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history of diabetes mellitus
Abstract
This is a description of the history of diabetes mellitus throughout the era including the ancient Egyptian and Indian times
... Diabetes for long periods is distinguished with permanent damage, and malfunctions of most human body organs as eyes, kidney, and blood vessels. 1 In other word, it can be defined as a metabolic disorder associated with chronic hyperglycemia that is accompanied by deteriorated macronutrients metabolism. 2 Many pathogenic process are responsible for diabetes development, ranging pancreatic ß-cells autoimmune destruction causing insulin deficiency or resistance. 3 Different diabetes clinical presentations are associated with high risk of long-term sequelae. ...
Background: The retina is a light-sensitive nerve layer located at the back of the eye that creates images of objects. These cells kept alive by getting oxygen and nutrients from tiny blood vessels in the eye. Retinopathy is a disease of the retina that is more prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness because hyperglycemia weakens retinal capillaries, resulting in leakage of blood into the surrounding space. This bleeding can result in formation of scar tissue, which can cause traction retinal detachment and maculopathy. The development of a panel of blood biomarkers to monitor diabetic retinopathies is essential for both diagnosis and prognosis. Proteomics as a powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures of proteins and the identification of biomarkers can be of great importance. Purpose: To detect early nerve fiber layer changes around macula and optic disc in diabetic patients, and to correlate diabetic retinopathy with blood antioxidants and gut microbiota in T2DM in Saudi patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, a total of 77 eyes of 39 subjects aged 40-60 years who did not have any history of eye injuries or eye diseases affecting fundus viewing, were recruited from King Saud University Campus and the department of ophthalmology in King Abdul Aziz university hospital in Riyadh. All subjects underwent full ophthalmic examination including Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular profile, Proteomic approach of collected overnight fasting plasma and Microbial stool examination. Results: The nerve fiber layer thickness around the optic disc was measured for all groups, and there was no statistically significant difference in all quadrants between groups. The total retinal thickness at the macular area was different among all groups and tends to increase in group 3 due to diabetic retinopathy. The macular thickness in the 4 quadrants revealed no statistical difference except in the inferior quadrant. Glutathione S transferase and lipid peroxides showed no significant difference between the three studied groups; vitamin C and Glutathione were surprisingly higher in controlled diabetic patients relative to controls. Moreover, over growth of bacteroids participated to the evolution of retinopathy in diabetic patients. Conclusion: As hyperglycemia and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the present study certified that the progressive damage can be delayed in controlled type 2 diabetic patients using different treatment modalities that subside oxidative stress.
... 3000 years ago in history. [1] The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that 463 million people had diabetes in 2019. At present, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) does not have any known cure; however, the disease can be controlled to decrease the progression of its complications and to improve the quality of life of patients. ...
Objective:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that can initiate organ damage inside the body if not treated appropriately. Apart from tight glycemic control, a suitable educational intervention is also needed from health-care providers to stop or decrease the progression of organ damage in diabetic patients. This study intended to measure the impact of pharmacist-led educational intervention on improvement in predictors of diabetic foot in two different hospitals in Malaysia.
Materials and methods:
In two tertiary care selected hospitals, the included diabetic patients were randomly divided into two study arms. In the control group, 200 patients who were receiving usual treatment from hospitals were included. However, in the intervention group, those 200 patients who were receiving usual treatment along with counseling sessions from pharmacists under the Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (DMTAC) program were included. The study continued for 1 year, and there were four follow-up visits for both study arms. A prevalidated data collection form was used to measure the improvement in predictors of diabetic foot in included patients. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 24.0.
Results:
With the average decrease of 1.97% of HbA1c values in the control group and 3.43% in the intervention group, the univariate and multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant difference between both of the study arms in the improvement of predictors belonging to the diabetic foot (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients without any signs and symptoms of the diabetic foot in the intervention group was 91.7%, which increased from 42.3% at baseline (P < 0.05). However, this proportion in the control group was 76.9% at the fourth follow-up, from 48.3% at baseline (P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
A statistically significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of diabetic foot was observed in the intervention group at the end of 1 year. The progression of diabetic foot was significantly decreased in the pharmacist intervention group.
Background and Objectives: India is claimed to be the diabetes capital of the world. Many studies hadproven that persistent hyperglycemia and associated metabolic syndrome features like hypertension,dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to the development of vascular complications.The present study aims to study the prevalence and clinical profile of microvascular and macrovascularcomplications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: The study is a clinical, prospective and observational study of 100 newly detected type 2 diabeticsattending medicine department outpatient/ inpatient, SGRRIMHS hospital, dehradun, form the subject forthe study August 2018 to July 2020 (24 months) who matched the inclusion criteria.Results: In this, 62 were males and 38 were females and the mean age was 54.05±13.24 years. 44% weredetected when they presented with multiple complications due to diabetes. Common complications whichthey presented were coronary artery disease (15%), infection (12%), stroke (6%), ulcers (4%), neuropathy(4%) and diabetic ketoacidosis (1%). The prevalence of macrovascular complications CAD, CVD andPAD was 26.0%, 8.0% and 11.0% respectively and microvascular complications retinopathy, nephropathyand neuropathy was 20.0%, 34.0% and 16.0% respectively.High incidence of complications especiallymicrovascular and CAD occur with HbA1c of range >6.5. The correlation coefficient of FBS and PPBS inrelation to HbA1c was 0.56 and 0.57 respectively.Conclusion: Smoking, increased BMI and waist circumference is associated with increased prevalenceof diabetes.There is high prevalence of coronary artery disease, retinopathy and nephropathy at diagnosis.HbA1c levels predict the prevalence of complications.
