...
Saline and hypersaline environments are classified as wetlands and constitute the largest ecosystems on the planet (a half of inland aquatic ecosystems), they are widely distributed all over the continental zones (Africa, America, Europe, Australia, and Asia). African salt lakes are located in the arid northern and southern regions. Some of the African saline and hypersaline lakes are Natron, chott Melghir, chott El Jerid, Zahrez Chergui and Guerbi. Microbial diversity within salt lakes is restricted to a few extremely salt-tolerant species. Certain microorganisms can thrive in salty and extreme environmental conditions. These microorganisms can be found over the three domains (Archeae, Bacteria, and Eukarya). The microbial biodiversity of African salt lakes is of great interest not only to have an overview of halophilic microorganisms flourishing in these extreme ecosystems but also for their potential applications in different fields. Extremophiles are a group of microorganisms with high biotechnological and industrial potential, especially for their ability to produce biopolymers, pigments, antibiotics, and enzymes. Most African salt lakes are unexploited; a few studies were published on microbial diversity which is an excellent opportunity for scientists to discover new genera and/or species and also news molecules of biotechnological interest. This chapter reviews African salt lake distribution and the microbial diversity, with an emphasis on the North of Africa. An overview of microbial, diversity which can contribute to the development of African countries is also provided by presenting a prominent investigation of the bioactive molecules from salt lakes with potential application in biotechnology.
Key Words: Salt lakes, Microbial diversity, African countries, Biotechnology, Metabolites.
... Among various microorganisms, bacteria are an appreciate source of cellulases thanks to their wide environmental adaptability, rapid generation time and high thermostability [54]. Many industrial applications are reported for cellulases synthetized by bacteria, fungi, and actinobacteria [55][56][57]. The most extensive studied microbial cellulases belong to the Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Cellulovibrio, Thermomonospora and Paenibacillus genera [58]. ...
Background
The management of the organic waste recycling process determines the interest in the thermophiles microorganisms involved in composting. Although many microbial enzymes have been isolated and studied for their industrial and commercial uses, there is still a continuous search for microorganisms which could synthesize industrially feasible enzymes, especially when the microbial diversity of cow dung itself makes a potential source of biotechnological enzymes.
Results
The composting process studied at the Experimental Station of the University of Naples Federico II (Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy) was characterized by fresh saw dust 40%, bovine manure 58%, and 2% mature compost as raw organic substrates, and its thermophilic phase exceeded a temperature of 55 °C for at least 5 days, thus achieving sanitation. Six microbial strains were isolated and designated as follow: CV1-1, CV1-2, CV2-1, CV2-2, CV2-3 and CV2-4. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, HRMAS–NMR spectroscopy, and biochemical investigations, they were ascribed to the genera Geobacillus and Bacillus . All the microbial isolates were qualitatively screened on plates for the presence of hydrolytic activities, and they were quantitatively screened in liquid for glycoside hydrolase enzymes in the extracellular, cell-bound, and cytosolic fractions. Based on these results, strains CV2-1 and CV2-3 were also quantitatively screened for the presence of cellulase and pectinase activities, and pH and temperature optimum plus thermostability of cellulase from CV2-1 were analyzed.
Conclusions
The isolation and the identification of these thermophilic microorganisms such as Geobacillus toebii , Geobacillus galactosidasius , Bacillus composti , Bacillus thermophilus and Aeribacillus composti have allowed the study of the biodiversity of compost, with emphasis on their primary metabolome through an innovative and underutilized technique, that is HRMAS–NMR, also highlighting it as a novel approach to bacterial cell analysis. Subsequently, this study has permitted the identification of enzymatic activities able to degrade cellulose and other polymeric substrates, such as the one investigated from strain CV2-1, which could be interesting from an industrial and a biotechnological point of view, furthermore, increasing the knowledge for potential applicability in different industrial fields as an efficient and environmentally friendly technique.
Graphical Abstract
... Cellulases are an important complex of enzymes for bioprocesses and are the third most used enzyme in the industrial sector, with numerous known applications in food processing (Bajaj and Mahajan, 2019). These are inducible enzymes synthesized by a range of microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, during their growth on cellulosic material (Lee and Koo, 2001). Cellulases are a group of enzymes that acting on distinct parts of cellulose and converts the pollysacharides into monomers of glucose, being composed by endoglucanase or endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase (EG; EC 3.2.1.4), ...
Agri-food waste is a by-product or waste generated from various agriculture processes, post-harvest, and production and processing of different food products in the food industry, restaurants, and households. These by-products or wastes are mostly plant or animal based. Improper disposal of these can lead to harmful effects on the environment. However, they are rich in valuable compounds that exhibit various health-promoting properties. Thus, the utilization of these by-products or wastes to recover nutraceuticals is of great interest for multiple industries. Enzymes are highly valued in various industries due to their high yield, specificity, minimal by-product formation, ease of process, etc. Many microbial enzymes from bacteria and yeast sources have been explored for their importance in recovering nutraceuticals from various sources in a cost-effective and nature-friendly manner. Research in this area has contributed significantly to developing advanced bioprocess methods, particularly to valorize agro-food industry waste to obtain novel functional compounds exhibiting health-promoting properties.
... Cellulases are an important complex of enzymes for bioprocesses and are the third most used enzyme in the industrial sector, with numerous known applications in food processing (Bajaj and Mahajan, 2019). These are inducible enzymes synthesized by a range of microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, during their growth on cellulosic material (Lee and Koo, 2001). Cellulases are a group of enzymes that acting on distinct parts of cellulose and converts the pollysacharides into monomers of glucose, being composed by endoglucanase or endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase (EG; EC 3.2.1.4), ...
... Cellulases are inducible enzymes secreted by various microorganisms mainly bacteria and fungi, when they grow on cellulosic materials (Kubicek, 1993;Lee & Koo, 2001). The microorganisms can either be aerobes, anaerobes, mesophiles, or thermophiles. ...
