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A New Species of Gekko (Gekkonidae: Squamata) from Thailand
Abstract
A new gekkonid lizard, Gekko taylori, is described from central Thailand. This species has a large body and a nostril separarated from the rostral, and most closely resembles G. smithii and G. gecko from Southeast Asia. From these species, however, G. taylori differs in having several morphological and karyological features such as relatively large ear openings, greater tubercle row count on dorsum, and greater diploid chromosome number. A dichotomous key to the five species of the genus Gekko in Thailand is provided.
... The broadly distributed G. vittatus Houttuyn, 1782, for example, is believed to comprise several similar, but spefically distinct taxa (Crombie & Pregill 1999), and G. melli Vogt, 1922 has recently been removed from the synonymy of the widespread G. subpalmatus Günther, 1864 Günther, (Rösler & Tiedemann 2007), whereas several new species have been recognized in the G. hokouensis group (Toda et al. 2008). Likewise, G. verreauxi Tytler, 1864 was resurrected from the synonymy of G. smithii Gray, 1842 and G. taylori Ota & Nabhitabhata, 1991 (synonym of G. siamensis Grossmann & Ulber, 1990) was described, in part, on the basis of its chromosomal distinctiveness from other populations then considered to be G. smithii (Ota 1989; Ota & Nabhitabhata 1991). Substantial geographic variation has also been reported in another widespread Gekko species, G. gecko (Linnaeus, 1758 ). ...
... The broadly distributed G. vittatus Houttuyn, 1782, for example, is believed to comprise several similar, but spefically distinct taxa (Crombie & Pregill 1999), and G. melli Vogt, 1922 has recently been removed from the synonymy of the widespread G. subpalmatus Günther, 1864 Günther, (Rösler & Tiedemann 2007), whereas several new species have been recognized in the G. hokouensis group (Toda et al. 2008). Likewise, G. verreauxi Tytler, 1864 was resurrected from the synonymy of G. smithii Gray, 1842 and G. taylori Ota & Nabhitabhata, 1991 (synonym of G. siamensis Grossmann & Ulber, 1990) was described, in part, on the basis of its chromosomal distinctiveness from other populations then considered to be G. smithii (Ota 1989; Ota & Nabhitabhata 1991). Substantial geographic variation has also been reported in another widespread Gekko species, G. gecko (Linnaeus, 1758 ). ...
... Scale counts and external observations of morphology were made using a Nikon SMZ 1000 stereo dissecting microscope. Comparisons were made with additional museum material in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) and Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMB), as well as original published descriptions and descriptions provided in broader faunal and taxonomic treatments (e.g., Smith 1935; Taylor 1963; Brown & Alcala 1978; Zhou et al. 1982; Grossmann & Ulber 1990; Ota & Nabhitabhata 1991; Ota et al. , 1995 Darevsky & Orlov 1994; Günther 1994; Szczerbak & Nekrasova 1994; Manthey & Grossmann 1997; Rösler 2005; Rösler et al. 2005 Brown et al., 2008; Toda et al. 2008). Brown & Alcala, 1962, G. scientiadventura Rösler et al., 2005, G. tawaensis Okada, 1956 by the presence of dorsal tubercles; from G. tawaensis and two new species from the Ryukyus (Toda et al. 2008) by the presence of precloacal pores in males; from G. japonicus Schlegel, 1836, G. swinhonis, Günther, 1864, G. hokouensis Pope, 1928, G. taibaiensis, Song, 1985, G. auriverrucosus Zhou & Liu, 1982, G. scabridus, Liu & Zhou, 1982, G. chinensis, Gray, 1842, G. yakuensis Matsui & Okana, 1968, G. liboensis, Zhou & Li, 1982, G. badenii, Szczerbak & Nekrasova, 1994, and a new species from China (Zhou & Wang 2008) by larger size (to at least 116 mm SVL versus < 80 mm SVL); from G. vittatus Houttuyn, 1782, G. porosus Taylor, 1922, G. gigante Brown & Alcala, 1978, G. kikuchii Oshima, 1912, G. mindorensis Taylor, 1919, G. monarchus, G. romblon Brown & Alcala, 1978, G. palawanensis Taylor, 1925, G. ernstkelleri Rösler et al., 2006, and a new species from the Philippines (Brown et al. 2008), by the lack of femoral pores; from G. petricolus and G. ulikovskii, Darevsky & Orlov, 1994 by its lack of a rostral groove (versus an X-or Y-shaped groove) and by a more robust body and distinctive pattern of transverse series of white spots (versus scattered pale or pale and dark spots or a greenish-yellow dorsum without spots, respectively); from G. grossmanni, Günther, 1994 by lack of nostril-rostral contact and by larger, keeled to mucronate dorsal tubercles. ...
