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... This research aims to understand if there is a relationship between effective events and the love of the city brand, and if this translates into happier citizens and tourists. Sporting events can generate great results for the host city, region, and country, with tourism being one of the most targeted businesses (Getz, 1998). Getz (1998), in addressing the main trends in the event sector and their implications for research, warned about the importance of the strategic development of events, concerning tourism and economic development, urban regeneration, social and cultural objectives, private sector marketing. ...
... Sporting events can generate great results for the host city, region, and country, with tourism being one of the most targeted businesses (Getz, 1998). Getz (1998), in addressing the main trends in the event sector and their implications for research, warned about the importance of the strategic development of events, concerning tourism and economic development, urban regeneration, social and cultural objectives, private sector marketing. ...
... Its objective is First time versus repeat triathlon participants 1013 to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment". Getz (1998) adds that there are different variables against which a market can be segmented including demographical, geographical, psychographic, socio-economic and behavioural features. Likewise, athletes' status as first time or repeat participants can be considered as a market segmentation variable for sport participant studies (Formica & Uysal, 1995;Lau & McKercher, 2004). ...
... Saayman and Kruger (2012) indicate that it is benficial to use the frequency of participation as a market segmentation variable. The other benefits include firstly, that it is clear for repeat participants to be content with a sport event and form the backbone of the event (Getz, 1998;Li et al., 2008;Bouchet, Bodet, Bernache-Assolland & Kada, 2010). A second benefit is the cost-effectiveness of attracting an established market (Oppermann, 2000). ...
... Sydney'deki işçiliğin, çalışanların sağlıklarını güvence altına almak ve onlar için harcanması planlanan 109 milyon AUS$ yerine bu maliyetler düşerek 21 milyon AUS$ olmuştur. Gönüllülerin organizasyonlara olan öneminin artması ile birlikte şehirlerin, bölgelerin ve ülkelerin ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınma stratejilerindeki önemli katkısı olmuştur (Mules ve Faulkner, 1996;Getz, 1998;Jago ve ark, 2003). Böylece bu tür etkinliklerde gönüllülük, organizasyonların gerçekleşmesi öncesinde ve süresince bu işin önemli bir parçası olarak kabul edilmiştir. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı daha önce olimpiyatlara ev sahipliği yapmış şehirlerin ve ülkelerin olimpiyat adaylığı sürecinden başlayarak, olimpiyatları organize etme süreci ve bu süreçte ne gibi programlar gerçekleştirdiklerinin, uzun dönemli olarak nasıl bir olimpik eğitim programı izlediklerinin incelenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın desenini betimsel tarama modeli oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada; 2000 Sydney, 2012 Londra ve 2016 Rio olimpiyatlarının olimpiyat süreçlerinde geliştirdikleri olimpik değerler eğitim programları, gönüllülük kavramı ve olimpiyatların etkilerine değinilmiştir. Elde edinilen araştırma sonuçlarında, incelenen şehir ve ülkelerin uzun dönemli olimpik eğitim programlarında kalıcılığa ve sürekliliğe önem verildiği, bunu toplumun her basamağına yayarak ortak bir kültürel miras oluşturma, bu eğitim programlarının oluşturulmasında çeşitli programlar, projeler ve materyaller üreterek bunları ulusal eğitim programlarına dahil edip, olimpik eğitim bilincini her yaş grubu tarafından benimsenmesini ve öğrenilmesini sağlamışlardır. Bununla birlikte ulusal olimpiyat komitelerinin organizasyonları düzenlemedeki her paydaşları ile ortak bir çalışma içerisinde olarak olimpiyat oyunları gerçekleştirmenin en önemli yapı taşlarından olan gönüllülük esasına önem vererek bu ulusal ve uluslararası gönüllülerin organizasyonlarda yer almalarını sağladıkları belirlenmiştir
... Sports Tourism: Sport tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing segments of the travel and tourism industry (Standeven & De Knop, 1999) and one that is receiving increased attention for its social, environmental, and economic development and opportunities. It is widely understood that major sporting events contribute significantly to the economic development and tourist traffic in a city or region (Higham, 1999;Turco, et al 2003) and are a vital component of the marketing mix for tourist destinations (Getz, 1998;Gibson, 1998a). According to Ritchie and Adair (2002), "sport and tourism are now among the 'developed' world's most sought-after leisure experience". ...
Travel and tourism are emergent new service sectors that are likely to shape and drive economic growth and social change. Tourism is one of the major forces for economic, social, and cultural change in any region, and India is no exception. Tourism as a complex multidimensional phenomenon has attracted increasing scholarly attention during the past three decades from a broad range of disciplines: anthropology, sociology, economics, political science, history, development studies, and business/management. It has also commanded the attention of policymakers, planners, and development practitioners in India. However, what has been lacking for many years is a study that reviews and analyzes the intent and opportunities linkage focused on emergent and new forms of tourism as upcoming entrepreneurial opportunities. Focusing on India, this chapter aims to do that, with an in-depth examination of new forms of tourism followed by entrepreneurial aspects in tourism. Though the discussion pertains to India, the lessons drawn could be applicable to all involved in tourism.
... According to [48] there are four contemporary factors that justify the development of sports tourism: the demographic expansion in the profile of participants in sports activities [48] the increase, since the 1970s, of the Western societies' interest in health and well-being [48,49], and the increase in recreational demand during the tourists' stay [49,50]. Finally, the growing interest in the great influence that sports and sporting events have on the image and urban renewal and is related to the potential that comes from sporting events: the exploitation of tourism opportunities [49,51]. Regarding the concept of sports tourist, according to [52,53] this type of tourist can be divided into two categories: active and passive. ...
