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IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Volume 6, Issue 1 (January 2016), PP. 06-11
6
Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
Lydia Ferrara
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131Naples, Italy
Abstract: Rhinitis is a condition present in the world, caused by irritation and inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
The most common symptoms are a feeling of nasal stuffiness, runny nose and post-nasal drip. Most often is
allergic type, usually triggered by the presence of allergens in the air such as pollen or animal dander and hair.
This particular type of rhinitis can also be associated with different symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal itching,
cough, headache, weakness, malaise, cognitive slowing in addition to a range of symptoms that are related to the
eyes, such as eye pruritus, conjunctivitis, persistent lacrimation, periorbital edema. As therapy the
antihistamines and antibiotics are used frequently that are not free from undesirable side effects. The herbal
medicine is therefore a viable alternative in the prevention of this disease alleviates uncomfortable symptoms
that accompany it.
Keywords: medicinal plants, active ingredients, supplements, herbal preparations
I. INTRODUCTION
Vasomotor rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which causes more or less persistent
obstruction especially of the nose and sneezing and increased secretions. It is distinguished from the more
famous allergic rhinitis in the organism for the absence of antibodies specific IgE (immunoglobulin E),
produced upon contact with certain allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites, foods etc., especially
obstruction causes more or less persistent of nasal cavities, as well as sneezing and increased secretions.
However even when the classical allergy tests give negative results, cannot be ruled hypersensitivity reactions of
the organism at the origin of chronic inflammation.
Vasomotor rhinitis is determined by an uncontrollable mechanism of congestion and decongestion
turbinate’s, particular structures cavernous wall of the nasal cavities, which normally contributes to heat, filter
and humidify the air inhaled form, so as to make it suitable to pass in lower airways. It is often accompanied by
bad breath, altered taste perception, conjunctivitis, headache, cough and runny nose. The latter is a characteristic
symptom of rhinitis, with continuous emission of mucus from the nose. Rhinitis is also associated with
inflammation of the throat and to the appearance of sore throat, cough and hoarseness.
In vasomotor rhinitis it is highlighted a form allergic and one non-allergic (65% -70% of all rhinitis). The
allergies have a genetic component and arise from abnormal reaction to substances in the environment, dust
mites, pollen or animal hair. In allergies you may be associated also: bronchial asthma, urticaria, atopic
dermatitis, particularly in children, ear infections.
The non-allergic rhinitis, very frequent, especially in adulthood; they may depend on an alteration of
the mechanisms of congestion-decongestion turbinate’s, by the presence of inflammatory cells in the nasal
mucosa, by infectious episodes, or from inappropriate use of the common nasal decongestants. The symptoms
include nasal obstruction, sneezing in bursts, itching of the nose, the mouth and ears, nasal drip.
The use of cortisone drugs, antihistamines and antibiotics, especially if used for long periods of time and several
times during the year, involve the occurrence of undesirable effects, for which it is preferred to apply the
vaccination and to preventive measures. The nasal cytology is a special test that is able to distinguish between
forms not allergic, inflammatory and infectious and therefore allows for recourse to adequate care. Vasomotor
rhinitis non allergic type is little known and little studied and often evolves into chronic rhinitis for the abuse of
pain medications and a decongestant with time becomes significant. The herbal medicine is an excellent method
preventive or curative in the case of a chronic phenomenon, because it is well tolerated by patients for long
periods of time without undesirable side effects
II. USE OF PHYTOTHERAPIC PREPARATIONS
For the treatment of rhinitis, it is primarily used in the field of herbal plants with balsamic effect,
immune stimulant and decongestant. There are numerous medicinal plants used for the cure and the prevention
of rhinitis and rhinopharyngitis.
The preparations are the most common infusion and herbal tea that are used both as a beverage for internal use
to relieve respiratory disorders, and as a nasal wash, warm slightly to relieve the discomfort of inflammation or
as mouth washes.
Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
7
The ancient practice of fumigations using essential oils transported by water vapor evolved into the
more modern technique of aerosol therapy, while maintaining the antiseptic and antibacterial properties. In a
similar way, nasal sprays and oropharyngeal based teas and herbal teas, help reduce inflammation, performing
simultaneously soothing and emollient. Nanotechnology is a modern science which in recent years has been
widely spread in the field of medicine and biology by offering the possibility to organize and manipulate matter
at the nanoscale in order to control the fundamental structure and behavior of matter itself. Through it you can
get innovative systems with chemical-physical characteristics able to favor the solubility and bioavailability of
poorly soluble drugs in water, capable of increasing the permanence in the circulation of drugs, or direct them to
a specific site of action [1][2][3][4].