The gecko Gekko nutaphandi is described from Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. It is a member of the large-bodied Gekko gecko group and within this group is probably most closely related to G. siamensis Grossmann & Ulber, 1990 with which it shares a similar dorsal pattern of transverse series of white spots on a drab background. It differs from G. siamensis in its greater number of precloacal pores, lower number of dorsal tubercle rows, and in having red (versus green) eyes. Comparisons are also made with several other nominal Gekko species currently synonymised with G. gecko and with undescribed, but well-characterized ''forms'' of G. gecko. The new species, dedicated to the late Thai herpetologist Wirot Nutaphand, is one of the many recently described Southeast Asin geckos that appear to be restricted to limestone habitats and their surroundings.
... Karyological analyses in Gekko have differentiated species based on mitotic metaphase chromosomal morphology while sporadic reports have based the species differentiation on meiotic metaphase chromosomal morphology. The chromosome study of Gekkonid that have been reported such as; Hemidactylus: diploid number (2n) ranging from 40-56 and mostly 40 or 46 (De Smet 1981;Patawang and Tanomtong 2015b), Gehyra: mostly 44 (King, 1984), Ptychozoon: 2n = 34 and 42 (Ota and Hikida, 1988), Paroedura: diploid number ranging from 31-38 and mostly 36 (Aprea et al. 2013;Koubova et al. 2014), Phelsuma: 2n = 36 (Aprea et al., 1996), Dixonius: 2n = 42 (Ota et al., 2001), and genus Gekko, there are several reports on cytogenetic studies of G. gecko, namely, G. gecko: 2n=38 (Singh 1974;Wu and Zhao 1984;Trifonov et al. 2011;Qin et al. 2012;Patawang et al. 2014), G. hokouensis: 2n=38 (Chen et al. 1986;Shibaike et al. 2009;Kawai et al. 2009), G. japonicus: 2n=38 (Yoshida andItoh, 1974;Shibaike et al., 2009;Trifonov et al., 2011), G. shibatai and G. vertebralis: 2n=38 (Shibaike et al. 2009), G. Vittatus and G. ulikovskii: 2n=38 (Trifonov et al. 2011), G. tawaensis: 2n=38 (Ota, 1989aShibaike et al. 2009), G. taylori: 2n=42 (Ota andNabhitabhata 1991), G. monarchus: 2n=44 (Ota et al. 1990), G. yakuensis, G. petricolus and G. smithii: 2n=38-42 ( Ota, 1989), G. kikuchii: 2n=44 ( Ota, 1989a, G. chinensis: 2n=40 (Lau et al. 1997), G. subpalmatus: 2n=38 (Wu andZhao 1984), G. swinhonis: 2n=38 (Chen et al. 1986) (Table 1). Most gekkonid chromosome complements consist of acrocentric or telocentric chromosomes which gradually decreases in size whereas the karyotype evolution within the group is accompanied by fusions, Robertsonian fissions and pericentric inversions (Gorman 1973). ...
... The diploid chromosome number is following previous studies of Gekkos. However, overall karyotypes of G. petricolus was similar to other Gekko, diploid number ranging from 38-42 and mostly 38 (Singh 1974;Wu and Zhao 1984;Yoshida and Itoh 1974;Ota 1989a;Ota et al. 1990;Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Lau et al. 1997;Chen et al. 1986;Kawai et al. 2009;Shibaike et al. 2009;Trifonov et al. 2011;Qin et al. 2012;Patawang et al. 2014). Proximity of chromosome number and karyotype feature within genus Gecko represent a close evolutionary line in the group. ...
The objectives of this study were to examine size, shape, diploid number (2n), fundamental number (NF), NORs region, and distribution of microsatellite by using Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH) and to establish the karyotype and standard idiogram of sandstone geckos (Gekko petricolus Taylor, 1962). Sandstone gecko distributed in the sandstone mountains in Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Five male and five female specimens were collected from Ubon Ratchathani and Mukdahan provinces, Thailand. The metaphase cells were directly prepared from the bone marrow cells. Chromosomes were stained by conventional staining, NORs-banding and FISH techniques. The results found that the diploid number was 38 chromosomes. The fundamental number was 54. The karyotype composed of 4 large metacentric, 4 large acrocentric, 2 large telocentric, 4 medium acrocentric, 2 medium telocentric, 2 small submetacentric, 2 small acrocentric and 18 small telocentric chromosomes. No morphological difference was identified between sex chromosomes of male and female specimens. The NORs appeared to telomere of the long arm of chromosome pair 17. The study displayed that the distribution of microsatellite using (CA)15 and (GAA)10 probes distributed throughout the genome. However, (CA)15 sequences concentrated in the telomere. The karyotype formula G. petricolus is as follow: 2n (38) = Lm4+La4+Lt2+Ma4+Mt2+Ssm2+Sa2+St18.
... fers from most species of the genus Gecko. The 2n of this genus range from 38 to 44. (Singh 1974;Yoshida and Itoh 1974;Wu and Zhao 1984;Chen et al. 1986;Ota 1989a;Ota et al. 1990;Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Lau et al. 1997;Kawai et al. 2009;Shibaike et al. 2009;Trifonov et al. 2011;Qin et al. 2012;Patawang et al. 2014;Patawang et al. 2022 andPrasopsin et al. 2022. The fundamental number (NF) of G. nutaphandi was 46 in both males and females. ...
