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... Srininvasam, 1983, (5) Khan et al., 1978. ...
... As a prerequisite to the application of any further biotechnological techniques, eggplant response to in vitro culture and particularly its ability for plant regeneration have been studied. Several experiments showed that, in eggplant, plants could easily be regenerated through in vitro organogenesis (Kamat and Rao, 1978;Fassuliotis et al., 1981;Alicchio et al., 1982;Zelcer et al., 1983;Sharma and Rajam, 1995a;Fari et al., 1995a;Magioli et al., 1998) and somatic embryogenesis (Matsuoka and Hinata, 1979;Gleddie et al., 1983;Fobert and Webb, 1988;Ali et al., 1991;Kalloo, 1993;Sharma and Rajam, 1995a, b;Rajam, 1997, 1998) from cultured explants (stem, hypocotyl, leaf, cotyledon, root) and cell suspension, but also from anthers (Isouard et al., 1979), isolated microspores (Miyoshi, 1996), and protoplasts (Sihachakr et al., 1993). ...
... (1,4) Sonawane and Darekar, 1984; (2) Fassuliotis and Dukes, 1972;Di Vito et al., 1992; (3) Verma and Choudhury, 1974;(5,6) Daunay and Dalmasso, 1985;(6) Messiaen, 1989;Shetty and Reddy, 1986 Insects Leucinodes orbonalis (1) S. mammosum L., (2) S. viarum Dun., (3) S. sisymbrifolium Lam., (4) S. incanum agg., (5) S. aethiopicum gr aculeatum, (6) S. grandiflorum Ruiz and Pavon (1,4,6) Baksh and Iqbal, 1979;(2,3) Lal et al., 1976;(4,5) Chelliah and Srinivasan, 1983;(5) Khan et al., 1978 Epilachna ...
... (1,2,3) Shalk et al., 1975 Tetranychus urticae S. macrocarpon L. Shaff et al., 1982 Viruses: (1) Rao, 1980; (2) Khan et al., 1978;Chakrabarti and Choudhary, 1974;(3,4) Datar and Ashtaputre, 1984 Pearce, 1975 S. incanum (gr C) Fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. campylacanthum Partially fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. linnaeanum Partially fertile or sterile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975;Pochard and Daunay, 1977 S. macrocarpon Partially fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. marginatum Partially fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. verginianum Partially fertile F 1 plants or no F 1 plants Pearce, 1975;Rao, 1979 S. sodomeum Fertile F 1 plants Tudor and Tomescu, 1995 S. xanthocarpon Sterile F 1 plants Rajasekaran, 1971;Hiremath, 1952 Section Oliganthes S. aethiopicum Partially fertile F 1 or Pearce, 1975;Rao and Baksh, 1979 (=integrifolium, zuccagnianum) sterile F 1 plants Rajasekaran and Sivasubramanian, 1971 S. anguivi Partially fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. cinereum Sterile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. pyracanthos No F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. rubetorum Partially fertile F 1 plants Hassan, 1989 S. tomentosum Partially fertile F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. trilobatum No F 1 plants, no seeds Rao and Rao, 1984 S. violaceum Partially fertile F 1 plants Bulinska, 1976 Section Torva S. hispidum Partially fertile F 1 plants Khan, 1979;Magoon et al., 1962;Rao, 1980 S. torvum Partially fertile or sterile Pearce, 1975;Bulinska, 1976 McCammon and Honma, 1982 F 1 plants after embryo rescue McCammon and Honma, 1982;Daunay et al., 1991 Section Acanthophora S. capsicoides No F 1 plants Pearce, 1975 S. mammosum No F 1 plants or abnormal seeds Sambandam et al., 1976 S. viarum = khasianum Sterile F 1 plants after embryo rescue Pearce, 1975;Sharma et al., 1980 Section Stellatipilum S. grandiflorum Partially fertile F 1 plants Rao, 1979 Section Nycterium S. lidii Partially fertile F 1 plants Hassan, 1989 Section Cryptocarpum S. sisymbrifolium Sterile F 1 plants after embryo rescue Sharma et al., 1984 Section Campanulata S. campanulatum No F 1 plants or abnormal seeds Pearce, 1975 Section Lasiocarpa S. stramonifolium No F 1 plants, no seeds Nishio et al., 1984 relatives is listed in Table 2. Among 19 species used throughout the world in attempts at crossing with S. melongena with a view to its genetic improvement, only four (S. ...