Background and Objectives
India is claimed to be the diabetes capital of the world. Many studies had proven that persistent hyperglycemia andassociated metabolic syndrome features like hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to the development ofvascular complications.The present study aims to study the prevalence and clinical profile of microvascular and macrovascular complications innewly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: The study is a clinical, prospective and observational study of 100 newly detected type 2 diabetics attendingmedicine department outpatient/ inpatient, hospital, dehradun, form the subject for the study August 2018 to July 2020(24 months) who matched the inclusion criteria.Results: In this, 62 were males and 38 were females and the mean age was 54.05±13.24 years. 44% were detected whenthey presented with multiple complications due to diabetes. Common complications which they presented werecoronary artery disease (15%), infection (12%), stroke (6%), ulcers (4%), neuropathy (4%) and diabetic ketoacidosis(1%). The prevalence of macrovascular complications CAD, CVD and PAD was 26.0%, 8.0% and 11.0% respectively andmicrovascular complications retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy was 20.0%, 34.0% and 16.0% respectively.Highincidence of complications especially microvascular and CAD occur with HbA1c of range >6.5. The correlation coefficientof FBS and PPBS in relation to HbA1c was 0.56 and 0.57 respectively.Conclusion: Smoking, increased BMI and waist circumference is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes.There is high prevalence of coronary artery disease, retinopathy and nephropathy at diagnosis.HbA1c levels predict theprevalence of complications.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel beta coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) crippled the whole world and has resulted in large number of morbidity and mortality. The origin of the SARS-CoV-2 is still disputed. The risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on several risk factors as observed in many studies. The severity of the disease depends on many factors including the viral strain, host immunogenetics, environmental factors, host genetics, host nutritional status and presence of comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, cardiovascular disease, renal impairment. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder mainly characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetic individuals are intrinsically prone to infections. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with diabetes result in β-cell damage and cytokine storm. Damage to the cells impairs the equilibrium of glucose, leading to hyperglycemia. The ensuing cytokine storm causes insulin resistance, especially in the muscles and liver, which also causes a hyperglycemic state. All of these increase the severity of COVID-19. Genetics also play pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. This review article focuses from the probable sources of coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 to its impacts on individuals with diabetes and host genetics in pre- and post-pandemic era.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that is spreading like an epidemic throughout the world without any differentiation of races and ethnic groups and has become the cause of death worldwide. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood and has different types classified on the basis of varying pathophysiology. Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes is characterized by insulin insufficiency due to autoimmune dysfunction. Type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes results from the combination of resistance to insulin action or/and inadequate insulin secretion. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance during pregnancy. Other types include the monogenic type of DM such as neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY), and diabetes in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is diagnosed by criteria given by American Diabetes Association (ADA) for different tests like fasting plasma glucose test and hemoglobin A1c test. It is characterized by polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria. Diabetes mellitus is managed through medications but many studies have proven that consumption of particular foods leads to decreased glucose levels in diabetic patients. Seeds like sunflower and flax seeds have a role in the reduction of glucose levels and can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. The bioactive components in these seeds like chlorogenic acid in sunflower seeds and secoisolariciresinol diglucosoid are involved in the treatment of insulin resistance or insulin production. In different studies, different amounts of these seed extracts were consumed by rats and humans and it resulted in better glycemic control, which provides information that these seeds have anti-diabetic properties.
