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Plants as Biomonitors-Indicators of Heavy Metals in the Terrestrial Environment
... Для комплексной оценки территории, в частности урбанизированной, с целью получения общей картины загрязнения, степени воздействия на окружающую среду и дальнейшего использования результатов в целях профилактики здоровья населения и поддержания удовлетворительного качества окружающей среды необходимо разработать и апробировать научный подход, позволяющий объединить методику геоэкологических исследований и оценку воздействия на окружающую среду (Markert, 1993). Целью работы является эколого-геохимический мониторинг и оценка состояния территории г. ...
... Tree leaves, due to their morphological features (the presence of trichomes and wax on the surface, the surface roughness, passive diffusion of pollutants through their stomata, etc.), can act as a kind of natural receptor accumulating pollution from conjugated geosphere shells and reflecting the intensity of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems (Everett et al., 1967;Goodman, Roberts, 1971;Kovacs et al., 1981;Markert, 1993;Djingova et al., 1995Djingova et al., , 1999Sawidis, 1995 For a comprehensive assessment of the territory in a particular urban area, in order to produce a definitive picture of a pollution situation and its development in the interests of prophylactic care of health and the environment, it is necessary to develop and implement a scientific approach allowing the combination of geoecological studies and environmental impact assessment. ...
... Les feuilles des arbres, en raison de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques (la présence de trichomes et de cire sur la surface, la rugosité de leur surface, la diffusion passive des polluants par leurs stomates, etc.), peuvent agir comme une sorte de récepteur naturel accumulant de la pollution à partir des géosphères conjuguées et reflétant l'intensité de l'impact anthropique sur les écosystèmes (Everett et al., 1967;Goodman, Roberts, 1971;Kovacs et al., 1981;Markert, 1993;Djingova et al., 1995Djingova et al., , 1999Sawidis, 1995 . Une autre méthode est l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV), qui est le processus de l'évaluation intégré de l'ensemble des impacts sur l'environnement et les être humains des systèmes industriels et de la production des produits et services tout au long de leur cycle de vie, depuis l'extraction des matières premières, en passant par les processus de production, jusqu'à la mise en place définitive dans l'environnement (Guinee et al., 2011). ...
With widespread urbanization and industrial development, the composition of the Earth's geosphere shells has changed, increasing the number of geoecological problems of territories and negatively affecting human health. Currently, more attention is being paid to monitoring the state of the components of urban natural environments. In Russia, biogeochemical methods (e.g. applying tree leaves as a kind of natural receptor of pollution) are widely used to characterize the geoecological problems of the territories under the pressure of intensive industrial activities. In Western countries, methods allowing us to estimate the impact of ambient factors on ecosystems and human health have become widespread; life cycle impact assessment is among them. However, these methods still have not been applied in combination. Therefore, the implementation of a comprehensive assessment of urban ecosystems using indicators reflecting the intensity of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems, following mapping of pollutant distributions, as well as the subsequent use of the results in the evaluation of the industrial enterprises' impact on the environment and in the prediction of the negative effects of pollution (human toxicity and ecotoxicity) are relevant. Such integrated method combining two methodologies was suggested and implemented in the territory of Ust-Kamenogorsk city, one of the significantly technogenic transformed cities in Kazakhstan with a specific set of enterprises
... The tree leaves were widely used as indicators of atmospheric pollution [35,58]. Therefore, the usage of plant leaves as heavy metal pollution biomonitors is of considerable environmental significance [8,43,88]. Plants are essential component of the environment in the reduction of pollution levels [9] and can also be utilized as biological indicators of air pollution [23]. The exhibition of different noticeable changes in relation to the pollution level is an indicator of leaf sensitivity to air pollution [32]. ...
... The photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of all the four tree species at the polluted site were lower and significantly different from those at the control site except for Carotenoid contents in Ficus platyphylla and Polyalthia longifolia (p < 0.05). There was a reduction of chlorophyll 'a' content at polluted sites as compared to the control site as follows: Polyalthia longifolia 43 Table 2). ...
... According to Hu et al. [25], Cd puts up in low concentrations in particulate matter, thus the likelihood of low Cd concentrations in the plant samples. The amount of Cd in all the studied tree species at polluted and control sites was lower than the acceptable limit levels of Cd (> 10 μg g -1 ) in plants [43,81], except for Terminalia catappa that exceeded the maximum toxic level of 0.5 μg g-1 for plant foods [46], an indication that it is not safe for its usage for medicinal purposes. Liu et al. [40] stated that fossil fuels combustion, vehicle tire wear and vehicle lubrication oil, and combustion are the main sources of airborne Cd to the environment. ...
This study was undertaken to examine changes in the content of pigments and accumulation of metals from vehicular pollution in selected species of roadside trees under vehicular pollution. A major arterial road with heavy vehicle emissions in the Kumasi Metropolis was designated as the polluted site, while Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Campus was designated as the control site. Four tree species (Terminalia catappa, Mangifera indica, Ficus platyphylla and Polyalthia longifolia) selected for the study were well distributed and abundant in the polluted and control sites. Photosynthetic pigments and levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd and zinc) were assessed in their leaves. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by absorption spectrometry, while the metal accumulation index (MAI) was used to determine the total metal accumulation capacity of the tree species. We observed a reduction in photosynthetic pigments in the leaf samples from the polluted site. Ficus platyphylla had the maximum reduction in total chlorophyll (49.34%), whereas Terminalia catappa recorded the lowest reduction (33.88%). Similarly, the largest decrease (31.58%) of carotenoid content was found in Terminalia catappa trees and the lowest in Polyalthia longifolia (16.67%). The Polyalthia longifolia, Ficus platyphylla and Terminalia catappa leaf samples collected at the polluted site recorded a higher ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) accumulation in leaf samples was higher in the polluted site than in the control, as expected. The highest metal MAI value was recorded in Mangifera indica (5.35) followed by Polyalthia longifolia with 4.30. The findings from this study specifically demonstrate that air contamination induced by vehicles decreases the level of photosynthetic pigments in trees subjected to roadside emissions. It is clear that both chlorophyll a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios will act as very useful stress-level markers. Elevated heavy metal levels in the tree species along arterial roadsides indicate that they serve as heavy metals sink. The change in MAI resulting from different pollution burden is an indication that the removal capabilities of the tree species differ from each other. We therefore suggest M. indica and P. longifolia as potential species to be used in air pollution reduction plans in the city.
... Esansiyel ağır metaller canlılarda doğal olarak yaşamsal faaliyetleri düzenlemek için düşük miktarda bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanısıra Civa (Cr), Kurşun (Pb), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Krom (Cr) gibi nonesansiyel ağır metaller ortamda düşük konsantrasyonlarda bulunsa bile canlıların yaşamsal faaliyetleri açısından toksik etki göstermektedirler (Market, 1993;Altay, 2016). ...
... Doğada ağır metallerin dağılımı doğal kaynaklardan daha fazla etki gösteren özellikle antropojen kaynaklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Facchinelli ve ark., 2001). Antropojenik etkinin en fazla görüldüğü ortamlar rafineri, çimento üretimi, ev aletleri üretimi, çöp ve aktif çamur yakma tesisleri, cam üretimi, demir çelik sanayi, tekstil endüstrisi ve termik santraller gibi endüstriyel faaliyetler örnek gösterilebilir (Market, 1993). Motor yakıtlarından ve yağlayıcılardan Zn, Br, Pb gibi ağır metaller çevreye salınmaktadır (Güney ve Küçüksarıyıldız, 2019). ...
... Plant species have a variety of capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals. So there are reports indicating that some plant species may accumulate specific heavy metals (Markert, 1993). The uptake of metals from the soil depends on different factors, such as their soluble content, soil pH, plant species, fertilizers, and soil type (Lübben and Sauerberck, 1991). ...
... On the other hand, plant species have a variety of capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals. There are reports indicating that some plant species may accumulate specific heavy metals (Markert, 1993). This assertion is hereby corroborated by the current result showing C. olitorius as a good accumulator of Cu. ...
Asa River is the most important river that serves as a cheaper and easier disposal alternative to industries and at the same time as a less expensive and dependable water supply to farmers for the production of vegetables in dry season in Ilorin, the capital city of Kwara State, Nigeria. To investigate the effect of Asa River water pollution on water-soil-plant copper (Cu) mobility, a two factor factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) survey was conducted. The factors comprised of Factor A: distance between irrigation water sources and Factor B: irrigation history (irrigation duration in years). Four (4) farming locations, which corresponded to a control location 200 m upstream (-200 m location), 200, 400 and 600 m downstream were selected. At each location, 4 farmers with different irrigation history were selected and the study was replicated thrice. The irrigation history was 0, 10, 20 and 30 years of irrigation with Asa river water. The results indicated that Cu levels in Asa River obtained 600 m downstream of control location, exceeded permissible limits with levels as high as 4.51 mg/L. Soil and plant tissue Cu concentrations were also found to exceed permissible levels, with plant tissue Cu reaching as high as 81.86 mg/kg in Corchorus olitorius.