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops cultivated in various tropical and temperate parts of the world. There is a wide genetic diversity in the cultivated as well as wild species of eggplant. Although, the cultivated eggplant varieties are susceptible to various diseases and pests as well as abiotic stresses, the wild relatives of eggplant are good source of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, attempts have been made to introgress these agronomically important traits from wild species to cultivated varieties of eggplant, but with limited success. Nevertheless, eggplant is quite amenable for plant regeneration through cell and tissue culture. Haploidisation, somatic hybridization and gene transfer methods have been well established for this crop. The beneficial traits like resistance to bacterial and fungal wilts have successfully been transferred from wild species to cultivated eggplants by protoplast fusion. However, the development of molecular markers and transgenic eggplants with novel traits is in infancy. Eggplant transgenics for insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and parthenocarpy have been accomplished. More work is needed in this direction to produce eggplant transgenics for other agronomic traits, including disease resistance, nematode resistance, quality and shelf-life of fruits. Modern biotechnological tools like RNA interference (RNAi) are useful to achieve these goals. The initiation of complete genome sequencing of eggplant is required to discover several useful genes, which can be introduced into eggplant and other crop species for genetic improvement. This chapter reviews the various aspects of eggplant biology, particularly the developments in eggplant biotechnology and future projections.Keywords:Solanum melongena;eggplant;plant genetic resources;plant regeneration;anther culture;somatic hybridization;genetic transformation;transgenic plants
... Eggplant has been divided into three main types egg-shaped (S. melongena var. S. hispidum Rao (1980) Mycoplasma S. hispidum, S. integrifolium Rao (1980), Khan et al. (1978 Sakata and Lester (1994) showed that S. melongena and wild species S. incanum L. are very 80 close in phylogeny than the wild species S. marginatum L. fil. (Fig. 1). ...
... Interspecific hybrids between 94 wild and cultivated species have been successful in only a few cases (McCammon and 95 Honma, 1983; Sharma et al., 1980 Sharma et al., , 1984 Daunay and Lester, 1988). U N C O R R E C T E D P R O ( ), Khan et al. (1978 Partially fertile hybrids Iida (1938, 1939), Tatebe (1941), Miwa et al. (1958), Kataezin (1965), Narasimha Rao (1968), Ludilov (1974) S. melongena  S: sisymbriifolium Embryo rescued hybrid plantlets did not survive Sharma et al. (1984) Sterile hybrids obtained after embryo rescue Blestsos et al. (1998) S. melongena  S: xanthocarpum F 1 hybrids sterile Rajasekaran (1968 Rajasekaran ( , 1971 U N C O R R E C T E D P R O 97 ...
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop grown in various tropical and temperate parts of the world. There is a wide genetic diversity in the cultivated as well as the wild species of eggplant. Cultivated varieties of eggplant are susceptible to a wide array of pests and pathogens as well as to various abiotic stress conditions. In contrast, the majority of wild species are resistant to nearly all known pests and pathogens of eggplant and thereby are a source of desirable traits for crop improvement. Tissue culture protocols for organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, anther culture and protoplast culture have been well established for the eggplant. Somatic hybridisation has also been attempted for transferring useful genes from wild species to the cultivated plants through protoplast fusion. However, the information on genetic engineering and molecular biology of eggplant is very limited. Transgenic eggplants for insect resistance, for the production of parthenocarpic fruits and abiotic stress tolerance have been accomplished. However, transgenics of eggplant are yet to be developed for improvement of other agronomic traits, including disease and pest resistance, and quality and shelf life of fruits. Molecular markers to complement traditional breeding programs are being developed for genome mapping of agronomic traits. The present review summarises efforts to improve eggplant genetics with an emphasis on the use of biotechnology to introgress genes from wild species into cultivated eggplant.
