Supplementary Information

Full text

Supplementary File (Haren et al. Behavioural correlates of metabolic phenotypes)
This file contains supplementary information about:
1. The explanatory value of the principal metabolic phenotypes in ‘at-risk’ and ‘case’ sub-populations
and of the principal dietary patterns in the whole population. Screeplots of the eigenvalues by
component number are presented in Figure 1.
2. The dietary characteristics of the four principal dietary patterns. Table 1 shows the loadings of a
selection of foods on each of the four dietary components.
3. The sequential hierarchical models of latent metabolic phenotype expression in ‘at-risk’ and ‘case’
sub-populations. Table 2 shows the explained variance of each sequential addition to the model and
regression coefficients for each variable.

Figure 1. Screeplots of eigenvalues for principal components of (a) latent metabolic components in the ‘at-risk’; (b) latent metabolic components in ‘cases’;
and (c) latent dietary patterns in the whole cohort
(a)
(b)
(c)

Table 1 Component loadings for original dietary intake frequency variables with oblique rotation of components in the whole sample
Food description
Mediterranean
Fruit&Yogurt
Anglo
Junk
Regular soft drink
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
0.15
Rice
0.16
0.00
-0.10
0.08
Pasta
0.12
-0.02
-0.11
0.16
Sweet biscuits
-0.10
0.13
0.00
0.15
Cakes or sweet pastries
-0.10
0.13
-0.03
0.21
Oil and vinegar salad dressing
0.18
-0.01
0.00
0.07
Ricotta or cottage cheese
0.18
0.01
-0.04
0.02
All other cheeses
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.15
Beef or veal (not corned)
0.03
-0.04
0.09
0.16
Sausages
-0.05
-0.08
0.15
0.18
Processed meat (eg. ham, salami)
0.03
-0.01
0.04
0.24
Bacon
0.08
-0.07
0.01
0.21
Apricots
-0.03
0.25
0.02
-0.04
Berries not including strawberries
0.08
0.17
-0.04
-0.02
Cherries
0.01
0.23
-0.04
-0.04
Plums
0.01
0.22
-0.02
-0.03
Grapes
-0.01
0.28
-0.02
-0.01
Peaches or nectarines
-0.04
0.28
0.02
-0.03
Apples
0.02
0.16
0.06
0.01
Bananas
0.01
0.19
0.05
-0.01
Oranges or other citrus fruit
0.00
0.17
0.09
0.03
Pears
0.04
0.20
0.04
-0.03
Strawberries
0.04
0.20
0.01
0.00
Cantaloupe/rockmelon or honeydew
0.06
0.20
-0.01
-0.01
Watermelon
0.00
0.21
-0.02
0.05
Tinned or fresh pineapple
-0.02
0.17
0.06
0.04
Kiwi fruit
0.09
0.17
0.00
-0.05

Other dried fruit
0.05
0.15
0.03
-0.04
Canned tomatoes and tomato juice
0.19
-0.02
0.00
0.05
Tomato products including puree, paste, pasta sauce
0.18
-0.02
-0.01
0.12
Other lettuce and salad leaves (eg. rocket etc)
0.20
0.02
0.00
0.00
Asian greens (eg. Bok choy)
0.22
-0.01
0.00
-0.01
Other cooked leafy vegetables (eg. spinach etc)
0.15
0.02
0.12
-0.02
Coleslaw
0.00
0.05
0.15
0.07
Brussels sprouts or cooked cabbage
0.02
-0.02
0.28
-0.05
Cauliflower
-0.01
0.00
0.27
0.00
Broccoli
0.06
0.02
0.21
-0.02
Capsicum
0.20
0.00
0.06
0.01
Potato cooked in fat (eg. roasted, chips etc)
-0.02
-0.02
0.00
0.22
Potato cooked without fat (eg. steamed)
-0.04
0.00
0.25
0.02
Asparagus
0.21
0.02
-0.02
-0.03
Avocado
0.17
0.07
-0.02
-0.06
Onion or leeks
0.15
-0.02
0.08
0.02
Mushrooms
0.18
-0.02
0.05
-0.01
Pumpkin
0.05
0.00
0.25
-0.01
Zucchini or squash
0.17
0.01
0.08
-0.02
Eggplant
0.21
-0.01
-0.05
-0.03
Beetroot
0.01
0.04
0.20
0.01
Green beans
0.03
-0.02
0.27
-0.02
Green peas
-0.05
0.00
0.29
0.04
Carrots
-0.01
0.02
0.25
0.01
Garlic
0.22
-0.05
0.02
0.01
Dried beans, dried peas, chick peas or lentils
0.17
0.05
0.04
-0.06
Olives
0.22
0.00
-0.08
0.05
Pizza
0.10
-0.04
-0.09
0.22
Pastries with cheese (eg. quiche and spanakopita)
0.12
0.00
-0.01
0.16
Pastries with meat (eg. meat pies and sausages rolls)
-0.04
-0.04
0.03
0.28

Tomato sauce or ketchup
-0.01
-0.03
0.06
0.23
Chocolate or confectionary containing chocolate
-0.01
0.16
-0.12
0.17
Other confectionary
-0.07
0.15
-0.08
0.18
Corn Chips, potato crisps, Twisties etc.
0.02
-0.01
-0.06
0.24
Percentage of variance
9.2
8.3
6.0
4.9
Original variables with loadings further than |.15| from zero were considered a major contributor to the component (shown in bold). This table displays a
selection of the original 96 variables only. Oblique rotation was applied to components, allowing correlation between the components. The percentage of
variance is that of the original 96 variables which is accounted for by each component.