Water pollution has a dual impact on nature, as it is harmful to both humans and the environment. Contamination from distributed sources is difficult to control, and despite significant advances in the construction of modern sewage-treatment plants, dispersed sources continue to be a significant source of water pollution. Bacterial activity is the most important process in the hydrolysis of organic contaminants. The study recognized the location, type, and size of the water body to which it habituates, either natural water body like lake, sea, or artificial water body like the wetlands, so as to give a holistic enumeration effectiveness of the preferred solution. Physical remediation and bioremediation techniques are the methods that can be used for the mitigation and improvement of water quality. Study revealed that microbial agents or photosynthetic bacteria and microalgae-bacteria medium degrades organic matter in water significantly and also reduces the level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and nutrients aeration, precipitation and ion-exchange or addition of nutrients and activators to the water is an eco-friendly solution to improve the water quality aids during the activities of microbial enzymes. The effective remediation is the best practice to weighing both pros and cons toward the effect of pollution on microbial enzymes activities.KeywordsWater pollutionMicrobial enzymesProteaseBioremediation
... Conventionally, the term "cellulase" is used to indicate an enzymatic system comprising three classes of enzymes such as exoglucanases (EC 3. [49][50][51]. The most extensive studied microbial cellulases belong to the Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Cellulovibrio, Thermomonospora, and Paenibacillus genera [52]. ...
Background: The management of the organic waste recycling process determines the interest in the thermophiles microorganisms involved in composting. Although many microbial enzymes have been isolated and studied for their industrial and commercial uses, there is still a continuous search for the potential microorganisms which could synthesize industrially feasible enzymes, especially when microbial diversity of cow dung makes itself a potential source of biotechnological enzymes.
Results: The composting process studied at the Experimental Station of the University of Naples Federico II (Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy) was characterized by saw dust 40%, bovine manure 58%, and 2% mature compost as raw organic substrates, and its thermophilic phase exceeded a temperature of 55 °C for at least 5 days, thus achieving sanitation. Five new microbial strains were isolated and named CV1-1, CV1-2, CV2-1, CV2-2, CV2-3 and CV2-4. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, HRMAS-NMR spectroscopy, and biochemical investigations, they were ascribed to the genera Geobacillus and Bacillus. The microbial isolates have been checked for the presence of glycoside hydrolase enzymes in extracellular, cell-bound, and cytosolic fractions. Moreover, pectinase activities have been researched.
Conclusions: The isolation of new thermophilic microorganisms has allowed to study the compost biodiversity, and subsequently permitted the identification of enzymatic activities able to degrade cellulose and other polymeric substrates, which could be interesting from an industrial and a biotechnological point of view, furthermore, increasing knowledge and potential applicability in different industrial fields
... Cellulases refer to a group of glycosyl hydrolases that includes endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase, acting in a synergistic way to promote the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose [1]. Cellulases are inducible enzymes synthesized by many microorganisms, including filamentous fungi and bacteria [2,3]. Among microbes, the genera of Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Thermomonospora, Trichoderma and Aspergillus are the widely considered cellulase producers [4]. ...
Cellulase enzymes attract a lot of research due to their industrial application. Diverse cellulase-producing organisms and substances that induce cellulase are highly sought after. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different inducer sources on cellulase production by white rot fungi P. ostreatus CGMCC 3.7292 and P. chrysosporium CGMCC 3.7212 under submerged fermentation employing a completely randomized experimental design. The different inducer sources tested were nitrogen (yeast, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, aqueous ammonia and urea), carbon (malt extract, glucose, fructose, carboxymethylcellulose, starch and xylose) and agro-biomass (stevia straw, wheat straw, oat straw, alfalfa straw, corn cobs and corn stover). These inducer sources strongly impacted enzyme activities by P. ostreatus CGMCC 3.7292 and P. chrysosporium CGMCC 3.7212. The suitable nitrogen and carbon inducer sources for cellulase activity by P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium were yeast (1.354 U/mL and 1.154 U/mL) and carboxymethylcellulose (0.976 U/mL and 0.776 U/mL) while the suitable agro-biomass were wheat straw (6.880 U/mL) and corn stover (6.525 U/mL), respectively. The least inducer sources in terms of nitrogen, carbon and agro-biomass for cellulase activity by P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium were urea (0.213 U/mL and 0.081 U/mL), glucose (0.042 U/mL and 0.035), xylose (0.042 U/mL and 0.035 U/mL) and stevia straw (1.555 U/mL and 0.960 U/mL). In submerged fermentation, the cellulase enzyme activity of P. ostreatus in response to various inducer sources was relatively higher than P. chrysosporium.
... the identification of new cellulase-producing bacteria [17]. ...
Abstract
Bacteria that produce cellulase were isolated from rice straw and sugarcane straw and screened using the Congo Red technique.
16S rDNA analysis was used to identify the highly cellulolytic isolates. CH1-Rice has homology with Brevibacillus sp., while CH5-
Sugarcane has homology with Klebsiella variicol, according to phylogenetic tree analysis of their 16S rDNA gene sequencing
information’s. Bacterial optimum growth conditions were adjusted by manipulating nutritional and environmental parameters
as temperature, pH, cellulose concentration, incubation time, salinity, and different carbon sources. The activity was estimated by
measuring the turbidity of bacteria with a spectrophotometer. In conclusion, Two different bacterial strains were discovered anad
isolated, and the optimal growth conditions for each were identified. These strains might be employed to transform plant waste into
more beneficial substances.
Keywords: 16S rRNA; Cellulose Degrading Bacteria; Optimization; Saccharification; Bioethanol; Renewable Energy; Biodegradation
... the identification of new cellulase-producing bacteria [17]. ...
... As cellulases are inducible enzyme (Koo, 2001), in this experiment, two types of inducin substrates (OS and FMS) were prepared in separate 250ml capacity CFs. Inoculation of the fungal isolates in to the media was done and then incubating it for 5 and 12 days (for SMF and SSF, respectively). ...