... The karyotype formula for this species is 2n (34) = L 4 m +L 6 sm +M 2 t +S 2 m +S 20 t . There is no evidence of differentiated sex chromosomes in this species which accord with all species of this genus (Singh 1974;Yoshida and Itoh 1974;Wu and Zhao 1984;Chen et al. 1986;Ota 1989a;Ota et al. 1990;Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Lau et al. 1997;Kawai et al. 2009;Shibaike et al. 2009;Trifonov et al. 2011;Qin et al. 2012;Patawang et al. 2014;Patawang et al. 2022 andPrasopsin et al. 2022. ...
The karyotypes of red-eyed Gecko are not reported yet. Herein, we describe the karyotypes of red-eyed Gecko (Gekko nutaphandi Bauer, Sumontha & Pauwels, 2008) from Thailand. Gecko chromosome preparations were directly conducted from bone marrow and testis. Chromosomal characteristics were analyzed by Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR banding as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using microsatellites d(GC)15 probe. The results showed that the number of diploid chromosomes is 2n=34, while the fundamental number (NF) is 46 in both males and females. The types of chromosomes were 4 large metacentric, 6 large submetacentric, 2 medium telocentric, 2 small metacentric and 20 small telocentric chromosomes. The results of conventional Giemsa staining presented the diploid chromosome number differentiation even in the same genus. NORs are located at the secondary constriction to the telomere on the long arm of chromosome pair 5. There are no sex differences in karyotypes between males and females. FISH with d(GC)15 sequences were also displayed at the telomeres of most other chromosomes. We found that during metaphase I the homologous chromosomes showed synapsis, which can be defined as 19 ring bivalents and 17 haploid chromosomes (n=17) at metaphase II as a diploid species. The karyotype formula is as follows: 2n (34) = L4m+L6sm+M2t+S2m+S20t.
... from the other species of G. (Gekko). Data on G. gecko, G. nutaphandi, G. reevesi, G. siamensis, G. stoliczkai, and G. verreauxi come from Grossmann and Ulber (1990), Ota and Nabhitabhata (1991), Bauer et al. (2008), Rosler et al. (2011), and Chandramouil et al. (2021. Diagnosis. ...
Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species Gekko hulk from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861)
... The NORs of Dixonius siamensis (Boulenger, 1898), G. gecko, G. hokouensis, G. shibatai, G. tawaensis, G. vertebralis, H. frenatus and H. platyurus were found at all regions on the short arm Remarks: 2n = diploid chromosome number, NORs = nucleolus organiser regions, SCR = subcentromeric regions, NF = fundamental number (number of chromosome arms), bi-arm = bi-armed chromosome, m = metacentric, sm = submetacentric, a = acrocentric, t = telocentric chromosome, L = large, S = small, P = chromosome pair and -= not available. and that agrees with those previous reported (Asana and Mahabale 1941;Makino and Momma 1949;Bhatnagar 1962;Cohen et al. 1967;Becak et al. 1972;King 1978;Branch 1980;Darevsky et al. 1984;Chen et al. 1986;McBee et al. 1987;Ota 1989;Ota et al. 1990;Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Lau et al. 1997;Ota et al. 2001;Shibaike et al. 2009;Patawang et al. 2014;Trifonov et al. 2011;Trifonov et al. 2015). ...
Studies of chromosomes of Cyrtodactylus jarujini Ulber, 1993 and C. doisuthep Kunya et al., 2014 to compare microsatellite and TTAGGG sequences by classical and molecular techniques were conducted in Thailand. Karyological typing from a conventional staining technique of C. jarujini and C. doisuthep showed diploid chromosome numbers of 40 and 34 while the Fundamental Numbers (NF) were 56 in both species. In addition, we created the chromosome formula of the chromosomes of C. jarujini showing that 2n (40) = L sm 1 + L sm 2 + L t 3 + M m 1 + M t 4 + S m 2 + S a 2 + S t 5 while that of C. doisuthep was 2n (34) = L sm 3 + L m 2 + L t 3 + M m 1 + M t 2 + S m 4 + S a 1 + S t 1 . Ag-NOR staining revealed NOR-bearing chromosomes in chromosome pairs 13 and 14 in C. jarujini , and in chromosome pairs 9 and 13 in C. doisuthep . This molecular study used the FISH technique, as well as microsatellite probes including (A) 20 , (TA) 15 , (CGG) 10 , (CGG) 10 , (GAA) 10 , (TA) 15 and TTAGGG repeats. The signals showed that the different patterns in each chromosome of the Gekkonids depended on probe types. TTAGGG repeats showed high distribution on centromere and telomere regions, while (A) 20 , (TA) 15 , (CGG) 10 , (CGG) 10 , (GAA) 10 and (TA) 15 bearing dispersed over the whole genomes including chromosomes and some had strong signals on only a pair of homologous chromosomes. These results suggest that the genetic linkages have been highly differentiated between the two species.
