No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Stereotypes about attractiveness: When beautiful is not better
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of attractiveness and gender on people's perceptions of jab competence. Trained interviewers telephoned 907 residents of eastern North Carolina, read a description of two job applicants, and asked participants to evaluate the applicants on dimensions of job ability. We hypothesized that men would be favored over women of similar attractiveness and that attractiveness would benefit female applicants on hirability, but harm male applicants. Results showed a slight preference for women over men, but a more powerful preference for unattractive people over their attractive counterparts. In addition, participants typically preferred applicants believed to have a more difficult time in obtaining a job. Results also indicated that participants felt "people in general" would act upon typical stereotypes regarding gender and attractiveness, but participants themselves were exempt from the stereotype.
... This is explained by the physical attractiveness stereotype, also called the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype (Dion, Walster & Berscheid, 1972). This physical attractiveness stereotype has been observed in adult samples in different contexts (social and professional, Abramowitz & Ogrady, 1991;Cash & Kilcullen, 1985;Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998) and different cultures (Chen, Shaffer & Wu, 1997). Several studies confirmed the presence of this physical attractiveness stereotype in children samples (e.g. ...
... A lot of social psychological research documents the physical attractiveness stereotype, or the perception that physically attractive individuals possess more positive qualities and experience more satisfying life outcomes than do unattractive individuals. This physical attractiveness stereotype has been observed in adult samples in different contexts (social and professional, Abramowitz & Ogrady, 1991;Cash & Kilcullen, 1985;Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998) and different cultures (Chen, Shaffer & Wu, 1997). The stereotype is most robust for perceptions of social competency and less predictive of intellectual competence, psychological adjustment, integrity and concern for others (Eagly et al., 1991). ...
The authors investigate (1) whether the physical attractiveness stereotype applies to children, (2) whetherchildren's self-perception is influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, (3) whether children'sbuying intentions are influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, and (4) whetherage, gender, and materialism affect (1), (2), and (3). Results of an experimental research (N=185) confirmthe presence of the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype in children. Attractive (versus less attractive)models were also perceived to be less likely to follow the rules. Contrary to expectations from researchin adult samples, the presence of an attractive (versus less attractive) model has a positive influence onperceived physical appearance for both boys and girls and also a positive influence on general self-worthfor girls. The authors also found that attractive (versus less attractive) models increase attitudes andbuying intentions for boys, but not for girls. No effects of age and materialism were found.
... This is explained by the physical attractiveness stereotype, also called the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype (Dion, Walster & Berscheid, 1972). This physical attractiveness stereotype has been observed in adult samples in different contexts (social and professional, Abramowitz & Ogrady, 1991;Cash & Kilcullen, 1985;Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998) and different cultures (Chen, Shaffer & Wu, 1997). Several studies confirmed the presence of this physical attractiveness stereotype in children samples (e.g. ...
... A lot of social psychological research documents the physical attractiveness stereotype, or the perception that physically attractive individuals possess more positive qualities and experience more satisfying life outcomes than do unattractive individuals. This physical attractiveness stereotype has been observed in adult samples in different contexts (social and professional, Abramowitz & Ogrady, 1991;Cash & Kilcullen, 1985;Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998) and different cultures (Chen, Shaffer & Wu, 1997). The stereotype is most robust for perceptions of social competency and less predictive of intellectual competence, psychological adjustment, integrity and concern for others (Eagly et al., 1991). ...
... Nadalje, s obzirom na nejednoznačne nalaze pojedinih istraživanja koja pokazuju kako spol osobe može imati različit utjecaj na sadržaj sterotipa (Cash i Janda, 1984;Farley, Chia i Allred, 1998;Nicklin i Roch;2008), u ovom smo istraživanju smatrali važnim ispitati utječe li privlačnost lica jednako na procjene ličnosti muških i ženskih osoba koje se procjenjuju. ...
... Dosadašnja istraživanja također ne daju niti jednoznačne rezultate vezano za utjecaj spola osobe koju se procjenjuje na procjene njezinih osobina (Brewer i Archer, 2007;Eagly i sur., 1991;Farley, Chia i Allred, 1998;Wheeler i Kim, 1997). ...