Table 2 Hierarchical modeling of latent metabolic phenotypes in the ‘at-risk’ and ‘case’ sub-populations

Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI
AT-RISK
Female 0.175 -0.039, 0.389 0.079 -0.146, 0.305 0.261 ** 0.026, 0.496 0.156 -0.056, 0.368 0.163 -0.050, 0.376 0.185 -0.038 - 0.407 0.108 -0.149, 0.364
Age, years 0.004 -0.004, 0.012 0.006 -0.003, 0.014 0.006 -0.003, 0.015 0.002 -0.006, 0.010 0.004 -0.003, 0.012 -0.001 -0.010 - 0.007 -0.001 -0.011, 0.009
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.568 *** 0.253, 0.883 0.556 *** 0.233, 0.879 0.522 *** 0.197, 0.846 0.573 *** 0.258, 0.888 0.587 *** 0.274, 0.900 0.576 *** 0.253 - 0.898 0.507 *** 0.166, 0.848
Less than HS certificate 0.378 * -0.005, 0.761 0.408 ** 0.015, 0.800 0.353 * -0.044, 0.750 0.378 * -0.010, 0.767 0.373 * -0.007, 0.752 0.315 -0.082 - 0.711 0.286 -0.144, 0.715
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar -0.172 -0.488, 0.145 -0.251 -0.584, 0.081 -0.161 -0.480, 0.158 -0.168 -0.483, 0.147 -0.180 -0.494, 0.135 -0.217 -0.537 - 0.103 -0.227 -0.567, 0.114
Blue collar -0.231 -0.532, 0.071 -0.361 ** -0.673, -0.049 -0.226 -0.530, 0.078 -0.193 -0.492, 0.106 -0.249 -0.549, 0.050 -0.333 ** -0.638 - -0.029 -0.382 ** -0.697, -0.066
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 -0.091 -0.322, 0.140 -0.026 -0.263, 0.211 -0.089 -0.322, 0.145 -0.109 -0.337, 0.120 -0.071 -0.300, 0.159 -0.009 -0.246 - 0.228 0.036 -0.210, 0.282
up to $40,000 -0.260 * -0.533, 0.014 -0.243 * -0.528, 0.043 -0.277 * -0.554, 0.000 -0.213 -0.486, 0.060 -0.252 * -0.523, 0.019 -0.106 -0.408 - 0.196 -0.090 -0.410, 0.229
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.125 *** -0.196, -0.055 -0.128 *** -0.203, -0.053
Somatotype at 40 (Father) -0.025 -0.091, 0.040 -0.010 -0.080, 0.059
Family history, diabetes 0.231 ** 0.016, 0.446 0.222 * -0.014, 0.458
Family history, CHD 0.074 -0.132, 0.281 0.062 -0.155, 0.278
Family history, stroke -0.031 -0.246, 0.184 0.072 -0.157, 0.300
Family history, hypertension 0.043 -0.165, 0.251 -0.024 -0.244, 0.196
Diet, Mediterranean 0.002 -0.120, 0.125 -0.013 -0.159, 0.133
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt -0.132 ** -0.262, -0.001 -0.108 -0.251, 0.034
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) 0.045 -0.082, 0.172 0.108 -0.032, 0.248
Diet, Junk 0.082 -0.025, 0.189 0.009 -0.106, 0.123
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000, 0.000 -0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current -0.220 * -0.446, 0.006 -0.266 ** -0.528, -0.003
Smoking, past 0.258 ** 0.044, 0.473 0.121 -0.116, 0.358
LTPA, mod-high -0.267 *** -0.461, -0.073 -0.209 * -0.427, 0.010
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep 0.174 -0.049 - 0.397 0.163 -0.069, 0.395
Long sleep 0.108 -0.258 - 0.475 0.092 -0.295, 0.478
SDB, symptom score 0.133 *** 0.085 - 0.181 0.112 *** 0.061, 0.163
R-squared (obs)
CASES
Female -0.428 *** -0.711, -0.145 -0.414 ** -0.731, -0.098 -0.455 *** -0.758, -0.153 -0.461 *** -0.746, -0.175 -0.485 *** -0.771, -0.199 -0.451 ** -0.795 - -0.107 -0.257 * -0.536, 0.022 -0.378 * -0.804, 0.048
Age, years -0.019 *** -0.031, -0.008 -0.026 *** -0.041, -0.011 -0.022 *** -0.035, -0.009 -0.025 *** -0.037, -0.012 -0.020 *** -0.032, -0.009 -0.016 ** -0.032 - -0.001 -0.026 *** -0.038, -0.015 -0.029 *** -0.049, -0.009
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. -0.311 -0.807, 0.184 -0.119 -0.673, 0.435 -0.310 -0.821, 0.201 -0.253 -0.747, 0.241 -0.322 -0.815, 0.170 -0.273 -0.858 - 0.312 -0.167 -0.652, 0.318 -0.111 -0.771, 0.550
Less than HS certificate -0.126 -0.656, 0.404 -0.103 -0.690, 0.484 -0.071 -0.620, 0.478 -0.034 -0.565, 0.497 -0.155 -0.681, 0.372 -0.121 -0.754 - 0.511 0.010 -0.503, 0.523 -0.039 -0.762, 0.684
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar 0.057 -0.318, 0.432 0.229 -0.186, 0.643 0.076 -0.304, 0.455 0.076 -0.297, 0.448 0.042 -0.331, 0.414 0.281 -0.144 - 0.707 -0.048 -0.412, 0.316 0.367 -0.110, 0.845