Cellulases are complex hydrolytic enzymes working synergistically on the hydrolysis of cellulolytic materials for the production of simple sugars. These enzymes have tremendous environmental, industrial and agricultural applications including enhancement of the degradability of lignocellulosic materials for cattle’s feed. The aim of this study was to isolate fungus and extract cellulose enzyme from forest and compost soil samples and examine the extent to which these enzymes enhance the degradability of finger millet and oat straw for making palatable cattle’s feed. Accordingly, a total of 53 fungal isolates were isolated from forest and compost soil. On 1% CMC media resulted 40% were cellulolytic fungal species. Six were selected based on their clear zone. These isolates belonged to the genera Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Penicillium based on their morphological characteristics. Cultivation of fungal isolates for cellulase production using submerged fermentation and Solid-state fermentation was undertaken through make the variation on their levels of different growth conditions such as temperature, pH, minerals and substrates. The results showed that the highest cellulase production i.e CMCase 83.12 ± 3.18 U/dL and FPase 44.51± 0.391FPU/dL were obtained from FSI6 in FMS supplemented SSF at 280C and a pH of 6.
... Cellulases (E.C. 3.2.1) are enzymes which are synthesised by fungi, bacteria, protozoan, mollusks and insects that act as biocatalysts in the hydrolysis of cellulose (Lee, 2001;Watanabe &Tokuda, 2001). A principal component of plant cell wall and potential source of utilizable sugars which serve as raw materials in the microbial production for a wide variety of chemicals, food and fuel in several agricultural and waste management processes (Ekperigin, 2007;Chandra 2010). ...
Recycling of wastes in Africa has not been fully embraced and practised; therefore, these waste materials are seen as physical pollutants that may affect the ecosystem, cause pollutions and create various environmental hazards. The use of synthetic substances in degrading wastes could further damage the ecosystem and cause global warming which makes the use of biocatalysts a better option. Most of the wastes generated daily are rich in cellulosic materials. Oryctes rhinoceros beetles feed on plant materials especially palm leaves whose major component is cellulose. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the beetle will contain cellulase, a cellulose degrading enzyme. This work explored the use of cellulase from Oryctes rhinoceros beetle as a biodegrading agent on the cellulosic components of wastes. Cellulase isolated from the gut of Oryctes rhinoceros beetle was partially purified by precipitation with Ammonium sulphate at 80% saturation. Its actions on some industrial and agricultural wastes were examined and the results were compared with that of carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) the laboratory substrate. The enzyme had a specific activity of 3.78 U/mg. Spectrophotometric assessment of the enzyme on the waste materials showed the following activities; (36.30%99.10%) on wood wastes, (9.36%-98.32%) on nylons, (10%-95.9%) on dry leaves, (14.97%95.14%) on papers, (28.5%-90.5%) on wrappers, (10%-86%) on food wastes and (14.78%73.63%) on plastics. This study suggests that cellulase from the Oryctes rhinoceros beetle has biodegrading potential on waste materials and could be relevant in waste management.
... The bioconversion of cellulose to soluble sugars and glucose is catalyzed by a group of enzymes called cellulases that are produced by microorganisms (Assareh et al. 2012). Cellulases are synthesized by a large diversity of microorganisms during their growth on cellulosic materials (Lee and Koo 2001). Cellulases have numerous applications in different industries, including biofuel production, food and feed industry, brewing, pulp and paper, textile, laundry, and agriculture. ...
Cellulosic biomass is considered one of the most promising sources for the production of alternative renewable bioenergy and other valuable products. Identification and optimization of strains with high enzymatic activity that can overcome constraints imposed by the cellulosic structure is an essential step in the development of new biotechnologies. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify thermophilic (50 °C) and mesophilic (37 °C) cellulolytic bacteria from soil and leaves samples at Kerman, Iran. Degrader bacteria were isolated using serial dilution and pour plate method. Media contained carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and filter paper was used as sources of carbon. Totally 22 mesophilic and 17 thermophilic bacterial strains which produced clear zones were further identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Screening of purified bacteria was performed to identify cellulase-producing bacteria by Congo red test. These bacteria were compared to each other based on cellulase activity, the percentage of growth, and extracellular protein amounts. The strains with the highest enzymatic activity were determined by the DNS method. The isolated US5 and US7 grew rapidly, and produced cellulase. The US5 created the largest clear zones (7 mm). Besides, these strains were selected for analysis of 16S rRNA sequence. The results showed that selected bacteria strains belong to Brevibacillus borstelensis. The B. borstelensis strains isolated in this study showed a suitable cellulase enzyme activity.
... Cellulases are hydrolytic enzymes which are induced during the growth of microorganisms on cellulosic materials 15 . The enormous lignocellulosic agrowastes generated from plants are efficiently biodegraded by cellulolytic fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes 16 . ...
Cellulases are one of the important groups of industrial hydrolases which hydrolyze lignocellulosics into glucose, hence find numerous applications in the food, feed and beverage industry, textile, pulp and paper industry and biofuel production. With a view of industrial importance of cellulases, this study aimed to screen the cellulolytic potential of fungus Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae sp. nov. The zone of cellulose hydrolysis producing around the growth of fungus confirmed its cellulase-producing ability. Further, the enzyme production was carried out under liquid fermentation and various culture conditions were optimized. Among the physical conditions, maximum enzyme production was obtained at pH 7.0, incubation temperature of 50°C and incubation period of 7 days. Corn cob as carbon source followed by rice straw enhanced the enzyme production. Yeast extract was found to be the best nitrogen source. The crude enzyme exhibited highest enzyme activity at pH 7.0 and temperature 45oC. Among the various additives tested, some metal ions (Na+, K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2) stimulated the enzyme activity while Hg+2 strongly inhibited the enzyme. Among the detergents, SDS had stimulatory effect while Triton X-100 was found inhibitory for cellulase.
... Microbial cellulases are inducible enzymes and are predominantly synthesized by diverse bacterial and fungal species during their growth on cellulosic material (Kour et al. 2019a;Lee and Koo 2001). These cellulases have become important biocatalysts due to their complex nature and widely used industrial applications (Henrissat et al. 1998). ...
Cellulose is one of the most copious natural glucose biopolymers (linked by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages) that are derived from living organisms on the earth. Plants are the largest contributors of cellulose in the cellulose pool of the biosphere as plant cell walls contain cellulose in the lignocellulosic form. Cellulose is water-insoluble and therefore requires enzymatic actions for its degradation. However, the hydrolysis of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars, sugar acids, and phenolics is the reason why it is successfully exploited as substrates in industries. Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes contribute largely to these lignocellulolytic activities by producing cellulases and other lignocellulolytic enzymes and therefore have been used extensively in cellulose-based industries ranging from food to biofuel production. Fungi have been a preferred source over the other microbes to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes owing to their ability to secrete extracellular cellulases in high quantities and are easily accessible. The chapter highlights the importance of fungal cellulases and related enzymes, their various industrial applications and emphasizes the importance of these hydrolytic enzymes to secure an eco-friendly environment, boost economics, and improve the livelihood of humans.
