Fresh-water pearl mussel Margaritana margaritifera (Unionidea, Margaritanidae) in rivers of the reserved area "Gladyshevskii" (Leningrad oblast)

Abstract

The observation of the wildlife sanctuary "Gladyshevskii" (Karelian Isthmus, Leningrad oblast) revealed the presence of the fresh-water pearl mussel Margaritana mar gar it if era included into the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation in its rivers. The mollusk population is very small, and the rate of its reproduction is very low. Old-aged mollusks mainly inhabit the rivers investigated, they remained from the time of the existence of native salmon population. One of the efficient measures to restore Margaritana margaritifera is release of salmon young fishes during the spawning period of salmon in spring and/or late summer or immediately before it.

Full text

áééãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã, 2008, ÚÓÏ 87, ‹ 5, Ò. 1–2
1
ÅÓθ¯‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ̇ıÓ‰ÓÍ ÔÂÒÌÓ‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÊÂÏ-
˜ÛÊÌˈ˚,
Margaritana margaritifera
(L.), ̇ ÚÂË-
ÚÓËË êÓÒÒËË, ÛÔÓÏflÌÛÚ˚ı ‚ ̇ۘÌÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÂ,
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Ê ·˚ÎË Ôӂ‰ÂÌ˚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ ËÒ-
ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÓÎβÒ͇ (Ç·ÒÚÓ‚,
1934; ᲄ‡ÌÓ‚, 2005). 낉ÂÌËfl Ó ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈÂ
ãÂÌËÌ„‡‰ÒÍÓÈ Ó·Î. Ò‚Ó‰flÚÒfl Î˯¸ Í Â ÛÔÓÏË̇-
Ì˲ ‚ ˜ËÒΠÓı‡ÌflÂÏ˚ı ‚ˉӂ (ÅÓ„‡ÚÓ‚ Ë ‰.,
2004). Ç ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl, ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓËË
ãÂÌËÌ„‡‰ÒÍÓÈ Ó·Î. ËÁ‰‡‚̇ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î ÔÓÏ˚-
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̇ ÔÂ·ÏÛÚ Ë ˜ÌÓÈ ÊÂϘۄ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁ-Á‡ ÂÁ-
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‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÎÓÒÓÒÂÏ (
Salmo salar
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ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ˚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ
ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ‚ ÂÍ ÂÒÚ¸ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËfl ÎÓÒÓÒ‚˚ı.
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·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚Ó‰˚, Ô˘ÂÏ Ì‡ ÚÂı Û˜‡ÒÚ-
͇ı ÂÍ, „‰Â ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÌÂÂÒÚ ÎÓÒÓÒ‚˚ı.
ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ÏÂÒÚ, „‰Â ÒÓı‡ÌË·Ҹ
ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ‡, – ÂÍË Á‡Í‡ÁÌË͇ “É·‰˚¯Â‚ÒÍËÈ”
(ÇÂÎË͇fl, êÓ˘ËÌ͇, óÂ̇fl, É·‰˚¯Â‚͇), ÍÓÚÓ-
˚È ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ Ì‡ ä‡ÂθÒÍÓÏ ÔÂ¯ÂÈÍ ãÂ-
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ÌËfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó Á‡Í‡ÁÌË͇ ‚ 1996 „. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ Ò‚Â‰ÂÌËÈ Ó
ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË ÏÂÒÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË ˝ÚËı ÏÓÎβÒÍÓ‚ ÌÂ
·˚ÎÓ. Ç Ú˜ÂÌË ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı 10 ÎÂÚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-
ÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl Ú‡ÍÊ Ì ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎËÒ¸.
óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÎÓÒÓÒ‚˚ı ˚·, ÚÓ ‚ Â͇ı Á‡Í‡ÁÌË-
͇ ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÎÓÒÓÒ¸ ·˚Î, ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË,
ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ËÒÚ·ÎÂÌ ÓÍÓÎÓ 40 ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ (ï‡ÎÚÛ-
ËÌ, 1970), ‡ ÍÛÏʇ ÒÓı‡ÌË·Ҹ ‚ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÏ ÍÓ-
΢ÂÒÚ‚Â. Ç ÍÓ̈ 1970-ı Ë Ì‡˜‡Î 1980-ı „„. ̇
.