Blue collar 0.075 -0.288, 0.438 0.173 -0.235, 0.581 0.122 -0.250, 0.494 0.085 -0.275, 0.445 0.083 -0.278, 0.443 0.250 -0.182 - 0.682 0.109 -0.247, 0.464 0.340 -0.155, 0.836
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 0.201 -0.229, 0.632 0.113 -0.357, 0.583 0.164 -0.278, 0.607 0.189 -0.238, 0.616 0.223 -0.205, 0.651 0.251 -0.241 - 0.743 0.218 -0.196, 0.633 0.194 -0.361, 0.749
up to $40,000 0.179 -0.247, 0.605 0.308 -0.158, 0.775 0.163 -0.286, 0.612 0.231 -0.195, 0.658 0.247 -0.181, 0.675 0.331 -0.173 - 0.835 0.123 -0.288, 0.534 0.365 -0.241, 0.971
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.037 -0.135, 0.061 -0.061 -0.180, 0.058
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.004 -0.089, 0.096 -0.043 -0.156, 0.071
Family history, diabetes 0.084 -0.226, 0.395 0.042 -0.327, 0.410
Family history, CHD -0.041 -0.335, 0.253 -0.097 -0.448, 0.253
Family history, stroke 0.173 -0.131, 0.477 0.111 -0.245, 0.466
Family history, hypertension -0.106 -0.407, 0.196 -0.302 -0.676, 0.073
Diet, Mediterranean -0.017 -0.070, 0.035 -0.026 -0.101, 0.049
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt 0.056 ** 0.000, 0.113 0.048 -0.027, 0.123
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.038 -0.098, 0.022 0.040 -0.047, 0.127
Diet, Junk 0.046 -0.023, 0.114 0.060 -0.030, 0.150
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000, 0.000 -0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current -0.485 ** -0.880, -0.091 -0.426 -0.981, 0.130
Smoking, past -0.041 -0.300, 0.219 0.102 -0.268, 0.473
LTPA, mod-high -0.294 ** -0.573, -0.015 -0.187 -0.572, 0.198
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep 0.082 -0.240 - 0.404 -0.098 -0.476, 0.280
Long sleep -0.482 ** -0.943 - -0.021 -0.561 ** -1.108, -0.015
SDB, symptom score 0.052 * -0.009 - 0.114 0.073 ** 0.002, 0.144
Medications (ATC)
Diabetes (A10) 0.483 *** 0.144, 0.822 0. 244 -0.192, 0.680
Cardiac (C01) -0.100 -0.615, 0.415 -0.234 -0.995, 0.527
Antihypertensives (C02) 0.062 -0.458, 0.582 0.117 -0.537, 0.771
Diuretic (C03) 0.475 *** 0.129, 0.821 0.617 ** 0.071, 1.162
Beta-blocking agents (C07) 0.180 -0.168, 0.528 0.128 -0.359, 0.614
Calcium-channel blockers (C08) -0.077 -0.410, 0.256 -0.080 -0.552, 0.393
Renin-angiotensin agents (C09) 0.463 *** 0.197, 0.728 0. 290 * -0.053, 0.632
Lipid-modifying agents (C10) -0.089 -0.342, 0.165 -0.155 -0.502, 0.193
R-squared (obs)
0.143 (173)
0.212 (234)
0.052 (415)
0.117 (379)
0.067 (409)
0.079 (415)
0.069 (415)
0.162 (341)
Fat Mass / Insulinaemia
0.248 (313)
0.302 (152)
Model 3d
Model 3e
Model 4
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3a
Model 3b
Model 3c
0.098 (234)
0.111 (201)
0.138 (230)
0.121 (234)
0.115 (234)

Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI
AT-RISK
Female -0.817 *** -1.006, -0.627 -0.852 *** -1.050, -0.654 -0.804 *** -1.013, -0.596 -0.833 *** -1.021, -0.644 -0.818 *** -1.008, -0.627 -0.837 *** -1.049 - -0.625 -0.835 *** -1.075, -0.596
Age, years 0.020 *** 0.013, 0.027 0.020 *** 0.012, 0.027 0.022 *** 0.014, 0.029 0.018 *** 0.011, 0.025 0.020 *** 0.013, 0.027 0.017 *** 0.009 - 0.025 0.020 *** 0.010, 0.029
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.096 -0.184, 0.375 0.190 -0.094, 0.473 0.095 -0.193, 0.383 0.109 -0.171, 0.389 0.098 -0.182, 0.378 0.174 -0.133 - 0.482 0.254 -0.065, 0.573
Less than HS certificate 0.052 -0.288, 0.391 0.185 -0.159, 0.530 0.071 -0.281, 0.424 0.069 -0.276, 0.414 0.051 -0.289, 0.391 0.134 -0.244 - 0.512 0.287 -0.114, 0.689
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar 0.113 -0.167, 0.393 0.023 -0.269, 0.314 0.137 -0.146, 0.420 0.109 -0.171, 0.389 0.112 -0.169, 0.393 0.068 -0.237 - 0.373 0.040 -0.278, 0.358
Blue collar 0.013 -0.254, 0.280 -0.092 -0.366, 0.182 0.017 -0.253, 0.286 0.040 -0.226, 0.306 0.011 -0.256, 0.279 -0.075 -0.365 - 0.216 -0.081 -0.377, 0.214
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 0.001 -0.204, 0.205 0.036 -0.172, 0.244 0.001 -0.206, 0.208 -0.014 -0.217, 0.189 0.002 -0.203, 0.208 -0.029 -0.255 - 0.197 -0.029 -0.259, 0.202
