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NEW HYBRID LINES OF THE ANTIMALARIAL SPECIES ARTEMISIA ANNUA L.
... Os baixos rendimentos de artemisinina tem sido o fator limitante para seu isolamento em grande escala (CHARLES; SIMON, 1990). Desta forma, os programas de melhoramento A. annua buscam selecionar genótipos de florescimento tardio, com elevado conteúdo de artemisinina e alta produção de biomassa foliar, o que possibilitou um incremento na produção de artemisinina de 5 kg ha -1 para 25 kg ha -1 (MAGALHÃES; DELABAYS; SARTORATTO, 1997;MAGALHÃES et al. 1999). Em trabalhos realizados por Magalhães et al. (1999), foi encontrado um rendimento de artemisinina de 21,38 kg ha -1 e a produção de fitomassa foi de 2.056,05 kg ha -1 . ...
... Evidenciou-se correlação negativa e significativa entre NR e ART (r=-0,72*), indicando que quanto maior o número de ramificações menor o teor de artemisinina. Esse resultado se justifica pela não existência de artemisinina nas ramificações, além de existirem compostos graxos nestas, que dificultam a extração da substância (FOGLIO, 1996;MAGALHÃES;DELABAYS;SARTORATTO, 1997;RODRIGUES et al., 2006). ...
... al., 2002) e mecanismo fotossintético do tipo C3 (Marchese et al., 2005). A sua reprodução ocorre predominantemente por fecundação cruzada, multiplicando-se por sementes e propagando-se vegetativamente com facilidade (Magalhães et al., 1999). ...
... Em experimentos realizados em Pato Branco por Marchese (2006) com o objetivo de avaliar o rendimento de biomassa foliar e artemisinina para o acesso 2/39x1V de A. annua naquela região, foi observado que os rendimentos de fitomassa e artemisinina encontrados em Pato Branco-PR foram superiores aqueles encontrados para o mesmo acesso por Magalhães et al. (1999) em Campinas-SP. O teor de artemisinina na biomassa foliar foi o mesmo em Pato Branco e Campinas, sugerindo que o rendimento de artemisinina (kg ha -1 ) está mais associado aos ganhos em biomassa foliar provocados pelas temperaturas mais amenas no sudoeste do Paraná, pois espécies C 3 adaptam-se melhor a esses climas. ...
O presente estudo objetivou estimar a variabilidade genética existente entre caracteres agronômicos, fisiológicos e fitoquímicos em variedades de A. annua. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram as variedades Artemis, 2/39x5x3M, e 2/39x1V de A. annua, submetidas a avaliações agronômicas, fisiológicas e fitoquímicas. Para a realização das estimativas de distância genética foram geradas matrizes de dissimilaridade utilizando a distância Euclidiana e os métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA. Além disso, avaliou-se a importância relativa dos caracteres para divergência genética pelo método de Singh. As análises foram realizadas pelo software Genes e os dendrogramas obtidos pelo NTSYS. A presença de variabilidade genética dentro das variedades permitiu a identificação de acessos dissimilares e com média elevada para as características estudadas. O número de ramificações, concentração intracelular de CO2, e o rendimento de óleo essencial foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética de A. annua. Os acessos B24, C5 e C32 foram os mais promissores dentro das variedades e devem ser conservados para futuras hibridações, sendo que as hibridações mais promissoras na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas são B24 x C5, B24 x C32 e C5 x C32.
... In fact, due to the urgent need for artemisinin, research on A. annua cultivation in Africa is progressing faster (Dalrymple, 2010). Highly productive lines from China, Vietnam, Brazil and the USA have been evaluated and introduced into African countries such as Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda (Brisibe et al., 2008), while researchers are selecting varieties and genetically improving them for early flowering in tropical Africa to address this problem (Brisibe et al., 2008;de Magalhães et al., 1999). Of course, how the medicinal resources of A. annua in Africa can be better developed and utilized requires an interplay of science and public policy, and this needs to be further explored (Ellman, 2010). ...