The aim of this research was to check the existence of the physical attractiveness stereotype and to examine the content of this stereotype in the context of the Big Five personality theory. Specifically, the study examined whether different levels of the physical attractiveness (very attractive faces, attractive faces and unattractive faces) and sex of target affect people's judgment of five personality traits: extroversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness. Participants (106 female students) judged personality traits of target faces from the photos. Results revealed that judgments of almost all investigated personality dimensions are affected by the attractiveness and sex of the target person, as well as their interaction. Contrary to previous finding on this stereotype which showed that the most positive traits were ascribed to the attractive targets, this study showed that targets of average physical attractiveness were judged as the most agreeable, emotionally stable and extraverted, regardless of their sex. Unattractive targets were assessed as the most introverted, emotionally unstable and low on openness dimension. Interactive effects of targets' physical attractiveness and gender were confirmed on the judgments of extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness. Results are discussed in the context of complex relationships between investigated variables, evolutionary factors and other possible causes of this stereotype.
... Kako bi se omogućilo potpunije razumijevanje efekta privlačnosti lica na procjenu osobina ličnosti, u ovo je istraživanje uz krajnje kategorije privlačnosti uključena i kategorija prosječno privlačnih lica koja ionako najčešće imamo priliku procjenjivati u svakodnevnim socijalnim interakcijama. Nadalje, s obzirom na nejednoznačne nalaze pojedinih istraživanja koja pokazuju kako spol osobe može imati različit utjecaj na sadržaj sterotipa (Cash i Janda, 1984; Farley, Chia i Allred, 1998; Nicklin i Roch; 2008), u ovom smo istraživanju smatrali važnim ispitati utječe li privlačnost lica jednako na procjene ličnosti muških i ženskih osoba koje se procjenjuju. Sukladno dosadašnjim istraživanjima, očekujemo značajan efekt privlačnosti lica na procjenu većine ispitivanih crta ličnosti. ...
... (1991) pokazalo da se muškarci i žene ne razlikuju u sadržaju ovog stereotipa. Dosadašnja istraživanja također ne daju niti jednoznačne rezultate vezano za utjecaj spola osobe koju se procjenjuje na procjene njezinih osobina (Brewer i Archer, 2007; Eagly i sur., 1991; Farley, Chia i Allred, 1998; Wheeler i Kim, 1997). ...
The aim of this research was to check the existence of the physical attractiveness stereotype and to examine the content of this stereotype in the context of the Big Five personality theory. Specifically, the study examined whether different levels of the physical attractiveness (very attractive faces, attractive faces and unattractive faces) and sex of target affect people’s judgment of five personality traits: extroversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness. Participants (106 female students) judged personality traits of target faces from the photos. Results revealed that judgments of almost all investigated personality dimensions are affected by the attractiveness and sex of the target person, as well as their interaction. Contrary to previous finding on this stereotype which showed that the most positive traits were ascribed to the attractive targets, this study showed that targets of average physical attractiveness were judged as the most agreeable, emotionally stable and extraverted, regardless of their sex. Unattractive targets were assessed as the most introverted, emotionally unstable and low on openness dimension. Interactive effects of targets' physical attractiveness and gender were confirmed on the judgments of extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness. Results are discussed in the context of complex relationships between investigated variables, evolutionary factors and other possible causes of this stereotype.
... In their study, leaders who reported higher levels of each competency reported better communication with superiors and subordinates. Research focusing on attraction level of hypothetical job candidates indicates that attractive women are perceived to be more competent than attractive men, but unattractive men are considered more competent than attractive women (Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998). ...
This study examined the credibility implications of employees who date at work. A 2 (status dynamic of the romance) × 2 (sex of the peer) design was used to examine effects of workplace romance on perceptions of credibility. One hundred and forty full-time working adults assessed the credibility of a hypothetical coworker who was involved in a workplace romance. Results indicate that peers who date superiors are viewed as less caring and less trustworthy than are peers who date equal status employees. Sex and status interacted such that women dating superiors versus peers were perceived as less caring and less trustworthy, whereas perceptions of men did not differ based on the status of their relational partners. Limitations and future research are discussed.