... A key route for entry of metals into the food chain is via uptake by plants from the soil or as a result of accumulation in tissues of aquatic animals. Approaches to evaluating the fate and distribution of contaminants in ecosystems are discussed by Markert (1993), Ross and Kaye (1994), and Walker et al. (1996), who also outline biomonitoring procedures. Analytical techniques are also detailed in Stoeppler (1992). ...
... Many plants demonstrate tolerance to those metals they absorb, and cultivars with extreme tolerance are now available in commercial quantities for use in reclamation or decontamination work. Some species hyper-accumulate trace metals, making them problematic food sources, but giving them potential value as indicator species for monitoring programmes or as bioaccumulators during phytoremediation programmes (Treshow 1984, Markert 1993, Farago 1994, Ross & Kaye 1994, Saxe 1996, Brooks 1998. Material harvested from such species used in remediation work will need either to be incinerated or to go to secure landfill. ...
This study assessed the concentrations and potential exposure pathways for physiochemical parameters near unengineered dumpsite in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Cross sectional study was conducted on leachates, borehole water (from less than 1 km and another about 10 km away from the dumpsite), soil and two edible plants (Pawpaw and Potatoes). The physicochemical parameters studied include pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulphate, Chlorine and heavy metals (namely Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cu). The result showed that leachate at the two dumpsites have higher physiochemical characteristics than the borehole water, and that there are biological activities which correspond to the acid phase of anaerobic degradation. TDS was higher at the water samples closer to the dumpsites than the one farther. The pH value ranged from 6.2-7.40; and are consistent with WHO and NSDWQ. The pH recorded in the borehole waters shows that biological activities have decreased as the water gets to the ground level. The result shows that higher proportion of metals was present in the soil than borehole water. The result shows that most of the underground water meets the minimum quality of international standard WHO (World Health Organisation) and NSDWQ (Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality); though lead was recorded above the minimum drinking water standard in the borehole water near Choba dumpsite; with concentration 0.2 mg/l compared to the maximum standard of 0.01mg/l. The concentrations of contaminants were found to be higher around the dumpsites (leachates and soil) than the one farther from it (borehole waters), which shows that contaminations drop with increase in distance from the dumpsites. Analysis of the leachates, soil, edible plants and borehole waters showed possible gradual movement of contaminants, with concentrations decreasing as we move from the leachate to the soil (from where plants absorb metals), nearby borehole and distant borehole water. This study shows that there is high pollution around the unengineered dumpsites that can lead to high health risk in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Nigeria.
... Tree leaves are well-known as reliable biomonitors to track air pollution with trace elements [4,15,16,27,35,60], although there are difficulties that arise when comparing data from different studies. The problems are connected to both the use of various tree species and various experimental methodologies [19]. ...
Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are becoming more and more recognized as useful instruments to address the challenges that urban areas are currently facing, i.e., climate change adaptation, flood mitigation, etc. In the present study, we aimed to: (1) compare the efficiency of mosses, lichens, herbs and trees in removing pollutants from the urban air using their biomonitoring potential; (2) assess their efficiency as nature-based solutions to mitigate urban air pollution; and (3) propose a framework for implementing such NBSs in urban areas. The first step involved analyses of the concentrations of 20 potentially toxic elements in eight selected biomonitors. After that, an assessment of their removal capacity was made on the basis of elements accumulation. This is the first complex study in an urban area involving the simultaneous application of organisms of eight different species and four different systematic groups (lichenized fungi, mosses, herbaceous plants, woody species) as well as such a large number of potentially hazardous elements. The present study sheds new light on some well-known biomonitors in the context of their application for air pollution mitigation. The great potential of the eight studied plant species for efficient removal of potentially toxic elements is highlighted and their implementation into NBS frameworks is recommended.
... The plants species from the same sample point were pooled together to form composite sample. These plant species met with the criteria for species selection as biomotor which states that: the species should be represented in a large number all over the monitored area and there should be no problem with species identification (Markert, 1993). Plant specimens collected at each sample location were put in different sterile cellophane bags that were well labeled and were transported immediately to the Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology animal house research unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. ...
Vegetation along major traffic roads are predisposed to heavy metals contamination due to wear and tear of vehicular components and emissions from vehicles. The concentration of ten heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co Ag and Cd) in the leaves of four test plants (Panicum maximum Jacq.,Eleusine indica L., Xanthosoma mafafa Schott. and Amaranthus spinosus L.) growing along four busy roads (Aba road, Ikwerre road, East/West road and NTA road) in parts of Obio/Akpor Local Government Area and a control ( in Ozuguru in Ikwerre Ngwo) in Etche Local Government Area, both in Rivers State, Nigeria were investigated in the study area. Along each road, four sampling points were set up at 1 km apart. The test plants were collected randomly and were pooled together to form composite sample. The collected test plants at each sample location were put in different sterile cellophane bags, labelled and served as soilage to the experimental animals. Eighteen guinea pigs were used for this investigation. Three guinea pigs were picked out of the eighteen guinea pigs using randomized block design for a preliminary test. The remaining fifteen guinea pigs were fed with the test plants from the experimental and control sites for six weeks. The concentration of the ten heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (ASS). The results revealed that Aba road had the highest mean concentration value of heavy metals in Cu, Zn, Co, Cr and Cd with values (28.75±1.34), (32.46±0.9), (5.14±0.11), (4.79±0.21) and (3.17±0.12) respectively. The highest mean concentration value for Mn and Pb were observed in East/West road with values (7.57±1.48) and (5.39±1.53) respectively, while the highest mean concentration value for Fe was observed in Ikwerre road (192.84±2.64). NTA road had the least values for all heavy metals tested while Ni and Ag were not detected in all livers and kidneys of the experimental animals. The results from this findings show the health implication of roadside grazing of ruminants.
... This deficiency or enrichment can in turn be used for prospecting or exploration. Where plants are so used, the method is termed geobotanical prospecting or exploration [2][3][4][5][6]. Thus, geobotanical methods of prospecting considers the distribution of vegetation (visual observation) based on the principle of limits of tolerance; the method assumes that only specialized species of plants, can withstand metal-contaminated soils [1,5,[7][8][9][10]. ...
This research work focused on two plant species namely, the Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) and Dichrostachys cinerea for mineral prospecting. The two plants were sampled based on their occurrence, abundance and outlook. Twelve samples (six each of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) and Dichrostachys cinerea) were collected around Abuni-Adudu mining communities in the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria. In addition, bulk ore and twelve soil samples were also collected and analysed for correlation. Geologically, the study area is made up compacted shale, baked shale (hornfels), and sandstones of sedimentary origin, which are intruded by tertiary basalts of igneous origin. Samples were analysed for elemental composition, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Analysis revealed that the geobotanical method of prospecting for Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba mineralization in the area is promising as biogeochemical data indicated that the Dichrostachys cinerea are good indicator of Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization while the Anogeissus leiocarpus were indicative of Barium. Given the relatively low concentration of Barium in the ore (3.8 ppm) as against concentration in the soil samples, which ranges from 83 ppm (sample YS6) to 552 ppm (sample YS12), Barium has its source from the shale and sandstone or nearby Barite mineralization and not the ore.
... Vegetable samples were collected with gloved hands to prevent contamination. In accordance with the guidelines specified by Witting [4] and Markert [5], which were reworked by Ogunwale et al. [2], five vegetable plants, Amaranthus viridis L. (1763) (green vegetable), Jatropha podagrica Hook (gruty-stalked jatropha), Ocimum gratissimum L. (1753) (scent leaf), Talinum triangulare Jacq (water leaf), and Vernonia amygdalinda Delile (a bitter leaf), were taken by arbitrarily collecting some mature plants dle was gathered from each farm where soil samples were taken. They were packed into a brown envelope each and labelled accordingly for laboratory preparation. ...
Heavy metals are persistent in the ecosystem and are held responsible for natural accumulation at all feeding levels. Nevertheless, contact does not occur just because of the availability of a contaminant material in the ecosystem. This present work was aimed at evaluating the contents of heavy metals in vegetables sampled from some poultry farms in Osun State. Five vegetables, namely green vegetable, bitter leaf, gruty-stalked jatropha, scent leaf, and water leaf, were tested for heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer following wet digestion with HNO3. Quality assurance techniques included blank testing, recovery testing, and calibration of concentrations. Descriptive statistics were used for data interpretation. The analytical results signified that those heavy metals were detected in all the vegetables from the various sites. Most of the contents are below the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization safe range in the vegetable section, with the exception of A. Drastic measures should be adopted to avoid the use of such health-toxic contents of metals in poultry feed. So, it was suggested that there should be constant monitoring of poultry sites to control, limit, and stop heavy metal contamination once and for all.