... Specifically cellulose is one of the components of insoluble fiber. Cellulase is an enzyme which synthesized by a number of microorganisms on their growth either by cell-bound or extra cellular (Lee and Koo, 2001) and is an enzymes produced mainly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoa that catalyze cellulolysis. The degradation of cellulose is naturally conducted by microorganisms using multi-enzyme complex (Aubert et al, 1987). ...
... Cellulases are the inducible enzymes synthesized by a variety of microbes which include bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes during their growth on the cellulosic substances. These microbes include aerobic, anaerobic, mesophilic, and thermophilic (Koo, 2001;Kubicek, 1993). However, relatively few fungi and bacteria generate high levels of extracellular cellulases capable of solubilizing crystalline celluloses (Johnson et al., 1982;Wood, 1989). ...
Bioremediation is the remediation of unwanted materials from the polluted site of interest by using the biological
sources such as plants and microorganisms or the substances released from them. Although it is a natural process, many interventions can be introduced to make it rapid, efficient, and specific for the degradation of the pollutants at the polluted sites (Hlihor et al., 2017; Iwamoto and Nasu, 2001; Shankar et al., 2011; Vidali, 2001). With increase in
scientific knowledge, socioeconomic perception, human health problems, and ecological apprehensions, people are more concerned about the widespread environmental contaminants. Therefore, the occurrence of newly identified contaminants and emerging pollutants (EPs) or emerging contaminants (ECs) in our major waterbodies is of continued and burning concern globally. The undesirable EPs or ECs are discharged intentionally/unintentionally with/without partial treatments into aquatic environments that cause serious health problems and affect the entire living
ecosystem (Ishtiaq et al., 2017).
... Nowadays enormous amount of agricultural and industrial cellulosic waste has been accumulating in environment [10]. Cellulose is considered as the most important natural renewable resource for bioconversion, and is naturally present in the environment in various decomposable sources. ...
Cellulases are the most important industrial enzyme due to their potential application in various industries including pulp and paper, textile, laundry, biofuel production, food and feed industry, brewing and agriculture. The present study was carried out to isolate and characterize cellulase producing microorganisms from different cow dung samples. Four different cow dung samples were collected from variety of cows namely Gir, Holstein, Jersey and Desi and isolation and screening was done to check cellulase producing microorganisms. The obtained 11 isolates were screened for their cellulase activity by using CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) agar medium. In the current study, 10 cellulase producing isolates were obtained and were characterized morphologically from which 8 isolates were found Gram negative and 2 were found Gram positive. All the 10 cellulase producers were further confirmed for their cellulase producing ability by performing turbidity test. Out of these 10 isolates, GN4 and HN2 with optical density 0.35 and 0.28, respectively were found to be best cellulase producer and were selected for cellulase enzyme production and other further studies. Botssh the isolates were tested for their enzymatic activities by performing DNSA method and protein estimation by Lowry’s method. Cellulase activities were found to be 7.33 µg/ml/min and 3.66 µg/ml/min and the total protein concentrations were found to be 40 µg/ml and 32 µg/ml for GN4 and HN2, respectively. Thus, dungs cow dung can be considered as the excellent source for cellulase producing bacteria.
... Application of microbes or microbial enzymes for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is gaining momentum in the industry. Cellulases are inducible enzymes which can be produced by microbes during their growth on cellulosic material (Lee and Koom, 2001). Structurally fungal cellulases are simpler than bacterial cellulase systems (Artzi et al., 2015). ...
Aim: This study aimed to search for novel cellulolytic isolates with high cellulase titre for the production of fuels and chemicals. Methodology: The yeast isolate YES5 isolated from the forest soil was screened for cellulase production. The cellulase activity of YES5 was optimized via RSM. The saccharification potential of YES5 using Napier biomass as substrate was evalauted. Results: The maximum cellulase activity obtained after optimizing pH, temperature, and incubation period was 35.70 U. A reliable statistical model was developed for maximizing the cellulase activity in YES5 Trichosporon asahii. The cellulase activity was 23.87U, when carbon source in CMC medium was replaced by Napier biomass. The maximum saccharification potential of 33.15% was observed on 3rd day. Interpretation: The study of optimizing the media composition of Trichosporon asahii cellulase using Napier biomass, a natural source of carbon for maximizing the cellulase production via RSM, is first of its kind.
... The development of nitrogen fixing nodules takes place by genes of Rhizobium and host legumes 17 (Sharma et al., 2000). The growth and production of Rhizobia depends on the carrier suitabilities and soil nature 18 (Lee and Koo.2001.). ...
A comparative study was carried out by providing two different climatic conditions for 4 types of biodigested organic slurries obtained from biogas plant and were used as carriers for Rhizobimphaseolus isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris. The 2 different climatic conditions were the room temperature (37±2 o C) and the refrigerated temperature (6±2 o C) to determine which biodigested organic slurries function as good carrier to enhance or hold the high viable load of rhizobial culture. Propagation ability of organisms in the carriers were analysed for every 10days interval. The 4 different biodigested organic slurries were, OWCS (Ordinary Water treated biodigested Cow dung Slurry),SWCS (Sewage Water treated biodigested Cow dung Slurry),SWPS (Sewage Water treated biodigested Poultry droppings Slurry) and Mixed form of the above mentioned organic manures(OWCS+ SWCS+SWPS).The experimental results showed that, in the provided both climatic conditions, the better survival and growth ofR. phaseolus were observed in refrigerated temperature than the room temperature. Among the four biodigested organic slurries, the mixed carrier slurry showed the maximum concentration of rhizobial load followed by SWPS and SWCS slurries in both different climatic conditions provided. OWCS was less supportive for rhizobial growth even though it had ensured their survival.
... The development of nitrogen fixing nodules takes place by genes of Rhizobium and host legumes 17 (Sharma et al., 2000). The growth and production of Rhizobia depends on the carrier suitabilities and soil nature 18 (Lee and Koo.2001.). ...
