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PERSOONIA
Volume
17,
Part
2,
245-257
(1999)
Notulae
ad
Floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
—
XXXIV.
Further
notes
on
Psilocybe
Machiel+E.
Noordeloos
Rijksherbarium/HortusBotanicus,
P.O.
Box
9514,
2300
RA
Leiden,
The
Netherlands
A
key
to
the
species
is
given
of
Psilocybe
subgenus
Stercophila
(Romagn.)
Noordel.,
with
a
full
description
of
Psilocybe
dorsipora,
new
to
the
Netherlands,
and
the
status
of
subgenus
Stercophila
is
discussed.
Within
subgenus
Hypholoma
section
Psilocyboides
four
new
subsections
are
presented,
viz.
subsect.
Elongatae,
subsect.
Marginatae,
subsect.
Tuberosae,
and
subsect.
Ericaeae.
A
key
is
given
to
the
species
of
subsect.
Elongatae,
with
comments
on
the
species
and
full
descriptions
of
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
Kauffm.,
new
to
Europe,
and
a
still
unnamed
dark-coloured
species.
New
combinations
within
subgen.
Stropharia
and
Melanotus
are
given.
I.
SUBGENUS
STERCOPHILA
The
species
of
subgenus
Stercophila
[Romagn.
ex
Noordel.,
Persoonia
16
(1995)
127]
are
characterized
by
the
presence
of
a
slimy
veil,
which
forms
a
sticky-glutinous
layer
on
the
surface
of
pileus
and
stipe.
Additional
characters
of
this
group
are
the
very
dark,
large
spores
with
a
very
distinct
germpore.
The
best
known
species
of
this
group
is
Psilocybe
semi-
globata
(Batsch:
Fr.)
Noordel.,
a
widespread
and
locally
common
dung-inhabiting
species.
Traditionally,
this
species
has
been
placed
in
the
genus
Stropharia,
mainly
because
of
the
presence
of
an
annulus
and
the
occurrence
of
chrysocystidia
on
the
sides
of
the
lamellae.
Psilocybe
luteonitens
(Fr.:
Fr.)
Park.-Rhodes
which
is
very
similar
in
morphology
and
ecology,
has
no
chrysocystidia,
and
was
therefore
placed
in
the
genus
Psilocybe
sensu
stricto
by
some
authors.
However,
Romagnesi
(1936)
considered
both
taxa
very
closely
related
because
of
the
glutinous
veil
on
pileus
and
stipe,
and
placed
them
together
in
the
genus
Stercophila.
Singer
(1986)
made
Stercophila
Romagn.
a
section
of
Stropharia.
Noordeloos
(1995),
uniting
the
genera
Stropharia,
Hypholoma
and
Psilocybe
sensu
stricto
in
one
large
genus
Psilocybe,
gave
Stercophila
the
rank
of
subgenus.
Recently
Esteve-Raventos
&
Barassa
(1995)
described
a
new
species
in
this
group,
viz.
Stropharia
dorsipora,
char-
acterized
by
spores
with
an
eccentrically
placed
germ
pore.
During
the
revision
of
this
group
for
the
Flora
agaricina
neerlandica,
several
collections
of
this
species
were
detected
in
the
herbaria
from
the
Netherlands,
Switzerland
and
California,
which
are
described
below.
According
to
personal
observations
and
those
of
Dr.
I.
Kytovuori
(University
of
Helsinki,
Finland),
more
taxa
of
subgenus
Stercophila
can
be
expected
to
occur
in
Europe.
An
interesting
species
in
this
respect
is
Pholiota
myosotis
(Fr.:
Fr.)
Sing.
This
species,
in
the
rather
isolated
subgenus
Phaeonematoloma
Sing.,
has
very
similar
glutinous
veil
on
pileus
and
stipe,
pleurocystidia
as
chrysocystidia,
and
also
very
large
spores,
which,
however,
are
red-brown
in
mass,
not
as
dark
as
in
the
species
around
Psilocybe
semiglobata,
and
have
only
a
small,
inconspicuous
germ
pore.
Also
the
habitat
is
different,
as
it
grows
as
saprophytic
or
possibly
necrotrophic
among
Sphagnum
in
peat-bogs.
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999
246
There
are
several
examples
in
the
Strophariaceae,
where
species
with
thin-
and
thick-
walled
spores,
with
or
without
distinct
germ
pore
appear
to
be
closely
related.
Good
exam-
ples
are
Psilocybe
section
Psilocybe,
where
species
with
thin-walled
spores
(
P.
inquilinus,
P.
crobula)
)
are
closely
related
to
P.
montana
with
dark,
thick-walled
spores
(Noordeloos
et
al.,
in
prep.).
In
Psilocybe
subgenus
Hypholoma
section
Psilocyboides
thin-walled
spores
occur
in
the
group
of
Psilocybe
elongatipes,
which
obviously
are
related
to
P.
ericaeum
and
P.
udum
with
thick-walled
spores.
It
is
to
be
expected
that
future
experimental
research
would
prove
that
Pholiota
myosotis
is
closely
related
to
the
Stercophila
group
in
Psilocybe.