up to $40,000 -0.072 -0.314, 0.170 -0.022 -0.272, 0.228 -0.063 -0.309, 0.182 -0.030 -0.272, 0.213 -0.071 -0.314, 0.171 -0.051 -0.339 - 0.237 0.012 -0.287, 0.311
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.012 -0.073, 0.050 0.012 -0.058, 0.082
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.015 -0.042, 0.073 0.016 -0.049, 0.082
Family history, diabetes 0.197 ** 0.008, 0.386 0.163 -0.057, 0.384
Family history, CHD -0.053 -0.234, 0.128 -0.095 -0.297, 0.107
Family history, stroke 0.044 -0.145, 0.233 0.062 -0.152, 0.276
Family history, hypertension -0.021 -0.203, 0.162 -0.060 -0.266, 0.146
Diet, Mediterranean 0.043 -0.066, 0.151 0.069 -0.067, 0.206
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt -0.020 -0.136, 0.096 -0.032 -0.166, 0.101
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.070 -0.182, 0.043 -0.081 -0.212, 0.050
Diet, Junk 0.044 -0.051, 0.139 0.030 -0.077, 0.137
Alcohol (g/month) 0.000 -0.000, 0.000 0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current -0.211 ** -0.411, -0.010 -0.351 *** -0.596, -0.105
Smoking, past 0.175 * -0.015, 0.366 0.080 -0.142, 0.301
LTPA, mod-high -0.025 -0.198, 0.149 0.001 -0.203, 0.206
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep 0.119 -0.093 - 0.332 0.188 * -0.029, 0.405
Long sleep 0.233 -0.116 - 0.583 0.176 -0.186, 0.538
SDB, symptom score 0.020 -0.026 - 0.066 0.020 -0.028, 0.068
R-squared (obs)
CASES
Female -0.272 * -0.564 - 0.020 -0.251 -0.572 - 0.071 -0.280 * -0.598 - 0.037 -0.263 * -0.562 - 0.036 -0.257 * -0.555 - 0.041 -0.166 -0.520 - 0.188 -0.333 ** -0.626 - -0.041 -0.356 -0.797, 0.084
Age, years 0.009 -0.003 - 0.021 0.007 -0.009 - 0.022 0.009 -0.005 - 0.022 0.010 -0.002 - 0.023 0.010 -0.002 - 0.021 0.017 ** 0. 001 - 0.034 0.010 -0.002 - 0.022 0.012 -0.009, 0.033
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.010 -0.502 - 0.522 0.056 -0.507 - 0.618 -0.004 -0.540 - 0.533 -0.002 -0.519 - 0.514 0.013 -0.500 - 0.526 -0.081 -0.683 - 0.521 -0.011 -0.519 - 0.497 -0.203 -0.886, 0.481
Less than HS certificate -0.033 -0.580 - 0.513 -0.043 -0.640 - 0.553 -0.043 -0.620 - 0.534 -0.051 -0.606 - 0.503 -0.026 -0.574 - 0.523 -0.140 -0.791 - 0.511 -0.072 -0.609 - 0.466 -0.314 -1.062, 0.433
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar -0.146 -0.533 - 0.242 -0.161 -0.582 - 0.260 -0.115 -0.513 - 0.283 -0.148 -0.538 - 0.241 -0.141 -0.529 - 0.247 -0.191 -0.629 - 0.246 -0.189 -0.570 - 0.192 -0.190 -0.684, 0.303
Blue collar 0.029 -0.346 - 0.404 0.126 -0.288 - 0.540 0.069 -0.321 - 0.460 0.027 -0.350 - 0.403 0.027 -0.348 - 0.402 0.074 -0.370 - 0.519 0.016 -0.356 - 0.388 0.188 -0.324, 0.700
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 -0.244 -0.688 - 0.201 -0.301 -0.778 - 0.177 -0.301 -0.766 - 0.164 -0.241 -0.687 - 0.206 -0.250 -0.695 - 0.196 -0.459 * -0.965 - 0.047 -0.230 -0.664 - 0.204 -0.506 * -1.080, 0.068
up to $40,000 -0.036 -0.476 - 0.404 -0.032 -0.505 - 0.442 -0.073 -0.545 - 0.398 -0.049 -0.494 - 0.397 -0.055 -0.501 - 0.391 -0.141 -0.660 - 0.378 -0.027 -0.457 - 0.404 -0.043 -0.670, 0.583
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.098 * -0.198 - 0.001 -0.093 -0.216, 0.030
Somatotype at 40 (Father) -0.055 -0.149 - 0.038 -0.022 -0.139, 0.096
Family history, diabetes -0.100 -0.415 - 0.216 0.145 -0.236, 0.526
Family history, CHD -0.158 -0.457 - 0.140 -0.126 -0.489, 0.236
Family history, stroke 0.225 -0.083 - 0.534 0.148 -0.219, 0.516
Family history, hypertension -0.186 -0.492 - 0.120 -0.090 -0.478, 0.298
Diet, Mediterranean -0.004 -0.060 - 0.051 -0.069 * -0.146, 0.008
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt 0.030 -0.029 - 0.089 0.081 ** 0.003, 0.158
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.023 -0.085 - 0.040 -0.005 -0.095, 0.085
Diet, Junk 0.014 -0.058 - 0.086 -0.001 -0.094, 0.092
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current 0.092 -0.321 - 0.504 0.177 -0.398, 0.752
Smoking, past 0.026 -0.246 - 0.297 -0.016 -0.400, 0.367