Currently several nanoparticles systems are studied as potential medicinal new generation. Among
them remarkable development have had the nanopolymeric particles, produced from different types of polymers
both of natural and synthetic origin. Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for the local or systemic treatment of
various diseases; they are characterized by a polymer matrix in which the drug can be dispersed to form
nanospheres or enclosed to form nano capsules[1][5].
The nanoparticles systems, due to their shape, are able to protect the drug from enzymatic degradation,
favoring its spread through the epithelium, modify the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution and increase the
intracellular penetration. They may be administered by all routes of classical and are able to promote both the
bioavailability both the therapeutic efficacy of the drug delivered. It 'was highlighted by several studies,
following mucosal application, the smaller the particle size, the greater the possibility that nanoparticles carry
the drug through the mucosa itself [3][6]
N-carboxymethyl chitosan, a chitosan derivative, natural polymer obtained from residues of fish
products, is a substance very versatile that lends itself to a number of formulations. Among its properties we
were ascertained the hemostasis, the re-epithelialization of tissues, properties anti-inflammatory and soothing,
bactericidal / bacteriostatic, full biocompatibility, biodegradability and muco-adhesiveness. Being non-toxic, N-
carboxymethyl chitosan may be used in any desired percentage in cosmetic applications and pharmaceutical
formulations.[7]. They have been developed formulations of toothpastes and mouthwashes, for oral diseases
where effectively improves the health of the gums and mucous membrane and of oropharyngeal spray for
vehicular oils essential from the action expectorant and antibacterial [8]
Even buds products as glycerin macerate are useful to relieve allergy symptoms. Introduced around 1950 as a
result of investigations of the Belgian doctor Pol Henry the buds products are obtained from processing
embryonic tissues fresh vegetables, particularly from the buds, rich in substances that contribute to the growth
of the plant. The harvest time varies depending on the species of the plant and of the part to be collected: for the
underground parts such as roots, barks of roots or rhizomes the most suitable period is autumn to when these
parts are stored are the nutrients and vital; for shoots and young aerial parts, gems, harvest time is spring. The
plant parts, once collected are ground and left to soak for 21 days in alcohol (45 ° -65 °) and glycerin which is a
less aggressive solvent alcohol and prevents the deterioration of the components, get glycerin macerate or
glycerinates. At the end of the maceration period are performed decanting, the squeezing of the solid residue and
filtration and finally bringing them to the dilution at the concentration of 0.1%.
The key feature of the buds therapy is precisely to exercise in terms of energy, mainly detoxifying
action: the buds derivatives not act solely on the excretory organs such as liver, kidneys, skin, intestines, lungs,
but on all organs, according to the specific action of remedies used. The buds derivatives are easy to
administer, are not toxic and can be associated with traditional herbal medicine, the homeopathy and other
therapies including drug.
III. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS TARGETED ACTION ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medicinal plants are rich in active ingredients that are extracted with different methods and are the
phytocomplex that exerts its action on the airways (Table1, 2). For the treatment of nasopharyngitis are given
the mouthwash to gargle Matricaria recutita, Citrus limonum, Quercus pedunculate, Iceland moss, plants rich of
flavonoids and tannins which provide an astringent and anti-inflammatory activity as well as antimicrobial. For
their decongestant, antimicrobial, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory action fumigations of different essential
oils are used that are mixed together :
Matricaria recutita, Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, myrtus, Pinus silvestris.
Matricaria recutita belongs to the Asteraceae family and the drug is made from the flowering tops which
contain an essential oil, containing bisabolol, soothing calming, soothing, and also blue chamazulene, alcohols
and glycosides. Chamomile has anti-inflammatory action, antispasmodic, emollient and protective [9].
Lavandula angustifolia belongs to the Lamiaceae family and the drug is represented by flowers that contain an
essential oil made from linolil acetate, linololo, cineole and tannins. Lavender is a decongestant in cases of colds
and flu [10] [11].
Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
8
Eucalyptus globulus belongs to the family of Mirtacee and the essence of eucalyptus is obtained by distillation
of fresh or dried leaves: sweet-smelling, fresh taste, aromatic and pungent. Essential oil contains eucalyptol,
aromatic aldehydes, terpenes compounds, tannins resins. Whatever the route of administration, after absorbing
the essential oil is eliminated through the lungs where it exerts antiseptic, balsamic and expectorant. It is used in
colds, tracheobronchitis in the form of herbal tea, infusion, tincture [12][13].
Thymus vulgaris belongs to the family of Lamiaceae and glandular hairs founded on the leaves contain the
essence rich of thymol, carvacrol, cymene, linalool and tannins. The extract is used in preparations for the
expectorant action, litica secreted with the addition of the antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol. Herbal
teas are used to combat cough, bronchitis, colds and sore throat [14].