... If we examine copper, similar results were obtained in all samples. Standard values should be between 4-15 µg/g and the results in all samples remained within this range (Markert, 1993). None of the measured values for zinc are normal above the limit values to a toxic effects not. ...
Çalışmanın amacı: Likenler, çeşitli elementler açısından hem doğal hem de yapay kaynaklı çevresel kirliliğin biyolojik göstergeleridir. Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerinden toplanmış Cladonia cinsine ait 9 örnekte (Cladonia coniocraea, C. fimbriata, C. firma, C. foliacea, C. furcate, C. pocillum, C. pyxidata, C. rangiformis and C. subulata) Alüminyum, Krom, Mangan, Demir, Kobalt, Nikel, Bakır, Çinko, Arsenik, Selenyum, Stronsiyum, Kadmiyum, Kalay, Cıva ve Kurşun element miktarları araştırılmıştır. Çalışma alanı: Türkiye’de 7 farklı ilde yapılmış arazi çalışmalarında aynı cinse ait liken örnekleri toplanmıştır. Materyal ve yöntem: Tüm örnekler bağımsız olarak mikrodalga sistemde asit ortamında çözünürleştirildikten sonra ve üç paralel halinde analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçların doğruluğu, 1.547 Şeftali Yaprağı sertifikalı referans materyalin analiziyle onaylanmıştır. Temel sonuçlar: Metallerin kaynakları, metal birikim mekanizmaları ve likenler tarafından ne kadar absorblandıkları belirlenmiştir. Cladonia firma’da en yüksek Al, Cr, Ni konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 429.3, 3.04, 13.53 µg/g'dır. Cladonia subulata'da en yüksek Co, Sr, Cu, Se, Hg konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 0.81, 33.59, 13.16, 0.158, 0.060 µg/g'dır. Cladonia pyxidata'da en yüksek Pb, Cd, Sn konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 5.90, 0.30, 6.50 µg/g'dır. En yüksek Fe, Mn, Zn, As konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 228.7, 17.8, 26.44, 1.335 µg/g'dır. Araştırma vurguları: Sonuçlar likenlerde metal birikiminin doğrudan likenlerin toplandığı ortamla ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir.
... Plant biomonitoring and retention of heavy metals has been widely applied as a complementary approach to conventional methods [53][54][55]. Trees are very efficient at trapping atmospheric particles. Leaves of various tree species, both evergreen and deciduous, have been studied for this purpose [11,56,57]. ...
The main purpose of the study was the absorption of heavy metals in the leaves of forest tree species, which were planted in two different plots for forestry use and environmental restoration. Four species were studied Pinus brutia, Robinia pseudoacaccia, Quercus trojana and Fraxinus ornus. Forty-eight leaf samples were collected which consisted of six samples from each species at each plot. The heavy metal concentrations in the leaves were measured for the following nine heavy metals: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pd). The determinative estimation of metal concentration was carried out in the clear filtrate, using ICP-OES. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of the heave metals were found among the species, as well as between the two plots. It was only in Robinia peudoacacia’s leaves that the cadmium concentration showed a statistical difference among the other species. The same applied for manganese in Quercus trojana’s leaves and zinc for Pinus brutia. The careful selection and planting of the appropriate forest tree species provides for an overall improvement in the environment in heavy metal polluted sites, such as those resulting from thermal power plants.
... In order to prevent excessive buildup of these heavy metals in the human food chain, regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables is important ( and accumulating heavy metals. Some reports indicate that some species of plants can accumulate speci c heavy metals (Markert 1993). Some of the factors, such as soluble content, soil pH, plant species, fertilizers, and soil type are the key players for metal uptake from soil (Lubben and Sauerberck 1991 Garg et al. 2014). ...
In the present study, the vegetable grown in different areas of Aligarh and sold in different places were studied for the extent of accumulation of eight selected heavy Metals. Samples of twenty selected vegetables were collected from three market sites of Aligarh city. The vegetables studied include different edible parts as root, stem, leaf, nascent inflorescence and fruit. The eight metals mainly cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) have been determined in the edible parts and compared. The optimum Oral reference doses (RfD) mg kg ⁻¹ day ⁻¹ for heavy metals is (Cd =0.001), Chromium (Cr =1.5), Copper (Cu =0.04), Iron (Fe = 0.7), Manganese (Mn = 0.14), Nickel (Ni =0.02), Lead (Pb = 0.004) and Zinc (Zn =0.3) as per Indian standard.
... The effectiveness of these methods is based on the ability of the organisms to degrade organic material or absorb hazardous substances [11]. Bacteria [12], microalgae [13], fungi [14], yeasts [15] and plants [16] have been found to degrade organic wastes to some extent, and the fixed costs per cubic meter of bioremediation can be 10-20 times lower than incineration. Composting trials showed that certain pharmaceutical solid wastes can be broken down by 90% in 10 days of biological treatment [17]. ...
This study aims to educate people about biotechnology and its role in the socioeconomic advancement and development of a nation so that they can make informed choices. There is a growing appreciation that nationally, regionally and globally the management and utilisation of natural resources need to be improved and that the amounts of waste and pollution generated by human activity need to be reduced on a large scale. Economic growth provides jobs and income, goods and services and opportunities to improve the standard of living for an increasing world population. It is evident from various reports that, over the years, the requirement of biomass for food, fodder and fuel has been responsible for different types of environmental problems like deforestation, eutrophication, contaminated agricultural fields, etc. The eco-efficiency of industrial bio-products and bioprocesses can provide a basis for moving a broad range of industries toward more sustainable production. However, these applications are occurring as a "thousand points of light", that is, without a guiding principle or a strategic orientation. It is concluded that biotechnology occupy a very strategic position in the socioeconomic advancement and development of the nation in particular and the world at large. Investments therefore should be made on more Review Article Ezemba et al.; ACRI, 21(8): 39-50, 2021; Article no.ACRI.57776 40 sustainable and renewable raw materials-a bio-based economy rather than the conventional or the traditional methods so as to provide a cleaner and healthier environment.
... Similarly, Ntakirutimana et al. [100] have given a relatively higher ecological risk factor for Cd than Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively. The primary criteria for the selection of a species as biomonitor would be (i) its abundance and covering a wide geographical range, (ii) ability to differentiate between air-borne and soilborne HMs, (iii) be easy to identify, and (iv) inexpensive and accessible to sample [101,102]. X. strumarium fulfills all these criteria and can be a valuable biomonitor because of the highly significant linear regression obtained for each of the metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu) between surface soil elements concentrations and in plants as reported for Robinia Pseudo-acacia [44] and Fraxinus excelsior [91]. ...
In this study, X. strumarium L., an alien invasive species, was used for the first time as a biomonitor of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The soil and plant samples were collected from 15 locations categorized as roads, urban, and rural sites based on origin and intensity of the heavy metals for comparison. All the metal concentrations were quantified from the acid-digested samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to achieve accurate and reliable results. As expected, we found a decreasing trend in heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants from roads to rural control sites (ordered as road > urban > rural). Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out to explore the origin of heavy metals contaminants. We found road traffic vehicles and smelter emissions to be the key drivers, followed by anthropogenic sources such as industrial and domestic wastewater and crush plants. Considering the environmental toxicity of HMs, Cd concentration was above the permissible limit proposed by World Health Organization (WHO), allowing us to forewarn the residents about its potential health risks. This work exposed that X. strumarium appears as a suitable bioindicator based on its strong metal accumulation capacity. Likewise, we concluded that other invasive species could also be utilized for biomonitoring to improve our understanding of the environment's quality more profitably in the region.
... The toxicity of heavy metals on plant metabolism has received extensive interest for several decades (Markert 1993), with particular attention to crops (Chaney 2015), whose contamination can cause health problems, as these plants are directly related to the human diet. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are among the most widespread metal pollutants worldwide (Su et al. 2014). ...
The contamination of environments by heavy metals has become an urgent issue causing undesirable accumulations and severe damages to agricultural crops, especially cadmium and lead which are among the most widespread and dangerous metal pollutants worldwide. The selection of proper species is a crucial step in many plant-based restoration approaches; therefore, the aim of the present work was to check for early morphophysiological responsive traits in three cultivars of Cynara cardunculus (Sardo, Siciliano, and Spagnolo), helping to select the best performing cultivar for phytoremediation. For all three tested cultivars, our results indicate that cardoon displays some morphophysiological traits to face Cd and Pb pollution, particularly at the root morphology level, element uptake ability, and photosynthetic pigment content. Other traits show instead a cultivar-specific behavior; in fact, stomata plasticity, photosynthetic pattern, and antioxidant power provide different responses, but only Spagnolo cv. achieves a successful strategy attaining a real resilience to metal stress. The capacity of Spagnolo plants to modify leaf structural and physiological traits under heavy metal contamination to maintain high photosynthetic efficiency should be considered an elective trait for its use in contaminated environments.