... Seminal social psychological research conducted 30 years ago documented the what-isbeautiful-is-good stereotype (Dion et al., 1972), or the perception that physically attractive individuals possess more positive qualities and experience more satisfying life outcomes than do unattractive individuals. This physical attractiveness (PA) stereotype has been observed in social and professional contexts (Abramowitz & O'Grady, 1990; Cash & Kilcullen, 1985; Farley, Chia, & Allred, 1998) and has been shown in Western as well as non-Western cultures, despite differences in perceptions surrounding PA across cultures (Chen & Shaffer, 1997). Though the uniformity of the stereotype across personality traits and social judgments has been called into question by a meta-analysis of the relevant literature, Eagly et al. (1991) found that the stereotype was most robust for perceptions of social competency. ...
Disney movies are frequently cited as a source of the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. Two studies (a) assessed prevalence of the stereotype across animated Disney movies; and (b) examined whether exposure to such films influences children's judgments of peers. In Study 1, human characters in 21 films were rated on attractiveness, goodness, and character outcome. Regression analyses demonstrated that attractiveness of a character was a significant predictor of the character's portrayal. In the second study, 42 children (ages 6–12) were exposed to either a high or low beauty-biased film and then rated target peers. Children rated the attractive target more favorably than the less attractive target. However, film exposure did not increase children's use of the stereotype.
In this chapter, we review the literature on attractiveness by explaining the multifaceted nature of attractiveness and then focusing on physical attractiveness as it has a predominant impact on attractiveness.
An appraisal tendency approach was adopted to explore the influence of emotional certainty on stereotyping and judgment in a workplace context. Across two studies, participants completed an emotional memory task designed to induce emotions representing two different levels of emotional certainty (certain versus uncertain). They then reviewed interview footage, a résumé, and qualifying criteria before rating a hypothetical job candidate’s personality and employability. Study 1 revealed that emotions high in certainty (compared to uncertainty) led to more favorable personality and employability ratings for attractive compared to unattractive candidates. Study 2 produced the same pattern of results for younger (compared to older) candidates. We conclude that certainty appraisals associated with temporary, incidental emotions are a useful predictor of the likelihood that stereotypes will be applied during decision making.
The authors investigate (1) whether the physical attractiveness stereotype applies to children, (2) whether children’s self-perception is influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, (3) whether children’s buying intentions are influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, and (4) whether age, gender, and materialism affect (1), (2), and (3). Results of an experimental research (N=185) confirm the presence of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype in children. Attractive (versus less attractive) models were also perceived to be less likely to follow the rules. Contrary to expectations from research in adult samples, the presence of an attractive (versus less attractive) model has a positive influence on perceived physical appearance for both boys and girls and also a positive influence on general self-worth for girls. The authors also found that attractive (versus less attractive) models increase attitudes and buying intentions for boys, but not for girls. No effects of age and materialism were found.
This research examines the important but unexamined effects of salesperson attractiveness on consumer bargaining behavior in retail contexts. In line with our theorizing, three studies demonstrate that the effect of salesperson attractiveness on consumer bargaining depends on their general beliefs regarding the impact of labor costs on retail prices. While consumers bargain less with an attractive salesperson when their labor costs-to-price (LP) ratio beliefs are relatively low, they bargain harder with an attractive, as opposed to a less attractive salesperson, when their LP ratio beliefs are relatively high. As well, we provide evidence for the process, based on the salesperson’s perceived trustworthiness and consumers’ consequent bargaining stance towards her.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la activación de información estereotípica en contextos de selección de personal. Las hipótesis fueron contrastadas mediante un diseño experimental 2 (sexo del aplicante) x 2 (atractivo del aplicante) x 2 (sexo de la persona reclutadora) en un grupo de reclutadores profesionales. Los resultados indicaron un efecto significativo tanto del sexo como del atractivo de los estímulos. Estos efectos fueron moderados por el sexo de las personas reclutadoras y parcialmente mediados por las atribuciones de calidez y habilidad. Los resultados se discuten considerando el impacto del estereotipo de “lo bello es bueno” y los estereotipos sobre los roles tradicionales asignados a cada sexo.