As a medicinal plant, Artemisia annua L. is the main source of artemisinin in malaria drugs, but the lack of understanding of its distribution, environmental conditions and protection status limits the mass acquisition of artemisinin. Therefore, we used the ensemble forecast method to model the current and future global distribution areas of A. annua, evaluated the changes in suitable distribution areas on each continent under impacts of human activities and climate change, and its protection status on each continent in the corresponding period. The results showed that the main distribution areas of A. annua were concentrated in mid-latitudes in western and central Europe, southeastern Asia, southeastern North America and southeastern South America. Under the current climate scenario, human modifications have greatly reduced the suitable distribution area of A. annua, which was projected to expand inland with climate change and human socioeconomic impacts of CMIP6 in the future, but the effects of increasing temperature were different in different periods. Among all continents, the suitable distribution area in Europe was the most affected. However, at present and in the future, A. annua needs high priority protection on all continents. Asia and Europe have slightly better protection status scores than other continents, but the protection status scores of all continents are still very low. Our findings can be useful to guide development of protective measures for medicinal plants such as A. annua to further support drug production and disease treatment.
... Malaria merupakan penyakit parasit terpenting pada manusia, dengan 107 negara dan wilayah yang beresiko menjadi daerah penularan yang dihuni hampir 50% dari populasi dunia (WHO, 2005). Magalhaes et al. (2006) melaporkan bahwa malaria telah menjadi penyebab kematian terbesar di dunia. Prevalensi penyakit ini diperkirakan mencapai 500 juta khasus klinik setiap tahun (Snow et al., 2005) dan menyebabkan lebih dari 2 juta kematian setiap tahunnya (Greenwood et al., 2008). ...
Malaria is the most important of the parasitic diseases of humans, 50% of the world's population having areas at risk of transmission. More than 3 billion people live in malarious areas and the disease causes between 1-3 million deaths each year. It becomes more serious, since widely spread resistance of Plasmodium strains. Artemisinin, an active compound from Artemisia annua L, is highly potent and efficacious against multi-drug resistant strains of malaria parasites. Due to the low content of artemisinin in A. annua L., great effort has been devoted to improve artemisinin production. The growth and production of the plant are influenced by the availability of nutrients in soil. To study the essential macronutrient uptake and its effect on the artemisinin content of A. annua L., three types of soil (i.e. Latosol (L), Andosol (A), and Regosol (R)) were used. The soils were treated both with organic matter (o.m.) so that o.m. content of the soil reached at 6.27% and with NPK fertilizer at doze 67 kg per hectare (L1, A1, and R1), while no treated soils (L0, A0, and R0) were used as control. The experiments were replicated 3 times with 5 plants of each replication. The contents of artemisinin from both plants grown at treated-soil and at untreated-soil were determined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The essential macronutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur) of the plant were also measured. Our result showed that artemisinin content in a plant grown at treated-soils was higher than in the control plant. Artemisinin content was more influenced by nitrogen uptake than other essential macronutrients.
... The oldest breeding program with published reports in English and French is from the company Mediplant (Conthey, Switzerland). In the early 1990s this program produced several crossings that generated plants with over 1% ART (Debrunner et al., 1996;Magalhães et al., 1999). Later, Mediplant reported a new line named "Hybrid 1" with up to 1.8% ART and 2.9 tons of dry leaves ha −1 (Simonnet et al., 2008), but we are not sure whether "Hybrid 1" was ever available commercially or to breeding programs destined to generate high-ART plants for humanitarian purposes. ...
Commercial Artemisia annua crops are the sole source of artemisinin (ART) worldwide. Data on seasonal accumulation and peak of sesquiterpenes, especially ART in commercial A. annua, is lacking while current breeding programs focus only on ART and plant biomass, but ignores dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) and artemisinic acid (AA). Despite past breeding successes, plants richer in ART are needed to decrease prices of artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT). Our results show that sesquiterpene concentrations vary greatly along the growing season and that sesquiterpene profiles differ widely among chemotypes. Field studies with elite Brazilian, Chinese, and Swiss germplasms established that ART peaked in vegetative plants from late August to early September, suggesting that ART is related to the photoperiod, not flowering. DHAA peaks with ART in Chinese and Swiss plants, but decreases, as ART increases, in Brazilian plants, while AA remained stable through the season in these genotypes. Chinese plants peaked at 0.9% ART, 1.6% DHAA; Brazilian plants at 0.9% ART, with less than 0.4% DHAA; Swiss plants at 0.8% ART and 1% DHAA. At single-date harvests, seeded Swiss plants produced 0.55–1.2% ART, with plants being higher in DHAA than ART; Brazilian plants produced 0.33–1.5% ART, with most having higher ART than DHAA. Elite germplasms produced from 0.02–0.43% AA, except Sandeman-UK (0.4–1.1% AA). Our data suggest that different chemotypes, high in ART and DHAA, have complementary pathways, while competing with AA. Crossing plants high in ART and DHAA may generate hybrids with higher ART than currently available in commercial germplasms. Selecting for high ART and DHAA (and low AA) can be a valuable approach for future selection and breeding to produce plants more efficient in transforming DHAA into ART in planta and during post-harvest. This novel approach could change the breeding focus of A. annua and other pharmaceutical species that produce more than one desired metabolite in the same pathway. Obtaining natural variants with high ART content will empower countries and farmers who select, improve, and cultivate A. annua as a commercial pharmaceutical crop. This selection approach could enable ART to be produced locally where it is most needed to fight malaria and other parasitic neglected diseases.
