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Allostratigraphy/morphostratigraphy
... The strength and weakness of allostratigraphy vs. lithostratigraphy or morphostratigraphy in subdiving Quaternary continental successions have been widely debated (e.g. Gibbard, 1985;Rawson et al., 2002;Hughes, 2007Hughes, , 2010Räsänen et al., 2009). A significant advantage of allostratigraphy in respect to lithostratigraphy is that it enables the setting up of a sequence framework which is particularly effective in basin-scale reconstructions, as it allows the definition of units with comparable ages but encompassing deposits with very varied sedimentary facies (Miall, 1996). ...
... An allostrati-graphic approach enables genetically-related heterogenous deposits, e.g. interfingering alluvial and lacustrine deposits, to be grouped within a single stratigraphic unit (Hughes, 2007). Whilst allostratigraphy is a form of sequence stratigraphy (Hughes, 2007), it provides the possibility of separating sedimentary bodies of similar lithology basing on the presence of a significant unconformity (Rawson et al., 2002). ...
... interfingering alluvial and lacustrine deposits, to be grouped within a single stratigraphic unit (Hughes, 2007). Whilst allostratigraphy is a form of sequence stratigraphy (Hughes, 2007), it provides the possibility of separating sedimentary bodies of similar lithology basing on the presence of a significant unconformity (Rawson et al., 2002). ...
... Boundaries of accumulation products (glacial, fluvioglacial, colluvial) were outlined directly during a field-work on topographic maps in scale 1:25,000 and on orthophoto images, in scale 1:500. The origin of sediments was determined by morphostratigraphic analyses based on the appearance of surface features they build-up (Frye et al., 1962), lithological criterion (Bowen, 1978), as well as based on morpholithostratigraphic criterions (Hughes, 2007;2010). Lithostratigraphic analysis (Weerts & Westerhoff, 2007) was applied at discovered glacial accumulations, as well as the analysis of homogeneity of glacial material and lack of bedding within it (Räsänen et al., 2009). ...
... и ортофото снимцима 1:500. Порекло седимената утврђивано је морфостратиграфском анализом заснованом на изгледу површинског облика који они изграђују (Frye et al., 1962), литолошким критеријумом (Bowen, 1978), као и морфолитостратиграфским (Hughes, 2007(Hughes, , 2010. На откривеним глацијалним акумулацијама вршена је литостратиграфска анализа (Weerts & Westerhoff, 2007), као и хомогеност глацијалног материјала и изостанак слојевитости у њему (Räsänen et al., 2009). ...
The Moračke Planine Mountains, situated in the central part of Montenegro,
were the center of intensive Pleistocene glaciation. Specific type of
moraines - hummocky ones, which have not been recorded in the southeastern
Dinarides up to now, were recently identified and investigated in western
part of the Moračke Planine Mts. Moraine material accumulated on limestone
basement, where several tens of irregularly distributed hummocks and similar
number of bowl-shaped dolines have been carved already. The hummocky
moraines formed in the glaciokarst landscape where the well-developed karst
morphology has been shaped before glaciation. Pre-glacial karst morphology
determined the direction of glacier movement as well as its main
morphological characteristics (thickness and width). During the most
intensive glaciation phase (МIS 12) the Lukavičko-lukovski Glacier, spread
out from the central part of mountain towards west, reaching a length of
16.5 km. Due to uneven glacier thickness, the deglaciation process led to
its breaking and separation of the lower and shorter part from the rest of
the icy mass. Stagnant state of the icy mass led to specific accumulation of
moraine material in a form of numerous hummocks, whose melting produced a
bowl-shaped dolinas in-between. The paleogeographic significance of hummocky
moraines lies in the possibilities of more detailed studies of the
Pleistocene glaciers specifics that arise from their evolution in
glacio-karst conditions.
... This is especially true of processes that have operated during the last glacial cycle of the Late Pleistocene, although much older landforms are preserved too in a wide range of settings. Traditionally, the subdivision of Quaternary sediments based on geomorphological criteria has been served by morphostratigraphy, whilst the subdivision of Quaternary sediments based on lithological criteria has been served by lithostratigraphy (Hughes et al., 2005; Hughes, 2007). Given that geomorphology involves both the study of landforms and associated sediments, morphostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy are often applied together in Quaternary stratigraphy and form the basis for geomorphological approaches. ...
... An allostratigraphical unit is a body of sedimentary rock that is defined and identified by its bounding discontinuities (NACSN, 1983, pp. 865–867; Hughes, 2007). The fundamental units are the same as for lithostratigraphy but with the prefix allo-, i.e., allomember/ alloformation. ...
