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Los grandes mamíferos del yacimiento achelense de La Solana del Zamborino, Fonelas (Granada, España)
... The D. dama remains are very fragmented (Fig. 5h). This species is found in various Middle Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula (Martín Penela, 1988;Azanza and Sanchez, 1990;Arribas, 1994;Van der Made, 1999a,b;Canals et al., 2003). The small sample and the lack of antlers do not allow attribution of this material to one of the sub-species described in other Iberian sites (D. dama clactoniana, D. dama dama ou D. dama geiselana). ...
... The richness of the sample makes it a reference for Pleistocene populations. Molar and premolar dimensions (Table 2) are comparable to those of Taubach (MIS 5e) and Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), which would indicate that this boar is rather robust, more so than the one from Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). However, it does not reach the size of the ones from Terra-Amata (MIS 11) (Serre, 1987) or Orgnac 3 (MIS 9) (Aouraghe, 1992) and Mosbach (Lower Middle Pleistocene) (Faure and Guérin, 1983). ...
... Three post-cranial remains are attributed to Felis silvestris (levels XIeXIII). This wild cat is known in the Iberian Peninsula starting in the Middle Pleistocene in Atapuerca SH (García and Arsuaga, 2001) and in various other sites such as Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). ...
... The fossil record of large continental vertebrates in Eastern Andalusia is abundant, mainly related to the sedimentary infilling of intramountain Neogene basins (e.g. Aguirre, 1957;Aguirre et al., 1973;Martín-Penela, 1988;Arribas & Palmqvist, 1998;Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009;Arribas et al., 2009;Ros-Montoya, 2010;Madurell-Malapeira et al., 2014;Martínez-Navarro et al., 2018). These basins evolved from marine to lacustrine environments due to the elevation of the Betic Cordillera (e.g. ...
... However, the fact that the record of P. antiquus in South Spain is reported exclusively from the Middle Pleistocene in the Western Guadalquivir Basin, Granada Basin and Guadix-Baza Basin (e.g. Martín-Penela, 1988;Van der Made & Mazo, 2001;Ros-Montoya, 2010;Baena-Escudero et al., 2014) leads us to infer a Middle Pleistocene age for the alluvial fan. Still, we cannot totally discard a Late Pleistocene age for this fossil remain. ...
... In the Granada Basin, P. antiquus has been identified from the Middle Pleistocene of a Loja outcrop (Ros-Montoya, 2010;Table 1). The eastern record of P. antiquus in South Spain pertains to the Guadix-Baza Basin (Granada province) by the Solana de Zamborino outcrop(Table 1;Martín-Penela, 1988). The P. cf. antiquus recorded from the Cuadros outcrop is 47 km North of Solana de Zamborino and would be easily connected with the Guadix-Baza Basin through the strait between Sierra Mágina and Sierra de Cazorla relief, which constituted the gateway to the Guadalquivir Basin. ...
El primer registro de un proboscídeo en el sector oriental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir se ha localizado en los abanicos aluviales desarrollados durante una etapa intensa de erosión de los nuevos relieves del frente montañoso más externo de la Cordillera Bética. El fósil estudiado es un fragmento de defensa de 74 cm de longitud que fue transportado por las corrientes que alimentaban el abanico deltaico durante el Pleistoceno medio. Este resto se encuentra dentro de unos depósitos detríticos de alta energía que varían entre tamaño arena gruesa y bloques. El fragmento de defensa se encuentra revestido por una costra carbonatada laminada de un espesor inferior a 2 cm. El análisis detallado de esta costra ha permitido identificar estructuras asignables a briofitas fósiles. Por lo tanto, se interpreta que la defensa fue recubierta casi completamente por musgo que experimentó una cementación temprana. Posiblemente la formación de esta costra favoreció que el fragmento de defensa se preservara. Un posterior enterramiento rápido también debió favorecer la preservación. El análisis de las líneas de Schreger en superficies de fractura de la defensa ha permitido asignar el resto a la especie de elefante Palaeoloxodon cf. antiquus. El ejemplar estudiado en el sector oriental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir se encuentra entre las poblaciones del sector occidental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir y las de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza. No se descarta la posibilidad de que existieran migraciones estacionales de P. antiquus entre las tierras bajas de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir a menos de 200 m de altura sobre el nivel del mar, y el altiplano de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza, por encima de 900 m de altura.
... The D. dama remains are very fragmented (Fig. 5h). This species is found in various Middle Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula (Martín Penela, 1988;Azanza and Sanchez, 1990;Arribas, 1994;Van der Made, 1999a,b;Canals et al., 2003). The small sample and the lack of antlers do not allow attribution of this material to one of the sub-species described in other Iberian sites (D. dama clactoniana, D. dama dama ou D. dama geiselana). ...
... The richness of the sample makes it a reference for Pleistocene populations. Molar and premolar dimensions (Table 2) are comparable to those of Taubach (MIS 5e) and Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), which would indicate that this boar is rather robust, more so than the one from Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). However, it does not reach the size of the ones from Terra-Amata (MIS 11) (Serre, 1987) or Orgnac 3 (MIS 9) (Aouraghe, 1992) and Mosbach (Lower Middle Pleistocene) (Faure and Guérin, 1983). ...
... Three post-cranial remains are attributed to Felis silvestris (levels XIeXIII). This wild cat is known in the Iberian Peninsula starting in the Middle Pleistocene in Atapuerca SH (García and Arsuaga, 2001) and in various other sites such as Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). ...
El sitio arqueológico de la cueva del Ángel es una secuencia sedimentaria al aire libre, resultante del derrumbe de una cueva y parte de un complejo kárstico. La asociación faunística, dominada por équidos, grandes bóvidos y cérvidos, ha sido objeto de intensas acciones antrópicas que reflejan la depredación selectiva. La fauna se puede correlacionar con las asociaciones faunísticas de Europa de finales del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior. El conjunto lítico de la cueva del Ángel parece encajar dentro de la diversidad regional de una bien desarrollada industria no-Levallois del Achelense Final. Una estimación preliminar de la edad 230Th/234U, la revisión del conjunto lítico y la evidencia de la fauna, favorecen el posicionamiento cronológico del sitio en un período que va desde el final del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior (MIS 11-MIS 5). Cueva del Ángel, Cuaternario, Pleistoceno Medio, Achelense, Bison, carnicería, hogar. The Cueva del Angel archaeological site is an open-air sedimentary sequence, resulting of a collapsed cave and part of a karst complex. The faunal assemblage dominated by horses, large bovids and cervids has been subjected to intense anthropic actions reflecting selective predation. The fauna may be correlated with European faunal associations of the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The Cueva del Angel lithic assemblage appears to fit within the regional diversity of a well developed non-Levallois final Acheulean industry. A preliminary 230Th/234U age estimate, the review of the lithic assemblage and faunal evidence would favour a chronological positioning of the site in a period stretching from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 11-MIS 5).
... The D. dama remains are very fragmented (Fig. 5h). This species is found in various Middle Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula (Martín Penela, 1988;Azanza and Sanchez, 1990;Arribas, 1994;Van der Made, 1999a,b;Canals et al., 2003). The small sample and the lack of antlers do not allow attribution of this material to one of the sub-species described in other Iberian sites (D. dama clactoniana, D. dama dama ou D. dama geiselana). ...
... The richness of the sample makes it a reference for Pleistocene populations. Molar and premolar dimensions (Table 2) are comparable to those of Taubach (MIS 5e) and Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), which would indicate that this boar is rather robust, more so than the one from Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). However, it does not reach the size of the ones from Terra-Amata (MIS 11) (Serre, 1987) or Orgnac 3 (MIS 9) (Aouraghe, 1992) and Mosbach (Lower Middle Pleistocene) (Faure and Guérin, 1983). ...
... Three post-cranial remains are attributed to Felis silvestris (levels XIeXIII). This wild cat is known in the Iberian Peninsula starting in the Middle Pleistocene in Atapuerca SH (García and Arsuaga, 2001) and in various other sites such as Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). ...
The Cueva del Angel archaeological site is an open-air sedimentary sequence, remnant of a collapsed cave and part of a karst complex. The faunal assemblage dominated by Equus ferus, large bovids and cervids has been subjected to intense anthropic actions reflecting selective predation. The fauna may be correlated with European faunistic associations of the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The Cueva del Angel lithic assemblage (dominated by non-modified flakes and abundant retouched tools with the presence of 46 handaxes) appears to fit well within the regional diversity of a well developed non-Levallois final Acheulean industry. A preliminary 230 Th/ 234 U age estimate, the review of the lithic assemblage and faunal evidence would favour a chronological positioning of the site in a period stretching from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 11eMIS 5). The Acheulean lithic assemblage found at the Cueva del Angel fits very well with the hypothesis of a continuation of Acheulean cultural traditions in the site, distinct from the contemporaneous uniquely Mousterian complexes witnessed in other parts of the Iberian Peninsula, and Western Europe.