Events influence the destinations that host them. It was therefore considered interesting to analyze the influence of the Portuguese Rally sports’ event at Porto. This research aims at evaluating the role of the Rally of Portugal in Porto as a tourism destination. It aims to identify the stakeholders’ opinion regarding the impact of the Rally of Portugal on tourism demand in the city of Porto, to evaluate the impact of the Rally of Portugal in Porto as a destination, to identify the conditioning components of the realization of the Rally of Portugal, and to perceive strategies to be applied in future editions, in less secure contexts. A qualitative methodology was used for data collection, through the convenience sampling method, according to the availability of the participants. Individual semi-structured online interviews using the Zoom platform were applied to event organizers, a former pilot, and a pilot of the event. It was verified that the Porto Street Stage, stage of the Rally of Portugal that takes place in the city of Porto, presents many positive impacts for the destination, which in the perspective of the organization include the international projection of the city of Porto (through the presence of the specialized international press), with passage of the circuit by the main urban tourism resources, increase of income, complementary social programs to the event, and pride of the resident community, regarding the reception of the event. From this perspective, the fact that the event was not held in 2020 due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus was significantly reflected in the absence of revenue at the destination, with a negative impact in organizational terms, given the advanced state of this process when the event was canceled, in particular the stages of route definition, budgeting, and communication/dissemination, with the involvement of specialized teams.
... Event tourism (culture, sporting and business-related events) has become a rapidly expanding segment of the leisure travel market in the last decades (Alexandris & Kaplanidou, 2014;Getz & Page, 2016;Maditi-nos et al., 2021;Shifflet & Bhatia, 1999). The connection between sport and tourism is not new, and scholars have considered the rise of sporting events as one of the most significant components of event tourism and one of the most extensive elements of sporting tourism (Getz, 1998;Gibson, 1998). The growing use of sporting events is an attempt to expand economic development opportunities and achieve tourism growth (Zhang & Park, 2015). ...
... Spor turizminin modern gelişimi, aşağıda yer alan çağdaş eğilimlerin sonucudur; a) Spordaki katılımcıların genişleyen demografik profili (Glyptis, 1989), b) 1970'lerden beri batı toplumlarında sağlık ve zindeliğe artan ilgi (Collins, 1991), c) 1980'lerden beri tatildeyken rekreasyonel uğraşlara aktif katılım için artan talep (Priestley, 1995), d) Spor ve spor etkinliklerinin kentsel yenileme ve kentsel imgelemede oynadığı önemli rollere ve spor etkinlikleriyle ilişkili turizm fırsatlarından yararlanma potansiyeline artan ilgi (Getz, 1998). ...
... A more specific scientific niche considers the phenomenon of event tourism, which attempts to interpret definitions, managerial aspects, and implications (Getz 2013). Some authors (Getz 1998;Hall 2001;Higham and Hinch 2003) have also defined the meaning of SEs with a view to giving a clearer and more complete description, distinguishing between recurring and one-off events etc. Gratton et al. (2000) as well as Barget and Gouguet (2007) identify different types of sports events, differentiating them on the basis of certain characteristics. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us to live in social isolation and has brought an important element of social life, the events industry, to a complete standstill. In resurrecting the events industry, the most urgent focus is on managing the risk of any crowd-control measures with a view to reducing to zero the danger of the virus spreading. This research focuses on the main issue of the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the organization of sports events (SEs), and in particular, cycling competitions. This study, therefore, aims to provide deeper insights into (a) the measures introduced to face the health emergency situation in cycling events, (b) the comparison of these measures with previous experiences in similar SE contexts, and (c) the possible evolution of organizational models for cycling events in the post-pandemic era. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with cycling athletes, managers, and officials constitute the methodological basis for this study. The results show that countermeasures have been taken that are effective in dealing with pandemic characteristics and are likely to be applied in the future, while others will be phased out or used again only when necessary. This study enhances scientific knowledge by analyzing a renewed approach to risk management for SEs, with a specific focus on pandemics and medical risks. Finally, the study shows that cycling events need to adapt the specifics of such a new approach to the standards projected on future scenarios for which the COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way.
... It is developed through [5]. In addition, holding leisure and sports events is an important concern among countries in terms of tourism activation, and sports events are contributing to creating synergies not only in the region's tourism, but also across society such as politics, economy, and culture [6]. ...
... Politicians in particular are keen to organise megaevents because they know that a successful event will raise not only their country's reputation, but also their own national and international profile . Other reasons include helping with nation branding and boosting tourism, attracting foreign investment, initiating national development strategies (building stadiums and updating facilities), and, last but not least, providing a feel-good factor among the host population (Chalip, 2006;Getz, 1998;Grix et al., 2015;Kim & Morrison, 2005). Therefore, as part of these efforts, the organisation of a sport mega-event involves numerous actors within the organising nation (political, commercial, sporting, and media), all attempting to contribute to making the event a national success and enhancing the host country's reputation by positioning it on the international stage. ...
... Over the past few decades, event tourism (culture, sporting and business-related events) has become a rapidly expanding segment of the leisure travel market [1][2][3]. The connection between sport and tourism is not new, and scholars have considered the rise of sporting events as one of the most significant components of event tourism and one of the most extensive elements of sporting tourism [4,5]. The growing use of sporting events is an attempt to expand economic development opportunities and achieve tourism growth [6]. ...