The authors investigate (1) whether the physical attractiveness stereotype applies to children, (2) whether children's self-perception is influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, (3) whether children's buying intentions are influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, and (4) whether age, gender, and materialism affect (1), (2), and (3). Results of an experimental research (N=185) confirm the presence of the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype in children. Attractive (versus less attractive) models were also perceived to be less likely to follow the rules. Contrary to expectations from research in adult samples, the presence of an attractive (versus less attractive) model has a positive influence on perceived physical appearance for both boys and girls and also a positive influence on general self-worth for girls. The authors also found that attractive (versus less attractive) models increase attitudes and buying intentions for boys, but not for girls. No effects of age and materialism were found.
This paper investigates (1) whether the physical attractiveness stereotype applies to children, (2) whether children’s self-perception is influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, (3) whether children’s attitudes towards an ad and buying intentions for a non-beauty-related product are influenced by the attractiveness of an advertising model, and (4) whether age affects (1), (2), and (3). Results of two experimental studies with respectively 8–9-year-old (N = 75) and 12–13 year old (N = 57) girls and boys confirm the presence of the physical attractiveness stereotype in children. The presence of a moderately attractive (vs. less attractive) model has a negative influence on general self-worth for 8–9-year-old boys, but not for girls, nor for 12–13-year-old children. Exposure to a moderately attractive (vs. less attractive) model also has a positive influence on perceived physical appearance of 8–9-year-old girls, but this effect does not occur for boys, nor for 12–13-year-olds. The studies also show that moderately attractive (vs. less attractive) models increase attitudes and buying intentions for 8–9-year-olds, but not for 12–13-year-old boys and girls.
This study investigated whether 2 well-known biases, gender and physical appearance, influence readers' perceptions of different types of letters of recommendation (LORs; inflated vs. noninflated). Based on 244 participants, a main effect for letter type was found. Applicants with inflated letters were more likely to be hired and were predicted to become more successful, despite readers recognizing that the inflated letter contained exaggerations. A 3-way interaction was also present. Gender and physical attractiveness did not influence reader perceptions when given an inflated letter, but when readers received a noninflated letter, attractive women were predicted to become most successful. These results demonstrate that readers may still be biased by irrelevant factors when reading LORs, emphasizing a need for letter reader training.
More children with cancer are receiving effective treatment, which allows for increased participation in everyday settings. Yet, little information is available about people's acceptance of children with cancer. This study examined young adults' acceptance ratings for a child receiving chemotherapy for cancer, a child with cancer in remission, and a physically healthy child. Findings did not provide support for a cancer stereotype and call into question whether results of studies using total or global scores from attitude scales should be taken at face value. Adults' responses suggested that they perceived children with cancer as experiencing primarily physical limitations (e.g., less strength and agility). Exposure to information about cancer was related to higher acceptance ratings for children described as having cancer, providing support for the importance of continued efforts to improve knowledge about the effects of this disease.
This article examines the effect of students’ physical attractiveness on a variety of judgments made in educational settings. This review discusses the following issues: (a) methodology for studying physical attractiveness in the classroom; (b) teacher judgments, expectations, and impressions of physically attractive students; and (c) the influence of moderator variables such as gender, race, conduct, and physical attractiveness effects. A descriptive and a meta-analytic review of the research indicated that physically attractive students are judged usually more favorably by teachers in a number of dimensions including intelligence, academic potential, grades, and various social skills. The potential influence of moderator variables—such as, student gender, race, and past performance on the physical attractiveness bias—is also examined. Finally, the possible mechanisms responsible for the attractiveness effect and the limitations of this research are discussed.