... The quarry has yielded an abundance of skeletal remains and lithic tools, found in an ensemble of layers composed mainly of silts and grey claystone. The stratigraphic, faunal and lithic studies 24,29,30 have allowed for interpretation of the human occupation of the site, ranging from occasional hunting place to a permanent settlement during periods of hunting and finally to progressive abandonment 26,28,31 . ...
... Given the remains of macro vertebrates found at the Solana del Zamborino (Table 1), a chronology of Middle Pleistocene has been traditionally assigned to this site 29,31,35 . Hence, comparing the obtained local magnetostratigraphy to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) (Fig. 7), magnetozone N4 found at the top of the section is correlated with the Brunhes Chron (C1n). ...
... In our new study, we have been able to locate three reversals below the archaeological site at La Solana, which allows a firmer interpretation of the local magnetostratigraphy and by inference the approximate chronology of the site. Assuming an average accumulation rate of 2 cm/kyr throughout La Solana section, the stratigraphic position of the archaeological site would have an estimated age range between 300 Kyr to 480 Kyr, significantly younger than the previously suggested age, and more in line with the conventional chronology proposed for the evolution of Acheulean in Europe 40 and with the faunal record of the SZ site itself 31 . ...
The sedimentary record in the Guadix-Baza Basin (southern Spain) has proved to be a great source of information for the Miocene through the Pleistocene periods, due to the abundant faunal remains preserved, in some cases associated with lithic tools. The Solana del Zamborino (SZ) section has been the subject of controversy ever since a magnetostratigraphic analysis resulted in an age of 750-770Kyr for Acheulean tools, a chronology significantly older than the ~600Kyr established chronology for the first Acheulean record in Europe. Although recent findings at the “Barranc de la Boella” site (north-east of the Iberian Peninsula) seem to indicate that an earlier introduction of such technique in Europe around 0.96-0.781 Ma is possible, the precise age of the classical site at SZ is still controversial. The aim of this paper is to constrain the chronology of the site by developing a longer magnetostratigraphic record. For this purpose, we carried out an exhaustive sampling in a new succession at SZ. Our results provide a ~65m magnetostratigraphic record in which 4 magnetozones of normal polarity are found. Our new magnetostratigraphic data suggest an age range between 300–480Kyr for the lithic tools, closer to the age of traditional Acheulean sites in Europe.
... The D. dama remains are very fragmented (Fig. 5h). This species is found in various Middle Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula (Martín Penela, 1988;Azanza and Sanchez, 1990;Arribas, 1994;Van der Made, 1999a,b;Canals et al., 2003). The small sample and the lack of antlers do not allow attribution of this material to one of the sub-species described in other Iberian sites (D. dama clactoniana, D. dama dama ou D. dama geiselana). ...
... The richness of the sample makes it a reference for Pleistocene populations. Molar and premolar dimensions (Table 2) are comparable to those of Taubach (MIS 5e) and Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), which would indicate that this boar is rather robust, more so than the one from Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). However, it does not reach the size of the ones from Terra-Amata (MIS 11) (Serre, 1987) or Orgnac 3 (MIS 9) (Aouraghe, 1992) and Mosbach (Lower Middle Pleistocene) (Faure and Guérin, 1983). ...
... Three post-cranial remains are attributed to Felis silvestris (levels XIeXIII). This wild cat is known in the Iberian Peninsula starting in the Middle Pleistocene in Atapuerca SH (García and Arsuaga, 2001) and in various other sites such as Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). ...
BARROSO R. C., ORTEGA BOTELLA D., MOIGNE A.-M., RIQUELME CANTAL J.-A., CAPARROS M., CELIBERTI V., NOTTER O., BARSKY D., ASTIER N., GREGOIRE S ., BOULBES N., GARCIA SOLANO J.- A. , POSO RODRIGUEZ M., CARRETERO LEON M.-I., MONGE GOMEZ G., TESTU A., SAOS T., KHATIB S., BERTIN L., FILOUX A., MOUTOSSAMY J., MILIZIA C., HANQUET C., ROSSONI E ., BAILON S., DJERRAB A., ABDESSADOK S., HEDLEY I-G., CABRAL MESA A-L., BERMEJO L.-V., DE LUMLEY H.
The Cueva del Angel archaeological site is an open-air sedimentary sequence, remnant of a collapsed cave and part of a karst complex. The faunal assemblage dominated by Equus ferus, large bovids and cervids has been subjected to intense anthropic actions reflecting selective predation. The fauna may be correlated with European faunistic associations of the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The Cueva del Angel lithic assemblage (dominated by non-modified flakes and abundant retouched tools with the presence of 46 handaxes) appears to fit well within the regional diversity of a well developed non-Levallois final Acheulean industry. A preliminary 230 Th/ 234 U age estimate, the review of the lithic assemblage and faunal evidence would favour a chronological posi- tioning of the site in a period stretching from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 11eMIS 5). The Acheulean lithic assemblage found at the Cueva del Angel fits very well with the hypothesis of a continuation of Acheulean cultural traditions in the site, distinct from the contemporaneous uniquely Mousterian complexes witnessed in other parts of the Iberian Peninsula, and Western Europe.
... Las dimensiones de los dientes no varían mucho a lo largo de la secuencia estratigráfica. Su tamaño corporal (Índice de Variabilidad del Tamaño, VSI) (Meadow, 1999 ) es cercano al de E. f. torralbae de los yacimientos achelenses de Torralba (Prat, 1977) y de La Solana de Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). Sin embargo, el promedio de IP (Protoconal Index) de la M 1-2 e s relativamente alto, carácter que generalmente se considera como progresista. ...
... Sus molares inferiores y los premolares son cortos y estrechos. Las dimensiones de los restos post-craneales encontrados corresponden a un ciervo de tamaño mediano, similar a la forma de La Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988 ), pero más voluminoso que el de la cova Negra (Pérez Ripoll, 1977). Azanza y Sánchez, 1990; Arribas, 1994; Van der Made, 1999a y b; Canals et al., 2003). ...
... La riqueza de la muestra hace que sea una referencia para las poblaciones del Pleistoceno. Las dimensiones de molares y premolares son comparables a las de Taubach (MIS 5e) y Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), lo que indicaría que este jabalí es más bien robusto, más que el de La Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). Sin embargo, no alcanza el tamaño de los de Terra Amata (MIS 11, Serre, 1987), Orgnac 3 (MIS 9, Aouraghe, 1992) o Mosbach (Pleistoceno Medio Inferior, Faure y Guérin, 1983 ). ...
... Sus molares inferiores y los premolares son cortos y estrechos. Las dimensiones de los restos postcraneales encontrados corresponden a un ciervo de tamaño mediano, similar a la forma de La Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988 ), pero más voluminoso que el de la cova Negra (Pérez Ripoll, 1977). Los restos de D. dama están muy fragmentados. ...
... Los restos de D. dama están muy fragmentados. Esta especie se encuentra en diversos sitios del Pleistoceno Medio de la Península Ibérica (Martín Penela, 1988; Azanza y Sánchez, 1990; Arribas, 1994; MENGA S. scrofa (NISP=150). Se encuentran restos de jabalí a lo largo de toda la estratigrafía (Lám. ...
... La riqueza de la muestra hace que sea una referencia para las poblaciones del Pleistoceno. Las dimensiones de molares y premolares son comparables a las de Taubach (MIS 5e) y Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), lo que indicaría que este jabalí es más bien robusto, más que el de La Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). Sin embargo, no alcanza el tamaño de los de Terra Amata (MIS 11, Serre, 1987), Orgnac 3 (MIS 9, Aouraghe, 1992) o Mosbach (Pleistoceno Medio Inferior, Faure y Guérin, 1983 ). ...
que reflejan la depredación selectiva. La fauna se puede correlacionar con las asociaciones faunísticas de Europa de finales del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior. El conjunto lítico de la cueva del Ángel parece encajar dentro de la diversidad regional de una bien desarrollada industria no-Levallois del Achelense Final. Una estimación preliminar de la edad 230Th/234U, la revisión del conjunto lítico y la evidencia de la fauna, favorecen el posicionamiento cronológico del sitio en un período que va desde el final del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior (MIS 11 -MIS 5). 3DODEUDV del Ángel, Cuaternario, Pleistoceno Medio, Achelense, Bison, carnicería, hogar. 7+(+817(56 $EVWUDFW The Angel Cave archaeological site is an open-air sedimentary sequence, resultant of a collapsed cave and part of a karst complex. The faunal assemblage dominated by horses, large bovids and cervids has been subjected to intense anthropic actions reflecting selective predation. The fauna may be correlated with European faunistic associations of the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The Angel Cave lithic assemblage appears to fit within the regional diversity of a well developed non-Levallois final Acheulean industry. A preliminary 230Th/234U age estimate, the review of the lithic assemblage and faunal evidence would favour a chronological positioning of the site in a period stretching from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 11 -MIS 5).