Les amyloïdoses sont des maladies caractérisées par l’agrégation structurée de protéines, sous forme de fibres amyloïdes. Le diagnostic précoce de ces maladies représente un enjeu important, pour la prise en charge de nombreuses pathologies associées. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré le ciblage et la détection de plusieurs fibres amyloïdes, de l’in vitro à l’in vivo. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des nanoparticules multimodales pour l’imagerie médicale (TEP, IRM), greffées avec diverses molécules ciblant les fibres. Trois types de fibres amyloïdes ont été testées, formées à partir du peptide amyloïde β (maladie d’Alzheimer), d’amyline (diabète de type 2), et de la transthyrétine (polyneuropathie familiale). Comme montré par des techniques de spectroscopie et de résonance plasmonique de surface (fluorescence et Biacore), des nanoparticules génériques (dû au greffage du Pittsburgh compound B ou d’un nanocorps) ciblent avec une bonne affinité les trois types de fibres in vitro, tandis que des nanoparticules spécifiques (dû au greffage de peptides) ciblent avec une affinité moindre les fibres d’amyloïde β ou de transthyrétine. Le ciblage et la détection des dépôts amyloïdes par les nanoparticules ont été confirmés par microscopie à fluorescence, sur des tissus de souris présentant chacune des trois maladies. Le suivi par imageries in vivo (par IRM) et post-mortem (par microscopie optique), après injection de nanoparticules génériques chez la souris Alzheimer, supposent un ciblage des dépôts amyloïdes intracérébraux. Par ailleurs, nous avons détecté les fibres amyloïdes sans aucun marquage. Des études spectroscopiques in vitro ont permis de montrer des propriétés luminescentes intrinsèques des fibres amyloïdes, dans l’UV-visible et le proche infrarouge. Ces caractéristiques ont été observées sur des coupes de tissus de cerveau de souris Alzheimer par microscopie à fluorescence, et les études in vivo en cours semblent prometteuses (par imagerie photo-acoustique, et en temps résolu). Que cela soit par l’utilisation de nanoparticules fonctionnalisées multimodales, ou de propriétés intrinsèques des fibres amyloïdes suggérant une détection complètement non-invasive, ces deux stratégies innovantes semblent adaptées pour le diagnostic précoce des amyloïdoses chez l’Homme.
Вступ. Непряму реваскуляризацію при діабетичній мікроангіопатії розглядають як перспективний напрямок лікування та профілактики ускладнень цукрового діабету, проте теоретичне підґрунтя цього підходу недостатньо опрацьовано. Мета дослідження – оцінити ефективність комбінованої непрямої реваскуляризації в щурів з мікроангіопатією кінцівок на тлі експериментального стрептозотоцинового діабету. Методи дослідження. Дослідження було виконано за умов хронічного експерименту на 100 щурах лінії Вістар масою 180–250 г. Після введення стрептозотоцину з експерименту виключали тварин з підвищеною резистентністю до панкреатотропної токсичної дії за критерієм відсутності гіперглікемії, після чого впродовж 6-ти тижнів виводили по 2 тварини для виконання морфологічних досліджень. На 7-му тижні з експерименту вивели ще 10 щурів для оцінки ефективності експериментальної моделі. З решти тварин (n=60) сформували три експериментальні групи: 1-ша (контрольна) – щури зі стрептозотоциніндукованою ангіопатією без лікування (n=10); 2-га – щури зі стрептозотоциніндукованою ангіопатією, яким з лікувальною метою вводили пентоксифілін (100 мг/кг внутрішньочеревно щоденно протягом 10-ти днів) (n=25); 3-тя – щури зі стрептозотоциніндукованою ангіопатією, яким з лікувальною метою сумісно вводили плазму, збагачену тромбоцитами (в праву задню кінцівку, одноразово, обʼємом 0,2 мл, лінійно, ретроградно, з двох точок), та пентоксифілін (100 мг/кг внутрішньочеревно щоденно протягом 10-ти днів) (n=25). Через 4 тижні після початку експериментальної терапії з експерименту виводили по 5 тварин. Загальна його тривалість становила 110 днів. Результати й обговорення. При експериментальному стрептозотоциновому діабеті на 8-му тижні у тварин розвинулася мікроангіопатія кінцівок. Ізольоване введення пентоксифіліну за реваскуляризуючою активністю поступалося комбінованій терапії. Комбінована терапія із застосуванням пентоксифіліну та плазмофіліну призвела до зменшення периваскулярного набряку і збільшення ефективного васкулярного обʼєму переважно за рахунок зниження інтенсивності запальних проявів. Висновок. Обговорюється питання щодо доцільності клінічного використання при лікуванні проявів діабетичної мікроангіопатії комбінації пентоксифіліну та плазми, збагаченої тромбоцитами, як засобу непрямої реваскуляризації.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extracts and several pharmaceutical formulations containing them are currently often used as tonics useful for prevention and cure of mental health problems, including sleep disturbances, accompanying or caused by diverse slowly progressing chronic diseases. The possibility that W. somnifera could be used for treatments of diabetes and associated metabolic disturbances were first suggested by the results of an exploratory clinical study conducted with its root powdered in diabetic patients and published in 2000. Since then, numerous preclinical and a randomized, double blind and placebo controlled clinical study with extracts of the plant have continued to add experimental evidences in favor of the convictions of the scholars and practitioners of Ayurvedic and other traditionally known systems of medicine that the plant could also be used for prevention and cure of diabetes and other metabolic disorders associated physical and mental health problems. Currently available information suggesting such possibilities are summarized and critically analyzed in this chapter. Potential uses of our current knowledge on phytopharmaclogy and medicinal phytochemistry of the plant and its bioactive constituents for obtaining more sustainable and reproducible health benefits from the plant in patients suffering from, or at risk to, metabolic disorders associated mental health problems, or for discovering novel therapeutic lead against such health problems of the twenty-first century are also discussed.
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