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~160~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2015; 3(5): 160-165
ISSN 2320-3862
JMPS 2015; 3(5): 160-165
© 2015 JMPS
Received: 19-07-2015
Accepted: 21-08-2015
Missa Mohammed Saleh Abde
Alsiede
Minstriy of Higher Education
and Scientific Research,
Chemistry Department, Central
Lab, PO. Box 7099, Khartoum,
Sudan.
Malik A Abddrahman
Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Sudan
University for Science and
Technology, PO. Box 407,
Khartoum, Sudan.
Ahmed E M Saeed
Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Sudan
University for Science and
Technology, PO. Box 407,
Khartoum, Sudan.
Correspondence
Missa Mohammed Saleh Abde
Alsiede
Minstriy of Higher Education
and Scientific Research,
Chemistry Department, Central
Lab, PO. Box 7099, Khartoum,
Sudan.
Phytochemical screening, total phenolics content
and antioxidants activity of Cassia Singueana
Missa Mohammed Saleh Abde Alsiede, Malik A Abddrahman, Ahmed E
M Saeed
Abstract
The leaves and seeds of Cassia Singueana (Leguminosae), one of the most popular herbal products in
tropical countries, are used in traditional medicine for treatment of several diseases and ailments. The
present study was conducted to investigate the anti-oxidative activities of different solvent extracts of
Cassia Singueana leaves and seeds. The results indicate that all the extracts have reducing power DPPH
radical scavenging abilities. Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of the leaves extracts have the highest
total reducing power whereas, the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the seeds part have more potent
free radical scavenging activity than all the other extracts using DPPH free radical scavenge capacity
assay. IC50 was calculated and compared with propyl gallate as standard. Qualitative Phytochemical
screening of the two parts indicates the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, sterols, saponins
and tannins with different concentration. Quantitative analysis of the two parts of Cassia Singueana for
phenolic flavonoids and tannins compounds revealed that the total phenolic content ranged from 122.75
to 376.1 and 286.94 to 1990 mg/g of dry weight of leaves and seeds extracts respectively which
expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentrations varied from 42 to 1020 mg/g and
188.34 to 449 mg/g of dry weight of leaves and seeds extracts respectively that expressed as Qurestin
equivalents. The total tannins concentrations varied from 126.21 to 1323 and 309.88 to 1710 mg/g for
leaves and seeds respectively. It could be conducted that leaves and seeds parts of C. Singueana
Possessed anti-oxidative activities and can be used as a potential alternative medicine for oxidative stress
related to non-communicable chronic diseases. Further experimental and clinical studies including
laboratory animals are warranted.
Keywords: anti-oxidative, Cassia Singueana, free radicals, phytochemical, leaves and seeds
Introduction
Herbal medicines play a major role in primary health care, mainly in the developing countries.
Therapeutic potential of herbal drugs are attributed to the present of bioactive phytochemicals.
Plants are biosynthetic laboratories of a wide spectrum of chemicals of various physiological
functions.
These phytochemicals are believed to have better compatibility with the human body and
possess medicinal properties. Herbal drugs got a successful history as old as human
civilization and today herbal medicines are coming back into prominence because of
decreasing efficacy and serious side effects of the modern medicines. Oxidation is necessary
for energy production in all living systems. However it can produce free radicals, which can
start chain reactions that may damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by
removing radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized
themselves. Generally antioxidants of plant origin are of often reducing agents such as thiols
or polyphenols. (Jinu et al., 2012) [11].
Cassia species belong to the family Caesalpiniaceae which is often treated as a sub-family,
Caesalpinioideae, of the large family Leguminosae. It is closely related to Mimosaceae and
Papilionaceae, but can be distinguished by few stamens and five free petals. Caesalpinioideae
consist of trees, shrubs and a few woody herbs found in the tropics. Economically, woody
Caesalpiniaceae is important for its timber. Cassia and Tamarindus species are used for
medicinal purposes. (Mau and Lin, 2002) [12].
