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Abstract
Pehr Osbeck (1723-1805) studied botany, theology and medicine at the University of Uppsala (1745-50). He was a pupil of Linnaeus and was with his help appointed chaplain on a ship bound for China (1750-52), where he was expected to collect natural history specimens. He brought home extensive collections and published a famous travel diary. In 1760 he became a vicar in the southernmost part of the province of Halland, and remained there to his death. During his long residence in Halland he made considerable notations and collected a great many different organisms, mostly vascular plants and insects. He left behind several manuscripts which contain information on about 2,665 species from the province of Halland. With the recent publication of his Djurriket (Animal-Kingdom) and the forthcoming Växtriket (Plant-Kingdom). Pehr Osbeck's achievements as a naturalist, discoverer and scientist will hopefully be more widely known and appreciated.
... Osbeck´s beech forests This nature reserve (273 ha) is situated on the northern slopes of Hallandsåsen and contains 155 ha of strictly protected beech forests, partly on calcareous soils and intersected by small streams. It is the most species rich beech forest for fungi and land molluscs in the county of Halland The area is also reputed from one of the few detailed descriptions of the species biodiversity at the end of the 18 th century, made by Pehr Osbeck, one of the pupils of Carl von Linné (FRITZ 2000, LARSSON 2001). ...
... The decrease in the area of beech habitat has affected many species associated with beech trees. Pehr Osbeck, a pupil of Carl Linnaeus, recorded extensive lists of species of various organism groups in beech forests during the 18th century in southern Halland (OSBECK 1996, FRITZ 2000. Some of those species have not been rediscovered in the present landscape. ...
Twenty-two experts in forest ecology and conservation management from fourteen different European
countries attended the Workshop at the Isle of Vilm. Their expectations at the beginning of the workshop
can be summarised as follows:
- enhancing the insights in beech forest protection and biodiversity
- learning more about beech forest management and conserving values
- learning more about how to link a proper management and strict conservation of beech forests
- identification of the current situation of beech forests in Europe
- finding an alliance to give (natural) beech forests the role, that they preserve
This volume presents an overview of the bio-geographical distribution of beech forests in Europe,
their biodiversity attributes and current researches on the ecology, vegetation and conservation of
European beech forests.
Of the various findings, the lack of an appropriate, consistent protection status on European scale has
always been stressed by numerous authors. Moreover, the importance of a beech forest network, focusing
on conservation not on technical (management) aspects, was prioritised.
... The decrease in the area of beech habitat has affected many species associated with beech trees. Pehr Osbeck, a pupil of Carl Linnaeus, recorded extensive lists of species of various organisms during the 18 th century in southern Halland (Osbeck 1996, Fritz 2000. The species most sensitive to habitat (Malmström 1939;Forestry Board, survey 1995). ...
Environmental factors related to the occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens were examined in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in the Province of Halland, Sweden. Patterns in species composition and species number at different temporal and spatial scales were analyzed with emphasis on species of conservation concern (i.e. red-listed and indicator species).
(I) At stand level, the availability of substrate, a high stand age and forest continuity were the most important factors explaining high species number of epiphytes of conservation concern. The difference in species number between stands with and without forest continuity was probably related to the presence of old trees and the time available for species colonization. (II) Within stands, plots containing old trees, at the base of slopes and with low recent forestry impact had the highest species number. At tree level, age, size and moss cover were primary factors in explaining both species number and species composition of all species. Red-listed lichens were associated with damaged beech trees older than 180 years, whereas the few red-listed bryophytes were also recorded on younger stems in dense stands. (III) The vertical distribution of epiphytes, recorded on newly fallen beech stems, could also be related to tree age. Some red-listed lichens were recorded only from above 2 m in height on trees older than 250 years. The presence of any species of conservation concern at 2-5 m height on standing living beech trees correlated positively to moss cover and bark structure, which in turn was dependent on tree age.
(IV) The effect of bark and tree characteristics on species occurrence was studied. It was found that the combination of high bark pH, high tree age and damaged stem best explained the number of species of conservation concern. The link between old beech trees and high bark pH was partly explained by a positive effect of tree age on stemflow pH. (V) At microhabitat level, the type of stem damage rot hole was found to positively influence bark pH and the occurrence of species of conservation concern. Old and slow-growing trees with rot holes are, however, often removed from managed beech forests. A spatial separation between managed and retention areas is therefore recommended in shelterwood forestry.
... The decrease in the area of beech habitat has affected many species associated with beech trees. Pehr Osbeck, a pupil of Carl Linnaeus, recorded lichens such as Lobaria amplissima and L. virens in southern Halland around 1800 (Fritz 2000), and in 1756 L. pulmonaria was recorded in great numbers in the beech forests of that area (Tidström 1891). The former two lichens are no longer to be found in southern Halland and the latter is rare. ...
... The earliest records concerning mast years date from the 17 th and 18 th centuries and relate to the province Halland. A pupil of Carl Linné, Pehr Osbeck (1723 -1805) (Fritz, 2000), declared that he had information " from reliable sources " about mast years (Osbeck, 1996). He also claimed that mast years did not always occur on the north side of the Hallandsås ridge, situated at the provincial border between Scania and Halland, at the same time as on the southern side. ...
When mature beech forests are harvested, the new regeneration is established by
natural regeneration, which is by using the seeds from the old stand to create the
new generation. Most often the seed from a single mast year is used preceded by site
preparation. After seed-fall, a heavy thinning in the old stand is performed, leaving a
protective shelter. Sometimes an alternative, less intense regeneration method is
used, which involves the use of seed from several mast years and no site preparation.
These methods usually result in adequate regenerations but sometimes failures occur
in old stands with a low site index, a thick humus layer, and acid soils.
The occurrence of mast years and the size of the seed production in them are
important factors when working with natural regeneration. The mean interval
between mast years has been about five years since the end of the 17th century, but
during the last 30 years this has decreased to 2.5 years. Seed production increased
with increasing site index and mast years were usually preceded by a warm and dry
July in the previous year.
An alternative, more extensive regeneration method is currently sometimes used
in southern Sweden. The method has both economic and ecological advantages.
Seed from several mast years are used and instead of site preparation, several
judicious cuttings are made in the old stand in order to regulate the conditions of
the forest floor in a way that promotes the establishment and growth of the new
seedlings. The regeneration dynamics have been studied and documented and the
method has resulted in good regenerations, independent of site index.
However, regeneration failures sometimes occur at old sites with low fertility and
a low pH. In Europe, liming is an option to overcome these difficulties. To study
the effect of liming, 12 sites in southern Sweden were limed in 1991 and 1993, and
in 2007 three of these were regenerated using the traditional method, and three
were regenerated with the alternative method. Neither the sizes of the seed-falls nor
the height growth of new seedlings were influenced by liming. When the
traditional method was used, liming improved the regeneration result in a stand of
low site index, while the opposite effect was found in a stand of high site index.
Seedling survival, the size of earthworm populations, and the concentrations of a
potential defensive compound in seedling leaves, chlorogenic acid, all increased after
liming.
In the alternative regeneration method, the numbers of germinates developing in
years following mast years was negatively affected by liming in the first six years
after liming. Thereafter the effect was positive. Liming shortens the regeneration
period and increases the number of seedlings.
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