... Spermatophytes have been regularly applied to monitor the pollution of heavy metals [10]. Many studies have reported that the heavy metal concentration in leaves is significantly correlated with ambient pollutant content, with no significant correlation between foliage and the concentrations in soil [11], implying that foliage is fit for the biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution [12]. ...
The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the needles and twigs of fir and spruce collected from 26 sites in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau were measured and analyzed in this study. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb were 0.034 and 1.291 mg/kg, respectively, in the needles and 0.101 and 2.511 mg/kg, respectively, in the twigs. These concentrations increased significantly with needle and twig age and peaked at 5 years. The twigs were significantly enriched in Pb and Cd compared with the needles. The spatial distributions of Pb and Cd were determined using the inverse-distance-weighted spatial interpolation method on the basis of the mean concentration of the elements in the needles and twigs from each site. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd in twigs and needles were found in Yunnan Province and Gongga Mountain. They showed a tendency to decline from Yunnan Province to the northern direction, as well as from Gongga Mountain to the western area. Principal component analysis showed that Pb and Cd originated from the anthropogenic activities in this area. The mining activities and climatic factors may be the main sources of Pb and Cd in this area. Combining the HYSPLIT (The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model and PCA, the results implied that exterior Pb and Cd sources from Southeast Asia and the eastern developed cities in China can infiltrate the ecosystem through long-range transportation and accumulate in timberline forests, with atmospheric deposition in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. This plateau suffers from severe Pb pollution but slight Cd contamination.
... Metals are natural components in soil, essential for plants growth at very low concentrations, such as Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo) and Nickel (Ni) are termed as micronutrients (Grotz and Guerinot 2006;Hansch and Mendel 2009), whereas Antimony (Sb) and Chromium (Cr) are vital for animals (Misra and Mani 1991;Markert 1993;Tangahu et al. 2011). ...
Food safety is a priority concern and the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal No. 2) have been established to overcome all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In recent years, the quality of crop has been adversely impacted by the different contaminants which resulted in poor food quality and also endangered the human health. Heavy metals and metalloids like Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, Lead and Mercury are among the significant contaminants of the environment. Though, some metal elements are crucial (in micro concentrations) for the plant growth. Conversely, if the concentration of these metals (micronutrients) reaches the threshold level in soil, can obstructs growth of the underground and above ground plant parts. Some plants develop metal specific defence mechanisms against these contaminants, in addition there are several other methods also available to clean up the environment from these toxins. One of the effective, affordable and eco-friendly way out for the remediation of toxic metals is phytoremediation techniques. In this chapter, we have discussed the difference between nutrient and contaminant, their accumulation in crops. It also describes the health effects and some standard equation for risk assessment. Finally, we have discussed some eco-friendly options such as phytoremediation techniques, source reduction, role of genetic engineering and application of nanotechnology. These methods are proposed for the management of toxic heavy metals from soil.
... According to (Markert, 1993) The obtain results declared that plant species have a variety of capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals. Vegetables, especially leafy vegetables accumulate higher amount of heavy metals because of the fact that they absorb heavy metals in their leaves and leads to risks when it consumped as a food chain. ...
... The high sensitivity of plants towards some pollutants means that a great variety of plants can be used as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in soil. [17] and [18] worked on the basic criteria for selection of species as a bioindicator. The major criteria are species should be represented in large numbers all over the monitoring area, have a wide geographical range, be possible to differentiate between air-borne and soil-borne heavy metals, be easy to sample and there should be no identification problems. ...
... The mechanisms of trace element uptake by the plant involve both root uptake and foliar absorption, which includes the deposition of particulate matter on the plant leaves [13]. The different uptake patterns of plants are based on three factors: the plant species, the element species, and the conditions at specific sites [14,15]. ...
Mercury (Hg) atmospheric contamination have been analysed using several indicators. In this study, the tree bark was used to indicate Hg contamination of the atmosphere in ASGM area. This study aimed to determine the potential species to assess Hg atmospheric contamination by using tree bark. The Hg concentration was determined in the tree bark from various tree species. The tree bark was collected at Diameter Breast Height (DBH) which is about 130 cm. The fine powder of tree bark was analysed by PIXE to detect Hg concentration. The results show that Mangifera indica, Lansiumdomesticum, Syzygium aromaticum and Artocarpus heterophyllus species accumulate Hg concentration about 4.90 to 10.3, ND to 1.10, ND to 4.42 and 2.43 mg/kg-DW, respectively. This suggests that M. indica, L. domesticum, S. aromaticum, and A. heterophyllus show high toxic of Hg contamination in the tree bark compared to tolerable toxic level in the plant.This study indicates that the surface condition of tree bark probably effects on the detection of Hg contamination in each tree species. The tree plant, especially tree bark, is a good candidate to assess Hg atmospheric contamination.
... Almost half a century has passed since the first pioneering works proposing the use of mosses as bioindicators of the level of heavy metal air pollution [1][2][3]. The ability of bryophytes to accumulate large amounts of heavy metals is very well-known today (among others [4][5][6][7]). Some species that have a wide geographical range are also common and abundant in various plant communities and therefore are convenient to use as bioindicators [4,7,8]. ...
In Poland, the first studies using mosses as indicators of the heavy metal air pollution level were carried out in national parks already in the 1970s. They were continued later in 10-year intervals. In 1990, when Poland join the European Heavy Metals Deposition Program, the entire area of the country was included in such research. Moss surveys were repeated at five-year intervals, to varying degrees. Pleurozium schreberi samples were collected from 150 (1990) to over 300 sites (1995 and 2015) throughout the country, either in selected regions diversified in terms of both the level of industrialization and urbanization (2001 and 2015), or only in national parks (2005). On a small scale, changes in the level of heavy metals were recorded in the period from 1975 to 2014 in the Niepołomice Forest located near Kraków. Concentrations of ten heavy metals were constantly monitored. Additionally, in some moss surveys, other elements or compounds, such as 137cesium, PAHs and nitrogen were analyzed. During the 1990s, in all of Europe, there was a significant decrease in the level of heavy metals. In Poland, the spatial patterns of metal accumulation in mosses were similar throughout the entire study period: The southern part of the country, more industrialized and densely populated, is still the most polluted, and the northeastern part belongs to the cleanest regions. In the Niepołomice Forest, emissions from the big steel mill and from the Kraków agglomeration had the greatest impact on pollution from the 1970s to the 1990s, but lately the impact of local emission sources is more visible. Compared to other European countries, Poland and neighboring countries of Central Europe are at the forefront of the most polluted areas in Europe.
... At each site, leaf sampling was performed in the last week of March 2016 on 4-8 Q. ilex trees, according to their availability, 25-40 cm DBH (diameter at breast height). All the 1-year old leaves from 4 small branches (approximately 4 cm diameter) per tree (cut by extendable telescopic pruning shears), directed towards each cardinal point in the 4 directions and located 4 m above the ground and on the outer part of the canopies (Markert, 1993), were manually collected and pooled together, in order to obtain a homogeneous sample. All samplings were carried out minimizing the contact with the leaf surface. ...
Reconstructing spatial and temporal pollution gradients in natural and anthropogenic areas is of paramount importance to undertake proper mitigation strategies. To this end, air biomonitoring based on chemical analysis of selected bioaccumulators, provides useful information not only on the pollutant concentration gradients, but also on their possible effects on biota and ecosystems.
The analysis of 18 potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P, S), micronutrients (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Ni, V, Zn) and non-essential elements (Al, As, Cd, Pb), in Quercus ilex leaves collected from 26 sites belonging to remote, residential, urban and industrial areas of Salerno, in the Mediterranean area, provided accurate information on spatial and temporal air pollution gradients, as well as on the plant nutritional status within the whole area.
Despite the adequate nutritional status of plants in all the site typologies, several criticalities were highlighted. Specifically, on a natural background contamination by Na (due to the sea proximity), Al and V (due to the lithological characteristics) of the whole area, anthropogenic activities were responsible for relatively high concentrations of selected PTEs in the different site typologies. Remote sites were affected by high Cd concentrations, due to the transport of fine particulate from urban or industrial areas. Urban (and to a lesser extent residential) sites were affected by high concentrations of most PTEs, mainly released by diffuse sources, such as vehicular traffic. Exceedingly high concentrations of As, Mn, Ni and Pb were observed in industrial sites, in relation to local and specific emissions. Anyway, an overall decrease, consistent with the general temporal trends observed in Europe in the last years, was observed in several PTE concentrations for all the site typologies.