... The D. dama remains are very fragmented (Fig. 5h). This species is found in various Middle Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula (Martín Penela, 1988;Azanza and Sanchez, 1990;Arribas, 1994;Van der Made, 1999a,b;Canals et al., 2003). The small sample and the lack of antlers do not allow attribution of this material to one of the sub-species described in other Iberian sites (D. dama clactoniana, D. dama dama ou D. dama geiselana). ...
... The richness of the sample makes it a reference for Pleistocene populations. Molar and premolar dimensions (Table 2) are comparable to those of Taubach (MIS 5e) and Petralona (Hünermann, 1977), which would indicate that this boar is rather robust, more so than the one from Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). However, it does not reach the size of the ones from Terra-Amata (MIS 11) (Serre, 1987) or Orgnac 3 (MIS 9) (Aouraghe, 1992) and Mosbach (Lower Middle Pleistocene) (Faure and Guérin, 1983). ...
... Three post-cranial remains are attributed to Felis silvestris (levels XIeXIII). This wild cat is known in the Iberian Peninsula starting in the Middle Pleistocene in Atapuerca SH (García and Arsuaga, 2001) and in various other sites such as Solana del Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). ...
que reflejan la depredación selectiva. La fauna se puede correlacionar con las asociaciones faunísticas de Europa de finales del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior. El conjunto lítico de la cueva del Ángel parece encajar dentro de la diversidad regional de una bien desarrollada industria no-Levallois del Achelense Final. Una estimación preliminar de la edad 230Th/234U, la revisión del conjunto lítico y la evidencia de la fauna, favorecen el posicionamiento cronológico del sitio en un período que va desde el final del Pleistoceno Medio a principios del Pleistoceno Superior (MIS 11 -MIS 5). 3DODEUDV del Ángel, Cuaternario, Pleistoceno Medio, Achelense, Bison, carnicería, hogar. 7+(+817(56 $EVWUDFW The Angel Cave archaeological site is an open-air sedimentary sequence, resultant of a collapsed cave and part of a karst complex. The faunal assemblage dominated by horses, large bovids and cervids has been subjected to intense anthropic actions reflecting selective predation. The fauna may be correlated with European faunistic associations of the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The Angel Cave lithic assemblage appears to fit within the regional diversity of a well developed non-Levallois final Acheulean industry. A preliminary 230Th/234U age estimate, the review of the lithic assemblage and faunal evidence would favour a chronological positioning of the site in a period stretching from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 11 -MIS 5).
... This fluvio-lacustrine deposit evidences the final infilling stages of the Guadix Basin. Its three archaeological levels (A, B and C) contain lithic industry and faunal remains (Tables 1-3) (Botella et al., 1976a(Botella et al., , 1976bMartín Penela, 1988;Ruiz Bustos, 1999). The lithic assemblage was not preserved intact after excavation, making it impossible to analyse it in accordance to the different levels (Pinto-Anacleto, 2010). ...
... The chronology of this site was placed at $350 ka based on biochronology (Tables 2-3) (Martín Penela, 1988;Ruiz Bustos, 1999). Initial palaeomagnetic dating increased this age evaluation to 750-770 ka (Scott and Gibert, 2009). ...
The Acheulean of the southern Iberian Peninsula is markedly similar to the north African Acheulean. However, the characteristics of the stone tool assemblages are heterogeneous and represent complex cultural phenomena. From MIS 15, the lithic assemblages in fluvial (Guadiana, Guadalquivir and Guadalete rivers), fluvio-lacustrine (Solana del Zamborino) and karstic (Cueva del Ángel, Bolomor, Cueva Negra del río Quípar, Cueva Horá and Santa Ana) contexts exhibit analogies and technical differences representative of a phenomenon of multiplicity. Contributing to this phenomenon is the perception of technological stasis or conservatism of the Acheulean technocomplex and the different technical responses articulated by hominins to achieve equivalent results. These equivalences generate the uniformity that allows us to recognise typologies of large cutting tools (LCTs) regardless of the lithic materials used or the organisational structures of the operational sequences. These diversified typologies include handaxes, picks, and cleavers, which maintain a consistent presence despite innovations such as the Levallois flaking method. In some cases, the presence of cleavers and spheroids affects the range of represented typologies. Beneath the uniformity of the handaxes, lie organisational differences in the operational sequences. The changes and differences in the use of flakes to shape handaxes, the representation of cleavers and diversification of shaped-tool typologies all suggest differential cultural behaviours linked in part to divergent contexts. These aspects indicate that this multiplicity is related to diffusion, adaptation and cultural changes produced at the margins of the conservatism of this technocomplex. Observed changes could indicate inter-group cultural replacements, most of which retained a similar techno-typological diversity to that seen in the north African Acheulean until MIS 5. Cyclical climate change during the Middle Pleistocene affected the Strait of Gibraltar, regulating its function and conditioning the circulation of hominins and affecting cultural interactions between southern Iberian groups.
... En la cuenca de Guadix-Baza, Mammuthus trogontherii aparece en el nivel inferior de la Solana del Zamborino (Fonelas) (Porta, 1975;Martín-Penela, 1988) (Fig. 9) a 0,6 Ma (Sesé et al., 2001), donde han sido hallados 46 restos óseos que pertenecen a tres individuos, y en Cúllar Baza-1 (Mazo, 1989) donde han sido hallados varios restos así como un molar muy desgastado y en mal estado de conservación, una hemimandíbula infantil con parte del tercer y cuarto premolar deciduo en mal estado, un fragmento de hueso largo, posiblemente un fémur, dos cabezas de fémur y un carpal, todos los restos pertenecen como mínimo a dos individuos uno adulto y otro infantil. Su estado de conservación no es bueno. ...
... Figura 11: Segundo molar inferior de Mammuthus trogontherii en vista oclusal del yacimiento de la Solana del Zamborino. Modificada de Martín-Penela (1988). ...
... This is exemplified in Gibraltar, where the deposits of Genista I Cave provided remains of Cervus elaphus, Bos primigenius and Sus scrofa (reviewed in 39 ). Coeval to this site is Solana del Zamborino, in Granada (Spain), where Bos primigenius was also found 40 . Dated as late Pleistocene (MIS 3), the painting of the Aurochs' Hoofprint of Lascaux, with the clear representation of the dewclaws (digits II and V) in the posterior part of the track as being an important identifying feature when tracking aurochs 34,41 , is relevant to this study. ...
In the Iberian Peninsula the fossil record of artiodactyls spans over 53 million years. During the Pleistocene, wild cattle species such as Bison and especially Bos became common. In Late Pleistocene, the aurochs (Bos primigenius) was widespread and the only bovine living along the large river valleys of southern Iberia. Although commonly found in fossil sites and especially in cave bone assemblages, the trace fossil record of aurochs was known worldwide only from the Holocene. Large bovine and roe deer/caprine tracks were found in at least five horizons of the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5) beach and eolian deposits of Cape Trafalgar (Cadiz Province, South of Spain). The large bovine tracks are formally described as Bovinichnus uripeda igen. et isp. nov. and compared with the record of aurochs tracks, large red deer tracks and steppe bison biogeographical distribution in Iberia. Aurochs were the most likely producers of the newly described Trafalgar Trampled Surface (TTS) and some of the large artiodactyl tracks in the Matalascañas Trampled Surface, representing the oldest aurochs track record known. This new evidence, together with comparisons with the record of possible aurochs tracks in the Mid-Late Pleistocene coastal deposits from the Asperillo cliff section in Matalascañas (Huelva Province, SW Spain) and bone assemblages known in Gibraltar, point to a recurrent use of the coastal habitat by these large artiodactyls in SW Iberia.
... They propose an age of 42 ka based on radiometric dating of edaphic calcrete deposited above the last endorheic lacustrine deposits. Several authors (Botella et al., 1983;Martín-Penela, 1988) proposed an age of 100 ka based on the stratigraphic position of archaeological and palaeontological remains (Solana de Zamborino site), located close to the top of the endorheic succession of the basin. The older age for capture based on dating of the endorheic succession is ca. ...