Some species of Caesalpiniaceae yield dyes (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1958 [9]; Hutchinson,
1973) [8]. Cassia species have been of keen interest in phytochemical and pharmacological
research due to their excellent medicinal values 7.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
All Cassia species are rich source of secondary metabolites,
notably anthraquinone derivatives and has been used in
Chinese and Ayurvedic preparations. C. Singueana has many
medicinal uses throughout Africa (Kawanga and Bosch, 2007).
Other applications of the plant, in Ethiopia; is that the inner
bark is chewed fresh to soothe stomach spasm and smoke from
its wood and bark is used for purposes of smoke baths to
containers of milk and milk products. Scientific reports
indicate that the plant has anthelminthic properties (Kawanga,
and Bosch, 2007), antiprotozoal activity against cestodes of
Hymenolepis diminuta (Mølgaard et al., 2001) [16],
antiplasmodial, antinociceptive, antipyretic (Adzu et al., 2003)
[2],
In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties (Ottu et al.,
2011) [21], in vitro free radical scavenging activity
(Gebrelibanos et al., 2007) [6], enzyme inhibition activities
(strong- acetylcholinestrase and carboxylesterase inhibitory
activities and weak glutathione-S-transferase and xanthine
oxidase inhibitory activities) (Bangou et al., 2011) [3], antiulcer
effects (Ode and Asuzu, 2011) [18] and reduce both gastric free-
HCl and total acids (Ode and Onakpa, 2010) [19]. The plant is
reported to contain anthraquinones, quinoids, sterols,
alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, phenols, tannins (Adzu et al.,
2003) [2], flavonoids, glycosides and carbohydrates (Adeyanju
et al., 2011) [20]. In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective
properties (Ottu et al., 2011) [21], in vitro free radical
scavenging activity (Gebrelibanos et al., 2007) [6], enzyme
inhibition activities (strong- acetylcholinestrase and
carboxylesterase inhibitory activities and weak glutathione-S-
transferase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities) (Bangou
et al., 2011) [3], antiulcer effects (Ode and Asuzu, 2011) [18]
and reduce both gastric free-HCl and total acids (Ode and
Onakpa, 2010) [19]. The plant is reported to contain
anthraquinones, quinoids, sterols, alkaloids, terpenes,
saponins, phenols, tannins (Adzu et al., 2003) [2], flavonoids,
glycosides and carbohydrates (Adeyanju et al., 2011) [20]. In
vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties (Ottu et al.,
2011) [21], in vitro free radical scavenging activity
(Gebrelibanos et al., 2007) [6], enzyme inhibition activities
(strong- acetylcholinestrase and carboxylesterase inhibitory
activities and weak glutathione-S-transferase and xanthine
oxidase inhibitory activities) (Bangou et al., 2011) [3], antiulcer
effects (Ode and Asuzu, 2011) [18] and reduce both gastric free-
HCl and total acids (Ode and Onakpa, 2010) [19]. The plant is
reported to contain anthraquinones, quinoids, sterols,
alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, phenols, tannins (Adzu et al.,
2003) [2], flavonoids, glycosides and carbohydrates (Adeyanju
et al., 2011) [20]. In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective
properties (Ottu et al., 2011) [21], in vitro free radical
scavenging activity (Gebrelibanos et al., 2007) [6], enzyme
inhibition activities (strong- acetylcholinestrase and
carboxylesterase inhibitory activities and weak glutathione-S-
transferase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities) (Bangou
et al., 2011) [3], antiulcer effects (Ode and Asuzu, 2011) and
reduce both gastric free-HCl and total acids (Ode and Onakpa,
2010) [19]. The plant is reported to contain anthraquinones,
quinoids, sterols, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, phenols,
tannins (Adzu et al., 2003), flavonoids, glycosides and
carbohydrates (Adeyanju et al., 2011) [20]. In vivo antioxidant
and hepatoprotective properties (Ottu et al., 2011) [21], in vitro
free radical scavenging activity (Gebrelibanos et al., 2007) [6],
enzyme inhibition activities (strong- acetylcholinestrase and
carboxylesterase inhibitory activities and weak glutathione-S-
transferase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities) (Bangou
et al., 2011) [3], antiulcer effects (Ode and Asuzu, 2011) and
reduce both gastric free-HCl and total acids (Ode and Onakpa,
2010) [19]. The plant is reported to contain anthraquinones,
quinoids, sterols, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, phenols,
tannins (Adzu et al., 2003) [2], flavonoids, glycosides and
carbohydrates (Adeyanju et al., 2011) [20].