... Different microorganisms during their development and growth on cellulosic substrates lead to the production of inducible proteins called cellulases. For the production of hemicellulases and cellulases, both bacteria and fungi have been vigorously exploited for their capacity of production (Lee & Koo, 2001). Mainly importance has been set on fungus utilization on account of their production potential of hemicellulases and cellulases which are liberated for simple extraction in the medium. ...
The most abundant biopolymer accessible on earth is lignocellulose. The hydrolysis of lignocelluloses is completed through enzyme groups such as ligninases, hemicelluloses, and cellulases as independently and together called lignocellulolytic enzymes. This review is focused on dealing with enhanced production of cellulose using modern techniques like strain improvement, consolidated bioprocessing, metabolic engineering, and recombinant technology, and defines the technology to boost the enzyme activity and its yield. Furthermore, the restrains linked with the production of cellulolytic enzyme and the direction of upcoming research to offer a complete strategy to improve cellulase yield with novel properties for industrial application at cost‐effective levels are mentioned.
Practical applications
Cellulase is a complex enzyme consisting of an endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β‐D‐glucosidase which acts in combination to release a small unit of glucose. Cellulase has vast potential in the industrial sector especially in the food and beverage as well as paper and pulp industries. The parameters such as strain improvement and heterologous gene expression are involved to enhance the cellulase production. This review discusses the cost‐effective production of cellulolytic enzyme and also emphasizes the limitations and future prospects of this enzyme production on a large scale.
... These enzymes can be synthesized by the microorganisms on different cellulose containing substrates (Koo, 2001). Filamentous fungi also have the potential of utilizing cellulosic material as the source of carbon and energy and produce cellulase enzyme (Alriksson et al., 2009). ...
Celluloses are the basic component of plant cell walls which are difficult to break however, cellulase enzymes have the ability to degrade the cellulose into glucose. The use of celullase enzymes is spreading widely particularly in the paper, pulp and food industries to reduce biowaste. The purpose of this study was to optimize the production of cellulase enzymes by using fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis. The fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis was extracted from putrid fruits and vegetable samples collected from the local fruit market of Pattoki in the District Kasur. The identification of fungus was carried out using microscope. Corn Stover was used as a substrate for cellulase production. Different parameters were used for the optimization of fungus growth such as substrate level, substrate particle size, temperature, pH, moisture, urea and glucose. Cellulase enzymes were purified by salting out and gel filtration techniques. The optimum substrate level, substrate particle size, temperature, pH, glucose, urea and moisture were analyzed as 5g, 40mm, 40°C, 4.5pH, 0.5g, 0.04g and 60% respectively. The maximum activity reveled by cellulase enzyme at different optimized parameters were reported in U/mL/min. The cellulase molecular weight was determined 71 kDa by Dodecyl Sulphate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. It was concluded that the study will help to a way for the scientists for the maximum production of cellulase from Aspergillus tubingensis using Corn stover as substrate and most cost-effective Solid State Fermentation method.
... Enzim selulase adalah enzim terinduksi yang disintesis mikroorganisme selama ditumbuhkan dalam medium selulosa (Lee and Koo, 2001). Suplementasi enzim selulase bertujuan untuk mendegradasi molekul komplek seperti selulosa menjadi karbohidrat yang lebih sederhana seperti glukosa, sebelum diberikan pada ikan. ...
Manajemen pakan merupakan salah satu unsur yang sangat menunjang suatu kegiatan usaha budidaya perikanan, sehingga pakan yang tersedia harus memadai dan memenuhi kebutuhan ikan tersebut. Ketersediaan pakan ikan yang efektif, efisien, ramah lingkungan, dan dengan harga yang terjangkau perlu diperhatikan. Nutrisi dalam pakan sangat penting karena beberapa nutrisi tersebut merupakan sumber energi bagi ikan. Nutrisi pakan dalam ransum hendaknya tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup dan seimbang sebab keseimbangan bahan pakan dalam ransum sangat berpengaruh terhadap daya cerna. Enzim bekerja secara spesifik pada substrat yang kebanyakan terdapat di dalam bahan pakan baik berupa serat kasar yang merupakan bentuk molekul besar sehingga nantinya dapat diserap dan digunakan langsung. Enzim yang ditambahkan sebagai suplemen pada pakan untuk memecah faktor anti nutrisi yang terdapat di dalam campuran pakan, kebanyakan dari senyawa tersebut tidak mudah dicerna oleh enzim endogeneous di dalam ikan dan dapat mengganggu pencernaan normal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi pada masyarakat, mahasiswa, dan pembudidaya ikan pada khususnya mengenai pengaruh pemberian beberapa dosis enzim pada pakan komersial terhadap kandungan serat kasar, bahan organik, dan BETN, sehingga bermanfaat bagi semua pihak khususnya terhadap bidang perikanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kontrol (P0), pemberian Enzim 2,5% (P1), pemberian Enzim 5% (P2) dan pemberian Enzim 7,5% (P3) dengan masing-masing ulangan lima kali. Parameter yang diamati adalah kandungan serat kasar, bahan organik dan BETN setelah fermentasi selama 5 jam. Data tentang kandungan serat kasar, bahan organik dan BETN yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Uji F metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) jika terdapat perbedaan yang nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Jarak Berganda Duncan (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian enzim pada pakan komersial dapat menurunkan kandungan serat kasar dari sebesar 10,6487% (P0) menjadi sebesar 8,7038% (P1), dapat menurunkan kandungan BETN dari sebesar 34,4230% (P0) menjadi sebesar 34,1849% (P1), dan pada kandungan bahan organik tidak berpengaruh. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut pada dosis enzim 2,5% terhadap ikan uji serta dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan lama inkubasi yang berbeda pada perlakuan > 5 jam untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama inkubasi enzim pada pakan komersial terhadap kandungan serat kasar, BETN dan bahan organik.
... Cellulases are inducible enzymes synthesized by a wide range of microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria (Sang-Mok & Koo, 2001;Campioni et al., 2020). Microorganisms can be aerobic, anaerobic, mesophilic or thermophilic; among them, the genera Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Thermomonospora, Trichoderma and Aspergillus are the most widely studied cellulase producers (Sun & Cheng, 2002;Dhillon et al., 2011), of which the species A. niger is recognized as a cellulase producer (Onsori et al., 2005). ...