Examined whether physically attractive stimulus persons, both male and female, are (a) assumed to possess more socially desirable personality traits than physically unattractive stimulus persons, and (b) expected to lead better lives (e.g., be more competent husbands and wives and more successful occupationally) than unattractive stimulus persons. Sex of Subject * Sex of Stimulus Person interactions along these dimensions also were investigated. Results with 30 male and 30 female undergraduates indicate a "what is beautiful is good" stereotype along the physical attractiveness dimension with no Sex of Judge * Sex of Stimulus interaction. Implications of such a stereotype on self-concept development and the course of social interaction are discussed.
Describes a study in which the person perception study by K. K. Dion et al (see record
1973-09160-001) was quasi-replicated in order to assess the generality of the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype. In Exp I, 40 female participants who were either unattractive, average, or physically attractive made a variety of attributions about female target persons of varying attractiveness levels. Attribution favorability was found to be contingent upon the physical attractiveness of the participant as well as the dimensions along which the attributions were made. While many of the attributions were congruent with the postulated stereotype, others were not. Socially undesirable attributions regarding vanity, egotism, likelihood of marital disaster (requesting a divorce/having an extramarital affair), and likelihood of being bourgeois (materialistic/snobbish/unsympathetic to oppressed peoples) were reliably increasing monotonic functions of target persons' attractiveness levels. Plausible explanations for these divergencies were explored in Exp II with 354 randomly sampled university students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The relationship of managerial experience to gender and attractiveness biases was examined in decisions involving suitability for hire and probable organizational progression within a typical financial institution. Each of 112 managers evaluated 4 equivalent résumé-data sheets, to which different candidate photographs were attached. The photographs were varied using a 2 X 2 (Gender X Attractiveness) design wherein each photograph depicted a woman or a man who was either highly attractive or slightly below average in attractiveness. For both ratings and rankings of candidates, clear evidence of attractiveness and gender biases were present. The extent of the bias was generally smaller for the most experienced managers, although less attractive female applicants were routinely at a disadvantage regardless of managerial experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Three studies (with a total of 92 female undergraduates) investigated the contention that stereotypes function as resource-preserving devices in mental life, using a dual-task paradigm. In Study 1, Ss formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring a prose passage. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in Ss' prose-monitoring performance when stereotype labels were present on the impression-formation task. To investigate the intentionality of this effect, in Study 2, the procedures used in Study 1 were repeated using a subliminal priming procedure to activate stereotypes. Subliminal activation of stereotypes produced the same resource-preserving effects as supraliminal activation did. This effect, moreover, was replicated in Study 3 when a probe reaction task was used to measure resource preservation. These findings, which generalized across a range of social stereotypes, are discussed in terms of their implications for contemporary models of stereotyping and social inference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Demonstrates that the physical attractiveness stereotype established by studies of person perception is not as strong or general as suggested by the often-used summary phrase
what is beautiful is good. Although Ss in these studies ascribed more favorable personality traits and more successful life outcomes to attractive than unattractive targets, the average magnitude of this beauty-is-good effect was moderate, and the strength of the effect varied considerably from study to study. Consistent with the authors' implicit personality theory framework, a substantial portion of this variation was explained by the specific content of the inferences that Ss were asked to make: The differences in Ss' perception of attractive and unattractive targets were largest for indexes of social competence; intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence; and near zero for integrity and concern for others. The strength of the physical attractiveness stereotype also varied as a function of other attributes of the studies, including the presence of individuating information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Indicates that research in social psychology has largely been based on college students tested in academic laboratories on academiclike tasks. How this dependence on one narrow data base may have biased the main substantive conclusions of sociopsychological research in this era is discussed. Research on the full life span suggests that, compared with older adults, college students are likely to have less crystallized attitudes, less formulated senses of self, stronger cognitive skills, stronger tendencies to comply with authority, and more unstable peer-group relationships. These peculiarities of social psychology's predominant data base may have contributed to central elements of its portrait of human nature. According to this view, people are quite compliant and their behavior is easily socially influenced, readily change their attitudes and behave inconsistently with them, and do not rest their self-perceptions on introspection. The data base may also contribute to this portrait of