Myrtus communis belongs to the family of Myrtaceae and the drugs is contained in the leaves and fruits. The
leaves in the form of infusion have properties antiseptic, disinfectant , anti-inflammatory and astringent to the
high presence of tannins; they present balsamic action that make them useful in bronchitis. The infusion and
decoction of fruits have action astringent, balsamic and refreshing.[15][16][17].
Pinus sylvestris is a tree belonging to the family of Pinaceae. The drug is made from the buds, resin, needle-like
leaves and bark from which we extract the essential oil. Essential oils balsamic offer immediate natural relief for
coughs, favoring respiration and elimination of phlegm[18].
Their appointment may be for internal use (2 drops in a teaspoon of honey) or they can be diluted in a
neutral cream that can be rubbed around the nostrils or on the chest, to facilitate breathing during sleep; or be
widespread in the environment and used for inhalation in fumigations. A tea antiseptic expectorant can be
obtained by mixing Eucalyptus globulus leaves 25 g; Pinus sylvestris conical buds 25 g ; Mentha piperita leaves
25 g; Polygala senega roots 25 g ; where the antibacterial essential oils joins the emollient mucilage.
The fumigations represent a very simple technique and consist of inhalation of vapors. Just fill a bowl with
boiling water, add a few drops of essential oil and breathe in the vapors emitted vigorously, with a towel
covering the whole head.
A nasal wash or irrigation can be particularly useful to reduce the amount of mucus in the nostrils. It is to use a
saline solution or a herbal tea made from herbs with decongestant properties in the nostrils by means of a
syringe or a nasal irrigation device.
IV. ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Allergic rhinitis is characterized by the presence of specific antibodies in the body, immunoglobulin E,
produced upon contact with certain allergens such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites, food . When the rhinitis
is allergic, it is advised to avoid the source of allergy and then take antihistamines, generally synthetic, which,
however, present a range of side effects of which the plants are devoid instead. Numerous plants shown to
modulate inflammation and are to be recommended in the case where the excessive use of synthetic drugs has
led to the chronic rhinitis.
The essential oil of Melaleuca viridifolia, known as Tea tree oil, obtained by steam distillation from
the leaves of the plant has very strong smell and taste very intense and characteristic: it is a powerful antiseptic,
antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties as well as having deodorants , preservatives, and slightly
anesthetic. The Tea tree oil contains about 48 organic compounds such as 1,8-cineole, terpineol,
limonene,phellandrene, and -pinene, linalool and piperitone. The substances most significant are:
the Terpinene and cineole that must be present in the finished product in very specific percentages, more than
30% of Terpinene and less than 15% of cineole, respecting the balance found in nature, to highlight the quality
essential oil[19] [20].
This has antibiotic properties at very wide spectrum of bacteria, viruses and fungal infections. It can be
used for internal use, in case of viral infections that cause fever, such as bronchitis, colds, sore throat; also it acts
in cases of cystitis, candidiasis and herpes. It 'a good remedy to fight the flu syndrome characterized by the
presence of mucus and phlegm; if inhaled, is able to carry out fluidifying and expectorant action on the
respiratory tract, it acts on the stuffy nose and cough.
The oil of Perilla frutescens L., annual herbaceous plant of the family of Lamiaceae, extensively
cultivated in China, Japan, Korea, India and Vietnam, also known as Chinese basil, comes as a liquid light
yellow, clear and transparent, with a characteristic aromatic smell very rich in essential fatty acids including
omega 3: oleic acid (12-22%), linoleic acid (11-16%), alpha-linolenic acid (52-64%), gamma-linolenic acid (0 -
1%), palmitic acid (5-7%), stearic acid (1-3%). Just linolenic acid is to be the 'anti-inflammatory action is
effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma that chronic allergic rhinitis. Perilla frutescens jnfatti has
inhibitory action on the most important chemical mediators of inflammation and allergies, such as histamine and
leukotrienes, and lows the levels of IgE antibodies implicated in allergies [21] [22].
The buds of Ribes nigrum are rich in flavonoids and glycosides, known to stimulate the production of
cortisol by the adrenal glands. The buds derivatives are effective to reduce inflammation and as a mild
antihistamine. A positive effect both on the skin is that in the respiratory tract and is recommended in all forms
Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
9
of pollen allergy, of medications, of rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis and of bronchial asthma. The presence
of essential oil rich in omega 3 fatty acids, has direct effects on the obstruction of the respiratory tract, resulting
in an effective remedy in cases of bronchitis and colds. For its immunostimulant activity, it fights fatigue and
increases resistance to cold fostering disease prevention flu[23][24].