... Çünkü çoğu bitkiler ağır metalleri biriktirme yeteneğine sahiptirler bu yüzden metal seviyeleri havadakinden çok daha yüksektir (Lau ve Luk, 2001). Bazı bitkiler farklı aksamlarında ağır metalleri biriktirerek kirlilik kaynağının belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır (Markert, 1993). Hava kirliliğinin izlenmesinde en çok kullanılan yöntemlerden biri, bitkilerde biriken kimyasalların analiz edilmesidir. ...
Bu çalışmada, Erzurum kentinde yayılış gösteren Elaeagnus angustifolia L. bitkisinin yaprak örnekleri kullanılarak kent mekânında ağır metallerin (Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn ) yoğunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu elementlerin kent dokusundaki mekânsal dağılımlarına yönelik sayısal haritalar üretilerek değerlendirmeler yapılmış, elde edilen bilgilerin ışığında Elaeagnus angustifolia L. bitkisinin elementler bazında biyomonitör olarak kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı değerlendirilerek bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda kent genelinde özellikle trafik yoğunluğunun fazla olduğu ana ulaşım yolları, orta refüjler ve yola yakın olan (0-20 m.) alanlarda, kent dokusunu temsil eden 4 istasyonda yaprak örnekleri toplanmıştır. Ölçüm değerlerinin istatistiksel farklılıkları ANOVA testi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta, Elaeagnus angustifolia L.’nin yapraklarında biriken ağır metal elementlerinin mekânsal dağılımında Fe (100-275 ppm) ve Zn (37.5-82.5 ppm) Şehir merkezinde, Pb (0.16-12.66 ppm), Ni (4.29-13.21 ppm) ve Mn (244.5-278.7 ppm) Yenişehir/Yıldızkent’de, Cd (0.05-0.62 ppm) ve Cu (9.9-47,6 ppm) Dadaşkent’de en yoğun dağılıma sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu ve Zn elementleri için Elaeagnus angustifolia L. bitkisinin iyi bir biyomonitör olabileceği tespit edilmiştir.
... Aquatic plants in fresh water, marine and estuarine systems act as receptable for several metals. Gymnosperm, aquatic macrophytes, bryophytes and tree crops exhibiting resistance to metals and with potential to clean up toxic metals in all compartment of atmosphere [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] . The disadvantages of phytoremediation methods is that it takes a long time for the removal of metals and the regeneration of the plant for further biosorption is difficult. ...
INTRODUCTION The number of naturally occurring elements in the nature [1] is 92 and among these 68 belongs to the group of metals, 6 metalloids and 18 to non metals. [2] Metals are the elements which conduct electricity, have a metallic luster, malleable and ductile, form cations and have basic oxides". [3] Based on individual properties these are classified as-metal, semimetal (metalloids), light metal, heavy metal, beneficial metal, toxic metal, abundant metal, available metal and trace metal or micronutrient. [4,5] Heavy metals may defined as metal with a density [6-9] greater than 4 gm/cm 3 or metals with a high atomic weight [10-12] or metals commonly used in industry and toxic to man and other organisms in the environment. [13-16] Heavy metals include lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and platinum group of metal. [17] The various anthropogenic activities that introduce the heavy metals in the environment are mining [18-22] and smelting of ores [23] , municipal waste [24] , burning of fossil fuels [25] , industrial effluents [26-28] and agricultural activities. [29]
... Non-prospecting applications of plants, that utilize the ability of plant roots to take up and accumulate high concentrations of metallic elements from underlying substrates for environmental monitoring have gained wide acceptance (Markert, 1993;Brooks et al., 1995). Plants including bryophytes e.g., mosses and ferns (Kramer, 2010;Selinus, 1988Selinus, , 1989 and vascular plants e.g., Labrador tea, dandelion (Gorden, 1992), coniferous trees (e.g., Norwary spruce) have been widely applied to monitor metal contamination of soils (Gordon, 1992). ...
... Many plants demonstrate tolerance to those metals they absorb, and cultivars with extreme tolerance are now available in commercial quantities for use in reclamation or decontamination work. Some species hyperaccumulate trace metals, making them problematic food sources, but giving them potential value as indicator species for monitoring programmes or as bioaccumulators during phytoremediation programmes (Treshow 1984, Markert 1993, Farago 1994, Ross and Kaye 1994, Saxe 1996, Brooks 1998. Material harvested from such species used in remediation work will need either to be incinerated or to go to secure landfill. ...
There are two major seasons in Nigeria-wet and dry season. This study was carried out to assess concentrations and seasonal variations in heavy metals in leachates, borehole water, soil and edible plants around unengineered dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Samples of leachates, borehole water within 300m from each unengineered dumpsites, soil samples, and two edible plants were collected around each unengineered dumpsites; all for analysis of heavy metal contaminations. The heavy metals studied include Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu). Analysis of the leachates, borehole waters, soil and edible plants showed that there is high concentration of heavy metals in the environments studied. This may be due to transport from the dumpsite nearby to the leachates, soil, edible plants and borehole waters. Higher concentrations were recorded during wet season than dry season in most of the heavy metals studied. This may be as a result of seasonal rainfall, dilution and runoff during the wet season that flushed the contaminants from the dumpsites into the environment.
... The reclamation of such mines may include metal accumulators belonging to these functional groups to initiate plant successions in such a hostile environment eventually leading to restoration of the ecosystem ( [24, [25],The use of legumes may enrich the soil nutrients content and the combined used of perennials and annuals can provide different inputs in terms of organic matter and nutrients recycling, thus contributing in distinct ways to the development of the soil. This type of approach establishing plant communities having tolerance to toxic metals would successfully reclaim mines or minimize the hazards of environment [26][27][28][29][30][31]). The success of any phytoremediation technique depends upon the identification of suitable plant species that 8 hyperaccumulate trace metals and produce large amount of biomass using established crop production and management practices. ...
Plant communities that can grow on mine spoils and are capable of accumulating metals in their parts have immense scope for mine reclamation and for biogeochemical exploration. The chemical composition of these plants is usually correlated with the mineral composition of the soil in order to fetch biogeochemical prospecting [1]. Thus, the plant community established on a mine spoil can be useful in mineral exploration as well as in remediation to minimize the impacts of mining [2-4]. Therefore, considering the diversity of plants and their responses in metal-contaminated sites having different levels of metals, it is important to study the composition of the plant communities of abandoned mines or mine spoils, which would serve as a basic approach for initiating steps for mine reclamation and remediation.
... Infelizmente nos últimos anos, a presença da poluição orgânica no litoral pernambucano é um fator limitante ao desenvolvimento das algas principalmente nos trechos de regiões metropolitanas (RAVEN; EVERT; EICHHORN, 2007). As macroalgas marinhas constituem uma ferramenta eficiente nos estudos de avaliação de risco e impacto ao ambiente aquático, pois conseguem realizar a detecção precoce dos efeitos reais que possam estar ocorrendo aos seres vivos em virtude da exposição aos poluentes ambientais (MARKERT, 1993). ...
Tamandaré é um município do litoral Sul do Estado de Pernambuco que fica a 110 km de Recife. Macroalgas são organismos fotossintetizantes que atuam principalmente no controle do CO2 e são bioindicadores de qualidade ambiental para avaliar uma praia ou região litorânea que possui alguma atividade antrópica. Desta forma, a finalidade deste artigo foi a avaliar a distribuição dos indivíduos ficológicos localizados na Praia dos Carneiros (PE-Brasil) durante o período de dezembro de 2017. Utilizando de coletas in loco e identificações em laboratório, foram detectadas 32 espécies, separadas em Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta e Rhodophyta e a partir delas foi possível informar que a Praia dos Carneiros é rica em biodiversidade de espécies e possui uma qualidade de água bastante considerável. Mesmo por apresentar uma atividade antrópica como o turismo, a Praia dos Carneiros disponibiliza uma grande variedade de organismos nos quais podem ser consideradas bioindicadores de qualidades ambientais, mostrando também a interação das macroalgas com outros organismos marinhos.
... Plant species have a variety of capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals. So there are reports indicating that some plant species may accumulate specific heavy metals [1] .The medicinal herbs can cause health risks due to the presence of toxic metals such as Nickel, Lead, Cadmium, Manganese and Mercury, which are hazardous to humans. Pharmacological evaluation of the medicinal plants was recommended for purity and quality of the drugs coming from the botanicals [2] . ...