LTPA, mod-high 0.081 -0.210 - 0.371 0.048 -0.350, 0.446
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent
Short sleep -0.029 -0.360 - 0.303 -0.020 -0.411, 0.372
Long sleep -0.169 -0.644 - 0.305 -0.236 -0.801, 0.330
SDB, symptom score 0.017 -0.046 - 0.080 0.024 -0.049, 0.098
Medications (ATC)
Diabetes (A10) -0.395 ** -0.750 - -0.040 -0.401 * -0.852, 0.051
Cardiac (C01) -0.719 *** -1.258 - -0.179 -0.675 * -1.462, 0.112
Antihypertensives (C02) -0.256 -0.801 - 0.288 -0.334 -1.010, 0.342
Diuretic (C03) -0.305 * -0.668 - 0.057 -0.593 ** -1.157, -0.029
Beta-blocking agents (C07) 0.118 -0.246 - 0.483 0.305 -0.198, 0.809
Calcium-channel blockers (C08) 0.489 *** 0.140 - 0.838 0.307 -0.182, 0.796
Renin-angiotensin agents (C09) 0.133 -0.144 - 0.411 0.179 -0.175, 0.533
Lipid-modifying agents (C10) -0.040 -0.306 - 0.225 -0.053 -0.412, 0.307
R-squared (obs)
Blood Pressure
0.157 (234)
Model 4
0.063 (234)
0.126 (201)
0.065 (230)
0.063 (234)
0.064 (234)
0.101 (173)
0.260 (415)
0.282 (379)
0.269 (409)
0.277 (415)
0.260 (415)
0.312 (313)
0.266 (152)
Model 3e
0.254 (341)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3a
Model 3b
Model 3c
Model 3d

Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI
AT-RISK
Female -1.198 *** -1.373, -1.023 -1.213 *** -1.403, -1.023 -1.158 *** -1.350, -0.967 -1.194 *** -1.369, -1.020 -1.198 *** -1.373, -1.022 -1.204 *** -1.396 - -1.013 -1.169 *** -1.389, -0.948
Age, years -0.007 ** -0.013, -0.001 -0.007 ** -0.014, -0.000 -0.007 ** -0.014, -0.000 -0.006 ** -0.013, -0.000 -0.007 ** -0.013, -0.001 -0.007 * -0.014 - 0.000 -0.009 * -0.017, 0.000
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.309 ** 0.052, 0.567 0.337 ** 0.065, 0.609 0.280 ** 0.015, 0.544 0.265 ** 0.006, 0.524 0.309 ** 0.051, 0.567 0.253 * -0.024 - 0.530 0.203 -0.091, 0.497
Less than HS certificate 0.222 -0.091, 0.535 0.257 -0.074, 0.587 0.202 -0.122, 0.525 0.138 -0.182, 0.458 0.222 -0.091, 0.535 0.076 -0.265 - 0.417 0.018 -0.352, 0.388
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar -0.072 -0.331, 0.187 -0.109 -0.389, 0.171 -0.085 -0.345, 0.176 -0.036 -0.295, 0.224 -0.072 -0.331, 0.187 -0.054 -0.329 - 0.221 -0.049 -0.343, 0.244
Blue collar -0.097 -0.344, 0.149 -0.142 -0.405, 0.120 -0.101 -0.349, 0.147 -0.080 -0.327, 0.166 -0.097 -0.344, 0.150 -0.149 -0.410 - 0.113 -0.148 -0.420, 0.124
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 -0.047 -0.236, 0.142 -0.009 -0.208, 0.191 -0.062 -0.252, 0.129 -0.046 -0.235, 0.142 -0.047 -0.237, 0.142 0.061 -0.143 - 0.265 0.047 -0.166, 0.259
up to $40,000 -0.214 * -0.437, 0.010 -0.185 -0.425, 0.055 -0.235 ** -0.461, -0.009 -0.241 ** -0.466, -0.016 -0.214 * -0.437, 0.010 -0.172 -0.431 - 0.087 -0.295 ** -0.570, -0.019
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.017 -0.076, 0.042 -0.008 -0.073, 0.056
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.003 -0.052, 0.058 0.017 -0.043, 0.077
Family history, diabetes 0.052 -0.129, 0.234 0.048 -0.155, 0.252
Family history, CHD 0.089 -0.084, 0.263 0.052 -0.134, 0.239
Family history, stroke -0.135 -0.316, 0.046 -0.047 -0.245, 0.150
Family history, hypertension -0.052 -0.228, 0.123 -0.080 -0.270, 0.109
Diet, Mediterranean -0.063 -0.163, 0.037 -0.080 -0.206, 0.046
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt -0.057 -0.163, 0.050 -0.043 -0.166, 0.080
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) 0.075 -0.028, 0.179 0.088 -0.033, 0.209
Diet, Junk 0.049 -0.038, 0.137 0.003 -0.096, 0.102
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 ** -0.000, -0.000 -0.000 *** -0.000, -0.000
Smoking, current 0.176 * -0.010, 0.362 0.308 *** 0.082, 0.535
Smoking, past 0.148 -0.029, 0.324 0.193 * -0.011, 0.398
LTPA, mod-high 0.004 -0.156, 0.164 0.089 -0.100, 0.277
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep -0.088 -0.280 - 0.104 -0.136 -0.336, 0.064
Long sleep 0.172 -0.143 - 0.487 0.192 -0.141, 0.526
SDB, symptom score 0.054 ** 0.013 - 0.095 0.047 ** 0.003, 0.091
R-squared (obs)
CASES