Sport-tourism events create a broad spectrum of impacts on and for host communities. However, sustainable sport-tourism events, which emphasize positive impacts, and minimize negative impacts, do not arise by chance—they need careful planning and implementation. This paper aims to review and systematize a wide spectrum of social impacts that outdoor sport-tourism events create from the perspective of key stakeholders and addresses strategic planning elements necessary for achieving event sustainability. To reach its objectives, the authors examined the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, searching for relevant scientific papers focusing primarily on the impacts and legacy of sport events, strategic planning elements, and attributes necessary for achieving sustainability through a systematic quantitative review and content analysis. The results indicate that the relevant literature mostly focuses on economic impacts, followed by social and environmental impacts. Most studies focus on Europe and Asia, with the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cups being the most popular type of event studied. To systemize event and destination strategic elements and attributes for achieving sustainability, this study considers eight categories: social, cultural, organizational, logistic, communication, economic, tourism, and environmental. This paper identifies the main research gaps, proposes a new holistic sport-tourism events research agenda and provides recommendations so that organizers can avoid planning, organizing, financing mistakes and better leverage future sporting events.
... Differences between dimensions of legacies were not surprising. The fact that the residents rated the tourism legacy as the most likely to stay after the Games confirmed propositions and results of previous studies (Chalip, 2002;Getz, 1998;Hall, 1994;Solberg & Preuss, 2007). A reduction in perceptions for tourism legacies is also consistent with the literature. ...
The purpose of this research was to describe temporal variations in Rio residents’ support for the 2016 Olympic Games and in the relationship between perceptions of legacies and support for the event. Drawing on social exchange theory, perceptions (expectations and evaluations) of tangible, intangible, and environmental legacies should affect support intentions. A longitudinal trend study was designed. Four multistage stratified random samples of Rio residents were surveyed in 2012 ( n = 900), 2014 ( n = 900), 2016 ( n = 723), and 2018 ( n = 550). Results showed that perceptions of legacies and support for Rio 2016 Olympic Games decreased progressively from 2012 to 2018. In the early stages of preparation (2012 and 2014), expectations of intangible and environmental legacies were predictors of support. In the year of the event and 2 years after the event, perceptions of tangible legacies were predictors of support. Longitudinal findings show that, to gain support, organizers promise unattainable legacies, which then lead to dwindling support, as they fail to deliver them. Findings suggest that organizers’ plans and actions of sport mega-events must change.
... Many researchers have found positive relationships between the Olympic Games and tourism (e.g. Bramwell, 1997;Burton, 2003;Chalip, Green, & Hill, 2003;Chalip & McGuirty, 2004;Getz, 1991Getz, , 1998; de Groote, 2005;Florek & Insch, 2011;Jago, Chalip, Brown, Mules, & Ali, 2003;Jones, 2001). Host countries of the mega event have experienced tourism benefits well beyond the event such as improved destination awareness, enhanced country image or destination image, and increased visitation (Arnegger & Herz, 2016;Chalip, 2003;Getz, 1989;Lai, 2018;Weed, 2008). ...
This study tracked the change in South Korea's image due to hosting a mega event. Americans' perceptions of South Korea were measured before, during, and at four points in time after the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. The findings revealed no significant changes in country image, destination image, or Olympics image over time. This may indicate no influence of the Olympic Games, against the common expectation, or a missed opportunity of taking advantage of this mega event properly, using all possible media channels. Destination marketing organizations need to consider both of these indications in their decisions to bid for mega events.
... The examination of the organizational responses associated with the staging of mega-events such as the Olympics is complicated by the multiple agendas associated with such events, the diversity of stakeholders driving these agendas, and the inevitable maze of tradeoffs in the decision-making and planning processes. Thus, for example, apart from the more obvious sporting and tourism benefits that motivate public sector underwriting of the event, there are other considerations such as: enhancing national prestige; generation of new industry activity; rejuvenation, renewal, and revitalization of depressed urban areas; development of new infrastructure; employment generation associated with event organization and other flow-on effects; additional recreational opportunities for residents (both during the event and afterwards through the use of facilities); improved community pride and morale; promotion of interest in sport and more healthy lifestyle (Getz, 1997(Getz, , 1998Hall, 1992a;Hall & Hodges, 1996;Ritchie, 1984). Some commentators have argued that the sport-tourism linkage can provide the momentum required for the economic regeneration of many cities (Gratton & Kokolakakis, 1997). ...
... Much of the sport tourism research has focused primarily on the economic impacts of the event (Getz, 1998). There are, however, gaps in the sport tourism literature focusing on event tourists' experiences. ...
The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ tournament provided an opportunity for South Africa to showcase its unique beauty and attractiveness as an international tourist destination. However, the trepidation over crime emerged as a key concern in relation to South Africa’s ability to host a successful 2010 FIFA World Cup™. This study investigates 398 foreign tourists’ perceptions of South Africa during the soccer tournament, especially regarding crime and safety concerns. A questionnaire was distributed among tourists in Cape Town and Johannesburg; two of the major host cities and semi-final and final venues respectively. Findings reveal that most respondents had positive perceptions of South Africa as a holiday destination. Two-thirds of those interviewed agreed that South Africa was a safe place to visit. Over half of respondents were not concerned about their safety while in South Africa. Several individual factors were found to affect their crime-risk perceptions of which the most significant was nationality. Most notably, soccer tourists from the Middle East felt the safest, whereas those from South America and Western Europe felt the least safe. Crime-safety issues did not appear to affect respondents’ future travel intentions, as the majority of study respondents said crime-safety concerns would not deter them from returning to South Africa. The findings of the study are useful to practitioners and contribute to the development of staging major sporting events in Africa, specifically, and globally more generally, in the future.