This study considered the application of two exogenous enzymes, xylanase (XYL) and cellulase (CELL), and maguey extract (ME), (applying 1 ml per kg as fresh matter) and a control (without additive) in four maize silage varieties (San Diego, Cacahuacintle, P-1832 and Victoria), to investigate their effect on the chemical composition (CC), gas production (GP) and in vitro ruminal fermentation. The GP was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. Dry matter disappearance (DMD), organic matter disappearance (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined after 96 h of incubation. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a 4×4 factorial arrangement with three replications. The CC showed a significant effect (P<0.05) for varieties with the exception of organic matter (OM), and the inclusion of additives increased the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). A significant effect (P<0.01) was observed for the varieties in the GP parameters and ruminal fermentation. The addition of XYL, CEL and ME promoted dry matter degradation and increased energy availability, with increased in vitro gas production.
... (Bayer et al., 1994, Singh, 1999. Different microorganisms secrete cellulases extracellularly, when culture in cellulose containing media (Kubicek et al., 1993, Sang-Mok andKoo, 2001). Fungi and bacteria are two main organisms for the production of cellulases (Sethi et al., 2013). ...
Cellulose, is water insoluble, tough & fibrous material that forms plant cell wall and the major constituent of the agro waste. Cellulose can be degraded into glucose by microorganisms through cellulase. This enzyme acts on the 14 glycosidic linkages in cellulose thereby releasing glucose. Cellulase production can be induced in certain microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, by culturing them on cellulose containing medium. The aim of present investigation was to optimize cellulase production in a newly isolated Bacillus sp. For this, the isolated Bacillus sp. was grown under varying physical conditions to explore the optimum temperature, pH and incubation time for maximum enzyme induction. The medium was supplemented with various carbon and nitrogen sources to further enhance enzyme production. It was found that optimal cellulase production was achieved at temperature of 37 °C, at pH 7.0 and after 48h of incubation. The best medium for cellulase induction contained wheat bran as carbon source and ammonium chloride used as nitrogen.
Mbala pinda is one of the traditional foods consumed in Congo. In this study, the objective of which was to analyze the production of biosurfactants and that of hydrolytic enzymes from five strains of the Bacillus genus isolated from Mbala pinda and identified by gene analysis and 16S rRNA. These five strains already present in GenBank are the following:IM1=Bacillus safensis MPRN8 (MT107116), IL1=Bacillus megaterium MPRN5 (MT107117), IN1=Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MPRN2 (MT107118), ID1=Bacillus subtilis MPRN7 (MT107119), IMa1=Bacillus velezensis MPRN1 (MT107120). These bacteria are cultured, the cultures are then centrifuged, the supernatant obtained is used to demonstrate the production of biosurfactants and hydrolytic enzymes. Finally, an evaluation of the production of biosurfactants and that of hydrolytic enzymes is made, the correlations for each strain are established between the production of biosurfactants and that of hydrolytic enzymes. The results obtained showed that all five strains produce revealable bioisurfactants from the supernatant of the cultures and both in the presence of gasoline and diesel. The emulsification indexes for the five strains tested are greater than 60% for gasoline and greater than 50% for diesel. The five strains produce proteolytic enzymes with higher productions for IN1 and ID1. The Five strains produce cellulolytic enzymes, IN1 and ID1 are the best producers in our working conditions. The five strains also produce amylolytic enzymes in significant proportions in comparison with the control strain, but here it is IMa1 the main producer and also IM1 and IN1 which also produce significant quantities of these enzymes. The PCA analytic correlations for the production of hydrolytic enzymes according to the different strains and their growth show that each strain has its own characteristics, but all produce these enzymes.
Despite decades of research and industrial applications of Trichoderma reesei, the development of industrially relevant strains for enzyme production including a low-cost and scalable bioprocess remains elusive. Herein, bioprocess optimization, pilot plant scale-up, techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment for enzyme production by an engineered T. reesei strain are reported. The developed bioprocess increased in ∼2-fold protein productivity (0.39 g.L⁻¹.h⁻¹) and 1.6-fold FPase activity (196 FPU.L⁻¹.h⁻¹), reducing the fermentation in 4 days. Cultivation in a 65-L pilot plant bioreactor resulted in 54 g.L⁻¹ protein in 7 days, highlighting the robustness and scalability of this bioprocess. Techno-economic analysis indicates an enzyme cost of ∼3.2 USD.kg⁻¹, which is below to the target proposed (4.24 USD.kg⁻¹) in the NREL/TP-5100-47764 report, while life-cycle assessment shows a carbon footprint reduction of approximately 50% compared to a typical commercial enzyme. This study provides the fundamental knowledge for the design of economically competitive Trichoderma technologies for industrial use.
Fungal and oomycete pathogens are the significant causes of many plant diseases leading to major annual economic loss. This results in today’s shortfall of food supply due to which many millions of lives are insufficiently fed. One way to combat the loss is use of fungicides, but repeated use of fungicides resulted in evolved resistance in these pathogens leading to severe loss of yield. Hence, biological methods are proving to be more beneficial as compared to the chemical ones. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) employ a variety of mechanisms to promote plant growth and development, of which production of various hydrolytic enzymes against the fungal pathogens plays an important role. PGPR as biocontrol agents have been tried in many plants. Recently vast studies referring to the isolation and characterization of these hydrolytic enzymes have determined their ability to control plant pathogens. Enzymes like protease, chitinase, cellulose, and glucanase are known to act on the fungal cell wall leading to its degradation and finally the lysis of the fungal cell. Many bacterial species like B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis, S. marcescens, R. solani, F. oxysporum, S. rolfsii, P. ultimum, etc. are shown to synthesize such enzymes that can affect the cell wall integrity of the pathogens and inhibit them. These hydrolytic enzymes produced by PGPR play an important role in the control of various plant pathogens and thereby improve the plant growth, making an efficacious biocontrol agent. These PGPR release their antifungal metabolites in a sustained manner due to which it is difficult for the target organism to develop resistance against them as it is experienced with the chemical fungicides. PGPR can be used individually or in combinations in the sector of plant growth and protection.KeywordsBiocontrol agentsFungiHydrolytic enzymesOomycetesPhytopathogens
The cellulase is of industrial importance and there is a high demand to produce low cost cellulase. The cellulase production was carried out by Aspergillus niger on wastes like saw dust and wheat straw, as it is a need to reduce and reuse waste from the environment. The production was optimized at 72 hrs for saw dust and wheat straw with enzyme activity of 249.0909 U/min/ml and 338.0219 U/min/ml respectively. The produced enzyme was purified, the specific enzyme activity of Cellulase after precipitation at 80% (NH 4) 2 SO 4 was observed as 4.706659 U/min/mg for saw dust and 6.909737 U/min/ mg for wheat straw respectively. After ion-exchange chromatography best specific enzyme activity was observed in saw dust at 0.6 M NaCl with 3498.04 U/min/mg and for wheat straw at 0.4 M NaCl with 1692.6 U/min/mg. The industrial importance is to produce cellulase at low cost which can be achieved using waste as substrate as well as reduces toxicity of waste.