This PhD thesis is focused on the characterisation of the Baza Fault (BF) and the Galera Fault (GF), the main active faults of the Baza Subbasin, located in the eastern sector of the Guadix-Baza Basin (Central Betic Cordillera, S Spain). This research integrates different approaches, including structural geology, tectonic geomorphology, palaeoseismology, tectonic geodesy, and seismology. Moreover, we discuss the influence of these faults on the recent relief of the basin during the exorheic stage (ca. 500-600 ka) and propose a local neotectonic model for the Baza Subbasin, integrating both faults in the geodynamic setting of the Central Betic Cordillera.
Through geological mapping (1:5,000 scale) of fault traces and offset deposits, we define the BF as a ca. 40 km-long, E-dipping fault that offsets Upper Miocene to Holocene deposits. We divide the fault into two sectors according to its geometry: a narrow N-S to NNW-SSE northern sector and a wide NW-SE southern sector. These geometric differences are the result of i) basement differences between the north and south of the subbasin, ii) different orientations of the basement BF with respect to the regional extension direction, and iii) interaction with other active faults in their terminations.
We define the GF as a ca. 30 km-long fault, striking roughly SW-NE and dipping either vertically or to the NW. This fault offsets Pliocene to Holocene deposits. The distribution of the most recent endorheic deposits indicates tectonic control of the sedimentation. We divide the GF into four sectors based on the geometry of the fault array. This fault array forms segmented en échelon (sectors 2 and 4), anastomosing (sector 3), and linear (sector 1) patterns. These patterns are caused by i) the orientation of the basement fault and ii) the variable thickness of the sedimentary cover.
At the meso-scale, the BF and GF show highly complex and spectacular fault zone structures that result from the deformation of poorly-consolidated, water-saturated sediments during the endorheic stage of the Baza Subbasin. We characterise these structures in the BF, describing and interpreting 13 successive sections in a 15x15x4 m trench (the floor section is also studied). Then we integrate them to construct a 3D model of the fault zone. We conclude that the high heterogeneity in the distribution and styles of deformation within this fault zone is controlled by the throw and geometric variations of the fault strands and by the mechanical stratigraphy. In future work, we will study analogous structures in the left-lateral GF, which also features an exceptional fault zone and fault rocks.
We analyse fault kinematics from meso-scale kinematic indicators and stratigraphic and geomorphological markers and from the surface fault geometry. The BF presents pure normal dip-slip kinematics in most of the fault zone. The GF is characterised by oblique kinematics, with a main left-lateral component and a minor vertical component of displacement. To quantify the fault displacement, we calculate long-term slip rates from offset markers (geologic and geomorphic) and short-term slip rates from geodetic data of the Baza GPS network. Longterm slip rates for the BF range between 0.2 and 0.5 mm/yr, while short-term slip rates range between 0.3 ± 0.3 mm/yr and 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr. The long term vertical slip rates for the GF range between 0.02 and 0.05 mm/yr, while the short-term horizontal slip rate is 0.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr.
Geodetic data also show that the BF accommodates one-third of the WSW-ENE regional extension of the Central Betic Cordillera. From these data we establish a tectonic model for the Baza Subbasin, where the BF and GF are kinematically coherent and divide the subbasin into two tectonic blocks, a SE block and a NW block. These blocks exhibit westward displacement, but the relative velocities between them result in extension along the BF that is transferred to the E along the GF.
The activity of the BF and GF has left an imprint on the recent landscape evolution of the
study area. To evaluate this impact, we analyse the topography and drainage network geometry and apply several geomorphic indices. Our results demonstrate that neither fault developed a significant geomorphic expression during the endorheic stage of the Guadix-Baza Basin. The relatively higher uplift of the BF upthrown block produced a double capture process in the basin during the Middle Pleistocene: first, the W sector was captured, followed by the capture of the E sector. Since then, the BF and GF activity have produced anomalies both in the topography (BF mountain front) and in the morphology and incision of the drainage network of the Guadix- Baza Basin and the Baza Subbasin, conditioning the formation of badland landscapes in the fault uplifted blocks.
Finally, through seismogenic characterisation, we provide the first palaeoseismological data of both faults. From trench studies in the BF, we found evidence of 8 to 9 palaeoearthquakes in the last ca. 45,000 yr, with recurrence intervals ranging between 4,750 and 5,150 yr. The preliminary results for the GF indicate 3 to 7 events over the last ca. 24,000 yr. In addition, we evaluate the seismic potential of the BF, considering it as an unsegmented master fault (according to segmentation criteria). The magnitude of the Mmax event ranges between Mw 6.6 and Mw 7.1 using several scale relationships, and the recurrence times range between 2,000 and 5,400 yr for Mmax events and palaeo events, respectively. A modelled rupture scenario of the BF for a Mmax event shows vertical displacements of > 0.40 m and an overall WSW–ENE extension. Moreover, geodetic data suggest a possible combined complex rupture of both the BF and GF, which must be considered in future seismic hazard analysis in the region.
... 33 ka BP (Ros, 2010;Stuart, 2005). For such reason, although the fossil status of our specimen seems valid, pre-Gravettian finds in archaeological deposits would require absolute dating to certify fossil status (Martín, 1988;Stuart, 2005;Mol et al., 2007). ...
This paper constitutes the first comprehensive review of animal fossils retrieved in Iberian archaeological sites. Out of 633 items from 82 sites, 143 were analyzed and a further 13 assessed and their status clarified by us on 20 sites. Among others, this study is the first one in Iberia to assess the role played by fossil scaphopods and to carry out a systematic description of shark teeth. The relevance of those 156 fossils we assessed through a comparison with all the finds located in the Iberian literature. Failure to report fossils properly did not allow us to warrant such status for 352 items. We believe that the poor record of fossils in Iberian archaeological sites is the result of a combination of methodological and theoretical constraints. For that reason, we contend that the items herein reported probably represent a fraction, however substantial, of the evidence at hand. In light of the contrasted relevance of fossils for addressing cultural issues, some recommendations and a plea for a more systematic and rigorous search of archaeological specimens are made.
... Al W y NW de Baza se observa claramente que la costra calcárea erosiona al "nivel de colmatación" y se dispone sobre los depósitos lacustres de la Formación Baza. El "nivel de colmatación" se sitúa en el episodio glacial Würm, ya que es más moderno que el yacimiento de la Solana del Zamborino y coetáneo con el yacimiento de Cueva Horá (Martín Penela, 1987;Soria y Durán, 1988). En el sector comprendido entre Baza, Caniles y Bodurria, el "nivel de colmatación" y glacis antiguo se encuentra escalonado debido a la actuación de fallas normales que hunden el bloque situado hacia el centro de la cuenca. ...
... Al W y NW de Baza se observa claramente que la costra calcárea erosiona al "nivel de colmatación" y se dispone sobre los depósitos lacustres de la Formación Baza. El "nivel de colmatación" se sitúa en el episodio glacial Würm, ya que es más moderno que el yacimiento de la Solana del Zamborino y coetáneo con el yacimiento de Cueva Horá (Martín Penela, 1987;Soria y Durán, 1988). En el sector comprendido entre Baza, Caniles y Bodurria, el "nivel de colmatación" y glacis antiguo se encuentra escalonado debido a la actuación de fallas normales que hunden el bloque situado hacia el centro de la cuenca. ...