... More than 50 species closely related to eggplant exist, mostly in tropical Eastern Africa and the Middle East (Syfert et al. 2016). Resistance to pests and diseases has been found in some wild eggplant species, for instance, resistance to shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) in S. sisymbriifolium, S. xanthocarpum and S. aculeatissimum (Khan et al. 1978;Chelliah and Srinivasan 1983;Rotino et al. 1997), as well as resistance to carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) and cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) in S. mammosum and S. sisymbriifolium (Schalk et al. 1975;Sambandam and Chelliah 1983;Rotino et al. 1997). The wild relatives of eggplant have been defined into primary, secondary and tertiary genepools according to the ease of crossability with the cultivated eggplant for use by plant breeders (Harlan and de Wet 1971;Plazas et al. 2016;Syfert et al. 2016;Gramazio et al. 2017). ...
Whiteflies and spider mites are amongst the most harmful eggplant (Solanum melongena) pests. Considering the need for reduction of chemical applications for whitefly and spider mite control, the exploitation of wild relatives of eggplant as sources of pest resistances represents an important strategy in order to improve cultivated eggplant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 15 accessions from 11 species of eggplant wild relatives together with seven S. melongena accessions for resistance to sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Resistance to whitefly was evaluated based on number of eggs, nymph, puparium and whitefly adults in a choice bioassay, while for two-spotted spider mite it was based on leaf damage scores in the choice and no-choice bioassays. The results revealed significantly (P < 0.05) different levels of resistance to the two pests among the accessions evaluated. Considering all screening parameters in the whitefly choice bioassay, the highest levels of resistance in wild eggplant relatives were detected in Solanum dasyphyllum (DAS1) and S. pyracanthos (PYR1), although one of the cultivated S. melongena (MEL2) accessions also displayed similar resistance levels. In addition, S. campylacanthum (CAM8) and S. tomentosum TOM1 were also resistant to whitefly based on numbers of puparium and adult whiteflies. Two accessions of S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1 and SIS2) exhibited strong resistance to two-spotted spider mite based on the choice and no-choice bioassays. High levels of spider mite resistance were also detected in the no-choice assay in S. dasyphyllum (DAS1) and S. torvum (TOR2) accessions. These resistant accessions can be used in pre-breeding program aiming to breed pest-resistant cultivars in cultivated eggplant. Moreover, to our knowledge, this study represents the first report on potential sources of resistance to whitefly and two-spotted spider mite in wild relatives of eggplant.
... Di Vito et aI.,1992Daunay and Dalmasso, 1985Fassuliotis and Dukes. 1972Hébert, 1985Di Vito et al.,1992Di Vito et a1..1992Rao, 1980Khan et al.,1978Rao. 1980 Successful distant hybridization between S. melongena andwild relatives are reported in Table 3. ...
Istituto Sperimentale per l'Orticoltura, M|PA, 63030 Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy. * * * lvl sgapontum A g rob io s, 7 5 0 I 0 M etaponto, I taly. Abstract: Eggplant plantings are constantly attacked by a number of serious pests (e.9. the fruit and shoot borer, the Colorado potato beetle, soil-borne fungi). In spite of the heavy losses they may cause' breeding for resistance in this crop has been very limited because of lack of desirable traits in the eggplant genome or sexual incompatibility with resistant, wild related species. The present paper reviews the source of resistant genes available in both eggplant gene pool and wild Solanum relatives. Considering the genetic determinism of resistant traits, the possible strategies for eggplant breeding are discussed with emphasis on approaches based on the integration of classical breeding methods (crosses and selection) with biotechnological ones (anther culture, genetic transformation, protoplast fusion and marker-assisted selection).
... It can be noted that S. sisymbrifolium and S. torvum have been recognised as resistant to the most severe diseases of eggplant, such as the soilborne Messiaen ( 1989 ); Hebert ( 1985 ); Sheela et al. ( 1984 ); Daunay et al. ( 1991 ); Collonnier et al. ( 2001bCollonnier et al. ( , 2003a; Gousset et al. ( 2005 ) Nematodes Meloidogyne spp. S. ciarum Dun., S. sisymbrifolium Lam., S. elagnifolium Cav., S. violaceum , S. hispidum Pers., S. torvum SW Sonawane and Darekar ( 1984 ); Fassuliotis and Dukes ( 1972 ); Di Vito et al. (1992); Verma and Choudhury ( 1974 ); Daunay and Dalmasso ( 1985 ); Messiaen ( 1989 ); Shetty and Reddy ( 1986 ); Daunay and Dalmasso ( 1985 ); Messiaen ( 1989 ) Rao 1980 ;Khan et al. ( 1978 ); Charkrabarti and Choudhury ( 1974 ), Datar and Ashtaputre ( 1984 ) bacterial and fungal wilts and nematode as well as, respectively, to the insect L. orbonalis and E. vigintioctopunctata . In eggplant, wild relatives have been shown as an important source for tolerance to abiotic stresses and other agronomically important traits. ...