KEY
TO
THE
EUROPEAN
SPECIES
OF
PSILOCYBE
SUBGENUS
STERCOPHILA
1.
Chrysocystidia
absent;
basidia
2-spored
Psilocybe
luteonitens
1.
Chrysocystidia
present;
basidia
4-spored.
2.
Pileus
brown
with
olivaceous
tinge;
lamellae
brown
with
olivaceous
tinge;
spore
print
red-brown;
among
Sphagnum
and
other
mosses
in
moist
places
(
Pholiota
myosotis)
2.
Pileus
yellow
to
ochre,
often
rather
pale;
lamellae
blackish
brown
when
mature;
spore
print
purplish
black;
on
dung
or
on
strongly
manured
soil.
3.
Spores
with
central
germ
pore;
cheilocystidia
40-100
x
5.0-15
pm,
cylindrical-flex-
uous
to
narrowly
lageniform
or
lecithiform
Psilocybe
semiglobata
3.
Spores
with
distinctly
eccentric
germpore;
cheilocystidia
20-40
x
3.5-10
pm,
clavate
to
lageniform
with
broad,
rounded
apex
Psilocybe
dorsipora
Psilocybe
dorsipora
(Esteve-Rav.
&
Barassa)
Noordel.,
comb.
nov.
—
Fig.
1
Basionym:
Stropharia
dorsipora
Esteve-Rav.
&
Barassa,
Rev.
Iberoamer.
Micol.
12
(1995)
70.
Pileus
5-25
mm,
hemispherical
to
convex
or
conico-convex,
finally
expanding
to
irreg-
ularly
(plano-)convex,
yellowish
white,
straw-yellow
to
ochraceous
yellow,
sometimes
with
olivaceous
tinge,
with
paler
margin,
viscid,
dull
to
slightly
shining.
Lamellae,
L
=
18-26,
1
=
3-7,
distant,
broadly
adnate,
often
with
decurrent
tooth,
ventricose,
greenish-whitish
when
young,
then
sordid
purplish-grey,
sometimes
with
olivaceous
tinge,
spotted,
with
white,
fimbriate
edge.
Stipe
10-90
x
2-3
mm,
cylindrical,
slender,
often
with
an
up
to
6
mm
wide,
(sub-)bulbous
base,
very
pale
yellowish
at
apex,
yellow-olivaceous
to
brownish
yellow
below,
with
narrow,
membranaceous,
sticky
annulus,
at
apex
pruinose,
slightly
groov-
ed,
below
annulus
finely
floccose
on
viscid
surface.
Smell
farinaceous,
particularly
when
bruised.
Taste
farinaceous.
Spore
print
colour
deep
purple
to
violaceous
black.
Spores
(11,5-)13-21.5
x
7.0-10(-10.5)
pm,
Q
=
(1.5-)
1.7-2.4,
av.
Q
=
1.7-2.0,
ellipsoid
in
side-view,
ovoid
in
frontal
view,
with
relatively
small,
up
to
3.0pm
wide,
eccentric
germ
pore.
Basidia
20-40
x
8.0-12.5
pm,
4-spored,
clamped.
Lamella
edge
sterile.
Cheilocystidia
20-40
x
3.5-10
pm,
clavate
to
lageniform
with
broad,
rounded
apex.
Pleuro-chrysocystidia
abundant,
20-50
x
4.0-11.0
pm,
clavate-mucronate.
Pileipellis
an
up
to
200
pm
thick
ixo-
cutis
of
narrow,
cylindrical,
2.0-7.0
pm
wide
hyphae,
embedded
in
a
hyaline,
gelatinous
matrix.
Pigment
yellow,
parietal
and
finely
incrusting
the
hyphae
of
pileipellis.
Stipitipellis
an
ixocutis
of
narrow,
cylindrical
hyphae.
Caulocystidia
abundant
at
apex
of
stipe,
20-
50
x
3.0-9.0
pm,
subcylindrical
to
lageniform
with
rounded
apex,
often
mixed
with
caulo-
chrysocystidia
similar
to
pleurochrysocystidia.
Clamp-connections
present
in
all
tissues.
Noordeloos:
Nolulae
ad
floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
247
Habitat
&
distribution
—
Saprotrophic,
gregarious
on
horse-dung
in
poorly
manured
grasslands
and
meadows.
Rare,
but
widespread
and
probably
overlooked.
June-Nov.
Wide-
spread
in
Europe,
but
real
distribution
unknown.
Also
occurring
in
California.
Collections
examined.
NETHERLANDS:
prov.
Overijssel,
Stokkum
bij
Markelo,
northern
bankTwente-
kanaal,
9-VI-1956,
C.
Bas
1026
(L);
Vorden,
5-VII-1959,
E.
Kits
v.
Waveren
(L);
prov.
Noord-Holland,
Den
Helder,
Van
Ewijksluis,
autumn
1972,
P.
Polderman
(L);
prov.
Zuid-Holland,
Katwijk
aan
Zee,
15-XI-1953,
R.A.
Maas
Geesteranus
9594
(L).
—
SWITZERLAND:
Valais,
Val
d'Anniviers,
18-VII-1962,
J.
Th.
Koster
7101
(L).