Abstract. The main purpose of this study is maximizing the utilization of paper waste material and
decrease its harmful effect. Eleven fungal isolates were selected and tested to assess their cellulolytic
potential. The isolates13A which were isolated from immature compost showed the highest Cellulolytic
Index values 0.47 mm. According to the morphological characteristics and the 18S rRNA gene sequence,
the isolate13A was identified as Aspergillus niger strain13A. The effect of pH and temperature on growth
of Aspergillus niger strain13A and its production of cellulase were investigated, the optimal culture
conditions was recorded at pH 6.0 after 6 days of incubation at 35 °C. Under optimal conditions various
paper waste materials were used for enzyme production under submerged and solid-state fermentation.
Maximum production of cellulase by Aspergillus niger strain13A was shown using kraft brown bags and
cardboard under solid state fermentation. Aspergillus niger strain13A exhibited also good degradability
for a mixture of kraft, cardboard, foolscap and printout paper, under solid state fermentation resulting in
the production of bioorganic material. Results of this study showed that treatment of soil with bioorganic
materials demnstrarting high effectiveness in controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
could be considered as promising alternative to chemical fungicides.
Enzyme use has provided boost to the technoeconomics of many industrial processes. In this chapter, we summarize different cellulase-based industrial processes for preparation of paper, pulp, brewing products, and different foods. This review presents a brief chemistry and mechanism of cellulose degradation by the cellulase enzyme. Also, cellulase production abilities of many microbial species have been addressed in this chapter. Cellulase plays a major role in production of good-quality paper and pulp. It’s used to debark the biomass and to remove lignocellulosic part. This enzyme also has application in recycling of used paper by deinking and biobleaching. Cellulase enhances freeness and drainage ability of the fibers without compromising the brightness of the fibers. In brewing industry, cellulase in combination of other enzymes is used to extract the more sugar for better-quality alcohol production. Cellulases have a wide range of potential applications in food and beverage processing, production of fruit and vegetable juices, and improvement of methods for extraction, clarification, and stabilization.
Microbial cellulase is an important enzyme that contributes to fuel production by converting biomass. It has now become a central biocatalyst because of its use in industrial and various other fields. With the advancement of biotechnology, microorganisms are being widely used to manufacture cellulases. Microbial cellulases have subjected their relevance potential in a range of industries such as pulp and paper, textiles, laundry, production of biofuel, food industries, agriculture, and wine. Nowadays, considerable attention has been devoted to the challenges of cellulase research with the present knowledge of cellulase production and especially to the improvement of the process economy of various industries.
Cellulosic biomass is the good source of fermentable sugars, which can be converted to simpler sugars by simultaneous saccharification by the microorganism for bioethanol production. Ulva lactuca an estuarine macro algae was collected from Kirubele region of Aghanashini estuary for bioethanol production and its biomass was subjected to various macromolecular studies. Bacteria were isolated from the gut region of crab Grapsus albolineatus and were identified as gram-ve cocci and gram-ve bacilli and the fungal species were isolated from organic decomposition and moist soil and were identified as Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., and Rhizopus sp. The biomass estimation reveals of 26.71% total carbohydrates and 7.64% cellulose, which was converted to simple sugar molecules through successive scarification, later monosaccharide's were converted to bio-ethanol through fermentation using Saccharomyces cereviceae which yielded around 16.69g/l of ethanol, whereas combination of bacteria with yeast yielded around 18.09 g/l of ethanol, combination of fugal strains and yeast yielded around 18.22-24.98g/l of ethanol. The maximum yield of 24.98g/l with Aspergillus sp. followed by 19.55g/l with Trichoderma sp. Hence the results shows that fungal species are the best cellulosic degrading microbes for the estuarine seaweeds with dilute acid pre-treatment.
Enzymes are protein molecules functioning as specialized catalysts for chemical reactions. The use of enzymes in various industries is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, non toxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. Microbial enzymes can be produced easily on large scale by a number of fermentation techniques like solid-state and submerged fermentations. Due to development in recombinant technology and protein engineering, enzymes have evolved as an important molecule that has been widely used in different industrial and therapeutical purposes. The present chapter discusses a comprehensive list of exogenous/commercial enzymes, their microbial sources, safety aspects, and applications in food system.
Biofuels provide a sustainable and renewable source of energy for the future. Recent advances in biotechnology have made the production of chemicals from renewable resources more viable. Microorganisms play a vital role in the production of biofuels. A number of scientific challenges still need to be overcome to facilitate an economically viable production system. These include the high cost of hydrolytic enzymes and low conversion efficiency from simple sugars to biofuels. In this chapter, two of the current biofuel applications in which microbes have a significant role to play are highlighted: the catalytic enzyme producer and manufacture of biofuels. We also discuss the technical developments in metabolic engineering of a number of microorganisms for the production of biofuels.
The mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacills liocheniformis were used in the analysis of cellulolytic activity on the cellulosic substrates namely saw dust and cellulose powder by providing 28days incubation. At the end of the incubation the results revealed that the 14 th day incubation gave the maximum output. The mutant P. aeruginosa showed better utilization of cellulosic substrates than the mutant strain of B.licheniformis. The enzyme production also more in the mutant P.aeruginosa than B.licheniformis. Among the two substrates used, the utility of the cellulose powder was more than the sawdust by both the mutant strains.
The mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacills liocheniformis were used in the analysis of cellulolytic activity on the cellulosic substrates namely saw dust and cellulose powder by providing 28days incubation. At the end of the incubation the results revealed that the 14 th day incubation gave the maximum output. The mutant P. aeruginosa showed better utilization of cellulosic substrates than the mutant strain of B.licheniformis. The enzyme production also more in the mutant P.aeruginosa than B.licheniformis. Among the two substrates used, the utility of the cellulose powder was more than the sawdust by both the mutant strains.
The mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacills liocheniformis were used in the analysis of cellulolytic activity on the cellulosic substrates namely saw dust and cellulose powder by providing 28days incubation. At the end of the incubation the results revealed that the 14 th day incubation gave the maximum output. The mutant P. aeruginosa showed better utilization of cellulosic substrates than the mutant strain of B.licheniformis. The enzyme production also more in the mutant P.aeruginosa than B.licheniformis. Among the two substrates used, the utility of the cellulose powder was more than the sawdust by both the mutant strains.
The use of a fed-batch cultivation of the fungus Trichoderma reesei (C30) allows cellulase [see 1,4-(1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4] production to occur under optimum conditions, and results in extremely high enzyme titres and productivities. Enzyme levels of 26 U ml−1 at productivities >130 U l−1 h−1 have been achieved. These results are compared with the values obtained in two-stage continuous cultivation of the organism at optimum pH and temperature.
The new mutant Trichoderma reesei E-12 was better than the parent strain QM 9414 and strain D1/6 in terms of cellulase productivity. Due to its greater resistance to catabolite repression there was scope for further improvement of enzyme productivity by better control of the environment inside the bioreactor. Mutant E-12 requires higher nitrogen concentration than other strains. A peptone concentration of 0.2% minimizes the foaming problem and the drop in filter paper activity at the decreased peptone level is not significant. The mutant strain has a potential for enhanced cellulase biosynthesis with better environmental control strategies.
Cultivation of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 on 3% (w/v) cellulose medium (C/N ratio = 8.5) produced 4.5 IU/ml celulase 180 hr at a cell growth of 8.0 g/liter (0.266 g cell/g cellulose). It corresponded to an average cellulase productivity 25.0 IU/liter/hr (3.5 IU/g cell/hr). In the same medium 9.5 g/liter cell mass (0.316 g cell/g cellulose), 6.2 IU/ml cellulase, and 38.75 IU/liter/hr (4.0 IU/g cell/hr) cellulase productivity could be obtained using pH cycling condition during cultivation. Cell mass, cellulase yield, and productivity were further increased to 10.0 g/liter, 7.2 IU/ml, and 44.0 IU/liter/hr (4.5 IU/g cell/hr), respectively, by simultaneous pH cycling and temperature profiling strategy. Results are described.
The Production of cellulases and Hemicellulases was studied with Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30, This organism produced, together with high cellulase activities, considerable amounts of xylanases and β-glucosidase. Three cellulose concentration (1, 2.5, and 5.0%) were examined to determined the maximum levels of cellulase activity obtainable in submerged culture. Temperature and pH profiling was used to increase cell mass to maximum levels within two days and thereby enhancing fermentor productivity at higher substrate levels. The effect of temperature, pH, Tween-80 concentration, carbon sources, and substrate concentration on the ration of mycelial growth and extracellulose enzyme production are described.
New data for the fed-batch production of cellulases usingTrichoderma reesei Rut. C-30 give additional motivation for this mode of culture as a result of simultaneously high enzyme titres (31 IU FPA/mL), productivities (160 IU FPA L–1 h–1) and yields (477 IU FPA/g cellulose). These results also indicate a strong potential for even further improvements through the optimization of feeding policies.
Use of a fed-batch mode of cultivation of T. reesei has permitted high concentrations of substrate to be consumed. This has resulted in the production of high titre cellulase preparations around 30 FPU/ml at high volumetric productivities (177 IU/L.hr).
Perhaps the most obvious area for major improvement in the process of cellulose utilization is the production of cellulase enzyme for hydrolysis of wood and agricultural residues. It has been estimated that some 50% of the cost of producing glucose from cellulosic material is attributable to enzyme production alone (Perez, et al., 1980). Improvements in the area would therefore have a dramatic impact, and are of paramount importance if economical hydrolysis processes are to be realized. The first major thrust in the area has been the development of improved mutant strains of T. reesei, free from catabolite repression and capable of constitutive cellulase production (Montenecourt and Eveleigh, 1977; Gallo, 1982).
While this effort continues to develop further high yielding mutants, improvement must also come from developments in fermentation techniques. A major advance is the use of fed-batch cultivation, which provides a means of avoiding the agitation and aeration difficulties, as well as repression effects encountered with high substrate concentration batch fermentation. This report briefly compares batch and fed-batch operation over a range of substrate concentrations.
Fed-batch cultures of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 attained quasi-steady state conditions, in respect of biomass concentration and enzyme production rate, commensurate with a specific cell maintenance coefficient of 0.029 g cellulose.g biomass.???1h???1 and specific cellulase production rate of between 9.6 and 11.9 IU (filter paper activity).g biomass.???1h???1. A maximum enzyme yield of 57 IU.m1???1 at an overall productivity of 201 IU.L.???1h???1 resulted from a cellulose feed rate of 1.0g.L.???1h???1.
The scope in improving enzyme productivities from the cellulose fermentation process is examined in laboratory-scale fermentors. The maximum productivity (30 IU/liter hr) is attained in a continuous-culture process with cell recycle using modified medium containing 0.5% cellulose. Optimum dilution rate and recycle ratio are determined as 0.025 hr-1 and 1.2, respectively, for the process. The system is analyzed and steady-state equations for predicting enzyme protein concentrations in the fermentor are developed. In fed-batch cultures, slow addition of cellulose at high concentrations can improve enzyme productivity by as much as 33% over a batch process. The scope and results of using modified medium for cellulase production are also presented.