The eggplant is one of the most important solanaceous crops and is widely cultivated across the world for its fruits, mainly used as a vegetable. Wild relatives of eggplant have been shown to be important sources for transferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and other agronomically important traits in cultivated background. However, most of the wild relatives have shown partial cross-compatibility with the cultivated species. Efforts have been made to transfer alien genes controlling important traits into the cultivated gene pool of eggplant ( S. melongena ) using the sexual, somatic hybridisation and genetic transformation methods. Introgression lines and molecular markers have accelerated the identification of alien segments introgressed from wild species and helped assessing their impact on phenotypic expression. These approaches have opened new ways to solve constraints for accessing to the reservoir of alien alleles represented by the progenitors, allied and wild species of S. melongena . This chapter focuses on such developments and the major achievements made through alien gene transfer in eggplant.
... Thus, both the taxa are widely separated geographically. Earlier, the crossability of this exotic taxon with a native variety of S. melongena L. was reported by REAYATKHAN et al. ( 1978 ). With a view to collecting some information on chromosome relationships of S. integrifolium with some of the locally available species, crosses were made between S. integrifolium and S. indicum var. ...
Solanum integrifolium and S. indicum var. multiflora were successfully crossed to obtain reciprocal hybrids. Chromosome pairing at diakinesis and metaphase-I was studied in them. Higher chromosome associations in the form of chains of four associated with the nucleolus were observed in low-frequency in the F-l S. integrifolium × S. indicum var. multiflora, indicating multiple homeologies for the concerned chromosomes. However, no such higher associations were observed in the reciprocal hybrid, S. indicum var. multiflora × S. integrifolium. Modal chromosome association in reciprocal hybrids was twelve bivalents per PMC indicating the retention of ancestral chromosome homeologies by the two taxa. Despite regular meiosis, reciprocal hybrids were highly sterile. Such sterility could be attributed to the segregational events of the recombined chromosomes resulting in gametic lethalities.
... relatively close phylogenetic relationship between the two fusion partners and to their polyploidy. As a matter of fact, if the interspecific F 1 hybrid resulting from the cross between S. melongena x S. khasianum hybrids (Sharma et al. be obtained in this study, as well as by others (Khan et al. 1978), its fertility in terms of pollen stainability is rather low (10-30~ according to Daunay et al. 1991) and its exploitation for breeding is laborious because of difficulties in obtaining viable seeds on it and its progenies (Ano etal. 1991). ...
In order to produce fertile somatic hybrids, mesophyll protoplasts from eggplant were electrofused with those from one of its close related species, Solanum aethiopicum L. Aculeatum group. On the basis of differences in the cultural behavior of the parental and hybrid protoplasts, 35 somatic hybrid plants were recovered from 85 selected calli. When taken to maturity either in the greenhouse or in the field, the hybrid plants were vigorous, all rapidly overtopping parental individuals. The putative hybrids were intermediate with respect to morphological traits, and all of their organs were larger, particularly the leaves and stems. DNA analysis of the hybrids using flow cytometry in combination with cytological analysis showed that 32 were tetraploids, 1 hexaploid and 2 mixoploids. The hybrid nature of the 35 selected plants was confirmed by a comparison of the isoenzyme patterns of isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-Pgd) and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm). Chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) restriction analysis using Bam HI revealed that among the 27 hybrid plants analyzed, 10 had S. aethiopicum patterns and the 17 remaining hybrids exhibited bands identical with those of eggplant without any changes. All of the somatic hybrid plants flowered. Both parental plants had 94% stainable pollen, while the hybrids varied widely in pollen viability ranging from 30% to 85%. The somatic hybrids showed high significant variation in fruit production. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for low fertility to be associated often with S. aethiopicum chloroplast type and/or with an abnormal ploidy level, while good fertility was mostly associated with the tetraploid level and eggplant chloroplasts. Interestingly, 2 tetraploid somatic hybrid clones were among the most productive, yielding up to 9 kg/plant. As far as the fertility of the F1 sexual counterpart was concerned, only 2 fruits of 50 g were obtained. Hybrid fertility in relation to phylogenetic affinities of the fusion partners is discussed.