Isolated constituents of this plant include: the anthraquinones -
chrysophanol, physcion and 7-methylphyscion; cassiamin A, a
dimmer of chrysophanol, (Icraf, 2011) [10]; four
tetrahydroanthracene derivatives from the root-
torosdchrysone, germichrysone, singueanol - I and singueanol-
II (Endo and Naoki, 1980) [5]; the pentacyclic triterpene lupeol,
and the sterols- campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol.
The leaves contain the flavonoid leucopelargonidin, which has
dyeing properties (Kawanga and Bosch, 2007). Thus, both
traditional and scientific report claim indicate that the plant
possesses a number of medicinal uses and can be a potential
phyto-drug of multiple medicinal values. Owing to the
previous research this study was conducted on Cassia
Singueana and it is benefits in medical field to provide
scientific evidence related to antioxidant properties of the
plant, since it can be a potential source of antioxidant based
therapies.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Gallic acid, tannic acid, Querstin, 1, 1-dipheny l-2-
picrylhydrazy l radical (DPPH), sodium hydroxide, sodium
nitrite, ferric chloride, potassium ferrous cyanide, sodium
bicarbonate, aluminum chloride and Folin Ciocalteu reagent
were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
Collection of the plant material
The fresh plant of Cassia Singueana was collected from the
Blue Nile State, Savanna, (Baw). The plant was identified and
was authenticated by the herbarium unit of National Research
Institute, The plant material was cleaned, separated into leaves,
seeds and pods and they were shade dried. When the plant
materials were thoroughly dried, they were coarsely powdered
using a Manuel grinder. The powder was stored in an air tight,
light resistant container for further analysis.
Preparation of the plant extracts
Forty grams of the fine powdered plant parts were separately
defatted with petroleum ether (60-80). The defatted materials
were sequentially extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate and
methanol by soxhlet extractor in 200 mL of the relevant
solvent, After filtration through Whatman filter paper (No.1),
respective solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure
using a rotary evaporator (Buchi rotavapor II) at 40 oC to
obtain the solvent extracts. The solvent extract in each case
was weighed, transferred to small container and stored in a
refrigerator at 4 oC until tested.
Qualitative Tests for secondary metabolites
Phytochemical screening of the prepared extracts
The prepared extracts were tested for their presence or absence
of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, sterols
and triterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins and sugars
according to methods described by Harbone (1984) and
Sofowora (1993) [25].
Determination of total phenols, flavonoids and tannins
contents in C. Singueana leaves and seeds extracts
1- Total Phenolics Content
The total phenolic content of each extract was determined by
adopting the method as described by wolfe et al. (2003) [26].
The total phenolic contents were expressed as gallic acid
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
equivalents (mg/l) using the following equation based on the
calibration curve: y = 0.001x + 0.136 where x = concentration
of gallic acid (mg/l) corresponding to y the absorbance with
R=0.995. A calibration curve was prepared using gallic acid
(100-800 mg/l) as standard and used for calculation of total
phenolic compounds.
2-Total flavonoids content
The total flavonoids content was determined by adopting the
method described by Shanukha et al. (2012). Absorbance was
measured at 415 nm against a reagent blank. Using Shimadzu
model 1800 double beam spectrophotometer. Total flavonoids
content was expressed as quercetin (mg/l) using the following
equation based on the calibration curve Y = 0.000x + 0.064,
where y was the absorbance and R = 0.997, calibration curve
was constructed, using quercetin (50-700 mg/l) as standard and
total flavonoids content of the extracts (mg/l) expressed as
quercetin equivalents.