... Ma, Kahlke, 2014) could represent some of the oldest evidence (Forsten, 1986;Eisenmann, 2008). West Runton is the oldest site in England Reichenau, 1915;Nobis, 1971;Bonifay, 1980;Crégut, 1980;Eisenmann et al., 1985;Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aMusil, 1991;Guadelli and Prat, 1995;Kuzmina, 1997;Forsten and Moigne, 1998;Langlois, 2005;Uzunidis, 2017 Equus steinheimensis Von Reichenau, 191511-8 Nobis, 1971Mourer-Chauviré, 1972;Bouchud, 1978;Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aForsten and Moigne, 1998;Forsten, 1999b Equus torralbae Prat, 19779 Prat, 1977Martín Penela, 1987;Eisenmann et al., 1990;Sesé and Soto, 2005;Cerdeno and Alberdi, 2006 Equus achenheimensis Nobis, 19718-6 Nobis, 1971Eisenmann, 1991a;Forsten, 1998b;Mourer-Chauviré et al., 2003;Boulbes, 2010 Equus f. taubachensis Freudenberg, 19117-5e Von Reichenau, 1915Musil, 1975Musil, , 1977Musil, , 1978Musil, , 1984Musil, , 1990Eisenmann, 1991a,b;Foronova, 2006 Equus f. piveteaui Prat, 1962 6 Prat, 1968;Nobis, 1971;Bouchud, 1978;Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aGriggo, 1995;Forsten, 1999b;Guadelli, 2007;Uzunidis, 2017 Equus f. germanicus Nehring, 1884 5-3 Von Reichenau, 1915;Nobis, 1971;Eisenmann et al., 1985;Guadelli, 1987;Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aForsten and Ziegler, 1995;Forsten, 1999b;Eisenmann and David, 2002 Equus f. antunesi Cardoso and Eisenmann, 1989 Late Pleist. Cardoso and Eisenmann, 1989;Cerdeno and Alberdi, 2006 Equus f. gallicus Prat, 1968End 3-2 Prat, 1968Mourer-Chauviré, 1980;Eisenmann et al., 1985;Guadelli, 1987Guadelli, , 1991Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aCardoso and Eisenmann, 1989;Eisenmann and David, 2002;Crégut-Bonnoure et al., 2018 Equus f. latipes Gromova, 19493-2 Nobis, 1971Belan, 1985;Eisenmann, 1991a,b;Kuzmina, 1997;Spassov and Iliev, 1997;van Asperen et al., 2012 Equus f. arcelini Guadelli, 19912 Guadelli, 1987Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aEisenmann and David, 2002;Bignon, 2003;Bignon et al., 2005;Valensi and Boulbes, 2018 Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785Nobis, 1971Eisenmann, 1991a,b;Cramer, 2002;Boulbes, 2010; van Asperen, 2010van Asperen, , 2012van Asperen, , 2013b Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 Nobis, 1971;Eisenmann, 1988Eisenmann, , 1991aKuzmina, 1997;Cramer, 2002;Boulbes, 2010 that contained material of the species (Lister et al., 2010), of pre-Elsterian age, and is correlated with an MIS 17 fauna (Preece and Parfitt, 2008). ...
We present an inventory of the progress of recent research on the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the genus Equus sensu lato in Europe. Our discussion starts with the new hypotheses concerning the dispersal and evolution of non-caballine equids of the Early and the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, focusing on recent discoveries, description of taxa, and revised diagnosis. In particular, we deal with the major debate surrounding the number of lineages, “stenonid horses,” related species and the new subgenus “Sussemionus.” Possible phylogenetic scenarios and relationships with extant species are also taken into consideration. There is consensus that the lineage of true horses emerged in Europe at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. Their extensive skeletal plasticity enabled them to survive under a wide range of climatic conditions and environments, from interglacial forests to grass-steppes during glacial episodes. They exhibit homogeneous overall morphology but variability in terms of dental and skeletal proportions. Patterns of general body size, muzzle shape, macro- and microdonty, proportions of the limbs, robustness of the metapodials, and breadth of the third phalanx are influenced by global climate, the characteristics of the vegetation (in particular the degree of openness) and substrate, and are governed by Bergmann's and Allen's rules or other environmental pressures. In addition to palaeoecological information, these ecomorphological adaptations paradoxically provide real biochronological details in a given geographical province. Throughout the Upper Pleistocene, horses underwent a size diminution initiated at the end of the Middle Pleistocene. After the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), investigation of body size in different regions of Europe demonstrates the existence of latitudinal and longitudinal clines, and the fragmentation of the horse population. The so-called European wild ass, Equus hydruntinus, has a wide geographical distribution but seems to be less ecologically flexible, or, alternatively, more specialized than true horses, with which it is often found in sympatry. The latest palaeogenetic studies place the species into phylogenetic context within the Asiatic wild asses, however, palaeontological evidence points to E. hydruntinus as a separate species. Its tooth morphology varies between biogeographical areas.
... It is known from France, but no similar horses have been reported from Spain (Maldonado Diaz, 1996). Then there is a group with phalanges of similar length, which are more gracile (Torralba, Atapuerca TD10, TG and TE19, Solana de Zamborino, Pinilla del Valle, Cueva del Buho, etc.), to which the names E. torralbae and E. antunesi have been applied (Maldonado Diaz, 1996;Martín Penella, 1988), the former being the older name. These could correspond to Forsten's (1988) E. caballus (E. ...
Valdavara 3 is a new early late Pleistocene paleontological and archeological cave site in northwestern Iberia. Over 1400 fossils have been collected, representing about 40 species. The fauna is of interglacial aspect and is in accordance with the OSL dates from the fossiliferous layer, which indicate an age of 103–113 ka. The great taxonomical diversity indicates a varied landscape. A small collection of lithic artifacts was found associated with the fossils, demostrating presence of humans and suggesting short non-residential visits to the cave. The fossiliferous site was predominantly formed by natural processes. Many fossil localities have short or biased faunal lists, but the fossil fauna recovered from Valdavara 3 is remarkably diverse and may reflect the fauna which once lived there.
... Sites: Barranco de los Conejos, Gorafe-2, Gorafe-3, Gorafe-5, Orce-2, Baza-1. References: Ruiz-Bustos (1976), Agustí et al. (1987bAgustí et al. ( , 2013, Martín-Penela (1988), Martín-Suárez (1988), Sesé (1989), Piñero et al. (in press Galemys sp. ...
In this paper, a catalogue of the vertebrate content of the Guadix-Baza Basin is presented. A total of 93 localities have been reviewed, providing more than 300 vertebrate species.
These localities have been included in 11 biochronological units, ranging in age from the late Miocene (MN 13) to the Middle Pleistocene (MmQ 4), including also two MN 10 localities. The best-represented epoch in the Guadix-Baza Basin is the Pliocene (MN 14 to MN 16), with 41 sites. This
is followed by the Early Pleistocene (MN 17 and MmQ1 to
MmQ 3) with 30 sites. The vertebrate classes represented in
the basin are Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Aves, Reptilia and
Mammalia, this last one being the best represented. Among
mammals, small mammals are in their turn the most abundant,
particularly rodents. The families Muridae and Arvicolidae
dominate the rodent assemblages, murids being the dominant
family in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, and arvicolids
the most abundant group in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene.
... Sarrión et al., 1987; Cerdeño, 1990; Fernández Peris et al., 1997; Cuenca-Bescós et al., 2005; Sánchez et al., 2005; Van der Made y Montoya, 2007). Martín Penela, 1988 ), pero más voluminoso que el de la cova Negra (Pérez Ripoll, 1977, 1909; Bibikova, 1958; Olsen, 1960; Stamplfi, 1963)Abric Romaní (Vaquero et al., 2001; Vaquero, 2008). Todos los bifaces muestran extremidades puntiagudas relativamente delgadas. ...
BARROSO RUIZ Cecilio, Daniel BOTELLA ORTEGA, Miguel CAPARROS, Anne Marie MOIGNE, Vincenzo CELIBERTI, Antonio MONCLOVA BOHORQUEZ, Luisa PINEDA CABELLO, Guadalupe MONGE GOMEZ, Agnès TESTU, Deborah BARSKY, Olivier NOTTER, José Antonio RIQUELME CANTAL, Manuel POZO RODRIGUEZ, María Isabel CARRETERO LEON, Samir KHATIB, Thibaud SAOS, Sophie GREGOIRE, Salvador BAILON, José Antonio GARCIA SOLANO, Antonio Luis CABRAL MESA, Abderrezak DJERRAB, Ian George HEDLEY, Salah ABDESSADOK, Gérard BATALLA LLASAT, Nicolas ASTIER, Læticia BERTIN, Nicolas BOULBES, Dominique CAUCHE, Arnaud FILOUX, Constance HANQUET, Christelle MILIZIA, Elena ROSSONI, Luis VERDU BERMEJO, Véronique POIS et Henry DE LUMLEY.
... La correlación de CTS.3 con Steinheim, Swanscombe, Malagrotta, y niveles superiores de La Fage parece sólida, y con Bilzingsleben y Orgnac 3 datados respectivamente en 325 y más de 300 ka. Por otra parte, CTS-3 podría correlacionarse con el episodio 7 de la escala isotópica al que se atribuyen también Pinilla (Alférez el afij, 1985) y la Solana de Zamborino (Martín Penela, 1988). No hallo razón decisiva para excluir esta correlación alternativa. ...