... Transfer of disease resistance from wild Solanum species to the eggplant has been difficult owing to interspecific hybrid sterility. Due to partial incompatibility (1,10,12,16,23), mass production of hybrid seeds is also difficult and troublesome at times. Moreover, Solanum seed production is limited only to the summer season in temperate zones. ...
Hypocotyl explants from the seedlings of Solanum melongena, S. melongena var. insanum and their F1 hybrids showed embryogenic potential when cultured on murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 to 2.0 mg•liter-1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Solanum gilo, S. integrifolium and their F1 hybrids with S. melongena did not produce embryogenic callus even on the MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D, indole-3-acetic acid, 3-indolebutyric acid, or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, combined with or without 6-benzylaminopurine. Therefore, embryogenic response in Solanum through 2, 4-D appeared to be controlled by recessive gene(s), or this response was suppressed in interspecific F1 by intergenomic epistasis. Adventitious shoots were regenerated in all the Solanum species on hormone-free medium. However, only a few were produced in genotypes which showed embryogenic potential. In the histological study on somatic embryogenesis, secondary growth on embryogenic calli was observed to occur before pro-embryos developed. Sequential stages of somatic embryo development identical to those of zygotic embryo development was observed.
... Similar efforts have also been made in India with few dozens of eggplant accessions and they ended with few or none as resistant to EFSB (Darekar et al., 1991; Singh and Kalda, 1997; Behera et al., 1999; Doshi et al., 2002). Some of the wild Solanum species such as anomalum, gilo, incanum, indicum, integriifolium, khasianum, sisymbriifolium, xanthocarpum, etc were reported to possess high resistance to EFSB (Khan et al., 1978; Sharma et al., 1980; Chelliah and Srinivasan, 1983; Singh and Kalda, 1997; Behera et al., 1999; Behera and Singh, 2002). However, the resistance in these wild species should carefully be evaluated and confirmed before attempting to transfer the resistance to cultivated eggplant, because S. indicum had been reported as an alternate host to EFSB (Isahaque and Chaudhuri, 1983), although it was reported as a resistant source in other reports. ...
The integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for the control of eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) consists of resistant cultivars, sex pheromone, cultural, mechanical and biological control methods. Eggplant accessions EG058, BL009, ISD006 and a commercial hybrid, Turbo possess appreciable levels of resistance to EFSB. Use of EFSB sex pheromone traps based on (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol to continuously trap the adult males significantly reduced the pest damage on eggplant in South Asia. In addition, prompt destruction of pest damaged eggplant shoots and fruits at regular intervals, and withholding of pesticide use to allow proliferation of local natural enemies especially the parasitoid, Trathala flavo-orbitalis reduced the EFSB population. The IPM strategy was implemented in farmers' fields via pilot project demonstrations in selected areas of Bangladesh and India and its use was promoted in both countries. The profit margins and production area significantly increased whereas pesticide use and labor requirement decreased for those farmers who adopted this IPM technology. The efforts to expand the EFSB IPM technology to other regions of South and Southeast Asia are underway.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop on account of its medicinal and nutritional value and various region-based culinary preparations. The crop is infested by a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses besides barriers in gene transfer from wild sources. Biotechnological techniques such as micropropagation, in vitro androgenesis, in vitro grafting, somatic hybridisation, marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering to combat biotic and abiotic stresses such as Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation for resistance against insects and diseases have been successfully utilised in eggplant improvement programmes. The review shall help eggplant breeders to plan improvement experiments utilising biotechnological techniques in combination with conventional breeding methods. All the tissue culture, molecular and genetic engineering accomplishments with respect to eggplant have been discussed.