3- Total tannins content
The tannins content was determined by using FeCl3 and gelatin
test (Shivakumar et al., 2012) [24]. Absorbance was measured
at 510 nm against a reagent blank using Shimadzu model 1800
double beam spectrophotometer. The total tannins content was
calculated using the following equation y = 0.001x + 0.066,
where x = concentration of tannic acid (mg/l) corresponding to
optical density. A calibration curve was constructed, using
tannic acid (100-800 mg/l) as standard with R = 0.9936 and
total tannins content of the extracts (mg/l) expressed as tannic
acid equivalents
Determination of antioxidant activity
DPPH radical scavening assay
The DPPH radical scavenging was determined according to
the method of Shimada et al. (1992) [23]. The test samples were
dissolved in DMSO while DPPH was prepared in ethanol.
After incubation, decrease in absorbance was measured at
517nm using multiplate reader spectrophotometer. Percentage
radical scavenging activity by samples was determined in
comparison with a DMSO treated control group. All tests and
analysis were run in triplicate.
IC50 calculation
The IC50 (the concentration of test material, which possess
50% inhibition of free radicals) of all the extracts and their
fractions was determined by monitoring the effect of different
concentrations ranging from 500-62.25 μg/ml. the IC50 of the
extracts and their fractions were calculated using EZ-FIT
Enzyme kinetic program (Perrella scientific, U.S.A).
Results and Discussion
Quantity of extracts
Successive extraction of leaves of Cassia Singueana gave the
highest yield with methanol followed by ethyl acetate,
petroleum ether and finally chloroforms: 20.55; 15.67; 3.063
and 2.58% respectively. Regarded to seeds, the highest yield
was observed with methanol followed by ethyl acetate,
chloroform and finally petroleum ether 17.4; 13.74; 3.44;
1.74% respectively.
Fig 1: Extractive yield of C. Singueana leaves and seeds
Phytochemical screening of seeds and leaves of Cassia Singueana extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins,
flavonoids, sterols, saponins and tannins (Table 1)
Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves extracts of Cassia Singueana
Extracts Test Reagent Class of compound
MEOH EtOAc CHCl3 PE
++ +
+++
+ ++
+ ++
+
+++
ve-
++
+
-
+
-
Wagner
Mayer
Dragendorff
Alkaloids
+++
++
+++
+++
+++
+++
ve-
ve-
ve-
ve-
ve-
ve-
Lead acetate
Fecl3
KOH 1%
Flavonoids
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
Salkowski
Liebermann
Sterols
+++
++
-ve
+++
-ve
-ve
+++
+++
Salkowski
Liebermann
Triterpenes
+++ ++ ve- -ve FeCl3 Tannins
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
+++
++
++
+ +
ve-
+ + +
-ve
-ve
Lead acetate
Gelatin
+++
+++
+++
+++
ve-
ve-
+++
+++
conc. H2SO4
Keller
Glycosids
++ ve- + + ve- Labat Lignin
+ + Saponin (powder of leaves)
+ + Coumarin (powder of leaves)
Note: ''+'' low, ''++'' average, ''+++'' high, ''-'' Not detected
Table 2: Preliminary phytochemical screening of Seeds extracts of
Cassia singueana
Extracts
Test
Reagent
Class of
compound MEOH EtOAc CHCl3 PE
ve-
ve-
ve-
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+++
+
++
ve-
ve-
ve-
Wagner
Mayer
Dragendorff
Alkaloids
+++
+++
+ +
+ ++
+ ++
+++
++ +
++ +
+++
ve-
ve-
ve-
Lead acetate
KOH 1%
FeCL3
Flavonoids
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
-ve
-ve
Salkowski
Liebermann
Sterols
ve-
ve-
ve-
+ + +
ve-
ve-
++
++
Salkowski
Liebermann
Triterpenes
+++
+++
+++
+++
++ +
+++
ve-
+++
++
ve-
ve-
ve-
FeCl3
Lead acetate
Gelatin
Tannins
+++ + + + + + - Labat Lignin
+ +
Saponin
(powder of
seeds)
+ + +
Coumarin
(powder of
seeds)
Note: ''+'' low, ''++'' average, ''+++'' high, ''-'' Not detected
Phytochemical screening of the leaves indicates the presence
of alkaloids and sterols in all leaves glycosides and
triterpences found in all extracts expect chloroform extract
table (1). whereas analysis of seeds indicates the presence of
sterols, flavonoids and tannins in all extracts except in the
petroleum ether extract showed in Table (2) Several phyto-
chemial studies have been previously carried out on Cassia
Singueana Leaves (Olusola, et al., 2011), Luteolin isolated
from methanol extract from leaves of the plant (Ode and
Asuzu, 2014) [17].