—
USA:
California,
Lagunitas
Creek,
Marin
County,
20-111-1939,
T. T.
McCabe
(L).
Psilocybe
dorsipora
has
recently
been
described
from
Spain
(Esteve-Raventos
&
Barassa,
1995),
based
on
only
one
collection.
However,
this
taxon
has
been
known
already
several
years
to
Dr.
I.
Kytovuori
(University
of
Helsinki)
who
showed
the
author
maps
with
numer-
ous
localities
from
Fennoscandia
during
the
Finnish-Estonian
Mycological
Meeting
at
Kevo,
August
1995.
Intrigued
by
this,
the
author
studied
collections
labelled
P.
semiglobata
in
the
Rijksherbarium
and
found
some
specimens
of
P.
dorsipora
from
a
wide
geographical
Fig.
1.
Psilocybe
dorsipora.
Spores,
cheilocystidia,
and
chrysocystidia
(bar
=
10
μm).
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999248
range.
Psilocybe
dorsipora
is
very
similar
to
P.
semiglobata
from
which
it
mainly
differs
in
the
spores
with
a
small,
eccentric
germ
pore,
and
slightly
smaller
cheilocystidia
with
rounded
to
capitate
apex.
So
far
no
clear
macroscopic
differences
with
P.
semiglobata
have
been
discovered,
but
some
collections
have
a
distinct
farinaceous
smell
and
taste,
a
feature
that
is
unknown
from
P.
semiglobata.
Future
morphological
and
experimental
studies
may
hopefully
throw
more
light
on
the
specific
delimitation.
II.
SUBGENUS
HYPHOLOMA
SECTION
PSILOCYBOIDES
Subgenus
Hypholoma
section
Psilocyboides
[(Sing.)
Noordel.,
Persoonia
16
(1995)
127]
is
characterized
by
solitary
basidiocarps
or
basidiocarps
in
small
groups,
on
wood-chips
or
in
vegetal
debris,
frequently
also
among
mosses,
often
in
peaty
habitats.
KEY
TO
THE
SUBSECTIONS
1.
Basidiocarps
growing
on
a
lobate,
brown
sclerotium,
2-5
mm
across
on
decayed
wood
or
wood-chips
subsect.
Tuberosae
1.
Basidiocarps
not
growing
from
a
sclerotium
2
2.
Spores
pale,
thin-
or
slightly
thick-walled,
with
small,
often
indistinct
germ pore;
lamellae
brown
without
or
with
very
faint
violaceous-purple
tinge
when
mature,
brown
in
exsiccate
subsect.
Elongatae
2.
Spores
dark,
thick-walled,
with
distinct
germ pore;
lamellae
dark
violaceous-black
when
mature,
also
in
exsiccates
3
3.
Veil
present
as
white
flocks
adhering
to
margin
of
pileus
and
girdles
and/or
an
annuliform
zone on
stipe
subsect.
Marginatae
3.
Veil
absent
subsect.
Ericaeae
Psilocybe
subsect.
Elongatae
Noordel.,
subsect.
nov.
Sporae
pallidae,
tenuitunicatae
vel
leviter
crassitunicatae,
poro
germinativo
parvo;
lamellae
in
statura
maturitate
haud
vel
leviter
violaceo-tincto.
Holotypus:
Psilocybe
elongata
(Pers.:
Fr.)
J.
Lange.
Spores
pale,
thin-
or
slightly
thick-walled,
with
small,
often
indistinct
germpore;
lamellae
brown
without
or
with
faint
violaceous-purple
tinge,
brown
in
exsiccates.
Holotype
species:
Psilocybe
elongata
(Pers.;
Fr.)
J.
Lange.
Psilocybe
elongata
can
be
recognized
in
the
field
by
the
yellow
colour
of
the
pileus
and
brownish
lamellae,
and
microscopically
by
the
relatively
thin-walled
spores
with
a
small,
often
indistinct
germpore.
Psilocybe
ericaoides,
which
is
similarly
yellow-coloured,
can
easily
be
differentiated
by
the
violaceous-grey
tinges
in
the
mature
lamellae,
caused
by
the
thick-walled
spores
with
distinct
germpore.
As noted
by
Singer (1986)
the
complex
of
P.
elongata
contains
several
very
similar
taxa,
and
is
still
in
need
of
a
revision.
As
a
whole
they
can
be
distinguished
from
other
species
in
sect.
Psilocyboides
by
the
lack
of
veil
combined
with
relatively
pale,
thin-walled
spores
with
small,
often
indistinct
germ
pore.
Accordingly
the
mature
lamellae
are
usually
a
shade
of
(grey-)brown,
rarely
with
a
slight
violaceous-purple
tinge.
The
group
of
P.
marginata
Noordeloos:
Notulae
ad
floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
249
(subsect.
Marginatae)
can
be
distinguished
by
the
prominent
veil,
and
thick-walled
spores
with
distinct germpore,
and
the
species
in
subsect.
Ericaeae
have
dark,
thick-walled
spores
and
grey-violaceous
mature
lamellae.
Psilocybe
tuberosa
(Redh.
&
Kroeger)
Walleyn
is
rather
aberrant
by
its
growth
from
sclerotia,
and
is
therefore
placed
in
its
own
subsection
Tuberosae.