... This event can become economic opportunities for big, medium, and/or small local business owner (Higham, 1999;Turco, et al., 2003). Sport events may impact local tourism marketing process as a medium in presenting their potential (Getz, 1998;Gibson, 1998a). The host markets and creates different imagery of their attractions through sport tourism (Kaplanidou, 2006). ...
Sport tourism is a tourism which possesses potential in both demand and supply sides. Directly and indirectly, the potential can be expanded to share benefit with the local area. The direct benefit of sport tourism can be obtained from retribution, while the indirect benefit can be obtained from multiplier effects such as quality improvement of the attractions. The selection of sport, together with tourism, affects the affected object. The affected object of football is the quality of the stadium. West Sumatera Province chooses cycling sport entitled Tour de Singkarak (TdS) as its tourism event mainstay. The affected object of TdS spans over the route used.This research is a case study with assumption that the organization of TdS in West Sumatera can be used to see the success of sport tourism in improving the quality of tourist attractions. The technique of this research is observation, in-depth interview, documentation and secondary data collection. Research location is focused on 4 districts in West Sumatera, they are Padang, Pariaman, Padang Pariaman, and Bukittinggi. This research is expected to explain TdS contributes in improving tourism infrastructure quality in West Sumatera. Tour de Singkarak (TdS) to be beneficial for sport tourism development, local area, and the people themselves in the long term.
... Research has been conducted on marketing approaches for nonprofit organizations (Burton, 1999;Buurma, 2001) and territorial brand strategies (Peirce & Brent, 2007). More specific works address the place of sport in those plans (Brown, Chalip, Jago, & Mules, 2004;Getz, 1998). Xing and Chalip (2006) examined the effects on destination brand of hosting a sporting event in Australia, and Dolles and Söderman (2008) analyzed the way a brand strategy can be developed through sporting events to increase a country's attractiveness (see also Chalip, 2001;Chalip, Green, & Hill, 2003). ...
Sport is a relevant vehicle for worldwide companies to promote products and services (Amis, Slack, & Berrett, 1999). This approach corresponds to a major theoretical field related to sport sponsorship (Stotlar, 2004b). Nonprofit organizations are also concerned with this kind of communication strategy. These organizations expect a return on investment in terms of image, awareness, or territorial economic impact. This article contributes to the public sport-marketing and -sponsorship model. The 10-year study of the French Seine-Saint-Denis department case underscores the fundamentals of this model. This study is a qualitative research study with data analyzed through the use of ATLAS.ti 6.
... Special events are one of the fastest growing sectors of tourism (Getz, 2008). Special events attract visitors to event-hosting cities and further induce more people to visit even after the event has passed (Backman, Backman, Uysal, & Mohr Sunshine, 1995;Getz, 1998Getz, , 2008. These events create a positive and distinctive image of the hosting city where a special event is held (Beeton, 2001). ...
This study examines the effects of event advertising on peoples' attitudes and visit intentions toward event-hosting cities. One hundred and ninety-two samples were collected for this study. A 2 × 2 factorial multivariate-analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to test the first and second set of hypotheses, whereas a separate univariate-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was run to test the last hypothesis. Event advertising was found to have a positive effect on people's attitude toward the hosting cities. Also, people's different levels of city recognition (well-know vs. unknown) significantly influence their attitudes toward the city. However, the effects of event advertising on peoples' attitude toward the city are greater if the city is relatively unknown. In this sense, an unknown city could benefit more than a well-known city by improving the image of the city using event advertising as a promotional tool. Lastly, image congruence affects peoples' attitude toward the event-hosting city.
... People may visit a destination mainly for participating in different activities (e.g., sports, running, events/festivals, shopping, or entertainment) and/or additionally for experiencing various attractions (e.g., nature, arts, theme parks, or museums). Getz (1998) defines sport tourism as "the development and marketing of sport-events to obtain economic and community benefits" (p. 8). ...
The current study analyzes responses from 1,393 runners who participated in a marathon event to assess how both their perceptions of the sport event and destination competitiveness are linked with satisfaction and intended future behavior. Analysis found that the perception of the sport event and two of the destination competitiveness factors (parking/traffic and hospitality) appeared to be significantly linked with satisfaction. Satisfaction in turn appeared to be strongly linked with intended future behavior. Based on the findings, several implications for sports event organizers and destination marketers are discussed.
... Weed and Bull (2009) describe five types of sport tourism: supplementary sport tourism, sport participation tourism, sport training tourism, event sport tourism, and luxury sport tourism. In this study, the spring training camp of a professional baseball team can be categorized as "event sport tourism" because in its most prominent guise, this tourism involves traveling to experience sporting events where the body of spectators usually outweighs a small number of typically elite competitors (Getz, 1998). Event sport tourism is defined as "travel for the purpose of participating in or viewing a sport-event" (Getz, 1998, p. 8). ...
This study aimed to examine the theoretical relationships between service quality, past experience, destination image, and behavioral intentions in the spring training camp of a professional baseball team in Japan. The results indicate that the service quality of spring training camps was divided into five factors: (1) place, (2) enjoyment, (3) information, (4) fan interaction, and (5) operating time. The findings suggest that service quality and past experience had positive effects on both destination image and behavioral intentions. Behavioral intentions were also highly influenced by destination image. Future research and managerial implications are also discussed.