... Comparisons were made using original descriptions and revisions of all currently recognized Gekko (Gekko) species, as well as other publications containing pertinent original data (Smith 1935;Mertens 1955;Taylor 1963;Grossmann 1987Grossmann , 2006Grossmann & Ulber 1990;Ota & Nabhitabhata 1991;Zhang et al. 1997;Stanner et al. 1998;Chan-ard et al. 1999;Rösler 2001Rösler , 2005ter Borg 2004;Aowphol et al. 2006Aowphol et al. , 2019Zhang et al. 2006Zhang et al. , 2014Qin et al. 2007Qin et al. , 2012Bauer et al. 2008;Gaulke 2010;Rösler et al. 2011;Yu et al. 2011;Shahrudin 2013;Simon & Grossmann 2013;Grossmann & Simon 2014;Patawang & Tanomtong 2015;Gogoi et al. 2018;Manzili et al. 2020;Wood et al. 2020; and references therein) and museum preserved specimens (see Appendix). ...
We describe Gekko pradapdao sp. nov. from Tham Khao Chan (Khao Chan Cave), Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province, in central Thailand. The new species, a member of the subgenus Gekko, differs from all currently recognized Gekko species by the following combination of morphological characters and pattern: maximal known snout-vent length of 127.1 mm, lack of contact between nostrils and rostral, 24–28 interorbital scales between supraciliaries, 89–91 scale rows around midbody, 16–18 dorsal tubercle rows at midbody, 30–34 ventral scale rows at midbody, 11–13 precloacal pores in males, a single postcloacal tubercle on each side of the base of the tail, 13–16 subdigital lamellae on 1st toe and 17–19 on 4th toe, no Y-shaped mark on head, non-banded dorsal pattern on a dark chocolate brown to black background, and a dark brown iris. Urgent actions should be taken to evaluate the conservation status of the new species.
... The NORs of Dixonius siamensis (Boulenger, 1898), G. gecko, G. hokouensis, G. shibatai, G. tawaensis, G. vertebralis, H. frenatus and H. platyurus were found at all regions on the short arm Remarks: 2n = diploid chromosome number, NORs = nucleolus organiser regions, SCR = subcentromeric regions, NF = fundamental number (number of chromosome arms), bi-arm = bi-armed chromosome, m = metacentric, sm = submetacentric, a = acrocentric, t = telocentric chromosome, L = large, S = small, P = chromosome pair and -= not available. and that agrees with those previous reported (Asana and Mahabale 1941;Makino and Momma 1949;Bhatnagar 1962;Cohen et al. 1967;Becak et al. 1972;King 1978;Branch 1980;Darevsky et al. 1984;Chen et al. 1986;McBee et al. 1987;Ota 1989;Ota et al. 1990;Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Lau et al. 1997;Ota et al. 2001;Shibaike et al. 2009;Patawang et al. 2014;Trifonov et al. 2011;Trifonov et al. 2015). ...
Studies of chromosomes of Cyrtodactylus jarujini Ulber, 1993 and C. doisuthep Kunya et al., 2014 to compare microsatellite and TTAGGG sequences by classical and molecular techniques were conducted in Thailand. Karyological typing from a conventional staining technique of C. jarujini and C. doisuthep showed diploid chromosome numbers of 40 and 34 while the Fundamental Numbers (NF) were 56 in both species. In addition, we created the chromosome formula of the chromosomes of C. jarujini showing that 2n (40) = L sm 1 + L sm 2 + L t 3 + M m 1 + M t 4 + S m 2 + S a 2 + S t 5 while that of C. doisuthep was 2n (34) = L sm 3 + L m 2 + L t 3 + M m 1 + M t 2 + S m 4 + S a 1 + S t 1 . Ag-NOR staining revealed NOR-bearing chromosomes in chromosome pairs 13 and 14 in C. jarujini , and in chromosome pairs 9 and 13 in C. doisuthep . This molecular study used the FISH technique, as well as microsatellite probes including (A) 20 , (TA) 15 , (CGG) 10 , (CGG) 10 , (GAA) 10 , (TA) 15 and TTAGGG repeats. The signals showed that the different patterns in each chromosome of the Gekkonids depended on probe types. TTAGGG repeats showed high distribution on centromere and telomere regions, while (A) 20 , (TA) 15 , (CGG) 10 , (CGG) 10 , (GAA) 10 and (TA) 15 bearing dispersed over the whole genomes including chromosomes and some had strong signals on only a pair of homologous chromosomes. These results suggest that the genetic linkages have been highly differentiated between the two species.
... Females, which lack these characters, were considered sexually mature when the SVL is ≥ 67.5 mm (the smallest size found of a gravid female in our study; see Natural history notes below). Morphological data for comparisons were taken from their original descriptions and associated literature (Taylor 1962(Taylor , 1963Ota and Nabhitabhata 1991;Rösler et al. 2005Rösler et al. , 2011Bauer et al. 2008;Brown et al. 2008;Ngo et al. 2009Ngo et al. , 2015Gamble 2010, 2011;Nguyen 2010;Nguyen et al. 2010;Panitvong et al. 2010;Luu et al. 2014Luu et al. , 2015Luu et al. , 2017. ...