Subsect.
Elongatae
contains
several
taxa,
some
of
which
occur
both
in
Europe
and
in
North
America.
Important
diagnostic
features
to
separate
taxa
are
found
in
the
size
and
shape
of
spores
and
cystidia
and
in
the
presence
or
absence
of
cheilochrysocystidia.
Additional
macroscopic
features
are
mainly
found
in
the
presence
or
absence
of
yellow
pigments
in
pileus
and
lamellae.
Up
to
now
about
six
taxa
have been
distinguished
from
Europe
(Moser,
1983;
Watling
&
Gregory,
1987),
viz.
Psilocybe
elongatipes,
P.
xantho-
cephalum,
P.
laeticolor,
P.
longisporum
and
P.
politrichi.
In
addition,
Smith
(1951)
records
some
other
related
taxa
from
North
America,
viz.:
Hypholoma
humidicola
(Murrill)
A.H.
Sm.,
and
Hypholoma
olivaceotinctum
(Kauffm.)
A.H.
Sm.
While
sorting
out
material
for
the
Flora
agaricina
neerlandica
it
became
evident
that
within
subsection
Elongatae
also
some
dark
coloured
taxa
could
be
found
which
were
not
known
from
Europe
before.
Both
are
characterized
by
having
a
dark
pileus
and
lack
of
yel-
low
tinges
in
the
lamellae.
One
could
be
identified
as
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
Kauffm.,
the
other
remains
unnamed
for
the
time
being
due
to
the
poor
state
of
the
material.
KEY
TO
THE
SPECIES
IN
SUBSECTION
ELONGATAE
IN
EUROPE
I.
Spores
small,
7.0-9.0
x
4.0-5.5
|im;
lamella
edge
yellow-green,
with
a
mixture
of
chry-
socystidia
and
leptocystidia
Psilocybe
polytrichi
1.
Spores
larger,
length
ranging
from
8.5—14(—
14.5)
(im;
lamella
edge
not
yellow-green,
with
or
without
chrysocystidia.
2.
Pileus
moderately
dark
to
dark
brown
with
olivaceous
tinges,
at centre
sometimes
red-
dish
brown.
3.
Cheilochrysocystidia
abundant;
spores
(9.0—)
10.0—14.0(—
14.5)
x
4.5-6.0(-6.5)
prn;
pileus
very
dark
brown-olivaceous
with
paler
margin
Psilocybe
spec.
3.
Cheilochrysocystidia
absent;
spores
8.5—11.0(—11.5)
x
(4.5-)5.0-5.5
(-6.0)
pm;
pileus
moderately
dark
to
dark
brown-olivaceous
with
more
brown
to
orange
brown
centre
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
2.
Pileus
pale
yellowish
at
margin,
at centre
reddish
brown.
4.
Lamellae
pale
grey,
without
yellow
tinges
when
young;
cheilochrysocystidia
absent;
spores
narrow,
oblong,
5.5-6.5(-7.0)
pm
wide
Psilocybe
laeticolor
4.
Lamellae
with
yellow
tinges
when
young;
cheilochrysocystidia
present;
spores
slight-
ly
broader,
(6.0-)
6.5-8.0
gm
wide.
5.
Spores
amygdaliform
in
side-view
Psilocybe
xanthocephala
5.
Spores
ellipsoid-oblong
in
side-view
Psilocybe
elongata
NOTES
ON THE
SPECIES
Psilocybe
elongata
(Pers.:
Fr.)
J.
Lange,
Dansk
bot.
Ark.
9
(11)
(1936)
30.
This
species
widely
occurs
in
the
peaty
areas
of
the
temperate-boreal
zones
of
Europe
and
North
America.
250
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999
Orstadius
&
Huhtinen
(1996)
claim
that
Psilocybe
gilletii
P.
Karst.
is
a
synonym
of
P.
elongata.
However,
in
the
original
description,
the
spore
size
is
different
(9.5-11
x
5.5-
6.5
pm)
and
cheilochrysocystidia
absent.
This
indicates
that
probably
another
taxon
might
be
involved.
Hypholoma
humidicola
(Murrill)
A.H.
Sm.
is
very
similar
(Smith,
1951).
It
is
said
to
differ
in
having
longer
pleurochrysocystidia
and
another
habitat.
Considering
the
rather
large
variability
found
in
the
size
and
shape
of
pleurochrysocystidia
in
European
material
the
differences
in
size
as
indicated
by
Smith
may
appear
insignificant.
The
difference
in
habitat
(Sphagnum-bogs
for
Psilocybe
elongata,
among
moss
in
coniferous
forest
for
Hypholoma
humidicola)
may
also
be
of
minor
importance.
Several
collections
of
Psilocybe
elongata
have been
made
in
damp
places
in
coniferous
forest
in
the
Netherlands,
without
Sphagnum.
Psilocybe
laeticolor
(F.H.
Moeller)
Noordel.,
Persoonia
16
(1995)
129.
This
species
is
distinguished
by
the
lack
of
yellow
tinges
in
the
lamellae
and
narrow
spores.
It
has
only
been
found
a
few
times
in
the
Netherlands,
in
mossy
grasslands
on
peaty
soil,
but
without
Sphagnum.