Eggplant, also known as brinjal or aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), is a major vegetable in many nations. Conventional breeding alone cannot bring the desired qualities and quantities from its wild species where the plants have the capacity to resist or tolerate the biotic and abiotic stress. For resistance to the most serious diseases, including bacterial and fungal wilts, nematodes, and shot and fruit borer pests, eggplant genetic resources have been evaluated. Due to sexual incompatibility, efforts to cross eggplants with their wild relatives lead to minimal outcomes. Nevertheless, the ability of eggplants to function well in tissue culture, particularly in plant regeneration, has made it possible to introduce biotechnology, in particular the manipulation of somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, haplodisation and gene transfer. To achieve lines with enhanced resistance to little leaf disease and salt, Somaclonal variation was used. The needs can be fulfilled in both quantity and quality by molecular breeding and transgenics. Molecular markers like SSR, ISSR, RAPD, AFLP etc. and Genetic research in brinjal has gained traction over the past few years due to the usage of PCR-based markers.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop on account of its medicinal and nutritional value and various region-based culinary preparations. The crop is infested by a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses besides barriers in gene transfer from wild sources. Biotechnological techniques such as micropropagation, in vitro androgenesis, in vitro grafting, somatic hybridisation, marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering to combat biotic and abiotic stresses such as Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation for resistance against insects and diseases have been successfully utilised in eggplant improvement programmes. The review shall help eggplant breeders to plan improvement experiments utilising biotechnological techniques in combination with conventional breeding methods. All the tissue culture, molecular and genetic engineering accomplishments with respect to eggplant have been discussed.
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in tropical and warm temperate regions. It is grown on about 432 × 103 ha worldwide, yielding 5.7 million t in 1989, with China (2.28 million t), Turkey (0.70 million t), Japan (0.58 million t), and Egypt (0.45 million t) being the main producers (FAO 1989).
The F1 hybrid Solanum indicum x S. torvum could be maintained only under special conditions. Meiosis was highly irregular: about 45% of chromosomes remained as univalents and wherever pairing was observed, it appeared to be loose. A maximum number of three higher chromosome associations other than bivalents, including 'Y' and 'spoon' type associations, indicate extensive chromosome repatterning. Occasional occurrence of twelve bivalents per PMC suggests that, notwithstanding the extreme divergence, the species have retained sufficient ancestral chromosome homoeologies. Chromosome distribution at anaphase-I was highly irregular and precocious division of chromosomes was observed frequently. This hybrid was 100% sterile and the dropping off of immature flower buds was observed.
Efforts to generate amphidiploid hybrids between eggplant (Solanum melongena L. and Solanum integrifolium Poir. were made in order to obtain easily propagated and disease-resistant rootstocks for eggplant and tomato production. In vitro treatment of shoot tip explants of sterile interspecific hybrids, between S. melongena and S. integrifolium, with 0.05% colchicine induced a high percentage of amphidiploids. The amphidiploids had larger anthers containing approximately 70% viable and larger pollen than those of the interspecific hybrids. The amphidiploid plants produced a profuse number of viable seeded fruits, while the interspecific hybrids produced no fruit or a poor number of parthenocarpic fruits. The seeds of the amphidiploids were bigger than those of the interspecific hybrids. Chromosome number from pollen mother cell and root tips, nucleus volume of the histogenic layers and stomata size assisted in identifying true amphidiploids and chromosomal chimeric types. Seed-grown amphidiploid seedlings were found resistant to two of the most virulent strains of bacteria.
S. integrifolium (2n = 24) can easily be crossed as the pistillate parent with S. melongena (2n = 24) and S. melongena var. insanum (2n = 24). However, crosses in the other direction do not succeed. Both hybrids are vigorous. Chromosome association at diakinesis and metaphase I was studied. Chromosome associations higher than bivalents were observed in the hybrids indicating structural repatterning of chromosomes. The modal chromosome association in hybrids was twelve bivalents per PMC. This is suggestive of the retention of ancestral chromosome homeologies by the taxa concerned. Despite regular meiosis both hybrids were highly pollen-sterile (about 95%), which was attributed to segregational events of the recombined chromosomes.
Chromosome pairing was studied in reciprocal hybrids ofS. integrifolium andS. indicum and theF
1
S. integrifolium × S. surattense. Pairing was generally close and meiosis regular with higher chromosome associations. All hybrids were highly sterile. Such
sterility could be due to the formation of unbalanced gametes following pairing and exchange between partially homeologous
chromosomes.S. integrifolium, S. indicum, S. surattense along withS. melongena and its wild forms form a closely related group of taxa.