The buds derivatives of Rosehip has immunomodulatory properties, giving to the prepared an effective
action against all forms of allergy. In particular its intake improves immune response in the respiratory tract in
patients with allergic tendency and in children .The anti -inflammatory properties are an important therapeutic
use in acute inflammation involving alterations of the nasal membranes, eyes and respiratory tract resulting in
the production of catarrh. For such properties, the Rosehip is not only an excellent remedy in the prevention and
treatment of allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma caused by contact with pollen, but it is recommended in
diseases of childhood such as tonsillitis, rhinopharyngitis, ear infections, coughs and colds [25][26]
The buds derivatives obtained by maceration of fresh buds of Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana are active in
all inflammatory syndromes characterized by mucus production, whatever the tissue compromise. And 'it
indicated as a decongestant and suppurative inflammatory processes in the nasal mucous and in chronic forms of
rhinitis and sinusite. The buds derivatives of Alnus Glutinosa than ownership catarrh and anti-inflammatory
had an regulating vessel activity , also improving circulation in the brain
The fungus also known as Reishi, is a parasitic fungus typical of oak and chestnut trees, where it binds
to the cortex. The fungus is hard and woody and is not immediately edible: the purposes of care, the mushroom
is dried, then macerated and reduced to fine crumbs, then sifted and turned into a powder from the powdery
consistency. It is used not only for the preparation of infusions, decoctions, but also in tablets, and the
compound exhibits a high anti-inflammatory activity, as well as an antitumor effect, still in the course of study
and scientific investigation. It is rich in organic germanium, a mineral of distinctive antiviral and anti-
inflammatory activity , and oleic acid and ganoderic acid.[27] The fungus also appears to counteract the release
of histamine, the presence of ganoderic acid is therefore useful in case of urticaria and allergic reactions. As
anti-inflammatory agent, for the presence of substances by the effect cortisone, it acts while reducing pain,
possible swelling and accelerating healing processes. Its action is also exerted on the immune system by
stimulating the activity of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells. In vitro tests a useful action was confirmed
against certain viruses, flu such as herpes simplex; also it presents activities to mycosis such as candida.
Curcuma Longa belongs to the family of the Zingiberaceae and is used both for the food that officinale. The
vibrant yellow powdered root is used as a food coloring. It 'a spice from the beneficial properties known since
ancient times, widely used in traditional Indian medicine; it can be used for its strong anti-inflammatory power
as a natural remedy in cases of allergic rhinitis. It is used the underground part of the stem containing
molecules of nutritional reserves, which need to be stored a short processing: the rhizome is washed, blanched,
dried and ground into a powder fine. The solution obtained by boiling two tablespoons of turmeric powder in
water can be consumed in the maximum amount of 3 g /day The chemical components are the major
curcuminoids: curcumin ( diferuloylmethane), and demetoxicurcumina bisdemetoxicurcumina. The active
ingredient is the curcumin, which has a spicy flavor, slightly bitter, earthy and distinctly an odor similar to
mustard. It has, in addition to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties , antitumor activity, able to
inhibit the reproduction of breast cancer cells[28]
V. CONCLUSIONS
An important role in diseases of the upper airways is certainly represented by the herbal medicine of
which the various forms of application can relieve inflammatory symptoms which occur more easily on nose,
throat, bronchial tubes. A careful choice of the active ingredients in the various medicinal plants makes the
phytotherapy suitable for both adults and children, who, especially in early childhood, are subject to more
frequent rhinitis and for which are to be preferred drugs effective but less aggressive of the synthetic drugs.[29]
. The simplicity of intake of the various phytotherapeutic products and the absolute absence of toxicity makes it
possible, in addition, a prevention system also long-lasting and repeatable several times during the year.
VI TABLE
Phytocomplexes
Activities of phytocomplexes
Grindelia, Eucalyptus, Pine, Liquorice, Plantain
Grindelia, Sundew, Thyme
Essential oils, Propolis
Propolis, Plantain, Helichrysum
Mauve, Altea, Linden, Licorice, Honey
Echinacea, Astragalus, Uncaria
Blackcurrant, Ginkgo biloba
Expectorant
Antispasmodic
Antiseptic / antibacterial
Antiinflammatory
Soothing / emollient
Immunomodulatory
Antiallergic
Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
10
Tab. 1 Active ingredients present in the action of the medicinal plants and phytocomplexes
Tab.2 Actions of the plant compounds on the respiratory system
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Essential oils
Saponins
Polyphenols
Terpenes
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Mucilage
Iridoid glycosides
Naphthoquinones
Expectorant
Antispasmodic
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Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis
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