So
far
it
has
been
recorded
from
the
Faeroes,
Scotland
and
the
Netherlands.
Moeller
(1945)
described
also
Naematoloma
subfusisporum
which
is
very
similar,
but
differs
in
even
narrower,
fusiform
spores.
So
far
this
taxon
is
only
known
from
the
type-locality.
Psilocybe
xanthocephala
(P.D.
Orton)
Noordel.,
Persoonia
16
(1995)
129
—
Fig.
2
Hypholoma
xanthocephalum
P.
D.
Orton,
Notes
R.
bot.
Gdn
Edinb.
41
(1984)
586.
Selected
descriptions
and
figures.
Watl.
&
Gregory,
Br.
Fung.
Fl.
5
(1987)
18-19.
Pileus
10-30
mm,
convex,
expanding
with
age,
sometimes
umbonate,
with
deflexed
then
straight
margin,
hygrophanous,
deeply
translucently
striate,
saffron,
pale
yellow
to
ochraceous,
sometimes
with
sienna
tinge
at
centre,
often
with
rather
persistently
darker
olivaceous,
lemon-yellow,
or
pale
citrine-olivaceous
margin
when
moist,
pallescent
on
dry-
ing.
Lamellae
moderately
crowded,
adnate-emarginate,
lemon-yellow,
then
with
brown-
olivaceous
tinges,
finally
violaceous
grey,
with
pruinose,
white
edge.
Stipe
30-65
x
1-4
mm,
cylindrical,
yellow
in
upper
part,
reddish
brown
below,
pruinose-floccose
at
apex,
downwards
silky-striate;
at
base
white
tomentose.
Spore
print
dark
fawn,
purplish-date
or
brown-vinaceous.
Spores
9.0-11.5
(-12)
x
6.0-8.0
pm,
Q
=
1.4-1.6,
av.
Q
=
1.5,
ellipsoid-amygdaliform
in
side-view
with
only
slightly
thickened
wall
and
small,
indistinct
germ
pore.
Basidia
4-spored.
Lamella
edge
sterile.
Cheilocystidia
30-
45
x
5.0-8.0
pm,
lageniform
to
utriform
with
3.5-6.0
pm
wide,
obtuse
neck;
chrysocystidia
along
edge
and
on
sides,
30-50
x
6.0-
15
pm,
clavate
or
lageniform,
scattered
to
fairly
abundant.
Pileipellis
a
cutis
of
narrow
cylin-
drical
hyphae,
2.0-6.0
pm
wide;
subpellis
made
up
of
inflated
elements,
up
to
15
pm
wide
with
yellow,
incrusting
pigment.
Caulocystidia
scattered,
20-60
x
4.0-10
pm,
subcylin-
drical
to
narrowly
lageniform.
Clamp-connections
abundant.
Habitat
&
distribution
—
Saprotrophic,
solitary
or
in
small
groups,
originally
described
from
bare
clayey
soil,
also
known
from
dense
humus
layer
in
Juniperus
heath
with
Molinia
and
Eriophorum.
Known
from
the
southern
parts
of
England
and
Germany.
Noordeloos:
Notulae
ad
floram
agahcinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
251
This
species
is
very
similar
to
Psilocybe
elongata
differing
mainly
by
the
amygdaliform
spores.
Psilocybe
polytrichi
(Fr.:
Fr.)
Pears.
&
Dennis,
Trans.
Br.
mycol.
Soc.
31
(1948)
184.
This
species
has
the
smallest
spores
in
this
group.
It
can
be
recognized
in
the
field
by
its
yellow-green
lamella
edge.
It
has
been
recorded
from
both
Europe
and
North
America.
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
Kauffm.,
Pap.
Mich.
Acad.
Sci.
5
(1926)
144
—
Fig.
3
Hypholoma
olivaceotinctum
(Kauffm.)
A.H.
Sm.,
Mycologia
43
(1951)
488.
—
Hypholoma
inter-
medium
Arnolds,
nom.
prov.
in
Ecol.
Coenol.
Macrofungi
Grassl.
Heathl.
Drenthe,
Netherlands
2
(1983
'1982')
392.
Type-study
of
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
Kauffm.
USA,
Oregon,
Clackamas,
Mt
Hood,
6
Oct.
1922,
C.
H.
Kauffman
(holotype,
MICH).
One
basidiocarp
(part
of
the
holotype)
has
been
received
for
study.
The
following
char-
acters
have
been
observed:
Fig.
2.
Psilocybe
xanthocephala.
Spores,
cheilocystidia,
and
chrysocystidia
(bar
=
10
μm).
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999252
Fig.
3.
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta.
Spores,
cheilocystidia,
and
chrysocystidia
(bar
=
10
μm;
upper
figures
from
holotype,
lower
figures
from
Sullock-Enzlin
96010).
Noordeloos:
Notulae
ad
floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
253
Spores
10.5-12
x
4.0-6.0
pm,av.
11.1
x
5.3
pm,
Q
=
1.9-2.3
(-2.8),
av.