óÂ̇fl ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎËÒ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔÓ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ˲
ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË ÎÓÒÓÒfl (ä‡Á‡ÍÓ‚, èÂÚÂÌÍÓ, 1987), ÌÓ
ÓÌË Ì ۂÂ̘‡ÎËÒ¸ ÛÒÔÂıÓÏ – ‰ÓÒÚÓ‚ÂÌ˚ı ҂‰Â-
ÌËÈ Ó ÌÂÂÒÚ ÎÓÒÓÒfl ‚ Â͇ı Á‡Í‡ÁÌË͇ Ì ·˚ÎÓ.
ë 2000 „. Ô‰ÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl ÌÓ‚˚ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË (̇
‰‚‡ ÔÓÓÊËÒÚ˚ı Û˜‡ÒÚ͇ . É·‰˚¯Â‚͇ ‚˚ÔÛÒ͇-
ÂÚÒfl ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚˚‡˘ÂÌ̇fl ÏÓÎÓ‰¸), Ë ÓÌË ‰‡-
ÎË ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ӷ̇‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ë ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚. àÁ-
‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ÔÛÒ͇Âχfl ÏÓÎÓ‰¸ ÔËÊË‚‡Î‡Ò¸, ‡ ‚
2003 „. ‚ . óÂ̇fl ·˚Î ÔÓÈÏ‡Ì 1 ˝ÍÁ. ‚ÁÓÒÎÓ„Ó
ÎÓÒÓÒfl (èÓÔÓ‚, 2003). ä ÒÓʇÎÂÌ˲, ÔË Ôӂ‰Â-
ÌËË ‡·ÓÚ ÔÓ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ˲ ÎÓÒÓÒfl Ì ۘËÚ˚‚‡-
ÎËÒ¸ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÒÓı‡ÌÂ-
Ì˲ Ë ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ˲ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ˚.
Ç 2006 „. ̇ÏË ·˚ÎÓ Ó·ÒΉӂ‡ÌÓ Ò‚˚¯Â 1000 Ï
2
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2
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Ì ‡ÍÓ‚ËÌ˚, ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ ÏÓÎβÒÍÓ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ ÓÍÓÎÓ
50–60 ÎÂÚ (ᇈÂÔËÌ, îË·ÚÓ‚‡, 1968; äÓ‡„Ó, 1981).
Ç . É·‰˚¯Â‚͇ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ·˚ÎÓ Ì‡È‰ÂÌÓ 6 ÊË‚˚ı
Ë 3 ÏÂÚ‚˚ ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ˚. íË ÊË‚˚ ÊÂϘÛÊ-
Ìˈ˚ ·˚ÎË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÏÓÎÓ‰˚ÏË. ê‡ÁÏÂ˚ Ëı
‡ÍÓ‚ËÌ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎË: ‰ÎË̇ 3.6–5.4 ÒÏ, ‚˚ÒÓÚ‡ 2.2–
3.1 ÒÏ, ¯ËË̇ (ÚÓ΢Ë̇) 1.6–1.9 ÒÏ. ëÛ‰fl ÔÓ ˜ËÒ-
ÎÛ „Ó‰Ó‚˚ı ÁÓÌ Ì‡‡ÒÚ‡ÌËfl ‡ÍÓ‚ËÌ˚, ÏÓÎÓ‰˚Â
ÏÓÎβÒÍË ËÏÂÎË ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 5.5 (‰‚ ·Ó-
ΠÍÛÔÌ˚ı ÓÒÓ·Ë) Ë 4.5 (҇χfl ÏÂÎ͇fl ÓÒÓ·¸)
ÎÂÚ. ÇÒ ÓÌË ·˚ÎË Ì‡È‰ÂÌ˚ ̇ ÔÓÓ„Â ÂÍË, „‰Â ‚
2000 „. ·˚ÎÓ ‚˚ÔÛ˘ÂÌÓ ·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÏÓ-
ÎÓ‰Ë ÎÓÒÓÒfl. ç‡ ÚÓÏ Ê ÔÓӄ ̇ÏË ·˚ÎÓ Ó·Ì‡-
äêÄíäàÖ ëééÅôÖçàü
èêÖëçéÇéÑçÄü ÜÖåóìÜçàñÄ (
MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA
,
UNIONIDEA, MARGARITINIDAE) Ç êÖäÄï áÄäÄáçàäÄ
“ÉãÄÑõòÖÇëäàâ” (ãÖçàçÉêÄÑëäÄü éÅãÄëíú)
© 2008 „. Ä. ç. éÒÚÓ‚ÒÍËÈ
1
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e-mail: oan_univer@yahoo.com
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ë.-èÂÚÂ·Û„, ëÚ‡˚È èÂÚÂ„ÓÙ 198504, êÓÒÒËfl
e-mail: igorioshapopov@mail.ru
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ÚÂθÌÓ ÌËÊÂ, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îflfl 1 ÓÒÓ·¸ ̇ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÓ-
ÚÂÌ Í‚‡‰‡ÚÌ˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‚.