Female -0.997 *** -1.266 - -0.728 -1.045 *** -1.348 - -0.742 -1.010 *** -1.293 - -0.726 -1.018 *** -1.292 - -0.743 -1.041 *** -1.313 - -0.768 -1.154 *** -1.486 - -0.822 -0.962 *** -1.241 - -0.682 -1.341 *** -1.781, -0.901
Age, years -0.012 ** -0.022 - -0.001 -0.019 *** -0.033 - -0.005 -0.011 * -0.023 - 0.001 -0.012 ** -0.024 - -0.001 -0.013 ** -0.023 - -0.002 -0.017 ** -0.032 - -0.002 -0.011 * -0.023 - 0.000 -0.024 ** -0.045, -0.003
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.186 -0.285 - 0.658 0.285 -0.245 - 0.816 0.201 -0.278 - 0.680 0.200 -0.275 - 0.675 0.178 -0.292 - 0.647 0.412 -0.152 - 0.977 0.225 -0.261 - 0.711 0.508 -0.174, 1.190
Less than HS certificate 0.368 -0.135 - 0.871 0.380 -0.183 - 0.943 0.368 -0.147 - 0.883 0.383 -0.127 - 0.893 0.346 -0.156 - 0.847 0.630 ** 0.020 - 1.240 0.446 * -0.068 - 0.960 0.751 ** 0.005, 1.497
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar -0.137 -0.493 - 0.220 -0.049 -0.447 - 0.348 -0.084 -0.439 - 0.271 -0.138 -0.496 - 0.220 -0.149 -0.504 - 0.206 -0.291 -0.701 - 0.120 -0.163 -0.527 - 0.202 -0.251 -0.744, 0.241
Blue collar -0.113 -0.458 - 0.232 -0.131 -0.521 - 0.260 -0.054 -0.402 - 0.295 -0.108 -0.454 - 0.238 -0.107 -0.451 - 0.237 -0.202 -0.619 - 0.215 -0.147 -0.502 - 0.209 -0.003 -0.514, 0.508
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 -0.033 -0.442 - 0.376 -0.034 -0.485 - 0.416 -0.177 -0.591 - 0.238 -0.038 -0.448 - 0.373 -0.015 -0.423 - 0.392 -0.255 -0.729 - 0.220 -0.027 -0.442 - 0.388 -0.165 -0.738, 0.407
up to $40,000 -0.017 -0.422 - 0.388 0.126 -0.321 - 0.573 -0.133 -0.554 - 0.288 0.003 -0.407 - 0.412 0.036 -0.372 - 0.444 0.006 -0.480 - 0.493 -0.049 -0.460 - 0.363 0.177 -0.448, 0.802
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.042 -0.136 - 0.052 -0.008 -0.131, 0.114
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.022 -0.066 - 0.111 0.028 -0.090, 0.145
Family history, diabetes 0.176 -0.121 - 0.474 0.263 -0.117, 0.643
Family history, CHD 0.126 -0.156 - 0.408 0.164 -0.198, 0.525
Family history, stroke 0.029 -0.263 - 0.320 0.101 -0.266, 0.468
Family history, hypertension -0.027 -0.316 - 0.261 0.070 -0.317, 0.457
Diet, Mediterranean -0.009 -0.058 - 0.041 0.002 -0.075, 0.079
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt 0.049 * -0.003 - 0.102 0.046 -0.031, 0.123
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.055 * -0.111 - 0.001 -0.059 -0.148, 0.031
Diet, Junk 0.013 -0.052 - 0.077 -0.007 -0.100, 0.086
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current -0.066 -0.445 - 0.314 0.093 -0.480, 0.667
Smoking, past -0.102 -0.351 - 0.148 -0.337 * -0.719, 0.045
LTPA, mod-high -0.230 * -0.496 - 0.036 -0.326 -0.723, 0.072
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep 0.232 -0.079 - 0.543 0.310 -0.081, 0.700
Long sleep -0.089 -0.534 - 0.356 0. 170 -0.395, 0.734
SDB, symptom score -0.000 -0.059 - 0.059 -0.011 -0.084, 0.063
Medications (ATC)
Diabetes (A10) 0.255 -0.084 - 0.594 0. 194 -0.257, 0.644
Cardiac (C01) -0.047 -0.563 - 0.469 -0.410 -1.195, 0.375
Antihypertensives (C02) 0.203 -0.317 - 0.724 0. 504 -0.171, 1.179
Diuretic (C03) 0.143 -0.203 - 0.490 -0.175 -0.738, 0.387
Beta-blocking agents (C07) 0.164 -0.184 - 0.513 0. 184 -0.318, 0.686
Calcium-channel blockers (C08) -0.189 -0.523 - 0.145 -0.303 -0.791, 0.185
Renin-angiotensin agents (C09) -0.095 -0.361 - 0.170 0.023 -0.330, 0.377
Lipid-modifying agents (C10) -0.036 -0.290 - 0.218 0.080 -0.279, 0.438
R-squared (obs)
0.298 (173)
0.253 (234)
0.377 (415)
0.377 (379)
0.396 (409)
0.385 (415)
0.377 (415)
0.401 (341)
0.385 (152)
Model 3d
Model 3e
Model 4
Dyslipidaemia / Lean mass
0.453 (313)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3a
Model 3b
Model 3c
0.230 (234)
0.247 (201)
0.252 (230)
0.233 (234)
0.240 (234)

Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI Coef. 95% CI
AT-RISK
Female -0.507 *** -0.710, -0.304 -0.581 *** -0.798, -0.364 -0.390 *** -0.610, -0.171 -0.495 *** -0.697, -0.292 -0.509 *** -0.712, -0.306 -0.567 *** -0.784 - -0.350 -0.514 *** -0.771, -0.257