We describe a new species of the genus Gekko from Phitsanulok Province, central Thailand. Gekko flavimaritus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of morphological characters: medium size for Gekko (snout–vent length 76.0–84.5 mm in six adult males, 67.5–78.3 mm in 11 adult females); nares in contact with rostral; two enlarged postmentals; 12–16 dorsal tubercle rows; 27–35 ventral scale rows; 10–15 subdigital lamellae on first toe, 15–18 on fourth toe; finger and toe webbing weakly developed; tubercle absent on dorsal surface of forelimbs and hindlimbs; adult male with 7–8 precloacal pores, in continuous row; precloacal pores absent in females; single postcloacal tubercle on each side; tubercles present on dorsal surface of tail base; subcaudals enlarged; sexual dimorphism present (colouration on dorsum in life — yellow in adult males and brownish grey in adult females); dorsum with whitish vertebral blotches between nape and base of tail. Genetically, the new species is nested within the G. petricolus group and is closely related to G. boehmei and G. petricolus. The new species has uncorrected pairwise divergences of ≥ 18.57% of the ND2 gene from other species of G. petricolus group. Additionally, we present the first genetic data for G. lauhachindai, and verify its morphological assignment to the G. petricolus group.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:06420ACC-2A05-4CE5-AF94-86B5D550E907
... While a vast body of literature was audited to confirm the genuslevel arrangement herein, I only cite the most significant ones here as these alone adequately support the taxonomy within this paper. Key sources relied upon to corroborate the split of Gekko sensu lato as done herein include the following: Anderson (1871), Auliya (2006), Bauer et al. (2008), Bobrov and Semenov (2008), Bonetti (2002), Boulenger (1885Boulenger ( , 1886Boulenger ( , 1887aBoulenger ( , 1887bBoulenger ( , 1907, Brown (1902), Brown et al. (2008Brown et al. ( , 2009Brown et al. ( , 2011Brown et al. ( , 2012, Brown andAlcala (1962, 1978), Das (2004), De Lisle et al. (2013), de Rooij (1915, Duméril andBibron (1836), Fitzinger (1843), Gaulke (2010Gaulke ( , 2011, Goris and Maeda (2004), Gray (1831Gray ( , 1842Gray ( , 1845, Grismer (2011), Grossmann (2004, Grossmann and Ulber (1990), Günther (1864Günther ( , 1867Günther ( , 1888, Günther (1994), Han et al. (2001), Heinicke et al. (2012), Hofmann (2009), Houttuyn (1782, Jono et al. (2015), Kluge (2001), Koch (2012), Koch et al. (2009), Kraus (2009), Laurenti, (1768, Lin and Yao (2016), Linkem et al. (2010), Linnaeus (1758), Luu et al. (2014Luu et al. ( , 2017, Manthey and Grossman (1997), Matsui and Okada (1968), McCoy (2006, Meiri et al. (2017), Mertens (1955), Ngo and Gamble (2010, Nguyen et al. (2010aNguyen et al. ( , 2010bNguyen et al. ( , 2013, Okada and Okawa (1994), Okada (1956), Oliver and Hugall (2017), , Oshima (1912), Ota and Nabhitabhata (1991), Ota et al. ( , 1995, Panitvong et al. (2010), Phung and Ziegler (2011, Pyron et al. (2013), Ride et al. (1999), Rösler (2000Rösler ( , 2001Rösler ( , 2005aRösler ( , 2005bRösler ( , 2017, Rösler and Tiedemann (2007), Rösler et al. (2004Rösler et al. ( , 2005Rösler et al. ( , 2006Rösler et al. ( , 2011Rösler et al. ( , 2012, Russell (1979), Sang (2010), Sang et al. (2009), Schmidt (1927), Schneider (1797, Shang (2001), Shaw and Nodder (1792), Shcherbak and Nekrasova (1994), Sluiter (1893), Smedley (1931), Smith (1923a, 1923b), Song (1985, Stejneger (1907aStejneger ( , 1907b, Swinhoe (1863), Taylor (1919Taylor ( , 1922aTaylor ( , 1922bTaylor ( , 1925Taylor ( , 1944Taylor ( , 1962Taylor ( , 1963, Toda and Hikida (2011), Toda et al. (1997, 2001a, 2001b, Tytler (1865), Unterhössel (1902), Utsunomiya et al. (1996), Vesely (1999), , Vogel (2014), Wermuth (1965, Woerdeman (1919), , Yang et al. (2012), Zhang (1986), Zhang et al. (2014), Zhao and Adler (1993), Zhou and Liu (1982), Zhou and Wang (2008) and sources cited therein. In terms of the nomenclature adopted within this paper, the following points should also be noted. ...
ABSTRACT
The Asian gecko genus Gekko Laurenti, 1768 as recognized by most herpetologists in 2018 includes a
significant array of sometimes large and spectacular species. About 60 described forms are currently
recognized as species. However others await resurrection from synonymy or formal scientific description for
the first time, meaning that as of 2018, species diversity is underestimated.