The subdivision and ordering of Quaternary sediments and landforms is very often based on geomorphology. Quaternary landforms such as moraines, river terraces, palaeoshorelines, and indeed any other landform, can be arranged and ordered in time based on their relative position in the landscape. Morphostratigraphy is the subdivision of sedimentary units primarily on the basis of surface form. Whilst surface form is often used as a criterion for separating sedimentary units, morphostratigraphy also usually incorporates lithological criteria to aid stratigraphical subdivision, and morpho- and lithostratigraphy are often interlinked in Quaternary science. However, another approach–allostratigraphy–has increasingly been applied to subdivide and order Quaternary sediment landforms. Allostratigraphy uses discontinuities to subdivide sedimentary successions. Allostratigraphy enables lateral variations in lithology to be included within the same stratigraphical unit. Furthermore, it enables lithologically similar sediments stacked on top of each other to be divided into separate units based on discontinuities. This paper examines the applications of morpho-, litho- and allostratigraphy to subdivide sediment-landform assemblages and critically reviews their role in Quaternary stratigraphy.
... We have cartographied the main landforms features from the studied mountain cirques, distinguishing the characteristic morphosquences of each area. We have establish in each morainic complex the morphosquences based on the morphostratigraphy (Lukas, 2006;Hughes, 2007;2010), which in such as recent and wellpreserved moraines allows a very accurate spatial and chronology relationships. Flutes are very useful not only to know about the glacier size and morphology, but also to establish the morphogenetic stages. ...
Historical moraine complexes and erosional features are interesting elements to discern the historical climate changes and evolution, with a complex chronologies that help us to understand the dynamics and glacier evolution during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The existence of landforms as crevasses-squeeze ridges, hummocky moraines and flutes, related to different glacier advances and retreats, allows understanding in a better way the LIA glacier evolution in the Pyrenees. The aim of this work is to show how many LIA moraine complexes have traces of fast flow ice; when the surge dynamic happened; his extent and the environmental meaning. Based on glacier landsystem analysis we have established a work hypothesis on the fast flow or surge dynamic glaciers during the LIA, with geomorphological features, as flutes and push and hummocky moraines, at least in 17 LIA glacier complexes. The analysis of morphosquences by fieldwork, photo interpretation and historical sources in 8 selected LIA moraine complexes have been compared with previous climatic reconstructions creating a hypothesis about the response of the LIA glaciers to the short time changes in temperature and moisture.
The glacier cirques with fast flow features are found in the highest mountains with summits above 3000 m., mainly northern oriented (88%) and without a significant lithology. The studied complexes (Central Infierno, Eastern Infierno, Oulettes de Gaube, Monte Perdido, Marboré, La Paúl, Literola and Tempestades) show 4 morphological units: a frontal moraine system (U1); a more voluminous moraine (U2); a little push and hummocky moraines complex linking with flutes (U3); and minor arcs up valley (U4). The U3 belongs to a fast flow stage or surging and by morphostratigraphy we can point out that the surge processes were produced between 1820 and 1840, at the end of the LIA. We related it with a possible climatic response to sudden cooling and the increase of winter precipitation with melt-water availability and quick ice melting during the summer, generating hydrodynamic changes in the small glaciers and quick dynamic response.
... In his discussion of this approach, Miall (1996) emphasises that the key assumption of allostratigraphy is that, for all sediment units, the defining discontinuities have time-stratigraphical significance, a property the divisions also share with the closely related morphostratigraphy. As Hughes (2007) comments, Quaternary sedimentary successions that can be subdivided primarily on the basis of surface form, using morphostratigraphy, can also be subdivided using an allostratigraphical approach. ...
We review the historical purposes and procedures for stratigraphical division and naming within the Quaternary, and summarize the current requirements for formal partitioning through the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). A raft of new data and evidence has impacted traditional approaches: quasi-continuous records from ocean sediments and ice cores, new numerical dating techniques, and alternative macro-models, such as those provided through Sequence Stratigraphy and Earth-System Science. The practical usefulness of division remains, but there is now greater appreciation of complex Quaternary detail and the modelling of time continua, the latter also extending into the future.
... Geomorphology is the study of landforms (and associated sediments) and the processes involved in their formation, which deals a major branch of Quaternary science in geology, processes operating during this interval are often expressed through landforms at the Earth's surface. Traditionally, the subdivision of Quaternary sediments based on geomorphologic criteria has been served by morphostratigraphy, whilst the subdivision of Quaternary sediments based on litho logical criteria has been served by lithostratigraphy (Hughes et al., 2005;Hughes, 2007). Land forms of natural origin are modified by epigene or exogenous processes. ...