... City marketers now use events to shape the image of their city, stimulate urban development, and stimulate their economy (van den Berg, Braun, & Otgaar, 2000). Tourism marketers use events to position their destination, reach specific target markets, and fill off-season capacity (Getz, 1998). Governments use events to build community spirit, and to provide jobs and/or training opportunities (McDonnell, Allen, & O'Toole, 1999). ...
play a central role in the production of sport. From weekly unity swimming carnivals to broadcasts of the Olympic Games, sporting events touch the lives of people the world over. Event management, then, affects the ways in which people experience sport, either as a participant or as a spectator. While the most visible role of event managers is the production of the competition itself, the purpose of most events goes well beyond the mere staging of a competition among teams or athletes. For many events, the competition, while necessary, is a means to meet any number of less obvious objectives. These objectives focus on one or more of the following: (1) revenue generation, (2) marketing communications, (3) community building, and/or (4) relationship building. Each of these objectives has implications for the design and management of an event. This chapter begins with a brief history of the development of sport events and a discussion of event types and characteristics. Principles of effective event management are identified, largely based on the application of general management principles in standard functional areas. Unique issues facing event managers are examined and implications for the design and implementation of events are noted. The chapter closes with a discussion of future directions for event management.
... The growing importance of volunteers to events has been paralleled by a substantial growth in the use of events in the economic and social development strategies of cities, regions and countries (Mules and Faulkner, 1996;Getz, 1998; Jago et a/., 2003}. Thus, just as events are becoming increasingly dependent on volunteers, community and national development are becoming increasingly reliant on events as a component of the strategic development mix. ...
This book, with 12 chapters divided into 4 parts, examines critical aspects of contemporary volunteerism, from the perspective of a variety of volunteering contexts. It will appeal to academic researchers and students in disciplines such as leisure, recreation, tourism, management and sociology as well as practitioners in the voluntary sector (including volunteers), national and local government and those organizing special events that depend on voluntary support.
... 199-220); Cuningham & Taylor (2001, str. 123-137); Getz (1998, str. 8-13), itd. ...
Marketing research, which provide the data and the information for the decision making process, are essential for organizers of sport events, especially to the organizers of the most significant ones. The mentioned marketing research involves: research of the local market, visitors satisfaction research, evaluation of sponsorship effectiveness, research of the sport events economic influence on the local community or host cities, event host attitudes examination-local population and so on. The marketing research process, for the sport event organizers of needs, involves several steps, such as: goal definition, choice of the research method, research instruments determination, interviewer education, information gathering, data processing, data report, conclusions.
... From the perspective of intensity of experience, the type of sport tourist who is focused on participation in sports events, either as an active participant or as a spectator, is equally uninteresting. Sport tourism, which encompasses sport event tourism, can be considered as a certain continuum, where the center of gravity is either on active sports holidays (Dreyer, 1995;Gammon & Kurtzman, 2002;Gammon & Robinson, 1997;Gibson, 1998Gibson, , 2002Standeven & de Knop, 1999) or on sport event tourism (Brösel, 2002;Deery, Jago, & Fredline, 2004;Getz, 1998). ...
One of the widest and most recent industry, the event industry is new to Romania, with only 30 years to erase communist mentality and practice, in relation to events taking place in urban area. There is clear evidence of the development of a post-communist events industry, particularly in urban Romania. This has generated commercial event tourism, as one of the fastest growing and most dynamic forms of post-communist tourism in Romania. This paper aims first to analyse how dynamic event tourism has become, in selected urban units of the country, in relation to the events industry as a whole. Second, this study will assess the extent to which Romania, given the significant growth of its events industry, has managed to develop a particular “eventscape”, and whether selected events operate as instruments to promote destination development. Third, this paper will discuss and analyse ways in which events and event tourism have contributed to shaping selected “festivalscapes” (Sighișoara and Cluj-Napoca) as post-communist tourist destinations. Further developing these themes, this paper will offer a potential explanation of the way in which festivals have contributed to defining event tourism destination urban identities in Romania, exploring the place they occupy within the Romanian post-communist “eventscape”.
The paper presents empirical evidence on the socioeconomic impact of two medium sized regional multisport events in Greece (Epidavros Action 2018 and POROSEA 2019). Findings suggest that such events not only can be a significant economic stimulus of which the local communities may benefit directly and indirectly in various ways. Compared to international (“mega”) events, where usually the overall effects are much bigger, they appear to be favorable, especially as the costs of organization and infrastructure as well as negative externalities (incl. crowding-out effects) are disproportionately smaller. Being appropriately integrated into the destination-marketing strategy and given the support and the involvement of the local community and the various stakeholders it can also significantly contribute to prosperity and sustainable development of a touristic destination.
However, socio-economic effects of sport events do not take place automatically.
Therefore, a profound understanding of the theoretical peculiarities of the field is crucial. The focus of this paper consequently lies on raising awareness of the tourism and events managements many special characteristics and on how to implement that knowledge in order to leverage the event-induced tourism development. Finally, the Logic Model provides a conceptual framework connecting impacts with outcomes, outputs, inputs, activities and resources is the logic model. Breaking down the conceptualization and evaluation process of an event into those categories can create a meaningful planning and communication model that helps to stay focused on the goals of an event and to tell the story of the performance to the stakeholder. It thereby contributes to make events more meaningful as an experience, as a task and as an intervention.
Keywords: Sport events; Socio-economic impacts; Tourism development; Sustainability; Logic Model
Event tourism examined as a concept of special interest tourism has contributed
significantly to tourism, travel, leisure and recreation and lodging industries
recently by becoming a strong tourism demand generating factor. In addition
this, event tourism is an important way to catch social, economic,
environmental goals and provide benefits for the societies and destinations.
Events are one of the important attractions of destination and provide tourists
with updated information about culture, society and history. Festivals and
public celebrations found in all societies are increasingly seen as unique tourist
attractions and destination image makers with a variety of other special events.