The medicinal plants cure many diseases due to the presence of many mineral elements present in them. Each element has a specific role in functions of specific organs in plants and animals. The deficiency of the mineral elements in plants and mineral will cause severe illness and sometimes lead to death. In the present investigation, the phytoaccumulation of mineral elements in important ethnomedicinal plants of meliaceae members Melia azedarach and Cipadessa baccifera was carried out. The plant materials collected from the Western Ghats of South India and dried, powdered. The samples were prepared for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) analysis by standard procedure.The analysis for various elements in the study material indicated that zinc, ferrous, sodium, silver, potassium, copper, cobalt, chromium, calcium, cadmium, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel were present in all samples of both plant species which are responsible for curing various diseases. The plants have many medicinal properties. Cipadessa baccifera and Melia azedarach both of them showing highest amount of Potassium and least amount of Cobalt. Potassium reducing hypertension and maintain cardiac rhythm. So it will recommended to prepare the medicines for this disorders
A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus Pleurotus) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate environment, which makes them an excellent natural sorption material. Hence, fruiting bodies of mushrooms have been recognized for years as excellent indicators of the environment, reflecting its current state. Nevertheless, mushrooms can accumulate both health-promoting substances, such as bioelements, and toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, including bisphenol A® (BPA). This organic chemical compound in the phenol group, although it has been withdrawn in the EU since 2010, is widely present in the environment around us. In the present experiment, we aimed to determine the effect of adding BPA to liquid media for in vitro cultures of Pleurotus spp. The biomass increases were determined. Moreover, the degrees of adsorption and desorption of BPA from the obtained freeze-dried biomass in two different environments (neutral and acidic) were determined as a function of time. This is the first study to determine the bioavailability of adsorbed BPA in obtained biomass by extracting the mycelium into artificial digestive juices in a model digestive system. BPA was added to the liquid Oddoux medium in the following amounts: 0.01, 0.5, and 0.5 g/250 mL of medium. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed BPA were determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. The addition of BPA to the substrate reduced the biomass growth in each of the discussed cases. BPA adsorption by the mycelium occurred at over 90% and depended on the morphology of the mushroom (structure, surface development, and pore size). BPA desorption depended on the pH of the environment and the desorption time. Mushrooms are an excellent natural remedial material, but BPA is extracted into artificial digestive juices; therefore, consuming mushrooms from industrialized areas may have health consequences for our bodies.
An assessment was carried out at Nuclear Technology Development Centre to evaluate the capacity of the plant species Epipremnum pinnatum to uptake, translocate and accumulate Th and U. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse, using cultivation in soil from uranium mine and cultivation in nutrient solution (hydroponic technique) using standards of the elements of interest. The plant species was analysed by Neutron Activation , k0 standardization method. The ANOVA test, R software and Tukey’s correction were applied, the results of which showed that the candidate biomonitor plant presented good Th and U uptake in both experiments, indicating a preference for accumulate in the roots.
Concentrations of chemical elements (Na, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Sr, Zr, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Ba, Cd,and Mn) in 17 plant species inhabiting the northern part of Western Siberia have been determined on the basisof data collected in the course of long-term (1993–2022) studies. The regional geochemical background ofpredominant plant species is determined, and changes in the chemical composition of plants in the vicinityof oil and gas condensate fields in the northern part of Western Siberia are analyzed. Indicator species reflect-ing early trends in ecosystem transformations under the impact of anthropogenic pressure and associations ofchemical elements typical for various pollution sources are proposed. It is demonstrated that phytoindicationcan be used to detect subtle environmental changes in the vicinity of gas condensate fields
Populus tremula L.)). Объекты. Листья осины обыкновенной (Populus tremula L.), широко используемые для анализа биогеохимического круговорота химических элементов и их миграции в системе «почва-растение», отра-жают элементный состав среды произрастания и могут выступать в качестве биогеоиндикатора для проведения биогеохимических исследований. Методы: отбор проб листьев осины, высушивание при комнатной температуре, измельчение, атомно-абсорбционный анализ ртути на анализаторе «РА-915М» с приставкой «ПИРО-915+» (метод пиролиза). Статистическая обработка результатов выполнена с использованием программного пакета Statisticа; расчет эколого-геохимических показателей включал: коэффициент концентрации, фактор обогащения, коэффици-ент биоаккумуляции, кларк концентрации. Результаты. Приводятся оригинальные данные о валовой концентра-ции Hg в листьях осины на территории Томской, Кемеровской областей и Алтайского края. Выявлены особенности накопления поллютанта в зависимости от района произрастания, географии и орографии территории, геохимиче-ских особенностей районов исследования, влияния антропогенных факторов. Выполнены расчёты основных гео-экологических показателей ртутной нагрузки. Результаты расчетов свидетельствуют о превышении концентраций относительно фона, кларка ноосферы и среднего для сухого вещества наземных растений. В субстрате выявлено присутствие элемента в доступной для растений форме, о чем свидетельствуют результаты расчета коэффициента биоаккумуляции. Территориально накопление Hg листвой осины на территории юга Западной Сибири связано с преобладающим направлением ветра, воздействием антропогенных источников. Ключевые слова: Hg, листья осины, почва, Томская область, Кемеровская область, Алтайский край. Благодарности: Исследование проведено в рамках реализации гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 20-64-47021) https://rscf.ru/en/project/20-64-47021/. Обработка данных выполнена в рамках бюджетного проекта ИМКЭС СО РАН (г. Томск). Для цитирования: Перегудина Е.В., Ляпина Е.Е., Барановская Н.В. Эколого-геохимические особенности ртутной нагрузки на территорию юга Западной Сибири // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг Abstract Relevance. The need to study contribution of biogenic factors to migration of elements and response of ecological and geochemical system to natural and technogenic situation, which makes it possible to identify the presence of biogeochemical anomalies. Aim. To determine ecological and geochemical features of mercury load in the south of Western Siberia (Tomsk region, Kemerovo region, Altai territory) according to research (leaves of aspen (Populus tremula L., family Salicaceae)). Objects. Aspen leaves, widely used to analyze the biogeochemical cycle of chemical elements and their migration in the "soil-plant" system, reflect the elemental composition of growing environment and can act as a biogeoindicator for biogeochemical studies. Methods. Sampling of aspen leaves, drying at room temperature, grinding, atomic absorption analysis of mercury on an RA-915M analyzer with the PIRO-915+attachment (pyrolysis method). The application program STATISTICA 12 was used to process the data analysis and calculate eco-geochemical indicators: concentration factor, enrichment factor, bioaccumulation factor, concentration clarke. Results. The article presents original data on Hg gross concentration in aspen leaves in Tomsk, Kemerovo regions and Altai Territory. The authors have revealed the features of pollutant accumulation depending on the area of growth, geography and orography of the territory, geochemical features of the study areas, and the influence of anthropogenic factors. Calculations of the main geo-environmental indicators of the mercury load were made. The calculation results indicate that the concentrations are higher than the background, the Clarke of the noosphere, and the average for the dry matter of terrestrial plants. The presence of the element in the form available to plants was revealed in the substrate, as evidenced by the results of calculating the bioaccumulation coefficient. Geographically, Hg accumulation in aspen leaves in the south of Western Siberia is associated with the prevailing wind direction and the impact of anthropogenic sources.
Relevance. The need to study contribution of biogenic factors to migration of elements and response of ecological and geochemical system to natural and technogenic situation, which makes it possible to identify the presence of biogeochemical anomalies. Aim. To determine ecological and geochemical features of mercury load in the south of Western Siberia (Tomsk region, Kemerovo region, Altai Territory) according to research (leaves of aspen (Populus tremula L., family Salicaceae)). Objects. Aspen leaves, widely used to analyze the biogeochemical cycle of chemical elements and their migration in the "soil–plant" system, reflect the elemental composition of growing environment and can act as a biogeoindicator for biogeochemical studies. Methods. Sampling of aspen leaves, drying at room temperature, grinding, atomic absorption analysis of mercury on an RA-915M analyzer with the PIRO-915+ attachment (pyrolysis method). The application program STATISTICA 12 was used to process the data analysis and calculate eco-geochemical indicators: concentration factor, enrichment factor, bioaccumulation factor, concentration clarke. Results. The article presents original data on Hg gross concentration in aspen leaves in Tomsk, Kemerovo regions and Altai Territory. The authors have revealed the features of pollutant accumulation depending on the area of growth, geography and orography of the territory, geochemical features of the study areas, and the influence of anthropogenic factors. Calculations of the main geo-environmental indicators of the mercury load were made. The calculation results indicate that the concentrations are higher than the background, the Clarke of the noosphere, and the average for the dry matter of terrestrial plants. The presence of the element in the form available to plants was revealed in the substrate, as evidenced by the results of calculating the bioaccumulation coefficient. Geographically, Hg accumulation in aspen leaves in the south of Western Siberia is associated with the prevailing wind direction and the impact of anthropogenic sources.
