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Exercise Motivations Inventory-revised (EMI-2) applied to older adults: Exploratory factor analysis
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
... The current study is primarily concerned with the distinction between intrinsic motivation, self-determined extrinsic motivation, and nonself-determined extrinsic motivation. Based on previous research, scores for these three variables are obtained by collapsing the six factors from the EMI-2OA and calculating their means (Dacey, 2004;Dacey et al., 2008). The intrinsic motivation subscale is made up of the enjoyment factor. ...
Caregiver religiosity and exercise are aspects often overlooked by dementia research while remaining important factors within the dementia caregiver experience. As a result of prior qualitative research findings, the author focused on religious components of the caregiving process in addition to exercise and various caregiver perceptions. Data was collected on the characteristics of 31 spouse and adult-child caregivers of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Questionnaire data provide the basis for a descriptive model for patient and caregiver (prior and current) religious needs. The data suggest subjects who indicate less involvement in organized and non-organized religious activity tend to report higher levels of overall burden F (4,30) = 2.89, p < .05. In addition, variables associated with exercise predict total caregiver burden F (3, 29) = 4.5, p < .01. The present findings suggest that a lack of involvement in organized and non-organized religious activity, as well as a lack of exercise during the caregiving period, predicts higher levels of burden.
... The current study is primarily concerned with the distinction between intrinsic motivation, self-determined extrinsic motivation, and nonself-determined extrinsic motivation. Based on previous research, scores for these three variables are obtained by collapsing the six factors from the EMI-2OA and calculating their means (Dacey, 2004;Dacey et al., 2008). The intrinsic motivation subscale is made up of the enjoyment factor. ...
A predominate motivation theory used to predict exercise behavior is self-determination theory, which posits that motivation is driven by satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This study investigates the relationship between motivation, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and exercise in a sample of older adults. Significant differences were found between older adult exercisers and nonexercisers in intrinsic motivation, self-determined extrinsic motivation, nonself-determined extrinsic motivation, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This study suggests that self-determination theory is a suitable framework to investigate older adult exercise behaviors.
The purpose of this study was to examine how exercise level, exercise motives, and barriers changed from the baseline phase to the follow-up phase after a behavioural and cognitive intervention aimed at increasing exercise. Seventy-five members of our university community (43 subjects in the control group and 32 in the experimental group), all of whom received cognitive feedback, agreed to complete the baseline phase. Only the experimental group received behavioural feedback and a free-access gym ticket with personal training in order to facilitate their adherence to exercise. The results suggest that a combination of behavioural and psychological techniques is an efficient strategy for increasing exercise level. In addition, the results showed that extrinsic motivation predominates the early stages of change-of-exercise behaviour, and that intrinsic motivation is important for progression towards maintenance. Subjects who decreased their exercise level increased their extrinsic exercise motivation and subjects who increased their exercise level decreased the barriers related to intrinsic motivation. These findings indicate that, in order to facilitate exercise adherence, feedback about motives for undertaking exercise is needed, combined with advice about how to improve physical condition. This combination could help eliminate certain barriers that hinder engaging in an active and healthy life-style.
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cambios en el nivel de ejercicio físico y en los motivos y barreras para su práctica, desde la fase de línea de base hasta la fase de seguimiento, después de una intervención cognitivo-conductual para incrementar el ejercicio. 75 miembros de nuestra comunidad universitaria aceptaron participar en la línea de base (43 sujetos del grupo control y 32 del experimental). Todos ellos recibieron feed-back cognitivo. Sólo el grupo experimental recibió feed-back conductual y un ticket de libre acceso a un centro deportivo con entrenamiento personal para facilitar su adherencia al ejercicio. Los resultados sugieren que una combinación de técnicas cognitivo-conductuales resulta una estrategia eficiente para incrementar el nivel de ejercicio. Los resultados también muestran que durante los primeros estadios de cambio de la conducta de ejercicio domina la motivación extrínseca y que la motivación intrínseca es importante para la progresión hacia el mantenimiento. Los sujetos que disminuyeron su nivel de ejercicio incrementaron su motivación extrínseca hacia el ejercicio y los sujetos que aumentaron su nivel de ejercicio disminuyeron las barreras relacionadas con la motivación intrínseca. Estos resultados indican que para facilitar la adherencia al ejercicio los participantes necesitan recibir retroalimentación sobre sus motivos hacia el ejercicio combinada con asesoramiento sobre la mejora de su condición física. Esta combinación podría ayudar a eliminar algunas barreras que dificultan la posibilidad de adherirse a un estilo de vida activo y saludable.
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