Quantitative analysis for total phenols, flavonoids and
tannins content in leaves and seeds extracts of Cassia
Singueana
The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents of leaves and
seeds extracts of Cassia Singueana were evaluated and results
are presented in Table (2). The total phenolic contents in the
examined plant extracts using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent is
expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (the standard curve
equation: y =.0008x + 0.0397, R = 0.999). The values obtained
for the concentration of total phenols are expressed as mg of
GA/l of extract. The total phenolic contents in the examined
leaves extracts ranged from 122.75 to 752. 313 mg GA/l. The
highest concentration of phenols was measured in methanolic,
ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts.
Moreover the highest concentration of phenols in part seeds
was determined in methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and
petroleum ether extracts respectively. The total phenolic
contents in plant extracts of the species M. peregrinum
depends on the type of extract, i.e. the polarity of solvent used
in extraction. High solubility of phenols in polar solvents
provides high concentration of these compounds in the extracts
obtained using polar solvents for the extraction (Mohsen and
Ammar, 2008 [15]; Zhou. 2004) [27].
The concentration of flavonoids in various plant extracts of the
Cassia Singueana was determined using spectrophotometric
method with aluminum chloride. The content of flavonoids
was expressed in terms of Querstin equivalent. The standard
curve equation that used in calculation was: y =0.0007x+
0.0537. The concentration of flavonoids in plant extracts of
Cassia Singueana ranged from 42.857 to 2361.857 mg/L.
Ethyl acetate extract contains the highest flavonoid
concentration whereas the lowest flavonoid concentration was
measured in petroleum ether extract. The concentration of
flavonoids in plant extracts depends on the polarity of solvents
used in the extract preparation (Min and Chun-Zhao, 2005) [13].
The concentration of flavonoids in seeds part ranged from 275
to 1710.938 mg/l also the highest concentration of flavonoids
was found in methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and
chloroform extracts respectively.
Tannin content was calculated as tannic acid equivalent (the
standard curve equation:
Y = 0.0028X + 0.0824 and values ranged between 126.21 mg/l
to 1323.21 mg/l for leaves part. The highest tannin content
(1323.2 mg/l) was observed in methanol extract followed by
ethyl acetate (242.68 mg/l), chloroform (128.964 mg/l) and
petroleum ether extracts (126.21 mg/l), respectively. On the
other part (seeds) the value ranged from 188.34 to 454.54
mg/l. The highest tannin content (453.54 mg/l) was observed
in ethyl acetate followed by methanol (449.89 mg/l),
chloroform (243.63 mg/l) and petroleum ether extracts
(188.339 mg/l), respectively.
Table 3: Concentration of total polyphenols, flavonoids and total tannins of Cassia Singueana leaves - seeds extracts
Phenolic Part of plant Petroleum ether Mean CHCL3 Mean Ethyl acetate Mean Methanol Mean
Total polyphenol
Leaves 122.75 147.313 1683 3761
Seeds 286.94 328.75 1700.1 1990.88
P-value 0.170 0.224 0.498 0.132
Total tannins
Leaves 126.21 128.96 242.6786 1323.214
Seeds 309.88 275.25 1555.313 1710.94
P-value 0.01 0.021 0.565 0.715
Total flavonoids
Leaves 42.86 239.357 2361.86 1020.64
Seeds 188.34 243.625 453.536 449.089
P-value 0.533 0.369 0.802 0.126
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
Total polyphenol is expressed as mg Gallic acid/g of dry plant
material. Total Flavonoids is expressed as mg quercetin/g of
dry plant material. Total tannin is expressed as mg of tannic
acid/g of dry plant material.* significantly different from the
other at P < 0.05.