Актуальность исследования вызвана необходимостью статистической идентификации природных и антропогенных биогеохимических аномалий при проведении эколого-геохимических исследований на территориях локализации глубокозалегающих рудных месторождений в условиях слабой антропогенной нагрузки. Сложность их разделения по источникам возникновения связана со схожей лито-сидерофильной геохимической специализацией осадочных отложений железорудной, титан-циркониевой формаций и современных почв ландшафтов таежной зоны. К тому же в исследованиях реализована методика пробоподготовки биоматериала, направленная на получение возможности его использования как природного планшета для изучения эолового и пылеаэрозольного поступления вещества. Как следствие, есть насущная необходимость введения процедур при статистической обработке биогеохимических данных, позволяющих качественно дифференцировать эффекты концентрирования химических элементов в связи с корневым питанием и пылевой аккумуляцией на листьях растительности. Цель: статистическая оценка изменчивости содержания и взаимосвязей проанализированных химических элементов в листьях осины в зоне антропогенного влияния транспортных коридоров, пересекающих участки локализации погребенных залежей железных руд Бакчарско-Колпашевского рудного района Колпашевско-Туруханской минерагенической зоны; качественная биогеохимическая индикация корневого и пылевого обогащения биоматериала на участках аномального концентрирования химических элементов с использованием информации по уровням накопления редкоземельных элементов. Объекты: почва, листья осины обыкновенной (Populus tremula L., 1753). Методы. Региональное биогеохимическое и литохимическое опробование осуществлялось по трем профилям вдоль дорог местного значения с асфальтовым и грунтовым покрытием на въездах в населенные пункты. Единые для методов точки сбора материала смещались от транспортных коридоров в сторону на расстояние не менее 20 м в условия не нарушенных ландшафтов. После пробоподготовки в материале определялись концентрации 28 химических элементов методом инструментального нейтронно-активационного анализа. Интерпретация геохимических данных опиралась на результаты многокомпонентного статистического анализа. Результаты. Изученные территории по линиям региональных исследований характеризуются фоновыми параметрами биогеохимического и литохимического поля. Выявленная биогеохимическая аномалия обусловлена пылевым ореолом, сопровождающим дорогу с грунтовым покрытием. Уровни накопления редкоземельных элементов хорошо реагируют на привнос тонкодисперсного пылеаэрозольного и эолового материала.
The Environmental Monitoring Program in a nuclear installation meets the requirements of current Brazilian legislation. Th and U were evaluated according to the activities developed to process their ores. To verify the current methodology for analyzing the soil–plant system, refinements in sampling and sample preparation were proposed. Neutron activation analysis, k0 method, was used to determine the mass fractions. The ANOVA test, R software and Tukey’s correction were applied. The study pointed out that the program can be improved with deep soil sampling, whole sampling of plants and the establishment of a common species at the sampling points.
This study aimed to determine the concentrations of ten metals (Mn, Ni, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu) in the soil at depths of 10 and 20 cm and selected plant species (Populus nigra L., Fraxinus ornus L., Salix alba L., Salix caprea L.), as well as to assess the ability of these plants of metal bioaccumulation, translocation and phytoremediation on the location of the mine pit and flotation tailings of the selected mine (in the center of the Republic of Serbia). The concentrations of Pb and Cu in the investigated soil at a depth of 10 cm were above remediation values stated in the regulations of the Republic of Serbia. At the same time, the concentration of Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu was above the limit values in both of the examined soil depths, while Ni in the soil at a depth of 10 cm was above the limit value determined in the Directives of the European Union. The species F. ornus shows the ability to phytoextract Ca, species P. nigra Zn, Ca and Cd, while both Salix species have the capacity to phytoextract Zn and Ca. The results showed that species S. alba is an efficient bioaccumulator of Mn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ca, S. caprea of Fe, Cu, Cr, Mg and Pb, and P. nigra of Mn and Cd. The bioaccumulation and translocation of the investigated elements depend on plant species and their organ. The selection of plant species adequate for remediation should take this into account.
This paper discusses differences in chemical elements concentration by the components of an ecosystem exposed to the refinery, relative to the territory taken as the background. The study was conducted in the Antipinsky Oil Refinery location area, the territory of the Tyumen Federal Reserve was considered as the background. The change in the elemental composition of the soil, bedding, grass stand, and birch leaves has been studied. The study was carried out by instrumental neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis methods. For all considered components of ecosystems, the patterns of the spatial distribution of elements with respect to refinery were analyzed (both to remote and to cardinal directions). The change in the associations of chemical elements in technogenic conditions was studied. The obtained results were compared with the clarke and literature data, on the basis of which the background status of the natural territory was confirmed, and low pollution of the technogenic region was revealed. According to the results, an elevated content of many of the studied chemical elements in the upper soil horizon was found. For most of them, a change in the distribution over the profile was recorded. The greatest pollution among the studied objects is characteristic of birch leaves. The spatial distribution of pollution is different for the components considered, but is consistent with the predominant wind direction. In the studied components of the technogenic ecosystem, an accumulation of elements specific to the oil refining industry was found: Br, Sb, La, Tb, Yb, Ce, As, Hg, Zn, Co. In all considered components of the technogenic ecosystem a violation of correlations and the presence of specific associations were recorded.
Different definitions for the concepts of information, information transfer, i.e. communication and its effect and efficiency of false, but also correct information, especially from the environmental sector, are given. "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS" developed by Menke-Glückert at the end of the 1960s, the 9th commandment "Do not pollute information", in particular, is examined in more detail and understood practically as a currently unchanging law in our existing world societies. The "Ethics Consensus", derived from "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS" and developed by Markert at the end of the 1990s, reflects both theoretical and practical levels of action that many people in our highly diverse world societies can support. From a scientific point of view, this article deals with the so-called B & B technologies, i.e. bioindication and biomonitoring of chemical elements, their chemical speciation as well as organic substances. B & B technologies, which deals with the biological detection of atmospheric deposition of chemical substances on a regional, national, and international level, are taken into account. From both an academic and a practical point of view, mosses have prevailed here in the last decades in addition to lichens. The use of mosses is a major focus of international air monitoring, especially in Europe. Furthermore, the phytoremediation of chemical substances in water, soil and air is described as a biological and sustainable biological process, which does not yet have the full scope as it is used in bioindication and biomonitoring, as shown in the example of mosses. However, the phytoremediation is considered to be an excellent tool to have the leading role in the sustainable pollutant "fight". In the future qualitative and quantitative approaches have been further developed to fit scientifically and practically B&B Technologies as well the different forms of phytotechnological approaches. Finally, the example of lithium, which is optionally derived from the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), becomes a chemical example that the administration of lithium to ALL mentally conditioned diseases such as manic depression to smoking cigarettes becomes one of the most valuable services for the recovery of human society on a global level. As a conclusion of these tremendous effects of lithium can be considered: pulled out, to make clear that only this chemical element beside a psychiatric care and the involvement of family members, friends, physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition, it is a must that there is a strong relationship between patient, psychiatrist(s) and strongly related persons to the patient. First an intensive information transfer via communication must be guaranteed. After it, psychological support by doctors and, only if it seems necessary Lithium is to be given in a patient specific dose. Keywords: Bioindication, Biomonitoring, B&B Technology, Phytotechnology, The Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), Lithium. Neurological diseases, Functional Food.
THESE Présentée en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de Doctorat Option: Toxicologie cellulaire Présentée par : M me KHALDI Fadila
The present study deals with the abundance of the most common accessory elements of radioactivity carriers on the Stara Planina mountain at four defined locations. All investigated locations have increased radioactivity, greater than 200 cps, up to 1250 cps. In all examined samples the following elements were detected and their concentrations were determined: Zr, Rb, W, Mo, Sn, Zn, Cu, As, Sb, Ba, Ni, Cr, V, and Ti. The analysis showed that depending on the sample, elevated concentrations of all detected elements except titanium were found. As all localities containing the listed detected elements are located near watercourses, all the present elements, and in particular, those with elevated concentrations can be relatively easily transferred to the environment by water action. Likewise, there is the possibility of eolic erosion from the investigated deposits and tailing dams whereby these chemical elements and/or radionuclides would be distributed to areas away from the primary sources of natural radioactivity. These have a high risk of spreading and therefore have harmful or radioecological effects on the environment. The study indicated a need for adequate monitoring, and risk assessment of the examined locations, which could prevent the distribution of these elements further into the environment. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 43009 and Grant no.