Q
=
2.2,
elongate
to
subcylindrical,
often
somewhat
fusiform,
occasionally
with
narrower
conical
apex,
thin-
walled,
yellow-brown
in
ammonia,
with
small,
hardly
visible
apical
germ
pore.
Basidia
20-32
x
8.0-11
pm,
4-spored,
clamped.
Lamella
edge
sterile,
consisting
of
leptocystidia
and
scattered
chrysocystidia.
Cheiloleptocystidia
28-40
x
5.5-9.0
pm,
narrowly
lageni-
form
to
utriform
with
4.0-6.0
wide,
rounded
to
subcapitate
apex.
Cheilo-
and
pleuro-
chrysocystidia
similar,
44-77
x
14-18
pm,
clavate-mucronate
or
lageniform,
with
yellow-
brown
content.
Pileipellis
a
cutis
of
2.0-4.0
pm
wide
hyphae,
subpellis
well-differentiated,
compact,
made
up
of
globose
elements,
up
to
22
pm
wide.
Clamp-connections
abundant.
Description
of
the
Netherlands'
collections:
Pileus
12-18
mm,
convex
then
plano-convex
with
flattened
centre,
sometimes
with
small
umbo,
with
deflexed
margin,
hygrophanous,
when
moist
moderately
dark
to
dark
brown-
olivaceous
(K.
&
W.
4D4;
Mu.
10
YR
4/3-4)
with
more
brown
to
orange
brown
centre
(5D7;
7.5
YR
5/6-4/4),
paler
towards
margin,
translucently
striate
up
to
3/4
of
radius,
strongly
pallescent
on
drying
to
greyish-ochre,
slightly
greasy
to
touch
when
moist.
Lamel-
lae,
L
=
18-20,1
=
3-7,
moderately
distant,
narrowly
adnate,
ventricose,
up
to
3
mm
wide,
pale
grey
then
brownish
grey,
finally
violaceous-grey,
with
white,
strongly
contrasting,
floc-
cose
edge.
Stipe
30-
60
x
1-2
mm,
cylindrical,
sometimes
curved
towards
base,
pale
ochre-
cream
at
very
apex,
pale
brown
to
reddish
brown
below,
pruinose
at
apex,
subglabrous,
in-
nately
fibrillose
below.
Veil
absent.
Context
concolorous
with
surface.
Smell
indistinct
or
somewhat
unpleasant,
dusty.
Taste
indistinct.
Spore
print
purplish
grey.
Spores
8.5-11.0(-11.5)
x
(4.5-)5.0-5.5(-6.0)
pm,
Q
=
1.5-2.0,
av.
Q
=
1.7-1.8,
ellip-
soid-oblong,
sometimes
slightly
amygdaliform
in
side
view,
with
rather
thin,
pale
brown
to
violet-brown
walls
in
water,
with
small,
apical
germ
pore.
Basidia
13-25
x
6.0-8.0
pm,
4-,
rarely
2-spored,
clamped.
Lamella
edge
sterile,
without
chrysocystidia.
Cheilolepto-
cystidia
20-40
x
7.0-15
pm,
lageniform
to
utriform,
often
with
rather
brown
basal
part
and
moderately
long
to
long,
blunt
to
capitate
neck,
thin-walled.
Pleurochrysocystidia
rare
to
abundant,
20-53
x
5.0-16
pm,
clavate-mucronate
to
lageniform
with
4.0-8.0
pm
wide,
blunt
to
subcapitate
neck,
thin-walled,
with
yellowish
content
in
KOH.
Pileipellis
a
nar-
row
cutis
or
ixocutis
of
cylindrical,
1.0-4.0
pm
wide
hyphae;
subpellis
well-differentiated,
compact,
made
up
of
strongly
inflated,
globose
or
irregularly
shaped
elements,
10-30
(-40)
x
7.0-17(-20)
pm
with
yellow-brown
intracellular
pigment
and
minutely
incrusted
walls.
Stipitipellis
a
cutis
of
narrow,
cylindrical,
minutely
incrusted,
2.0-7.0
wide
hyphae.
Caulocystidia
abundant
at
apex
of
stipe,
subcylindrical
to
lageniform,
15-35
x
4.0-13
pm,
thin-walled,
colourless.
Clamp-connections
abundant
in
all
tissues.
Habitat
&
distribution
—
Saprotrophic,
single
or
in
small
groups,
on
decaying
grasses
in
short
grassland
moist
sandy
soil
(Cynosuro-Lolietum)
and
in
moist
place
on
dead
frag-
ments
of
Phragmites
australis.
Very
rare,
only
known
from
two
localities
in
the
north
of
the
Netherlands.
Collections
examined.
NETHERLANDS:
prov.
Groningen,
Winsum,
Potmaer,
25-V-1996,
R.A.F.
Sullock-Enzlin
96010
(L);
prov.
Drenthe,
Beilen,
20-X-1975,
E.
J.
M.
Arnolds
3461
(WBS).
Psilocybe
olivaceotincta
clearly
belongs
to
the
complex
of
P.
elongata
on
account
of
the
relatively
thin-walled,
medium-sized
spores,
but
differs
from
that
species
by
the
relatively
dark
colour
of
the
pileus
and
lack
of
yellow
tinges
in
the
lamellae,
narrow
spores,
and
lack
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999
254
of
cheilochrysocystidia.