Various phylogenies published in the past decade (e.g. Heinicke et al. 2012, Pyron et al. 2013, Oliver et al.
2017) have shown the genus Gekko to be of ancient origin and other morphologically similar genera to place
within the Gecko tree.
Even species within Gekko sensu stricto Heinicke et al. (2012) show divergence between taxa in excess of 50
MYA., while Oliver et al. (2017) claim divergences well in excess of 30 MYA.
Rather than merge dozens more disparate species into an even greater-sized genus, this paper is one of a
series dividing the complex of genera into monophyletic species groups at the genus level based on
divergence and morphology. The division of groups in this and other papers published at the same time
dealing with the complex is extremely conservative relative to dates of divergence splits in other widely
recognized reptile genera
This paper deals with the genus Gekko Laurenti, 1768 as currently recognized, excluding those species
closely associated with the taxon originally described as Gekko vittatus Houttuyn, 1782, which is dealt with in
another paper.
In summary the genus Gekko is herein split along lines similar to the species groups identified by Rösler et al.
(2011), with the most divergent groups being treated as genera and subgenera. The result is 6 genera
(including the Gekko vittatus Houttuyn, 1782 species group) and further subgenera.
Four genera and six subgenera are formally named for the first time according to the rules of the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. 1999).
Keywords: Gecko; taxonomy; reptile; nomenclature; Asia; Gekko; Luperosaurus; Pseudogekko;
Lepidodactylus; Ptychozoon; Scelotretus; new genus; Sparsuscolotes; Lautusdigituscolotes; Magnaocellus;
Extentusventersquamus; New subgenus; Sinogekko; Aurumgekko; Glanduliscrusgekko; Cavernagekko;
Foderetdorsumgekko.
Australasian Journal of Herpetology 38:6-18.
... Comparisons were made with additional museum material in the collection of Thailand Natural History Museum (THNHM), Chulalongkorn University Museum of Zoology, Herpetological Section, Bangkok (CUMZ R), Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels (IRSNB) and Montri Sumontha's private collection, Ranong (MS), as well as original published descriptions and descriptions provided in broader faunal and taxonomic treatments (e.g., Smith 1935;Taylor 1963;Grossmann & Ulber 1990;Ota & Nabhitabhata 1991;Rösler et al. 2005Rösler et al. , 2006Rösler et al. , 2010Bauer et al. 2008;Brown et al. 2008Brown et al. , 2009Toda et al. 2008;Zhou & Wang 2008;Ngo et al. 2009;Ngo & Gamble 2010;Linkem et al. 2010;Nguyen 2010 Diagnosis. A medium-sized Gekko, snout-vent length at least 98 mm. ...
A new species, Gekko lauhachindai sp. nov. is described from Saraburi Province in central Thailand. It is a member of the mid-sized Gekko petricolus group and within this group it is probably most closely related to G. grossmanni Günther, 1994, G. scientiadventura Rösler et al., 2005, G. russelltraini Ngo et al., 2009, and G. takouensis Ngo & Gamble, 2010 with which it shares a similar dorsal pattern. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by its moderate size (SVL at least to 98 mm) and slender body, rostral participation in the nostril border, precloacal pores 12-14, femoral pores absent, dorsal tubercle rows 14, snout less than 1.5 times eye diameter, presence of "I" shaped rostral groove, interorbital scale rows 36-40, digit I and IV of pes with 13 and 13-15 enlarged subdigital scansors, respectively, and dorsal pattern of large bright spots dorsally that may be expanded to 5-6 whitish narrow cross bars intersected by a bright mid-dorsal dotted line from nape to sacrum. The new species is one of many recently described Southeast Asian geckos that appear to be restricted to limestone caves. It is the seventh species of Gekko known from Thailand and the third Gekko occurring in sympatry in the karst forests of Chalermphrakiat District, Saraburi Province, central Thailand.
... • Mantheyus phuwuaensis (Manthey & Nabhitabhata, 1991) Phu Wua Lizard • Gekko taylori Ota & Nabhitabhata, 1991 Taylor's Gecko ...