They play a big role in making contribution to the cultural exchange among the
people of the world and provide important contributions to the development of
the cities and making them a brand city. The aim of this research is to put the
importance on the event tourism with so many different festivals,
religious/cultural organizations, sport activities and scientific organizations to
make Izmir take its path in international path. In this context, so many people
will visit Izmir. This research also aims to make Izmir which is accepted as the
cradle of civilizations with a history of 8500 year a worldwide known city of art
and culture with Izmir International Art Festival after ages. As a result of the
research, it is understood that Izmir International Art Festival organized for the
last 26 years has a significant role in recognition of Izmir in international area.
The famous exclusive artists, groups and orchestras which were invited
attracted the attention of world to Izmir.
The impact of sporting events has been a deeply researched subject in the literature. At present, the promotion of these events can be considered as a local development strategy. In Argentina, sporting events tourism is an activity that attracts many people in relation to the great number and diversity of events that take place at international, national and regional levels. In recent years, running is a sport practice that has been growing quickly. In terms of tourism, Bahía Blanca, which is a city located in the southwest of the Province of Buenos Aires, is positioned as a “gateway” to tourist destinations nearby. The aim of this study is to analyze the tourism and economic impacts of running events in Bahía Blanca. The study uses a mixed research approach, based on qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The main results show that, although Bahía Blanca has a great variety of attributes for the development of running as a tourist activity, the broad calendar of existing competitions in the city does not seem to be very attractive, since the greater percentage of participants comes from nearby locations or lives in Bahía Blanca. Therefore, this work presents proposals to improve and diversify the running events offer in the city, as an important element to boost the tourist activity.
In recent years, scientific literature has shown special interest in the identification of the factors that influence tourism expenditure, especially in cultural destinations. However, very few studies of this type have been undertaken in World Heritage Cities. Taking the case of Úbeda and Baeza, declared World Heritage Sites in 2003, and using a multivariate double-hurdle model, it has been possible to identify the factors that influence tourism expenditure in this type of destination, taking into account three areas of spending: transport, food, and visits and leisure. The results obtained are highly significant for policymakers, destination managers and businesses since they can inform decision-making by these groups in order to increase tourism expenditure in this type of city.
This study investigates the economic impacts of the Calabar Carnival Festival in Nigeria. A convenience sample of 464 attendees was used for the study. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was employed in collecting relevant social and economic data from respondents. The result supported the claim that event tourism has positive economic impacts on the host community.
This exploratory research set out to identify the management factors involved in creating a memorable experience at a live action sport event and, based on these factors, identify different spectator segments. The research also set out to determine whether these segments differ in terms of socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics and in motives for attending. This research makes an important contribution to a greater understanding of action sports spectators, specifically spectators at live events with daring and thrilling stunts, and contributes to the literature on managing and marketing of entertaining sports events of this nature to the specific market segments who are attracted to these events. The research proposes an EEC-experience-based typology (Event aficionados, Entertainment seekers and Crowd pleasers) of live action sport spectators that could be applied to other live action sport events. This research concluded that there are different types of sport spectators and that their needs differ.
Portugal is a country with excellent natural conditions for the practice of a number of sporting activities. Until now, the research on recreational practitioners is scarce, mostly those issues related to health benefits and well-being of sports. Through a theoretical review of recreational sport tourism events based on Gammon and Robinson (Journal of Sport & Tourism 8:21–26, 2003), Gibson (Sport Management Review 1:95–102, 1998) and Getz (Sport Marketing Quarterly 7:8–13, 1998), this study intends to perceive the participants’ experience in Portugal by defining a framework model based on Weed and Bull’s (Sport tourism: Participants, policy and providers. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004) conceptualization, and being supported on the interaction among people, place and activity. The participants’ experience has been analysed within the sports activities developed in water, land and air as per the characterization made by Aspas (Los deportes de aventura: consideraciones jurídicas sobre el turismo activo. Editora Prames, Zaragoza, 2000). The methodology was developed in two stages. The first involving in-depth interviews to the responsible managers of sport events companies. This information was processed with the software MAXQDA12. The second stage was composed by a survey applied during some selected events organized by the previously interviewed managers. These results allow to identify the variables concerning the constructs to the theoretical model, thereby assessing whether these constructs have a positive effect on the resulting experience obtained from sport tourism events and recreational participation in sport tourism.
This study aims to identify the factors that influence European tourists in revisiting the same place of holidays for cultural reasons. After a theoretical discussion about revisit behaviour at cultural destinations and the factors that influence tourists’ preferences for revisiting cultural destinations, a binary regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors that influence the probability that European tourists will return to the same place of holidays for cultural reasons. Data was provided by FLASH EUROBAROMETER 2014, based on “Preferences of Europeans towards tourism”, a survey conducted by the European Union and designed to explore a range of aspects related to European attitudes regarding the decision to go on holiday in 2014 and 2015. The Eurobarometer database comprises 30,000 observations, from which a sample of 4460 observations was selected. Results should contribute to a better understanding of revisit behaviour of European tourists and at the same time, are expected to provide European National Tourism Organisations and practitioners a number of rich insights concerning identification to be able to develop more effective marketing strategies to enhance revisit behaviour of European cultural tourists.