Fig 2: Total phenols, flavonoids and tannins contents in leaves
extracts of Cassia Singueana
Fig 3: Total phenols, flavonoids and tannins contents in seeds
extracts of Cassia Singueana
Antioxidant activity of Cassia Singueana leaves and seeds
The antioxidant activity of different plant extracts from C.
singueana was determined using a methanol solution of DPPH
reagent. DPPH is very stable free radical. Unlike in vitro
generated free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical and
superoxide anion, DPPH has the advantage of being unaffected
by certain side reac . A freshly prepared DPPH solution
exhibits a deep purple colour with an absorption maximum at
517 nm. This purple colour generally fades when antioxidant
molecule quench DPPH free radicals (i.e. by providing atoms
or by electron donation, conceivably via a free-radical attack
on the DPPH molecule) and convert them into a colorless-
/bleached product (i.e. 2, 2-dipheny l-1-hydrazine, or a
substituted analogous hydrazine), resulting in a decrease in
absorbance at 517 nm band (Amarowicz et al., 2003).
The antioxidant activity of four different extracts of C.
Singueana is expressed in term of percentage of inhibition (%)
and IC50 values (μg/ml). the standard values standard were
obtained and compared to the values of the antioxidant
activity. The standard substances that used in the test was
propyl gallate.
The in-vitro antioxidant activity of the petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from leaves
and seeds of C. Singueana was evaluated using DPPH assays
(Table 3). The ethyl acetate of leaves and seeds extracts
showed the highest activity 91 and 84% and the IC50 value was
found to be 0.032 and 0.046 μg/ml, respectively. The methanol
extracts of leaves and seeds showed high DPPH scavenging
activity with inhibition percentage of 89 and 85 % with IC50
0.118 and 0.119 μg/ml, respectively. The petroleum ether and
chloroform leaves extracts showed moderate DPPH
scavenging activity with inhibition percentage of 56 and 51%,
respectively. While petroleum ether and chloroform seeds
extracts were found to have low DPPH scavenging activity
with inhibition percentage 36 and 32 leaves and seeds of the
plant, IC50 were not calculated.
The high DPPH radical scavenging activities of the various
solvent extracts which are comparable to standard antioxidants
used suggest that the extracts have compounds with high
proton donating ability and could serve as free radical
inhibitors. However, the organic solvent extract from the
leaves and seeds demonstrated a more remarkable anti-radical
activity with IC50 values lower than propyl gallate. The EtOH
extracts of the stem bark and root had a consistently higher
DPPH radical scavenging ability than other extracts in these
parts. (Mohammed et al., 2013) [14].
Table 9: Antioxidants activity of seeds- leaves extracts of Cassia Singueana
IC50 (μg/mL) (seeds)
%
RSA±SD (DPPH) (seeds) IC50 (μg/mL) (Leaves)
%
RSA ± SD (DPPH) (leaves) Extract
-
36 ± 0.22
-
56 ± 0.28 Petroleum ether
-
32± 0.31
-
51 ± 0.18 Chloroform
0.046 ± 0.00 84 ± 0.05 0.032 ± 0.00 91 ± 0.02 Ethyl acetate
0.119 ± 0.01 85 ± 0.03 0.119 ± 0.07 89 ± 0.02 Methanol
0.055 ± 0.00 84 ± 0.02 0.055 ± 0.00 84 ± 0.02 Propyl gallate
Conclusion
It was noticed that the highest concentration of total phenolic
compounds in the extracts were obtained using solvents of
high polarity; the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract were
revealed greater power of extraction for phenolic compounds
from C. Singueana. The high contents of phenolic compounds
and significant linear correlation between the values of the
concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.
It could be concluded that C. Singueana is a natural source as
an antioxidant substance. Further investigations to determine
the other medicinal active compounds of the plant and
experimental as well as clinical studies are warranted
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