Faunal lists are presented of the successive beds, either excavated or sampled, in four different sections of the localities at Atapuerca and lbeas de Juarros, Burgos. Considerations follow on the climate and other ecological conditions which may have influenced fossil preservation and the paleofaunal composition of each bed. Correlations are considered between the different sections of Atapuerca and European local fauna. Lower beds of Gran Dolina (TD.3-6) and Penal (TP.3-7) yield abundant remains of a known faunal association lasting with little change from late Early Pleistocene (after Jaramillo) to the West-Runton Freshwater Beds (Cromer Forest Beds). The upper beds of Atapuerca in Gran Dolina (TD.10-11) and the 'Tres Simas' complex (CTS3) are correlated on the ground of their faunal assemblages with those of the mid-upper Middle Pleistocene of Europe, La Fage, Bilzingsleben, Swanscombe, Steinheim 2, Castel di Guido, Malagrotta, Ehringsdorf, which may be correlated to OIS episode 9, or 7. The intermediate beds of Gran Dolina (TD.7-8) have not yet been excavated; the excavation of the intermediate unit of the Tres Simas Complex (CTS.2) was started on/y recently, so that the present author only knows its faunal content from early sampling.It can be predicted that these assemblages, when recovered, will resemble those known from Mauer, L'Escale, Belle-Roche, Cava Pompi, Arago, Lunel-Viel, Westbury 2, which represent major faunal changes in Europe over 500 kaBP and about 400 kaBP. The fossil humans and associated remains in «Sima de los Huesos» probably correspond to that median part of the Middle Pleistocene. Additional considerations deal with ecological factors that may have influenced the European faunal associations over that time span, with archaeological remains related lo them. Changes are shown, and questions posed for future research.
Se presentan listas paleofaunísticas provisionales de cortes distintos en las localidades de Atapuerca e Ibeas de Juarros (Burgos). Los niveles inferiores de Gran Dolina (TD.3-6) contienen constantes restos de la asociación faunística conocida desde el final del Pleistoceno Inferior (post-Jaramillo) hasta las Freshwater Beds de West Runton (Cromer). Las capas superiores en Gran Dolina (TD.1O-11) y en el complejo Tres Simas (CTS.3) se correlacionan por sus conjuntos faunísticos con los de Europa del Pleistoceno Medio medio-alto, como La Fage, Swanscombe, Steinheim 2, Bilzingsleben, Castel di Guido (c.300 kaBP), Ehringsdorf. Los fósiles humanos y restos asociados de Ursus deningeri en «Sima de los Huesos" corresponden con toda probabilidad a una parte mediana del Pleistoceno Medio. Se comentan las asociaciones de vestigios arqueológicos con éstos y otros conjuntos faunísticos y las cuestiones que de ello derivan sobre la evolución de las poblaciones humanas en Europa.
... Sistema Transversal Externo (Fernández et al., 1991(Fernández et al., , 1993 tenía su área fuente en los sedimentos carbonatados de las Zonas Externas, mientras que el Sistema Transversal Interno (Viseras & Fernández, 1994, 1995 (Viseras et al., 2006;Pla-Pueyo et al., 2007a,b, 2009a,b,c, 2010 (Botella et al., 1975;Casas et al., 1975;Martín-Penela, 1987) Ma (Arribas, 2008;Pla-Pueyo et al., 2011a). De ellos, el denominado Fonelas P-1 (Arribas et al., 2001(Arribas et al., , 2004(Arribas et al., , 2009Viseras et al., 2003Viseras et al., , 2004Viseras et al., , 2006Pla-Pueyo et al., 2005;Garrido, 2006;, 2008Arribas & Garrido, 2007;Arribas, 2008) (Arribas, 2008;Arribas et al., 2009;Garrido & Arribas, 2008). ...
Batallones-10, found in 2007, is the last fossil locality discovered in Cerro de los Batallones. The fossil association of Batallones-10 is astonishingly rich and totally different from that of Batallones-1; apart from very large chelonians, it is composed principally of large mammalian herbivores, mainly giraffids and hipparionine equids (from colts to fully grown specimens), as well as proboscideans, rhinocerotids, medium-sized bovids, suids, and moschids. Carnivoran remains are very scarce (Domingo et al., 2011a; Domingo et al., 2011b; Morales et al., 2008; Sánchez et al., 2009).
Giraffids represent one of the most abundant remains found in Batallones-10, but its taxonomical position has not been clarified yet. Furthermore it is important to notice that during this period giraffids were experiencing a major radiation in Eurasia and Africa (Prothero & Foss, 2007). With the aim of updating the knowledge we have of the systematics and comparative anatomy of Giraffidae, we describe new fossil material from the Upper Miocene locality Batallones-10 (upper Vallesian; local zone J, MN 10, Madrid province, Spain) and compare it with material of the extant Giraffidae Okapia johnstoni (Sclater, 1901) and Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758). For this work we have selected fossil carpals and tarsals due to the important morphological features that they show, as the navicular-cuboid palmar crest (Sánchez et al., 2010), which can be highly relevant for the systematics and phylogeny of the Pecora.
... These localities include Fonelas P-1 in the Guadix-Baza basin, dated to 2.0 Ma, in which suid remains were ascribed to Potamochoerus magnus (Arribas et al. 2009), and many others with the presence of Sus strozzii. After their disappearance in Europe at the end of the Olduvai subchron, suids arrived again in Europe at , 1.2 Ma, as documented in TE9c , Untermassfeld, Germany (1.1 -1.0 Ma; Gúerin and Faure 1997), Vallparadís EVT12 (, 1.0 Ma; Madurell-Malapeira et al., 2010) and Le Vallonnet, France (with an age close to the Jaramillo subchron; Moullé et al. 2006), while in the Guadix-Baza basin they have been reported at several Middle Pleistocene localities such as Cúllar de Baza or La Solana del Zamborino (Martín-Penela 1988;Alberdi et al., 2001;Jiménez-Arenas et al. 2011b). For this reason, the absence of suids from BL-D and FN-3 may tentatively be interpreted as suggesting for both sites a biochronological age older than , 1.2 Ma. ...
Lozano-Fernández et al. (Lozano-Fernández I, Blain HA, López-García JM, Agustí J. 2014. Biochronology of the first hominid remains in Europe using the vole Mimomys savini: Fuente Nueva 3 and Barranco León D, Guadix-Baza Basin, south-eastern Spain. Hist Biol: Int J Paleobiol. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.920015) recently published age estimates for two Late Villafranchian sites of Orce (Guadix-Baza basin, SE Spain), BL-D and FN-3, which provide some of the earliest evidence of human presence in Western Europe. The estimates were obtained from mean Lm1 values of the water vole Mimomys savini preserved in the sites and a couple of rectilinear equations derived in the Atapuerca TD section for site age on tooth length. However, this chronometric tool has problems that discourage its use in biostratigraphy, including: (1) the assumption of an orthogenetic trend of Lm1 increase during the evolution of the M. savini/Arvicola lineage; (2) the use of a chronology for the TD section not supported by original ESR data; (3) the discrepancies between the mean Lm1 values published for the TD levels and (4) the chronological ranges predicted when the standard deviations are used, which are exceedingly large as to be of value for biostratigraphic purposes. As a result, the pseudo numerical ages estimated for the Orce sites only add noise to the timing of the first human dispersal in Europe, which is based on a combination of results from well-established techniques such as palaeomagnetism, biostratigraphy and ESR.
... lupus, Panthera spelaea, Lynx cf. pardina, Felis silvestris, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Equus caballus torralbae, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scropha, Hippopotamus sp., among others (Martín Penela, 1988). Moreover, human presence is attested by abundant lithic tools of Mode 2 (Acheulian). ...
In this paper, a biozonation of the Pleistocene continental record of the Guadix-Baza Basin is proposed.
This biozonation is based on the small mammal succession, which ranges from the earliest Pleistocene
(ca. 2.6 Ma) to the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 0.3 Ma). A total of 9 biozones have been recognized, all based
on the range or concurrent-range of arvicolid species. Therefore, seven biozones have been defined for
the Early Pleistocene: Kislangia gusii Zone, Mimomys cf. reidi Zone, Mimomys (Tcharinomy)s oswaldoreigi
Zone, Allophaiomys ruffoi Zone, Allophaiomys aff. lavocati Zone, Iberomys huescarensis Zone and Terricola
arvalidens Zone. In the Middle Pleistocene of the basin two biozones have been recognized: Iberomys
brecciensiseArvicola mosbachensis Zone and Iberomys brecciensis-Arvicola aff. sapidus Zone. According to
different dating methods, the duration of each Early Pleistocene biozone ranges between 0.4 and 0.1 My,
with increasing resolution from the Earliest Pleistocene to the late Early Pleistocene. The small mammal
succession reveals a high degree of endemism and a persistent Eastern Mediterranean influence, as
opposed to Central and Eastern Europe. However, correlation with other Iberian and European sites has
been possible on the basis of each biozone associated fauna.
... However, in Cova Negra, Martínez del Valle (1996 discussed the difficulties of assigning fallow deer to a species level, revising the paleontological identification to Dama sp. and proposing an intermediate form between the Middle Pleistocene and the modern fallow deer for this site. A similar discussion followed at the Middle Pleistocene site of Solana del Zamborino (Martín-Penela, 1987). In Portugal, fallow deer remains are scarce and fragmentary (Cardoso, 1993). ...