... However, one of the major handicaps is the low concentration of artemisinin in the infusion, justifying the quest for alternative pathways to increase the concentration of this active compound (Bryant et al., 2016;Kiani et al., 2016;Pandey and Pandey-Rai, 2016). In Brazil, studies with A. annua started with the initiative of a group of researchers who imported the plant, isolated the active ingredient and worked to obtain hybrid plants able to deliver higher levels of artemisinin (Magalhães et al., 1999). ...
Artemisia annua is used as a source of artemisinin, a potent therapeutic agent used for the treatment of infectious diseases, chiefly malaria. However, the low concentration (from 0.01 to 1.4% of dried leaf matter) of artemisinin in the plant obtained with the traditional cropping system makes it a relatively expensive drug, especially in developing countries. Considering that artemisinin and silicon (Si) are both stored in A. annua glandular trichomes, and that Si accumulation has never been investigated, this study aimed to look into Si effects on A. annua trichome artemisinin concentration, and whether leaf infusion from Si-treated A. annua plants is able to control Toxoplasma gondii growth. T. gondii is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease whose traditional treatment shows significant side effects. The experimental design consisted of A. annua seedlings randomly planted in soil treated with different doses of calcium/magnesium silicate (0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 kg ha −1). Analysis of foliar macronutrients showed significant increases of nitrogen content only at the highest dose of silicate. Foliar micronutrients, Si concentrations, and plant height were not affected by any of the silicate doses. However, the dose of 400 kg ha −1 of silicate increased the trichome size, which in turn raised artemisinin concentration in leaves and the infusion. In contrast, the 800 and 1600 kg ha −1 doses dramatically decreased artemisinin concentration. HeLa cell treatment with the infusion of A. annua grown in soil treated with 400 kg ha −1 of silicate decreased parasite proliferation in a dose-dependent manner when the treatment was carried out after or along with T. gondii infection. However, this effect was similar to A. annua grown in soil without silicate treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that, even though Si applied to the soil at 400 kg ha −1 has a positive effect on the A. annua glandular trichome size and the artemisinin concentration, this outcome cannot be directly associated with the efficiency of A. annua infusion on T. gondii growth, suggesting that other components from A. annua leaves could be acting in synergy with artemisinin.
... It now appears to be the only effective drug in areas where the malaria-causing pro tozoon (genus Plasmodium) has developed resistance to chloroquine and mefloquine (Klay man 1985). The extraordinary importance of these findings has re-awakened interest in screening other species of Artemisia for their potential medical use (de Magalhaes et al. 1997;Mingsi et al. 2005). It also appears that artemisinin may be effective in restraining the proliferation of cancer cells (Xuliang & Huangronggang 2005) and enhancing immunosup pressive activity (Kanuja 2005). ...
Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae (Asteraceae-Asteroideae-Anthemideae-Artemisiinae) com
prises 13 species, including 12 subspecies, of shrubs endemic to western North America, including the coastal areas of Baja California, the grasslands of the Great Plains, the basalt scablands of the Columbia Plateau, the western shrub lands of Canada, and the warm deserts of the Colorado Plateaus. The Tridentatae lineage under went a period of rapid diversification and expansion, especially since the last glacial period. The greatest abundance of shrubs occurs within the arid Great Basin, a cold desert that was occupied by Pleistocene lakes. Taxa apparently representing ancestral lineages (A. rigida and A. tripartita) occur outside the margins of this inland desert. In spite of the extraordinary ecological specializations among the taxa, there is relatively little genetic differentiation, and morphological differences are often subtle. Differences in soil type, temperature, and moisture regimes distinguish the habitats of species as well as subspecies. Hybridization between species is rare, although hybridization among subspecies is common where populations are sympatric or habitats have been disturbed. Morphological differences among taxa primarily include discontinuities in growth form, the shape of the crown, the structure of the inflorescence, and habit (evergreen or deciduous, "root-sprouting" or not). Differences in leaf anatomy are significant and physiologically correlated, helping to define species boundaries but of no utility in field identification. Pollen varies notably in shape and size, and may prove to be useful in distinguishing species in stratigraphic profiles. Floral morphology varies little (florets and cypselae are nearly identical), but sexual arrangement within floral heads (capitula) defines sections: sect. Tridentatae is homogamous (all florets are perfect and fertile), and sect. Nebulosae is heterogamous (central florets are perfect or sterile, marginal florets are pistillate). An expanded circumscription and the geographic range of subg. Tridentatae is proposed. In order to accommodate morphological differences while keeping alliances indicated by molecular studies, subg. Tridentatae is divided into two new sections: sect. Tridentatae (10 species) and sect. Nebulosae; the latter includes A. californica and A. nesiotica (formerly placed in subg. Artemisia), and A. filifolia (formerly placed in subg. Dracunculus). Morphology and anatomy, ploidy levels, phytogeography, and phylogeny are discussed. Full synonymies and descriptions are provided for all taxa, as well as a key, specimen citations, illustrations, and maps.
... On the other hand, the higher value of 5 MAT is due to increment of leaf senescence with age. [31]. Higher dry leaf yield minimum (89.19g) at 7 MAT (Table 4). ...
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of harvesting age and plant population density on agronomic and chemical characters of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) during 2009. Four levels of harvesting age and five levels of population density were arranged in split plot design with three replications. Harvesting age was assigned to main plots and plant population density to sub plots. The effects of harvesting age and plant population density were assessed by analyzing data on growth, yield and yield components of A. annua. Interaction effects of harvesting age and plant population density was highly significant (p < 0.01) on plant height, leaf area index, dry leaf yield haG and significant (p < 0.05) on artemisinin yield. Dry leaf yield plantG 1 1 and artemisinin content were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by harvesting age and plant population density. Branch numbers/plant, essential oil (EO) content and EO yield were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by plant population density. In this study, the maximum dry leaf yield (3.15 t/ha), EO yield (19.2 kg/ha) and artemisinin yield (10.9 kg/ha) were attained at plant population density of 27, 777 plants haG and harvested at 5 months 1 after transplanting (MAT), 4 t0 7 MAT and 7 MAT for dry leaf yield, EO yield and artemisinin yield, respectively.
An extensive account of the botanical, resource, distribution, origin, propagation, and cultivation are discussed in this chapter. This chapter includes cellular and bioengineering, genetic modification and biosynthetic pathways, and precursors of artemisinin in microorganisms. © 2018 China Science Publishing & Media Ltd Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCCIÓN: se presentó una revisión bibliográfica sobre Artemisia annua L.,
hierba utilizada tradicionalmente contra la malaria en numerosas partes del mundo.
OBJETIVO: dar a conocer la importancia y características de cultivo, cosecha y
procesamiento poscosecha de esta planta.
MÉTODOS: se muestran los estudios realizados sobre diferentes aspectos
esenciales relacionados con el procedimiento del cultivo (semilla, siembra,
nutrición, algunas recomendaciones para el control de las malezas, plagas y
enfermedades; del riego en el cultivo de esta especie y la cosecha) y el
procesamiento poscosecha.
RESULTADOS: en relación con la selección del lugar de cultivo y de la semilla
utilizada, estos elementos deben ser estudiados en cada ambiente donde se vaya a
introducir su cultivo. Su establecimiento mediante semillero y posterior trasplante o
su siembra directa, la fecha y densidad de siembra que permitan un rápido
crecimiento y desarrollo, son determinantes en el rendimiento de la masa vegetal y
los principios activos. En la búsqueda de altos rendimientos de artemisinina está
presente la respuesta a la nutrición y al mejoramiento genético de la planta y en
cuanto a la cosecha, se hace alusión a la importancia de encontrar el momento
óptimo de esta y el método adecuado, con vistas a obtener mayores volúmenes de
hojas, donde están concentrados sobre todo los principios activos. En lo relativo al
procesamiento poscosecha se presentan algunas investigaciones relacionadas esencialmente con el secado del material cosechado en el campo, los
requerimientos básicos para la comercialización de la materia prima y las
condiciones de envasado y almacenamiento.
CONCLUSIONES: los elementos presentados demuestran la importancia del
cultivo de esta especie medicinal.