Thailand suffered the loss of one of its greatest biodiversity specialists, Jarujin Nabhitabhata, Director of the Thai-land Natural History Museum at the National Science Museum, and Editor of the Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, to a tragic medical accident, a heart attack induced by lo-cal anaesthetic administered for the removal of a mole which was supposed to be a minor medi-cal procedure. His loss is a great one to south-east Asia's and Thailand's scientific community. Many biologists who have come to Thailand to do field work over the past decades, came to know Jarujin Nabhitabhata, because of great as-sistance that he has given field researchers. He was a most genuinely friendly man and was al-ways eager to discover new things. Jarujin Nabhitabhata was born on 22 Janu-ary 1950. He received his B.Sc. in 1972 and his M.Sc. in 1979 at Kasetsart University follow-ing elementary and high school at Vajiravudh College. He would later receive an honourary Ph.D. in Biology from Maha Sarakam Univer-sity in 2004. In 1977, he received a certificate in Ectoparasite Biology from BIOTROP in In-donesia. From 1980 to 1981, Jarujin studied at the Deutsches Stiftung für Internationale Ent-wicklung, in the Federal Republic of Germany, where he received a certificate in Ecology and Taxonomy of Vertebrate Pests. His areas of ex-pertise included ecology, biology, the taxonomy of vertebrates, particularly reptiles and amphib-ians, as well as considerable knowledge of bats and rodents, and the taxonomy of invertebrates, particularly butterflies and moths. While Jarujin was a young student, he joined a pioneer group called the Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, under the leadership of Dr. Boonsong Lekagul (1907–1992), Thai-land's premier conservationist and naturalist. This set the course of his life of service; one of his childhood friends recalled that he was fa-miliar with the smell of chloroform from about the age of ten, after their collecting forays into the (long gone) clouds of butterflies in Bang-kok, and added that he would not have received passing grades without Jarujin's homework as-sistance. After college, Jarujin spent four years working at the Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, doing field surveys during the prep-aration of Legakul and McNeely's monumental Mammals of Thailand (1977), and co-authored the ground breaking Field Guide to the Butter-flies of Thailand, published the same year under the auspices of the Association. Later he over-saw the Thai translation and update of Legakul and Round's A Guide to the Birds of Thailand released in 2007. OBITUARY
Aim
Lizards are ancestrally diurnal, and most of them remain so. Nocturnality is common among lizards, but the environmental factors associated with lizard nocturnal activity are still unknown. Here, we contrasted the ambient temperature and productivity hypotheses, where we predicted that cold temperatures will pose a stonger limit to nocturnal species richness than diurnal lizards. Moreover, we contrasted the relative importance of annual, day and night mean temperatures to pinpoint the drivers of nocturnal lizard richness.
Location
Mainland Eurasia.
Methods
We collected distribution range and activity time data for all 1,113 lizard species found throughout mainland Eurasia. This represents the largest geographical scope to date, for studies of lizard species richness. We examined the spatial patterns of nocturnal species richness in relationship to diurnal species richness across environmental gradients of ambient temperature and productivity.
Results
Nocturnal lizards are richest in the tropics and in deserts, and their richness decreases with latitude. However, nocturnal lizards are absent from the highest latitudes and coldest regions inhabited by lizards. Diurnal and nocturnal lizards respond in a similar manner to climatic factors. Ambient temperature has a strong influence on both, whereas productivity is more tightly related to the proportion of nocturnal species.
Main conclusions
Nocturnality is widespread among Eurasian lizards. However, nocturnal lizards are absent from invariably cold regions, and low temperatures seem to be a limiting factor for lizard activity period. We suggest that the year‐round warm nights of the tropics reduce the cost of being active at night and open the nocturnal niche for many lizards. In hot deserts, the combination of hot days and aridity increases the cost of diurnal activity, whereas nocturnal activity provides a shelter from these extreme conditions.
Chromosomal characteristics of nucleolar organizer regions/NORs and karyological analysis of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) from Khon Kaen Province, northeast Thailand was studied. Gecko chromosome preparations were conducted by squash technique from bone marrow and testis. Conventional staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques were applied to stain the chromosome with Giemsa's solution. The results showed that the number of diploid chromosomes is 2n=38, while the fundamental number (NF) is 50 in both males and females. The types of chromosomes were 2 large metacentric, 4 large submetacentric, 4 large telocentric, 6 medium telocentric, 4 small metacentric, 2 small acrocentric, and 16 small telocentric chromosomes. NORs are located at the secondary constriction to the telomere on long arm of the largest telocentric chromosome pair 4. There are no sex differences in karyotypes between males and females. We found that during metaphase I the homologous chromosomes showed synapsis, which can be defined as 19 ring bivalents and 19 haploid chromosomes (n=19) at metaphase II as a diploid species. The karyotype formula is as follows: 2n (38)=L-2(m)+L-4(sm)+L-4(t)+M-6(t)+S-4(m)+S-2(a)+S-16(t)
Zootaxa 3914 (2): 144–156 www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3914.2.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org: Abstract A new species of the genus Gekko Laurenti is described from central Laos. The species is distinguished from its congeners by its moderate size, i.e. maximum SVL 80.0 mm, dorsal pattern of five to six dirty white vertebral spots alternating with yellowish-edged, W-shaped blotches between nape and sacrum and six to seven pairs of dirty white spots interspersed with yellowish-edged dark blotches on the flanks between limb insertions, 0–1 internasal, 39–43 ventral scale rows between the weakly developed ventrolateral folds, 3–4 precloacal pores in males, sometimes separated by one poreless scale, 98–104 smooth dorsal scale rows around the body, 16 broad lamellae beneath digit I of pes, 15–16 broad lamellae beneath digit IV of pes, and enlarged subcaudal scales.
DAVID P. & INEICH I., 2009 – The lizards of the former French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos). An updated reappraisal. Pp. 347–436 In: René Bourret, Les lézards de l’Indochine. Ed. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany & Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.