... The locality was reported to be situated close to the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (Scott and Gibert, 2009). However, the fauna includes Arvicola, a caballoid Equus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, and a small red deer (Martín Penella, 1988;Scott and Gibert, 2009). If these identifications are correct, the age is more likely to be after about 450 ka (appearance of S. hemitoechus e Van der Made, 2010a; Van der Made and Grube, 2010). ...
In this paper, the evolution of wolves and deer is presented as expressed in changes in size and proportions in molars, metapodials and phalanges, which are well represented in the fossil record. This has two advantages: firstly, samples are often large, and secondly this is a taxon-free approach, focussing on the data, rather than presenting the lineages in the form of sequences of names of chrono species or subspecies. This allows more precise documentation of the changes. Occasionally rapid evolutionary changes are found, which mark a time slice and which have biochronologic value. Several canid and deer lineages were studied previously in this way, while others are presented for the first time here, and Polish material is incorporated in all. In some cases, the Polish material helps to improve the timing of the evolutionary events, while in others, the existing information is used to confirm or improve the dating of Polish localities.
... However, in Cova Negra, Martínez del Valle (1996 discussed the difficulties of assigning fallow deer to a species level, revising the paleontological identification to Dama sp. and proposing an intermediate form between the Middle Pleistocene and the modern fallow deer for this site. A similar discussion followed at the Middle Pleistocene site of Solana del Zamborino (Martín-Penela, 1987). In Portugal, fallow deer remains are scarce and fragmentary (Cardoso, 1993). ...
La grotte du Rhinocéros est le premier site ibérique livrant des restes abondants du genre Haploidoceros. Il s’agit également de la première mention de ce genre dans le Pléistocène supérieur européen. Cette nouvelle découverte démontre que ce genre était largement distribué au Pléistocène, avec une survivance jusqu’au MIS 5. Plusieurs crânes et éléments post-crâniens proviennent des niveaux supérieurs de la séquence de la grotte des Rhinocéros, et l’attribution est bien confirmée par la morphologie crânienne et des bois en fourche simple, dirigés vers l’arrière et sur le côté, et un andouiller frontal très long. De plus, des questions sur la systématique des cervidés et le problème de leur identification sont soulevées, en rapport avec le fort degré de fragmentation dans la documentation fossile, la morphologie relativement homogène de cette famille ou l’absence de caractères diagnostiques bien définis, ainsi que le chevauchement des mesures entre différents genres et espèces.
... Delibes, com. pers.), el arco mediterráneo (Lauk, 1976;Martín Penela, 1988;Castro et al., 1999;Manhart et al., 2000), y ambientes atlánticos, como el de la localidad próxima a Lisboa de donde procedía el individuo sobre el cuál Temminck describió la especie (Almaça, 1992). Los autores de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX (Graells, 1897;Miller, 1912;Cabrera, 1914) sugieren que el lince ibérico era raro o había desaparecido de gran parte de la meseta norte, el valle del Ebro, el Sistema Ibérico, y las tierras bajas de la costa Mediterránea hasta Almería. ...
The long sedimentary sequence of Notarchirico has yielded evidence of one of the earliest Acheulean manifestations in Europe and of recurrent hominin occupation, spanning from the end of the interglacial MIS 17 to the glacial MIS 16 (~695-610 ka). Here, we report the new discovery of a lion, Panthera spelaea, from the site, based on a metatarsal from layer A. This part of the sequence dates to~660-612 ka (MIS 16, 40Ar/ 39Ar age). Therefore, Notarchirico's lion represents the earliest confirmed occurrence of the species in southwestern Europe, although older findings are known from adjacent areas. Lions and several other large mammal species dispersed into Europe during the Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition, which also witnessed the spread of the Acheulean. Ecological and behavioural adaptability was probably key, for hominins and other species, to cope with the intense and recurrent environmental fluctuations that occurred during this period.
The first edition of the Chronostratigraphic Chart for the Quaternary of the Iberian Peninsula was elaborated as part of the activities of the International Year of the Planet Earth, and was initially distributed during the XII Reunión Nacional de Cuaternario (AEQUA) hold in Ávila (June, 2007). However, since 2007 the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), and more specifically the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), has been working both in the definition of the Quaternary status and its subdivisions, based on GSSP’s (Global Stratotype Section and Points). That was the main reason we decided to reedit this Chart, including all those formally defined boundaries as well as all the modifications and corrections that have arisen since then, and the reference list. The intrinsic characteristics of this work lead us to envisage it as something dynamic, continuously evolving, that allows us to introduce all the new data as they go rising out.
El yacimiento de Baza-1 se localiza en la cuenca de Baza (Granada), pudiéndose considerar la mejor localidad de edad Rusciniense de la Península Ibérica. En este yacimiento se han realizado excavaciones sistemáticas durante los años 2001, 2002, 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018 en una zona de unos 25 m2 aproximadamente, de la que se han extraído más de 1000 restos fósiles, correspondientes en su mayor parte a grandes mamíferos, representados por dos especies de proboscídeos, Anancus arvernensis y Mammut borsoni, un rinoceronte Stephanorhinus sp. cf. S.jeanvireti, un caballo de tres dedos cf. Hipparion sp., dos bóvidos, el primero de ellos de gran talla, Alephis sp. y el segundo de talla media-pequeña cf. Antilope sp., por otro lado, se ha registrado un cérvido de talla media, aún por determinar, Cervinae indet, además de diente de suido y dos restos pertenecientes al orden Carnivora, recuperados en la campaña de 2018, que permitirán aumentar la lista faunística en tres especies. Son muy abundantes también los micromamíferos, especialmente los roedores (Ruscinomys sp., Apocricetus barrierei, Debruijnimys julii, Apodemus gorafensis, Castillomys gracilis,Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Paraethomys meini, Paraethomys aff. abaigari, Stephanomys cordii,Trilophomys cf. castroiyEliomys aff. Intermedius). Además, hay un importante registro de quelonios, Testudinae indet. y, en las dos últimas campañas, se han hallado abundantes restos vegetales carbonizados. Los datos bioestratigráficos obtenidos a partir de la fauna de micro y macromamíferos indican una cronología comprendida entre 4 y 4,5 millones de años, constituyendo un enclave de gran importancia para el estudio del Plioceno en Europa, debido a la escasez del registro en estas cronologías en el continente.
This work is focussed on the geomorphological changes related to the Pleistocene capture of the formerly endorheic Guadix-Baza basin (Betic Cordillera). We explore the possible tectonic controls in the basin opening through a combined geomorphological and structural study. For this, we have selected a study area that includes the connecting zone between the former endorheic basin and the capture channel (Guadiana Menor River). This zone also includes the SE end of the so-called Tíscar Fault Zone (TFZ) that has been active during the Upper Miocene and onwards. We use the glacis surface that marks the end of the endorheic sedimentation (Middle-Upper Pleistocene), as the main reference surface to identify recent deformation structures. Our results indicate that the main channel crossing the Pozo Alcón glacis (Guadalentín River) shows evidence of high levels of fluvial incision and that some anomalies in the stream longitudinal profile could be correlated to the presence of pre-glacis faults linked to the TFZ. Conversely, abrupt changes in the stream orientation seems to be related to post-glacis downthrow faults. We have identified that the dextral strike-slip Tíscar Fault (the northern boundary of the TFZ) propagates towards the SE as far as the Guadalentín River, giving rise to a deformation band with oblique slip that descends the SW block down to 250 m and affects the glacis surface. Additionally, the Pozo Alcón glacis has undergone distributed deformation mainly achieved by N-S to NE-SW downthrow faults and subordinate WNW faults. The roughly E-W extension within the Pozo Alcón glacis can be interpreted as developed in the extensional lobe at the tip of a dextral strike-slip fault (the Tíscar Fault). According to the orientation (WNW-ESE) and location of the Guadiana Menor River (following the southern boundary of the TFZ), and the relief attenuation and tilting produced by the extensional systems in the Pozo Alcón glacis, we interpret that the later stages of TFZ activity probably controlled and favoured the localisation of the basin capture.