The shoreline region is dynamic, both natural and anthropogenic process continues to modify it. The loss of habitats, coastal erosion and appropriate site selection are some of the issues faced by the coastal managers. One of the major requirements for the coastal zone management is availability of up-to-date and accurate information on coastal habitats, shoreline process and water quality. Remote sensing data, especially from IRS series have been found to be very useful in providing vital inputs on condition of coastal erosion and deposition. Satellite based coastal maps have an accuracy of 85 to 90 percent at 90 per cent confidence level.
The information of the satellites data are taken in the scale of 1:25000, in which shoreline changes have been monitored. The Damage map showed the degree (intensity) and extent of damage in shoreline on a qualitative basis. The digital satellite images were first geometrically corrected using the Survey of India Toposheets taking sufficient Ground Control Points (GCPs). Utmost care was taken to minimize the RMS (Root Mean Square) error less than one pixel. The present study was carried out to record the shoreline changes along the coasts of Nicobar group of islands such as Thillanchang, Camorta, Katchal, Nancowary, Trinket and Great Nicobar between 1975 and 2005. Thus the study was carried out using SOI toposheet (1975) and IRS P6 LISS III (2005) satellite data. The salient findings of the study are presented as follows.
... In mountainous regions, the differences in elevation of the glacial deposits have facilitated delimitation of the allostratigraphic units in the field (cf. Hughes et al., 2005 , and references therein; Hughes, 2006). The only work with which we are familiar that combines lithostratigraphic and allostratigraphic approaches is that of Rijsdijk et al. (2005), who covers the Neogene and Quaternary deposits of the Netherlands. ...
The bedrock of the northern halves of North America and Europe is covered by Quaternary glacial deposits, forming a surficial overburden that is relatively thin, nonlithified, lithologically variable on a small scale (in terms of grain-size, mineralogy, texture, fabric, structure, and color), and often has a well-preserved depositional topography. These geologically unique characteristics and the fact that the glacial overburden was long considered to be of only restricted economic value have caused it to be treated differently in geological research from the older, regularly lithified strata. Due to the striking geomorphology of these glacial deposits, their investigation has also been incorporated into physical geography research. Thus, the segregation of the Quaternary research community into different schools of geology and geography has created multiple classification approaches and has caused the formal stratigraphic classifications successfully applied in pre-Quaternary geology to be applied less regularly to Quaternary glacial strata. This has led to inefficient use of Quaternary geological data for scientific and socio-economic purposes. The few currently existing national Quaternary stratigraphic frameworks are based on lithostratigraphy. These are poorly suited for describing deposits in glaciated shield areas in par-ticular; we propose a classification for such areas based on the combined use of allostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data, with alloformations as the fundamental units and lithostratigraphic units filling out the framework where appropriate. This classification would provide a hierarchical framework for glaciogenic deposits that could potentially support stratigraphic information systems, databases, and digital spatial models more effectively than the traditional lithostratigraphic frameworks.
The results of geomorphological research into the Sazava river terraces are presented. This terrace system is characteristic by its variable structure which is conditioned by specific hydrodynamic processes that existed during the late Cenozoic evolution of the river valley. Two levels of Neogene fluvial sediments and seven Quaternary terrace accumulations along the Sazava course are distinguished. In the paper is also established their chronostratigraphical relation to the Vltava-Labe terrace systems.
Morfostratigrafie teras řeky Sázavy v Českém masivu
V práci jsou předloženy výsledky geomorfologického výzkumu říčních teras Sázavy. Tento terasový systém má velmi rozmanitou strukturu, která vznikala postupně působením specifických hydrodynamických procesů při vývoji údolí Sázavy v mladším kenozoiku. V údolí Sázavy byly zjištěny dvě úrovně neogenních říčních sedimentů a sedm stupňů terasových akumulací kvartérního stáří. Dnešní údolní dno střední části toku Sázavy leží vzhledem k nivě Vltavy ve zřetelně visuté poloze a na současnou úroveň bylo vyhloubeno převážně v době vzniku VI. terasy. Ve studii je také provedena chronostratigrafická korelace říčních teras Sázavy s terasami Vltavy a Labe. Podle aktuálního stratigrafického schématu kvartéru odpovídá celý systém teras Sázavy převážně období komplexu cromer po weichsel. Erozní fáze před akumulací I. terasy náleží v údolí Sázavy do závěru starého pleistocénu.
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