Age, years 0.023 *** 0.016, 0.030 0.026 *** 0. 018, 0.034 0.029 *** 0.021, 0.038 0.024 *** 0.017, 0.031 0.023 *** 0.016, 0.030 0.019 *** 0. 011 - 0.028 0. 027 *** 0.017, 0.037
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. 0.110 -0.188, 0.409 0.090 -0.220, 0.400 0.086 -0.217, 0.390 0.086 -0.215, 0.386 0.114 -0.185, 0.413 0.086 -0.229 - 0.400 0.045 -0.296, 0.387
Less than HS certificate 0.182 -0.180, 0.544 0.168 -0.209, 0.545 0.175 -0.196, 0.546 0.140 -0.230, 0.511 0.181 -0.182, 0.544 0.124 -0.263 - 0.511 0.098 -0.332, 0.529
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar -0.100 -0.400, 0.199 -0.119 -0.438, 0.201 -0.074 -0.372, 0.224 -0.085 -0.385, 0.216 -0.102 -0.402, 0.198 -0.109 -0.422 - 0.203 -0.117 -0.458, 0.223
Blue collar -0.092 -0.378, 0.193 -0.166 -0.466, 0.133 -0.095 -0.379, 0.189 -0.105 -0.391, 0.181 -0.095 -0.381, 0.191 -0.201 -0.499 - 0.096 -0.282 * -0.598, 0.035
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 -0.109 -0.328, 0.109 -0.114 -0.342, 0.114 -0.120 -0.338, 0.098 -0.099 -0.317, 0.120 -0.106 -0.325, 0.113 -0.089 -0.320 - 0.142 -0.081 -0.327, 0.166
up to $40,000 -0.206 -0.465, 0.053 -0.237 * -0.511, 0.037 -0.257 * -0.516, 0.001 -0.246 * -0.506, 0.015 -0.205 -0.464, 0.054 -0.061 -0.356 - 0.233 -0.154 -0.474, 0.166
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.011 -0.079, 0.056 -0.024 -0.098, 0.051
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.007 -0.056, 0.070 0.026 -0.045, 0.096
Family history, diabetes 0.176 * -0.031, 0.382 0.038 -0.198, 0.274
Family history, CHD -0.102 -0.300, 0.096 -0.064 -0.281, 0.153
Family history, stroke 0.067 -0.140, 0.274 0. 068 -0.161, 0.297
Family history, hypertension 0.109 -0.091, 0.309 0.182 -0.038, 0.402
Diet, Mediterranean 0.089 -0.025, 0.204 0.076 -0.071, 0.222
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt -0.166 *** -0.288, -0.044 -0.098 -0.241, 0.045
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.122 ** -0.241, -0.004 -0.083 -0.224, 0.057
Diet, Junk 0.094 * -0.006, 0.194 0. 015 -0.099, 0.130
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000, 0.000 -0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current 0.210 * -0.005, 0.426 0.175 -0.088, 0.438
Smoking, past -0.072 -0.277, 0.133 -0.160 -0.398, 0.077
LTPA, mod-high -0.045 -0.230, 0.140 0.077 -0.142, 0.296
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent referent
Short sleep 0.402 *** 0.185 - 0.620 0.380 *** 0.148, 0.612
Long sleep 0.157 -0.200 - 0.514 0.131 -0.257, 0.519
SDB, symptom score 0.059 ** 0.012 - 0.106 0.052 ** 0.001, 0.104
R-squared (obs)
CASES
Female -0.645 *** -0.927 - -0.362 -0.773 *** -1.072 - -0.474 -0.608 *** -0.916 - -0.299 -0.652 *** -0.939 - -0.364 -0.606 *** -0.892 - -0.319 -0.701 *** -1.017 - -0.385 -0.393 *** -0.633 - -0.153 -0.397 ** -0.752, -0.042
Age, years 0.010 * -0.002 - 0.021 0.010 -0.004 - 0.024 0. 010 -0.003 - 0.023 0.007 -0.005 - 0.019 0.011 * -0.001 - 0.022 -0.000 -0.015 - 0.014 0.009 * -0.001 - 0.019 0.004 -0.012, 0.021
Education
Bachelor degree or higher referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
HS-vocational qual. -0.402 -0.896 - 0.093 -0.432 -0.955 - 0.092 -0.439 * -0.960 - 0.081 -0.374 -0.871 - 0.123 -0.394 -0.887 - 0.100 -0.169 -0.706 - 0.369 -0.051 -0.468 - 0.367 -0.050 -0.600, 0.501
Less than HS certificate -0.158 -0.686 - 0.370 -0.297 -0.852 - 0.258 -0.184 -0.744 - 0.376 -0.110 -0.644 - 0.424 -0.138 -0.666 - 0.390 0.163 -0.418 - 0.744 0.164 -0.278 - 0.606 0.294 -0.308, 0.896
Lifetime 1 o occupational class
Manager/Professional referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
White collar 0.050 -0.324 - 0.424 0.075 -0.317 - 0.466 0.030 -0.356 - 0.416 0.062 -0.312 - 0.437 0.061 -0.313 - 0.434 0.071 -0.319 - 0.462 -0.081 -0.394 - 0.232 -0.073 -0.471, 0.324
Blue collar 0.075 -0.288 - 0.437 0.082 -0.304 - 0.467 0.056 -0.323 - 0.435 0.078 -0.285 - 0.440 0.069 -0.292 - 0.431 0.224 -0.172 - 0.621 -0.004 -0.310 - 0.301 0. 106 -0.306, 0.519
Household income, gross p.a.