å˚ ̇ıÓ‰ËÎË ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ Í‡Í ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ, Ú‡Í Ë
‚ Ò‰ÌÂÈ Ë ÌËÊÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚflı ÔÓÓ„Ó‚, ̇ Û˜‡ÒÚ͇ı
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0.3 Ï/Ò) Ú˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ì‡ „ÎÛ·Ë̇ı ÓÚ 20 ÒÏ ‰Ó 1.0 Ï.
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˜‡ÌÓÏ ‰ÌÂ, ËÁ·Â„‡fl Á‡‚‡ÎÓ‚ ËÁ Á‡ÚÓÔÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ÂÚÓÍ
Ë ÍÓ˚.
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͇ÁÌË͇ ÔÂÒÌӂӉ̇fl ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ‡ ÒÓı‡ÌË·Ҹ,
ÌÓ Â ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Í‡ÈÌ Ì‚ÂÎË͇, ‡ ÚÂÏÔ˚ ‚ÓÁ-
Ó·ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ˜ÂÁ‚˚˜‡ÈÌÓ ÌËÁÍË. Ç Â͇ı ÓÒÚ‡-
ÎËÒ¸, ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ, ÏÓÎβÒÍË-‰Ó΄ÓÊËÚÂÎË, ÒÓı‡-
ÌË‚¯ËÂÒfl Ò ÚÂı ‚ÂÏÂÌ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡
ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËfl ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÎÓÒÓÒfl.
2006 „. ·˚Î ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Á‡ÒÛ¯ÎË‚˚Ï, Ë Í ÓÒÂÌË ÂÍË
ÒËθÌÓ Ó·ÏÂÎÂÎË. ç‡ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ ˝ÚÓ,
ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË, ÓÚ‡ÁËÎÓÒ¸ Ò‡Ï˚Ï Ì··„Ó-
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βÒÍÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ӷÏÂÎÂÌËfl Ó͇Á‡-
ÎËÒ¸ ÔÓ˜ÚË Ì‡ ÒÛ¯Â. ëΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸
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ÎÓÒÓÒfl, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓ‚Ó‰flÚÒfl ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌË „Ó‰˚,
ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌ˲ ÊÂϘÛÊÌˈ˚, Ӊ̇ÍÓ
ÓÌË Ì‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚. ĉÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË
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FRESH-WATER PEARL MUSSEL
MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA
(UNIONIDEA, MARGARITINIDAE) IN RIVERS OF THE RESERVED
AREA “GLADYSHEVSKII” (LENINGRAD OBLAST)
A. N. Ostrovskii
1
, I. Yu. Popov
2
1
Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
e-mail: oan_univer@yahoo.com
2
Biological Research Institute, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Staryi Petergof 198504, Russia
e-mail: igorioshapopov@mail.ru
The observation of the reserved area “Gladyshevskii” (Karelian Isthmus, Leningrad oblast) revealed the pres-
ence of the fresh-water pearl mussel,
Margaritana margaritifera
, included into the Red data Book of the Rus-
sian Federation in its rivers and streams. The abundance of this mollusk population is very small, and the rate
of its reproduction is very low. Old-aged mollusks mainly inhabit the rivers investigated, they remained from
the time of the existence of natural salmon. One of the efficient measures to restore
Margaritana margaritifera
is release of salmon young fishes during the spawning period of salmon (late summer-early autumn) or imme-
diately before it.