Our
collections
fit
rather
well
with
the
description
given
by
Smith
(1951),
but
more
material
and
study
of
North
American
collections
is
needed
to
get
abetter
impression
of
the
variability
of
the
various
taxa
within
this
species
complex.
Psilocybe
laeticolor
and
Hypholoma
humidicola
(Murrill)
A.H.
Sm.
are
also
very
similar,
but
differ
by
paler
basidiocarps.
Psilocybe
spec.
—
Fig.
4
Pileus
20
mm
broad,
conico-convex
with
straight
margin,
hygrophanous,
when
moist
translucently
striate
at
margin,
very
dark
olivaceous-brown
with
paler,
yellowish-olivaceous
marginal
zone,
strongly
pallescent
to
pale
alutaceous
when
dry,
not
viscid,
smooth,
glabrous.
Lamellae,
L
=
28,1
=
1,
moderately
distant,
narrowly
adnate
almost
free,
ventricose,
up
to
4
mm
broad,
olivaceous-yellow
(2.5
Y
4/4),
with
entire,
concolorous
edge.
Stipe
30
x
2
mm,
cylindrical,
straight,
narrowly
fistulose,
olivaceous-yellow
(2.5
Y
4/4)
with
slightly
paler
apex
and
slightly
darker
base,
smooth,
dull.
Spores
(9.0-)
10.0-14.0(-14.5)
x
4.5-6.0(-6.5)pm,
in
average
12.3
x
6.0
pm,
Q
=
1.9-
2.1,
av.
Q
=
2.0,
ellipsoid
to
amygdaliform
in
side-view
with
relatively
pallid,
thin
wall,
with
small,
distinct
germpore.
Basidia
2-
and
4-spored,
clamped.
Lamella
edge
sterile,
consisting
of
chrysocystidia
and
leptocystidia.
Leptocheilocystidia,
22-30
x
7.0-15
pm,
utriform
to
lageniform
with
long,
blunt
or
subcapitate
neck.
Cheilo-
and
pleurochrysocystidia
abundant,
30-70
x
5.0-14
pm,
clavate-mucronate,
often
with
brown,
thickened
wall
and
dark
yellow
brown
inclusions.
Pileipellis
a
narrow
cutis
of
cylindrical
hyphae,
3-10
pm
wide,
subpellis
well-differentiated,
made
up
of
inflated,
up
to
20
pm
wide
elements.
Clamp-
connections
present
in
all
tissues.
Habitat
&
distribution
—
Solitary
in
grazed
dune
meadow
with
Salix
repens
on
acid
sand.
Only
found
once.
Collection
examined.
NETHERLANDS:
prov.
Friesland,
Vlieland,
Lange
Paal,
22
Oct.
1994,
N.
Dam
(L).
The
present
collection
is
microscopically
very
similar
to
Psilocybe
elongata,
with
respect
to
the
abundant
cheilochrysocystidia,
and
size
and
shape
of
the
spores.
However,
macro-
scopically
the
dark
colour
of
the
fruit-body
is
very
aberrant.
So
far
no
description
in
literature
has
been
found
that
fits
with
the
present
collection.
The
material
is
too
poor,
however,
to
give
a
formal
description
as a
new
species.
Psilocybe
subsect.
Ericaeae
Noordel.,
subsect.
nov.
Sporae
obscure
violaceo-brunneae,
crassitunicatae
poro
germinativo
distincto;
lamellae
in
statura
maturitate
violaceo-tincto,
in
exsiccatae
sordide
brunneae.
Holotypus:
Psilocybe
ericaea
(Pers.:
Fr.)
Quel.
Spores
thick-walled
with
distinct,
often
rather
large
germ pore;
lamellae
dark
brown
with
violaceous
grey
to
greyish
olivaceous
tinge
when
mature,
dark
chocolate
or
grey-brown
in
exsiccates.
Holotype:
Psilocybe
ericaea
(Pers.:
Fr.)
Quel.
European
species:
Psilocybe
ericaea,
P.
ericaeoides,
P.
subericaea,
P.
uda.
255
Noordeloos:
Notulae
ad
floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
Psilocybe
subsect.
Marginatae
Noordel.,
subsect.
nov.
Basidiomata
cum
velo
copioso;
sporae
ad
10
|im
longae,
crassitunicatae,
poro
germinativo
distinctae.
Holotypus:
Psilocybe
marginata
(Pers.:
Fr.)
Noordel.
Veil
well-developed,
visible
as
appendiculate
patches
along
the
pileal
margin
and
annuli-
form
zone
to
small
annulus
on
stipe;
on
wood;
spores
smaller
than
10
pm,
thick-walled,
with
distinct
germ
pore.
Holotype:
Psilocybe
marginata
(Pers.:
Fr.)
Noordel.
Only
one
species
in
Europe.
Fig.
4.
Psilocybe
spec.
Spores,
cheilocystidia,
and
chrysocystidia
(bar
=
10
μm).
PERSOONIA
Vol.
17,
Part
2,
1999
256
III.
NEW
COMBINATIONS
1
.