Many volunteers in different festival organisations within the hospitality industry begin with great excitement, but slowly lose interest. This might be due to poor volunteer management practices that result in decreased motivation among volunteers, and with the consequences of them leaving the organisations all together. Therefore, this research aimed to study how volunteers’ perceived management impacted their motivation and in turn affected their intention to stay for longer periods within festival organisations. Expanding upon previous literature that investigated volunteer retention in different contexts as well as in only one festival organisation, a conceptual model was developed using existing theories focused on volunteer management practices, volunteer motivation, and volunteer retention. Using a self-administered online survey technique, 103 valid surveys from individuals currently volunteering in festival organisations were obtained. Although several limitations were present, the results still showed its suitability to volunteers in festival organisations. As such, based on the correlation and regression analyses conducted in this study, the results showed that training management practice has a strong influence on social and protective volunteer motivations; while the recognition management practice has the most influence on the volunteer motivations of social, value, understanding, and esteem. While the majority of these results contradicted previous studies, it still provided a better understanding of the volunteers’ perceptions in different festival organisations, and thus contributes to the body of knowledge for future studies in the same area. With this new knowledge, future scholars can consider the application of volunteer motivation comparisons among different festival organisations, similar studies in the management perspective, and the adaptation of the volunteer retention survey statements to episodic volunteers in the festival context. As a result, the implementation of these recommendations might enable a more effective human resource management strategy to ultimately increase volunteer retention within festival organisations.
In recent years, Shanghai has become one of Asia's major players in the bidding for, and hosting of, international sporting events. Uniquely positioned by history (e.g., China's liberalized urban node to the globalizing economy, an imbedded urban cosmopolitanism) and geopolitics (e.g., a shift toward free market domestic political economy, a growing pro-corporatist governing alliance), sporting Shanghai provides a critical site of analysis for contemporary sport-based global-localisms. In this study, we examine how local culture, global commercialism, and policy discourse intersect to "produce" the global sporting city. We conclude with a discussion of how sport in this context is manufactured not only as economic, social, and political catalyst, but also how sport policy itself represents a conjunctural city as "modernization" event.
In a competitive and globalised business environment, organisations are faced with the challenge of attracting talented employees, since these individuals are considered to be the source of a sustainable competitive advantage. The concept of Employer of Choice and employer branding has been related in the literature and even combined as ‘Employer of Choice Branding’. The concepts are briefly explored and it is illustrates that, although closely related, they are conceptually different. The conclusion is that organisations should start implementing the internal changes aimed at being awarded Employer of Choice status as a foundation before building and promoting and employer brand.
Research dealing with the motives of sports tourists from a marketer’s perspective remains underdeveloped. This chapter describes the phenomenon of sports tourism and aspires to examine with an empirical study the motives of winter and summer sports tourists. The first sample (n=339) was comprised of active as well as passive summer sports tourists. The second sample (n=477) only focused on active participants being winter sports tourists. Both samples were sharing a particular profile of consumers: The respondents were predominantly male, medium-aged, well-educated, and affluent. Cluster analysis based on the items of involvement and strengths of motivation revealed the clusters Casual and Committed. The Committed cluster showed a higher level of involvement, whereas sport motivation differed between the two clusters. Implications for marketing are presented.
Ein allgemeiner konzeptioneller Ansatz für ein strategisches Tourismusmanagement hat sich bisher in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur kaum abgezeichnet. Jedoch werden bei Sportgroßveranstaltungen Tourismusstrategien meist als zentrales Handlungsfeld angeführt. In der Praxis erweist sich die Austragung solcher sog. Mega-Events aber eher als Strategie an sich denn als Instrument einer übergeordneten Tourismusstrategie. Angesichts der schwachen Befunde von ex post-Studien zur ökonomischen Nachhaltigkeit von Sportgroßevents werden in der neueren angelsächsischen Literatur sog. „Event-Leveraging“-Konzepte zur langfristigen Stärkung der Tourismuswirkungen diskutiert. Es mangelt jedoch an einer konsistenten Ableitung strategischer Maßnahmen aus ex ante-lmpaktanalysen. Daher unterbreitet der Beitrag einen Ansatz auf der Basis eines Kosten-Nutzen-Modells in Verbindung mit Elementen des strategischen Managements. Am Fallbeispiel von Prognosedaten zur Fußball-WM 2006 werden die tourismusstrategischen Implikationen des Ansatzes empirisch dargestellt.
The purpose of the study was to test the most important factors to consider in the development of a sustainable and responsible hallmark sporting event. The Tour of Qinghai Lake International Road Cycling Race was used as a study case and recommendations were made relevant to that event. IPA and factor analysis were mainly used in the study. The results suggest that Legacy Planning and Aspects that last and Human Health and Education were in Quadrant I, keep up the good work; Policy and Principles, and Monitoring and Evaluation Processes were in Quadrant II, concentrate here; Reduced Consumption of Natural Resources was in Quadrant III, low priority; and there were no factors in Quadrant IV, possible overkill.