Pollen tube growth behavior and success of interspecific crosses between eggplant and wild relatives were studied. Solanum gilo, S. insanum and S. integrifolium were found compatible to eggplant. S. indicum, as the male and female parent, produced mostly unfilled seeds with eggplant ‘Senryo 2 gou’. This species as seed parent produced about 50% filled seeds when it was pollinated by eggplant ‘Uttara’. Only pollination by ‘Senryo 2 gou’ produced a few viable seeds on S. surattense and S. xanthocarpum. Pollen tubes of S. mammosum grew normally in the pistils of ′Senryo 2 gou′ resulting 100% parthenocarpic fruit development. The ‘Uttara’ produced no parthenocarpic fruit, while the former cultivar produced parthenocarpic fruit with 8 different species. Failure or poor germination of pollen, retarded growth of pollen tubes, termination of pollen tube growth before reaching the ovary, weak fluorescence of the pollen tubes, irregular deposition and size of callose plugs, swollen and/or branched pollen tube apex alone or in combination were observed in most of the incompatible crosses.
Seventy-three accessions of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and seven related Solanum species; Solanum incanum, Solanum indicum, Solanum sanitwongsei, Solanum surattense, Solanum gilo, Solanum integrifolium and Solanum torvum were examined for allozyme variation in order to elucidate phylogenetic relationships of these species. Cluster analysis using 11 enzyme loci classified the species into five groups; (i) S. melongena and S. incanum; (ii) S. gilo and S. integrifolium; (iii) S. indicum and S. sanitwongsei (iv) S. surattense; (v) S. torvum.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), an economically important vegetable crop in many countries in Asia and Africa, often has insufficient levels of resistance
to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic resources of eggplant have been assessed for resistance against its most serious diseases
and pests (bacterial and fungal wilts, nematodes and shoot and fruit borer). Attempts at crossing eggplant with its wild relatives
resulted in limited success due to sexual incompatibilities. However, the ability of eggplant to respond well in tissue culture,
notably plant regeneration, has allowed the application of biotechnology, particularly the exploitation of somaclonal variation,
haploidisation, somatic hybridisation and genetic transformation for gene transfer. Somaclonal variation has been used to
obtain lines with increased resistance to salt and little leaf disease. Traits of resistance against bacterial and fungal
wilts have successfully been introduced into the cultivated eggplant through somatic hybridisation. However, most somatic
hybrids were sterile when the parental lines were distantly related. In contrast, the use of close relatives as fusion partners
or highly asymmetric fusion resulted in the production of fertile hybrids with resistance traits and a morphology close to
the cultivated eggplant, thus avoiding the series of backcrosses necessary for introgression of desired traits into eggplant.
As far as molecular markers and genetic engineering are concerned, the information available for eggplant is very scanty.
Two genetic linkage maps have been established by using RAPD and RFLP markers. In order to analyse the genetic relationships
between eggplant and its relatives, some studies based on AFLP and ctDNA analyses have also been conducted. So far only resistance
against insects, and parthenocarpic fruit development have successfully been developed in eggplant using Agrobacterium tumefasciens transformation. However, some work on genetic engineering of eggplant for other biotic and abiotic stresses has recently
been initiated.
Isozyme and cytogenetic analyses were performed on selfed progenies of a synthetic amphidiploid between scarlet eggplant,
Solanum integrifolium (= S. aethiopicum),and eggplant, Solanum melongena `DMP', for estimating genetic uniformity. Isozymes in the 379 examined seedlings segregated into five genotypes (phenotypes)
each at the four loci examined, Pgd-2 of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.43), Idh-2 of isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.41), Pgm-2 of phosphoglucomutase (E.C.2.7.5.1)and Skdh-1 of shikimate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.25), indicating that the selfed seedlings were not genetically uniform. Most of the
examined 15 selfed seedlings exhibited a somatic chromosome number of 48, that is the same number of the synthetic amphidiploid,
whereas isozyme genotypes among them were variable. It is suggested that the segregation of isozymes was not caused by variation
of chromosome number but by genetic segregation of isozyme genes. The genome of the synthetic amphidiploid was indicated to
be unstable.
This paper presents a morphological and cytogenetic account of Solanum incanum, S. melongena variety Giant of Banaras and their F1 hybrid. A close inter-relationship between the two species is recognized and hybrid vigour for height of plant and number of branches, flowers and fruits as well as for resistance against drought and fruit and shoot borers is demonstrated.
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