Subgenus
Stropharia
Some
authors
distinguish
Psilocybe
pseudocyanea
and
P.
ochrocyanea
as
two
different
species
(Bon,
1972),
Glowinski
&
Gumbinger
(1982),
Orton
(1976).
However,
the
differ-
ences
given
are
difficult
to
use.
Environmental
factors,
such
as
height
of
the
vegetation,
and
exposure
to
sunlight
seem
to
have
great
effect
on
the
macromorphology
of
the
basidiocarps.
Jahnke
(1984)
demonstrated
that
strains
of
both
taxa
have
a
DNA
homology
close
to
100%,
which
supports
the
contention
that
only
one
genetic
taxon
is
involved.
For
that
reason
both
taxa
are
distinguished
here
as
forms
of
one,
variable
species:
Psilocybe pseudocyanea
forma
ochrocyanea
(Bon)
Noordel.,
comb.
&
s
tat.
nov.
Basionym:
Stropharia
ochrocyanea
M.
Bon,
Doc.
mycol.
3
(1)
(1972)
28.
2.
Subgenus
Melanotus
(Pat.)
Noordel.,
comb.
nov.
Basionym:
Melanotus
Pat.,
Essai
taxon.
(1900)
175.
While
preparing
the
manuscript
for
Psilocybe
subgenus
Melanotus
for
the
Flora
agaricina
neerlandica
vol.
4,
it
appeared
to
be
necessary
to
make
the
following
new
combination:
Psilocybe
phillipsii
forma
megaspora
(Mos.)
Vellinga,
comb.
nov.
Basionym:
Melanotus
phillipsii
forma
megaspora
Mos.,
Fung.
rar.
Ic.
col.
7
(1978)
28.
The
range
of
the
spore
length
of
Psilocybe
phillipsii
f.
phillipsii
covers
5.5-7.0
(-7.5)
jim,
while
forma
megaspora
has
spores
7.0-9.0
pm
long.
The
latter
is
much
rarer
than
the
typical
forma.
IV.
NEW
TAXA
IN
SECTION
PSILOCYBE
Extensive
studies
in
section
Psilocybe,
combining
morphology
with
genetic
and
molec-
ular
characteristics
havebeen
performed
by
S.
J.
Verduin
as a
PhD
student
under
supervision
of
the
present
author.
The
results
of
this
study
have been
incorporated
in
the
flora,
and
will
also
be
published
extensively
in
a
future
paper
[Noordeloos,
et
al.,
Persoonia
17
(in
prep.)].
Since
some
new
taxa
will
be
presented
in
volume
4
of
the
Flora
agaricina
neerlandica,
the
Latin
diagnoses
are
given
here.
Psilocybe
montana
var.
macrospora,
Noordel.
&
Verduin,
var.
nov.
A
varietate
typica
differt
spores
magis
grandis,
8.5-11
(—11.5)
x
6.0-8.5
x
5.0-7.0
pm.
Holotypus:
Arnolds
6677,
5-X-1995;
'the
Netherlands,
Beilen,
Holthe,
Schepping'
(L).
Psilocybe
subviscida
var.
velata
Noordel.
&
Verduin,
var.
nov.
A
varietate
typica
pileo
velo
appendiculato
ornato
vel
sporis
crassitunicatis
differt.
Holotypus:
S.
Verduin
&
M.E
Noordeloos,
28-VII-1996,
United
Kingdom,
Scotland,
Perthshire,
Dunked,
Trochry,
Borelick
Farm
(V
136,
L).
Noordeloos:
Notulae
ad
floram
agaricinam
neerlandicam
-
XXXIV
257
Psilocybe
micropora
Noordel.
&
Verduin,
spec.
nov.
Pileus
5-16
mm
latus,
conico-convexu
demum
expansus
margine
deflexus,
hygrophanus,
margine
striatus,
fulvus,
siccus
cum
velo
appendiculato
vel
fibrilloso-arachnoideo;
lamellae,
L
=
20-26,1
=
5-7,
moderate
distantes,
late
adnatae
vel
leviterdecurrentes,
fuligineae;
stipes
10-25
x
1-2
mm,
cylindriceus,
flexuosus,
flavobrunneus
versus
basim
obsucioir;
fibrillosus.
Sporae
5.5-7.5(-8.0)
x
4.5-6.0
x
4.0-5.5
pm,
ovoideae
vel
mitriformae,
tenuitunicatae,
cum
poro
germinativo
obscuro.
Basidia
15-24
x
6.0-9.0
pm,
tetrasporigera,
fibulata;
aceis
lamellarum
sterilis;
cheilocystidia
17.5
x
23
x
4.5-6.0
pm,
lageniformia,
tenuitunicata.
Pileipellis
cutis
hyphis
cylindraceis
constituis;
fibulae
abundantes.
Habitat
in
pratis
inter
muscos
(
Rhytidiadelphus
squarrosus,
R.
squarrosus,
et
Brachythecium
rutabulum).
Holotypus:
'M.E.
Noordeloos
9710
(Verduin
236),
30-VI-1997,
the
Netherlands,
Wassenaar,
Estate
Zuidwijck'(L).
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M.
1972.
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1
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1995.
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and
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1982.
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F.H.
1945.
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M.
1983.
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