Greater than $80,000 referent referent referent referent referent referent referent referent
$40,001 to $80,000 0.121 -0.308 - 0.551 0.123 -0.321 - 0.568 0.140 -0.311 - 0.591 0.117 -0.313 - 0.546 0.106 -0.323 - 0.535 0.519 ** 0.067 - 0.971 0.079 -0.278 - 0.435 0.350 -0.112, 0.812
up to $40,000 -0.016 -0.441 - 0.409 0.080 -0.360 - 0.521 0.005 -0.453 - 0.462 0.004 -0.425 - 0.433 -0.063 -0.492 - 0.366 0.376 -0.087 - 0.840 -0.079 -0.433 - 0.274 0.119 -0.386, 0.624
Somatotype at 40 (Mother) -0.119 ** -0.212 - -0.026 -0.060 -0.158, 0.039
Somatotype at 40 (Father) 0.015 -0.072 - 0.102 0.011 -0.084, 0.106
Family history, diabetes 0.659 *** 0.365 - 0.952 0.371 ** 0.065, 0.678
Family history, CHD 0.040 -0.238 - 0.318 -0.001 -0.293, 0.291
Family history, stroke 0.066 -0.222 - 0.353 0.042 -0.254, 0.338
Family history, hypertension -0.124 -0.409 - 0.160 -0.068 -0.380, 0.244
Diet, Mediterranean -0.000 -0.054 - 0.053 -0.041 -0.104, 0.021
Diet, Fruit&Yoghurt -0.012 -0.070 - 0.045 0.011 -0.051, 0.073
Diet, Anglo (meat&3veg) -0.015 -0.076 - 0.046 0.012 -0.060, 0.084
Diet, Junk 0.021 -0.049 - 0.091 0.017 -0.058, 0.092
Alcohol (g/month) -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 0.000 -0.000, 0.000
Smoking, current -0.262 -0.659 - 0.135 -0.169 -0.632, 0.294
Smoking, past 0.037 -0.224 - 0.298 0.084 -0.224, 0.393
LTPA, mod-high 0.203 -0.076 - 0.483 0.407 ** 0.086, 0.728
Sleep duration
Normal sleep referent
Short sleep 0.269 * -0.027 - 0.565 0.341 ** 0.026, 0.656
Long sleep -0.104 -0.528 - 0.320 -0.050 -0.505, 0.406
SDB, symptom score -0.045 -0.101 - 0.011 -0.019 -0.078, 0.041
Medications (ATC)
Diabetes (A10) 1.473 *** 1.182 - 1.765 1.059 *** 0.696, 1.422
Cardiac (C01) 0.183 -0.260 - 0.627 -0.029 -0.663, 0.605
Antihypertensives (C02) -0.276 -0.724 - 0.171 -0.163 -0.707, 0.382
Diuretic (C03) -0.005 -0.303 - 0.292 0.026 -0.428, 0.481
Beta-blocking agents (C07) 0.311 ** 0.011 - 0.610 0.360 * -0.045, 0.765
Calcium-channel blockers (C08) -0.037 -0.324 - 0.250 -0.068 -0.462, 0.326
Renin-angiotensin agents (C09) -0.100 -0.328 - 0.128 -0.209 -0.494, 0.077
Lipid-modifying agents (C10) -0.027 -0.245 - 0.192 -0.192 -0.481, 0.098
R-squared (obs)
Glycaemia
0.434 (234)
Model 4
0.130 (234)
0.256 (201)
0.130 (230)
0.137 (234)
0.138 (234)
0.221 (173)
0.177 (415)
0.209 (379)
0.208 (409)
0.187 (415)
0.177 (415)
0.277 (313)
0.521 (152)
Model 3e
0.234 (341)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3a
Model 3b
Model 3c
Model 3d

These hierarchical models showed that demographic and socio-economic base models explained 5.2%, 26.0%, 37.7% and 17.7% of the variance in FMI, BP,
LLM and GLY phenotype expression respectively in the ‘at-risk’ and 9.8%, 6.3%, 23.0% and 13.0% in the ‘cases’. Selectively adding family history and
behavioural variables differentially increased the explained variance of phenotype expression. This effect was largest on FMI expression. Diet patterns,
alcohol consumption, smoking and moderate-high LTPA did not add to the variance explained by the base model for expression of any of the phenotypes in
either ‘at-risk’ and ’cases’, despite some significant associations. Short sleep was positively associated with GLY expression in both ‘at-risk’ and ‘cases’. Long
sleep was inversely associated with FMI expression in cases only. SDB symptom score was positively associated with expression of all but the BP phenotype
in the ‘at-risk’ and was positively associated with FMI expression in cases. In ‘cases’, medications more than doubled the variance explained by base models
for expression of all but the LLM phenotype.