Background: Mangroves are among the most productive intertidal ecosystems on earth. They serve as nursery and breeding grounds for several commercially important species of marine fauna. Despite their economic and ecological importance, they are under threat from over-exploitation and organic and inorganic pollution sources. This has led to their use as bio-indicators for pollution monitoring programmes. Therefore, the need to periodically monitor the Cross River Estuary mangroves for heavy metals pollution should not be overemphasized given the high premium placed on this ecosystem. Objectives: The present study was aimed at evaluating mangrove sediments and tissues for heavy metals accumulation in the different tidal levels of Cross River Estuary which will be an indicator for pollution. Method: Ten random samples of composite surface sediments (0-5 cm) were collected from low, mid and high tidal levels using a modified Van Veen (0.1 m 2) grab sampler. Also samples of senescent leaves, barks and roots of randomly selected ten individual plants of Nypa fruticans (low tide), Rhizophora racemosa (mid tide) and Avicennia africana (high tide) were also collected for heavy metal analyses during the year 2011. Result: The results showed that there were significant variations (p<0.05) in heavy metals deposition across the tidal levels. In the mangrove sediments, iron (Fe) content (415.8 mg gG 1 dry weight) was highest in the high tidal level where A. africana was predominantly sampled while N. fruticans (low tide) had the lowest deposition of the metal (304.4 mg gG 1 dry weight). The accumulation of heavy metals in the mangrove tissues took the general trend of root >bark >leaves, the mangrove notwithstanding. It was also observed that cadmium deposition in sediments was comparatively higher than RSV indicating possible cadmium pollution. Generally, accumulation of heavy metals in the mangrove forest of Cross River estuary was within permissible limits. Conclusion: Although the concentrations obtained for the heavy metals studied are generally below documented toxic levels, however, the increasing level of urbanization and industrialization in Calabar municipality and its environs calls for continuous vigilance, surveillance and monitoring of this sensitive and all important ecosystem to protect and ensure that heavy metal pollution is minimal.
Pine needles are widely used as bio-indicators due to their worldwide distribution and the ease of sample collection. In contrast to deciduous trees, conifers offer the possibility of monitoring long-term exposure through older needles. Pinus halepensis Miller is a pine species native to the Mediterranean region, which has been used for restoration activities in arid and semiarid areas leading to vast spatial expansion. Needles from pine trees collected in the southeastern to northwestern extension of Croatia’s coastal area at twelve sampling sites were analysed for twenty-one metals and metalloids. Statistical evaluation of the obtained data revealed significant differences for Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, and Sr between the different regions. Needles from trees growing on islands did not show elevated levels of Mg and/or Na as a result of the sea spray influence. The differences in metal accumulation are supposed to be linked to the environmental conditions at the respective sampling site, since the species was the same everywhere. By comparing the elemental contents of the soil those of with needles, it can be clearly seen, that the root as well as the foliar uptake contribute to the final amount.
Dust in the atmosphere and their interactions with precipitation have great impacts on regional climate where there are large arid and semiarid regions. Dust is one of the factors affecting precipitation. There are many ambiguities about the cause of the difference between
amount of rainfall from an area to another area and from time to time. So that even with the spread of knowledge and technology yet still there is not completely specified the cause of these fluctuations. Nowadays, satellite images are broadly used for monitoring the effects of dust variations on the precipitation changes. Nowadays, satellite images are broadly used for monitoring the effects of dust variations on the precipitation changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dust dynamic and precipitation variations. This research can be help to find the impact of dust occuarrances on precipitation changes in the South-West parts of Iran during thirty years by cluster analysis, remote sensing, and aridity zoning in GIS software. In this investigation, we analyzed data sets of daily average visibility(a proxy for surface aerosol concentration), daily No of reports frequency of dust occurance and daily precipitation at 45 meteorological stations during past 30 years(1986-2016)were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization. The consistent trends in observed changes in visibility, precipitation, and daily No of reports frequency of dust occurance appear to be a testimony to the effects of dust. In present study, we tried to determine the relationship between dust events data and measured precipitation changes in a ground stations. Therefore frequency of dust occurrence from 1986 to 2016 at 30 stations, compared with rainfall anomalies for South-West of Iran as a whole. Rainfall is expressed as a regionally averaged, standardized departure (departure from the long-term mean divided by the standard departure), but the axis of the rainfall graph is inverted to facilitate comparison with dust occurrence. Dust is represented by the number of days with dust haze. Then‚ dust days ratios which measured by number of days with dust in month and horizontal viewing which measured by number of days with visibility min < 2000 were compared by map of mean annual rainfall of stations in South-West of Iran. Precipitation maps were created using the inverse distance weighting interpolation (IDW). Too, In this study, (MODIS) Aerosols Optical Thickness(AOD)product is applied in order to estimate dust intensity. AOD images and MODIS/Terra Calibrated Radiances 5-Min L1B Swath 1km (MOD021KM) were utilized to assessment of move pattern of the dusts in the study area. Our results indicated that MODIS products could be a reliable tool to assess dust events patterns and to survey the concentration of particulate matter .So AOD images and MODIS/Terra Calibrated Radiances 5-Min L1B Swath 10km were utilized to assessment of special move pattern of the dusts frequency in the study area‚and indicated the opposite response of light rain to the increase in dust, have seen in mountainous and plain areas.
Metals, radionuclides and other inorganic contaminants are among the most prevalent forms of environmental contaminants, and their remediation in soils and sediments is rather a difficult task [1]. Sources of anthropogenic metal contamination include smelting of metalliferous ore, electroplating, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, the application of fertilizers and municipal sludges to land, and industrial manufacturing [1,3]. Heavy metal contamination of the biosphere has increased sharply since 1900 [4] and poses major environmental and human health problems worldwide [5]. Unlike many organic contaminants, most metals and radionuclides cannot be eliminated from the environment by chemical or biological transformation [6,7]. Although it may be possible to reduce the toxicity of certain metals by influencing their speciation, they do not degrade and are persistent in the environment [8]. The various conventional remediation technologies used to clean heavy metal-polluted environments are soil in situ vitrification, soil incineration, excavation and landfill, soil washing, soil flushing, solidification, and stabilization electrokinetic systems. Each conventional remediation technology has specific benefits and limitations.
To investigate the spatial distribution and contamination level in the atmospheric deposition of most toxic heavy metals cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in Albania, moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme) were collected from 55 sites during August and September 2015. Median values of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in Albania were lower than the respective values of Macedonia and higher than those of Norway. Geomean value of As was higher than European one referred on 2010 survey. Significant (p < 0.01) correlations were found between As and Cd by suggesting that these elements originated from identical sources. Contamination factors were used for evaluating the contamination level of the elements. Arsenic (As) is associated with the 4th contamination scale, moderately pollution scale. Cd, Hg, and Pb are associated with the 3rd contamination scale, slightly pollution scale. Spatial distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were created using Arc-GIS 10.2. The results are compared with similar surveys from 2010. Pb and Cd of 2015 moss survey are similar with 2010. A decline was observed for Hg (about 2.8 times lower) that is mostly linked with the differences on weather conditions and seasonal variability during 2015 and 2010 moss surveys.
Treatment of industrial wastewater by a simple constructed wetland system (CWS) for the removal of heavy metals consisting of clarification and duckweed system; depending on the principle of plug flow system with dispersion factor equals to zero. The study was done under experimental conditions by using a pilot plant which was designed, constructed and operated. The pilot plant was operated with a constant hydraulic retention time of 2 hr and 10 days for clarifier and duckweed tanks respectively. Pollutants concentrations in raw industrial wastewater had a direct impact on the physical, nutrients and heavy metals removal in the system. The average wastewater flow was 250 m3/day; while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals of raw industrial wastewater concentrations were 15210 mg/L and 0.0229 mg /L, 0.5377 mg/L, 0.1274 mg /L, 0.2583 mg /L for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb respectively. The tests results for the clarifier tank show that the performance in removing other parameters seemed to be very low because that the clarifier requires more detention time.
This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the wetland and wetland aquatic plants to play an important role in a heavy metals removal process. It is known that duckweed (Lemna minor) absorb specific heavy metals at the fastest rates. In this research, the potential of duckweed (Lemna minor) has been investigated to accumulate Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb present in a combined industrial wastewater brought from tanneries and batteries manufacturing plants. The duckweed sample was collected and brought from the final clarifiers of Al-Rustumiya Wastewater Treatment Plant/Third Extension. The average removal efficiency of COD for duckweed tanks was 97.49%, and the average reduction of both temperature and pH were 11.54%, 22.35% respectively; while the average removal of each of: EC, TDS, NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P were 61.6%, 16.76%, 56.45%, 89.48% and 85.61% respectively; also for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were 44.93%, 32.26%, 74.48%, and 79.1% respectively as the heavy metals removal efficiencies were increased in acidic solution (pH range from 6.6 to 8.6); and DO increased from 0.02 mg/L to 7.07mg/L.
The results show that duckweed proved to be a good accumulator of Pb, and Cr, a moderate accumulator of Ni, and a poor accumulator of Cd, since that the Bioconcentration Factor which is defined as the ratio of heavy metal concentration in the biomass (duckweed tissues) to the concentration of heavy metal in the feed solution (wastewater mass surrounding); (BCF) values were 7.63, 5.33, 4.7 and 0.12 for Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd respectively(BCF>1.0 shows a good accumulation).
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