Sexual-size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread in animals. Body length is the most common trait used in the study of SSD in reptiles. However, body length combines lengths of different body parts, notably heads and abdomens. Focusing on body length ignores possible differential selection pressures on such body parts. We collected the head and abdomen lengths of 610 lizard species (Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria). Across species, males have relatively larger heads, whereas females have relatively larger abdomens. This consistent difference points to body length being an imperfect measure of lizard SSD because it comprises both abdomen and head lengths, which often differ between the sexes. We infer that female lizards of many species are under fecundity selection to increase abdomen size, consequently enhancing their reproductive output (enlarging either clutch or offspring size). In support of this, abdomens of lizards laying large clutches are longer than those of lizards with small clutches. In some analyses, viviparous lizards have longer abdomens than oviparous lizards with similar head lengths. Our data also suggest that male lizards are under sexual selection to increase head size, which is positively related to winning male–male combats and to faster grasping of females. Thus, larger heads could translate into higher probability to mate.
A reassessment was made for the status of the poorly known Vietnamese gecko, Gekko palmatus Boulenger 1907, by comparing the holotype and additional specimens of the species with those of the closely resembling G. chinensis Gray 1842 from southeastern China. As a result, it was revealed that the two species differ from each other in several characters such as the size of internasal in relation to supernasal, and snout-vent length (SVL). On the other hand, the holotype and paratype of G. similignum Smith 1923, a species described from Hainan Island but subsequently synonymised to G. chinensis, showed several characteristics such as the greater scale row count at midbody and smaller SVL when compared with G. chinensis. The types also differed from G. palmatus in having internasal as large as or larger than supranasal. smaller SVL and fewer preanal pores. Therefore, the specific name G. similignum was resurrected as valid.
Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 is herein reported for the first time from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Four specimens were recently collected on Sulawesi and the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi. This represents the first record of this large gecko species from east of Wallace’s Line and for the Sulawesi region. Morphological data for Sulawesian G. smithii are compared with literature sources. Finally, the taxonomic status and origin of the Sulawesi population of G. smithii are discussed in light of observed biogeographic patterns and the possibility of human transportation.
Aim Body size is instrumental in influencing animal physiology, morphology, ecology and evolution, as well as extinction risk. I examine several hypotheses regarding the influence of body size on lizard evolution and extinction risk, assessing whether body size influences, or is influenced by, species richness, herbivory, island dwelling and extinction risk.
Location World‐wide.
Methods I used literature data and measurements of museum and live specimens to estimate lizard body size distributions.
Results I obtained body size data for 99% of the world's lizard species. The body size–frequency distribution is highly modal and right skewed and similar distributions characterize most lizard families and lizard assemblages across biogeographical realms. There is a strong negative correlation between mean body size within families and species richness. Herbivorous lizards are larger than omnivorous and carnivorous ones, and aquatic lizards are larger than non‐aquatic species. Diurnal activity is associated with small body size. Insular lizards tend towards both extremes of the size spectrum. Extinction risk increases with body size of species for which risk has been assessed.
Main conclusions Small size seems to promote fast diversification of disparate body plans. The absence of mammalian predators allows insular lizards to attain larger body sizes by means of release from predation and allows them to evolve into the top predator niche. Island living also promotes a high frequency of herbivory, which is also associated with large size. Aquatic and nocturnal lizards probably evolve large size because of thermal constraints. The association between large size and high extinction risk, however, probably reflects a bias in the species in which risk has been studied.
A review of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of all currently recognized Gekko species is provided based on morphology (including size, scalation, color, and pattern) and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. We distinguish six morphological (phenotypic) species groups within the gekkonid genus Gekko: the G. gecko, G. japonicus, G. monarchus, G. petricolus, G. porosus, and G. vittatus groups, all of which receive support from molecular phylogenetics. The taxon G. reevesii, formerly evaluated as a synonym of G. gekko, is revalidated herein at specific rank. Furthermore, a preliminary identification key of all currently recognized Gekko taxa is provided.
The lizard genus Gekko consists of over 30 species distributed in Asia and Oceania. From the insular region of East Asia including Japan and Taiwan, 9 species (G. hokouensis, G. japonicus, G. shibatai, G. tawaensis, G. vertebralis,G. yakuensis, and 3 undescribed species) are currently recognized. We made karyological analyses for all these species. Their karyotypes invariably consisted of 2N = 38 chromosomes, but exhibited considerable variation in fundamental number (ranging from 56-62). Substantial chromosomal variation was detected even among populations of a morphologically relatively uniform species, G. hokouensis. Populations of G. hokouensis from the central and northern Ryukyus exhibited prominent female heteromorphic (i.e., ZW type) sex chromosomes. Populations of the southern Ryukyus exclusive of Yonagunijima also had ZW sex chromosomes, whose heteromorphisms were, however, much less prominent. The other G. hokouensis populations including the topotypic continental representatives and the population from Yonagunijima of the southern Ryukyus exhibited no sex chromosome heteromorphism at all. These results strongly suggest that G. hokouensis in the current taxonomic definition actually includes more than 2 species. The process of chromosomal evolution in the East Asian Gekko is hypothesized.
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