Resumo Grande interesse tem surgido recentemente em investigar o processo de candidatura e os benefícios em sediar eventos esportivos, especialmente os megaeventos esportivos, como os Jogos Olímpicos, a Copa do Mundo de Futebol e os Jogos Panamericanos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as ações propostas na candidatura do governo de Pernambuco tendo em vista a Copa 2014, além de determinar quais intervenções serão realizadas na infra-estrutura esportiva de Recife e São Lourenço da Mata em virtude da Copa 2014 e identificar se haverá programas ou projetos de qualificação profissional para sediar o evento estão propostos pelo governo. A sustentação metodológica da pesquisa foi a análise documental descritiva de 48 reportagens do Jornal Diário de Pernambuco e relacionadas com o que aponta a literatura específica sobre os megaeventos esportivos. Quanto aos resultados constatou-se que não serão construídas ou reformadas instalações esportivas que permitam a prática do futebol, com exceção da Arena Pernambuco, além de os programas de qualificação propostos na candidatura não terem começado. Ao final do estudo percebe-se a necessidade de cidades sede estarem focadas, durante o processo, desde a candidatura, na comunidade local. Os impactos e legados devem estar alinhados com as necessidades da população. Neste sentido, torna-se possível concluir que a Copa será um impulsionador de investimentos e de oportunidades, e que deve haver uma melhor interação entre o Comitê Organizador Local do evento em questão com a população local, no sentido de poder maximizar impactos e legados, tendo como objetivo atender necessidades reais da população pernambucana. Palavras-Chave: Copa do Mundo. Legados. Impactos. Planejamento. La Copa del Mundo de 2014: un Estudio sobre lo Proceso de la Aplicación de Pernambuco Resumen Gran interés há surgido recientemente en la investigación del proceso de aplicación y benefícios en la organización de eventos deportivos, especialmente los mega-eventos deportivos como los Juegos Olimpicos, la Copa del Mundo y Juegos Panamericanos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las aciones propuestas en la solicitud del gobierno de Pernambuco, en vista de la Copa del Mundo de 2014 y determinar qué intervenciones se llevarán a cabo en la infraestructura deportiva de Recife y São Lourenço da Mata por la Copa del Mundo de 2014 y determinar si hay programas o proyectos de capacitación para realizar el evento son propuestos por el gobierno. El apoio metodológico de la investigación fue el análisis descritiva de las 48 informes de Jornal Diário de Pernambuco y de la literatura específica sobre los mega-eventos deportivos. Los resultados indicaron que no será construido o reformado las instalaciones deportivas que permitem la práctica del fútbol, con la excepción de la Arena Pernambuco y los programas de formación propuestos en la solicitud no han comenzado. Al final del estúdio, vemos las ciudades anfitrionas deben estar
This article sheds light on results from a quantitative on-site visitor satisfaction survey (n=8,093), a post-event analysis based on a subsequent quantitative analysis (n=25) and five qualitative interviews with key decision makers involved in the UEFA EURO 2008TM. Based on a dual importance grid analysis, key success factors in organising mega sports events have been identified, particularly with respect to fan zones and public viewings. Comfort in fan zones was identified as an excitement factor for visitors, while pre-match entertainment is often over-estimated by event organisers. Creating a good atmosphere is an important performance factor, while a general level of safety is perceived as a basic factor by event visitors. Furthermore, the paper in hand reveals discrepancies in event perception between different stakeholder groups, such as visitors, event right holders and event organisers. It became evident that the event organisers' views differ significantly from those of the spectators and that consideration of spectators' interests is crucial to organising fan zones successfully. In conclusion, experts commented on the results and highlighted the importance of external factors such as general organisation, weather and location of the fan zone.
Cities and regions around the world increasingly capitalize on a series of events aimed at optimizing their reach and outcomes. How then can a series of different events be developed and harnessed? What are the conditions and the means by which synergies and collaboration among different events and their stakeholders can be fostered? This book for the first time explores how managers and host communities can synergize sport, cultural and other planned events in a portfolio in order to attain, magnify and sustain their outcomes.
The 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup tournament provided an opportunity for South Africa to showcase its unique beauty and attractiveness as an international tourist destination. However, the trepidation over crime emerged as a key concern in relation to South Africa's ability to host a successful 2010 FIFA World Cup. This study investigates 398 foreign tourists perceptions of South Africa during the soccer tournament, especially regarding crime and safety concerns. A questionnaire was distributed among tourists in Cape Town and Johannesburg, two of the major host cities and semi-final and final venues, respectively. Findings reveal that most respondents had positive perceptions of South Africa as a holiday destination. Two-thirds of those interviewed agreed that South Africa was a safe place to visit. Over half of respondents were not concerned about their safety while in South Africa. Several individual factors were found to affect their crime-risk perceptions of which the most significant was nationality. Most notably, soccer tourists from the Middle East and Asia felt the safest, whereas those from South America and Western Europe felt the least safe. Crime-safety issues did not appear to affect respondents future travel intentions, as a majority of study respondents said crime-safety concerns would not deter them from returning to South Africa. The findings of the study are useful to practitioners and contribute to the development of staging major sporting events in Africa specifically, and globally more generally, in the future.
The impact of tourism generated by the celebration of major sporting events has led to the creation of a research field called event tourism, focused on the study of tourist impacts arising from their organization. In particular, the objective of this research is to analyse the tourist impact of the Spanish Motorcycling Grand Prix over both Jerez de la Frontera and Andalusia, world reference world in the celebration of this type of events. © 2011 Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia. Todos los derechos reservados.
As a result of analysis on the related materials for looking into the plan for activation of regional economy through attraction of off-season training team that Daejeon is currently pushing ahead, Daejeon is lacking in training facilities as compared to other cities and climatic conditions such as temperature, wind and rainfall were not specially advantageous than other cities. Therefore, it is considered necessary for Daejeon to install an exclusive team capable of assuming full charge of attraction of off-season training teams within the region and build a cooperative system among schools, companies and associations, and provide the most advanced medical and athletic performance improvement service to attract off-season training teams.
Sport tourism plays an important role on developing economy and it can create tremendous opportunities for developing non-industrial regions. It is also the fastest growing sector in the global travel industry and generates hundreds of billions of dollars per year. The proposed study of this paper surveys different factors influencing sport tourist activities. The study distributes a questionnaire among 100 randomly chosen tourists in the province of Ardebil, Iran and the results are analyzed. The results indicate that Cronbach Alpha is 87.7 percents, which validates the reliability of our results. Based on the results, the region has tremendous opportunities for sport tourism such as water treatment. There are other opportunities in the province such as beautiful nature, historical monuments, mountains, etc. Unfortunately, the survey reveals that people are not aware of these places and governmental media must spend more efforts on introducing these opportunities.
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