RESUMEN España es el país con mayor número de yacimientos bien conservados, cantidad y calidad de fósiles de todo el continente europeo. Aquí se describe el patrimonio paleobiológico correspondiente al Plio-Pleistoceno (últimos 5,3 millones de años) registrado en los principales yacimientos con presencia de fósiles de grandes mamíferos de la Península Ibérica. Ningún otro país de nuestro entorno al norte del Mediterráneo ofrece mayores posibilidades para el estudio y disfrute de los registros paleontológicos del Plioceno y Pleistoceno. En este contexto destacan las principales cuencas sedimentarias como las de Besalú-Bañolas, Vallés, Calatayud-Teruel, o ya en el sur las cuencas intrabéticas, donde merece especial interés la de Baza y Guadix, con localidades emblemáticas como Baza 1 para el Plioceno, y como los yacimientos de Orce (Fuente Nueva 1 y 3, Venta Micena o Barranco León, entre otros) para el Pleistoceno inferior. También se hace referencia a otro tipo de yacimientos, como son los maares volcánicos pliocénicos del Camp dels Ninots en Cataluña, o el de las Higueruelas en la Mancha, a las terrazas fósiles de los grandes ríos peninsulares, así como a los extraordinarios registros kársticos, donde destaca el de Atapuerca en Burgos. Afortunadamente, este patrimonio es ya muy conocido y estudiado, y está publicado en las mejores revistas científicas mundiales. Sin embargo, salvo en el caso puntual de Atapuerca, su divulgación no ha llegado todavía a calar en el gran público, y su explotación cultural y turística necesita de un fuerte impulso en años venideros. Palabras clave España | Fósiles | Mamíferos terrestres | Patrimonio paleontológico | Península ibérica | Pleistoceno | Plioceno | Yacimientos |
Most Middle Palaeolithic sites with faunal remains processed by humans in the Iberian Peninsula are located in rock shelters or caves. PRERESA is one of the few open-air sites, dating to the end of the Middle or early Late Pleistocene, in which faunal remains associated with lithic industry has been recorded. At least one individual of Mammuthus/Elephas has been identified, as well as two individuals of Bos primigenius, a further two of Haploidoceros mediterraneus, and other mammals of different sizes. The sample is well preserved; carnivore activity is scant and the remains were buried shortly after death. The site is located in the floodplain of the Manzanares river, in an environment of forest and open areas, characterized by herbaceous plants and river woodlands which developed in a mild climate with some humidity. One Haploidoceros and one auerochs were almost complete and semi anatomically connected. A proboscidean, one of the auerochs and an unidentified mammal show conspicuous evidence of having been exploited by human beings. Lithic knapping was aimed at flake production. All phases of the operational chain are represented, which suggests that the lithic assemblage was manufactured with the purpose of processing meat. The scantly elaborated technical schemes of the lithic industry, together with the limited evidence of human processing of faunal remains as well as the presence of animals deposited in a natural way could suggest that this site was used by Neanderthals only sporadically. However, the presence of certain taxa such as proboscidea, auerochs and four other mammal species of different sizes, which were a anthropically processed, could indicate that the site was visited recurrently by human groups with the purpose of processing such mammals. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the taphonomic history of the site, as well as to add to the knowledge of the Neanderthal group behaviour patterns.
Manual de trabajo del Programa de Conservación Ex-situ del Lince Ibérico que contiene las descripciones, los protocolos y las medidas para asegurar un correcto manejo de los ejemplares de lince ibérico pertenecientes al programa de cría en cautividad.
Fossil gathering by humans has been rarely documented in the Iberian Peninsula. In the present paper, a multidisciplinary approach has been taken to analyze a straight-tusked elephant (Elephas antiquus) molar retrieved in a Magdalenian deposit at the rock shelter of El Pirulejo in southern Spain. The taphonomical analyses revealed a multifarious use of a tooth that had not only been worked into an anvil-sort-of-tool but also used as a core and partly tainted with a composite pigment. The dating and geochemical analyses further evidenced that the molar derived from an animal that had lived in a rather arid landscape with a temperature range between 12.3 and 14.3 °C coincident with a cold episode within marine isotope stage (MIS) 6.6 and probably fed on herbaceous plants. These analyses evidence the potential fossils from archaeological sites bear for addressing a wide range of issues that include both the cultural and paleoenvironmental realms.
This paper presents a brief review on the studies of the Order Perissodactyla from the Spanish Neogene. References begin with the first records during the XIX century, and continue until present, summarizing the progress and knowledge of this conspicuous group of mammals in Spain. The paper focuses mainly on families Equidae and Rhinocerotidae, whose remains are very abundant and have a large temporal distribution, giving place to a huge amount of documentation. More scarce references concern families Tapiridae and Chalicotheriidae, owing to their more restricted records.
The multivariate analysis is a successful tool in biochronological studies, and it is here applied to the biochronology of the Western Mediterranean area from latest Miocene to Pleistocene. Multiple local mammal faunal assemblages were analyzed using clustering and non-linear ordination techniques to discover their interrelationships and to which degree they can be put together to form a sequence of non-overlapping "zones of homogeneity". Each set is assumed to be a mammal assemblage living together in space and time. The discontinuities between them reflect successive changes in mammal communities, which are apparently related to episodes of biotic and abiotic environmental variations. Three informal hierarchical ranks of faunal organization are recognized after the analysis: "Superages", "Ages" and "Units", which are in contrast to previous biochronological schemes. The beginning of "Superage I" can be correlated with the end of the Mediterranean salinity crisis, at the Mio-Pliocene boundary. The "Superage II" is correlated with the "Glacial Pleistocene", around 1.0 Ma, and is characterized by the presence of a modern fauna. European Land Mammal Ages are correlated with «Ages» and seem to be an adequate biochronologic framework of reference for the Plio-Pleistocene. Major discrepancies occur between «Units» and previous biochronological units.
During the 1960's, a remarkable collection of rhinoceros postcranial remains was recovered in a Late Pleistocene karst cavity at Valle Radice near Sora (Frosinone, Central Italy). Based on the morphological characters, the specimens are ascribed to Stephanorhinus hemitoechus. This record is the only one with abundant postcranial elements in Italy and Southern Europe; it enables a careful analysis of the most important morphometric features in the postcranial skeleton of the species. The palaeobiogeographic boundaries and the relative biochronological importance of the evolutionary stages of the species in Europe are investigated. The new data suggest the morphometric variability of the species is strictly related to the geographic area; the evolutionary trends described during the past for the postcrania of the species are not confirmed. In Italy, the species is characterised by the presence of large-sized specimens during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, as well as in Great Britain. In Central Europe the species is characterised by a fluctuation in size with the occurrence of relatively small-sized specimens during MIS 11-8. In the Iberian Peninsula, during the late Middle and Late Pleistocene S. hemitoechus is characterised by the presence of relatively small-sized specimens with respect to those from other European localities; this feature could be related with a geographic isolation.
We present novel data on the presence of the hare in the Valencian zone during Middle and Upper Pleistocene. An interesting, though small, sample of bone from Bolomor has been assigned to this genus from lagomorphs His appearance in the initial phase of occupation of the cavity (MIS 9) corresponds, for the moment, the earliest mention of Lepus in this area (ca. 350 ka). The determination of other bones of Lepus in the upper levels of the site (MIS 6 and 5e,) along with other references, confirms the continuity of the genus to the Holocene.
Equus caballus antunesi, nova subspecies, was a hypsodont, slender, and rather small horse (around 141cm at the withers), with narrow hooves and protocones longer on P3/-P4/ than on Ml/-M2/. It does not fit in any of the different "types" of Pleistocene caballine horses previously recognized but may be related to the horse from the Acheulean of Solana deI Zamborino.
Hypsodonty, small size, slenderness, narrow hooves are all characters that can easily be related to ecological conditions. Equus caballus antunesi was probably a horse adapted to rather dry and cold conditions and to a hard ground. It does not seem related at all to the North-European Equus caballus germanicus-gallicus group.
During the last decade, new discoveries in several Iberian basins, together with the description of previously unpublished finds, have significantly increased the recorded paleodiversity of fossil Primates (Mammalia: Euarchonta) in the Iberian Peninsula. Here we provide an updated compendium of the primate fossil record in Iberia during the Cenozoic and further summarize the changes in primate paleodiversity through time, which are then analyzed in the light of changing climatic conditions. Thanks to favorable climatic conditions, the highest diversity of Iberian primates was reached during the Eocene, thus reflecting the radiation of both adapoids and omomyoids; only a single plesiadapiform genus is in contrast recorded in the Iberian Peninsula. Near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, paleoclimatic changes led to a primate diversity crisis and other faunal changes, although two Iberian omomyoids survived the Grande Coupure. From the Middle Miocene onwards, catarrhine primates are recorded in the Iberian Peninsula. During the Middle and Late Miocene, they are represented by pliopithecoids and hominoids, restricted to NE Iberia. The Miocene hominoids from Iberia are of utmost significance for understanding the Eurasian hominoid radiation and its role in the origins of the great-ape-and-human clade. Following the local extinction of these taxa during the early Late Miocene, due to progressively increased seasonality and concomitant changes in plant communities, cercopithecoids are also recorded in the Iberian Peninsula from the latest Miocene through the Plio-Pleistocene, although they finally became locally extinct, whereas hominoids are again represented by fossil humans during the Pleistocene.
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