human nature's strong emphasis on cognitive processes and to its lack of emphasis on personality dispositions, material self-interest, emotionally based irrationalities, group norms, and stage-specific phenomena. The analysis implies the need both for more careful examination of sociopsychological propositions for systematic biases introduced by dependence on this data base and for increased reliance on adults tested in their natural habitats with materials drawn from ordinary life. (127 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Results of a survey of 197 American Psychological Association journal articles indicate that important information is frequently missing from the article method section. It is suggested that articles include consent and debriefing procedures, and report S demographics and incentives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Varied the physical attractiveness of a criminal defendant (attractive, unattractive, or no information) and the nature of the crime (attractiveness-related or attractiveness-unrelated) in a factorial design. After reading 1 of the case accounts, 120 undergraduates sentenced the defendant to a term of imprisonment. An interaction was predicted: When the crime was unrelated to attractiveness (burglary), Ss would assign more lenient sentences to the attractive defendant than to the unattractive defendant; when the offense was attractiveness-related (swindle), the attractive defendant would receive harsher treatment. Results confirm the predictions, thereby supporting a cognitive explanation for the relationship between the physical attractiveness of defendants and the nature of the judgments made against them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
-This study examined the effect of physical attractiveness of college professors on students' forming impressions of them. 60 high school students answered questions about alleged professors, who varied in physical attractiveness and sex. Analyses showed that attractive professors were (a1 seen as better teachers, (b) perceived as more likely to be asked for additional assistance, (c) more likely to be recommended to other students, and (d) less likely to be blamed if a student received a failing come grade than unattractive Female professors were also rated more favorably than their male peers.
This study was designed to unveil some unconscious negative stereotyped views toward females shared by male and female college students. It was hypothesized that generally males will be judged as being more intelligent and likeable than females. Furthermore, females acting in an inappropriate sex-role manner, such as being high assertive, will be evaluated as even less intelligent and likeable than males. A total of 643 undergraduates viewed video tapes in which two males and two females in turn played high, medium, and low assertive roles. Pretesting was used to assure that the role players' physical attractiveness had been equated and levels of assertiveness had been effectively manipulated. After viewing the tapes subjects rated the role players on intelligence and likeability. Results supported the hypotheses, suggesting that unfavorable attitudes toward females do exist.
Two groups of male undergraduates (N = 204) indicated their impressions of target females varying in physical attractiveness. These data were subjected to a factor analysis. Of four factors which emerged, only a factor of Sexual/Social Excitement was reliably associated with physical attractiveness. Participants anticipating interaction with a target did not attribute other dimensions of personality on the basis of physical attractiveness; those not anticipating such interaction rated attractive targets higher on a dimension of activity and lower on dimensions of interpersonal sensitivity and social concern.
Past reviews suggest that men and women not only make socially desirable attributions toward attractive and unattractive people, but that such attributions are correlated with positive social behavior toward attractive persons. To assess these suggestions 40 male and female Ss engaged in a social persuasion task and provided attributions toward an attractive or unattractive female confederate. While the female confederate received more socially desirable attributions in the attractive versus unattractive condition, no differences were observed in social persuasion behavior. Such findings question the assumption that social attributions are associated with differential social experiences based on a physical attractiveness stereotype.
The present study examined the effect of facial attractiveness and gender on raters' evaluations of and explanations for managerial performance. Results showed attractiveness to be a potential liability for both males and females. Good performance of attractive females was more likely than that of others to be attributed to luck or bias, while that of attractive males was viewed as occurring with little effort. In addition, the poor performance of attractive individuals was blamed on lack of effort (females) or lack of ability (males). Implications of these findings are discussed.
The present study was an examination of the effects of physical attractiveness and gender on perceptions of academic success, achievement-related traits, intelligence, initiative, and attributions of ability and effort in relation to academic success. It was hypothesized that attractive persons and men would be rated more favorably along these dimensions than would unattractive persons and women. The participants were 144 U.S. undergraduates who observed photographs of attractive and unattractive men and women and then rated the persons in the photographs on the aforementioned dimensions. Physical attractiveness had a differential effect on the dimensions within achievement. Also, being perceived as physically attractive created positive impressions of achievement-related traits for men but negative impressions for women.