Migrant children and young people’s voice in healthcare

Abstract

This chapter addresses the issue of children and young people’s participation and ‘voice’ in healthcare provision, in the wider context of their inclusion in social and political life and with a focus on young people who have migrated to the UK with their families. While children and young people’s participation in decisions that affect their lives is stipulated as a right through the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), public services still vary in their commitment and established mechanisms for including children and young people’s views in improving provision. The chapter draws on research with Eastern European migrant children newly arrived in the UK in relation to experiences of healthcare provision post-migration. The main focus is on their views of health service provision, the barriers they face in relation to health service use and the strategies migrant families adopt to overcome perceived shortcomings in provision, including adopting a transnational use of health services.

Full text


Chapter 22: Migrant children and young people’s ‘voice’ in healthcare
    !" #$ %&$' %()*+' Handbook of Migration and Health, &,-& .-
 .$
!"/-0- 0&"&"1
Introduction
- 1&-0 -.-,.!!!.0.
&  -/"&.&!2.$ -
 !-2.0.3/,&. --
!&.-& -&-.!!$ "-- - /
  -&  -  &-.   !    45    &03  - -     2.   -
6-& -/,, !- !& -/$-%())**78'
-.&  &-3/ && 0 / -,
  4-     -  ,  -. 3  &  -.0  6-     ,-&     -  ,  ,0$
&.&3 -/!-  -  &-&0. -
-- ,-&-."&0.3.-.
2,&.&&.-&$
 &-3&6- &!" &.  -0 - -
/,--,0//. !-&&" /-.0-.&
0-- &0!2-2% ())('$ *797&/
  .    &%'-0-! &-&0.3-. 
&:&-& /."     . &-&     & -.     
&&-&  /&-! -/$ ! 
&. &-& 0. &2. -/, 0 .&
-"  !-   -. & !"  &-/  /&0  
-  -. --&$
  -6"!-2,&.  &-&0.!0
6-  "  &  - -/ .0&,0 &$
          -.    &    -&  -     &-  &  0.  "
--/ -/-"&.0" 0".."-
-$&03.&,-&" /-&--!",0

/,0"   &-3   !&  ,. &--&/-  "
 &!.-$ 6,   --. ---&
&& ,0,   0- . 0 - ,   0
/$
 &-&0.3  &,..0- -/-0&0
/"- - ,   0/$ 6".
0.3/,-/  -20"-  -&-!&
 &0   . --/ !.  &$ !- 
- /-  -&" - .- - !- 20  &&
&$  ;.   -&0  6&&  -       - -0    0" -
6!" /.6-!/-0"!.-" &0&-!
 "-0.&$!0-"-.-
&6.-/"-. -/!. --&" 
0!2-"-.-.!.-%<0,-()*)'$
  -&-,-- , --!.- &-,0--/& 
1-6-  --/!.-$ . &-&.
-3/,  --/20-!.0  -&!-"
 /,!.-.-"&--  &-&0."---0
6-&$ -&-&&- ."   -6!-  ,&-6  
 0&!  !.- &-&&" &-! 
  !.-   &-3    !  &       -      &    
 --/!.-$  ! &-&0.3/,
  -/ -/"  --- 0 -   -/ & 
-.!.-!&/-!-/& -!.-/"&.
&.-  -/$
 6!.-"0.36-  --.
-/!. &&! -&" 0!06-&
----!& :0 -6-$-&0!&" &-
&0.  -  &  -  -. "&/  &  
&/&   -     -.   -  !$      -  . .      !- -  
!.-3/--  -/", .-- &-
&0.--2--&"&& --  0
&-&/-0 &2 &&6&/-$

Seeking the views of children and young people
  -"--!.- &-&0. , ,--
-0& -& --0,  -!0" -. &- - 
-& !.-$&&-. &0!2. &-"  -&-
2,&.&!-!6"& 20!--!- -!.--0
& .%1 ())+'$ /-  ,&&"-- ,  &-
&0. . -! ,-- --/ &-
& -0- -- -"0-- -"
-- --&-- -%1())='$  &&! 
 4! &3%-0.-'"& .&- &-&
0. 30-6-  -/" -&  -
-/ & --/ --/.0%<!&-*77>?
<!$*779? *779?- ())='$  4, .0 & &3! --!
/,  & & 6-&" && &&&-   
/ &-&0.--$
@  &-3-. - / -& &/
 .   &%'*797"0-0  &-3&0.
3  /,  /    2,&.&    /&     -  ,  -. $   -   ,  
6 -- ,&- &-3-. -/..
  !"&.!0.-&--/&, &
 -/   0$ -%())* *78'-.&  2.   &-3 /
 &!---042:60&-/
,-&-/-/&&0.3..!, 20
  3$
-*(& *8  60&&- -.   &- -!&"
//&&&&  -/" .  -. -6-&
,  /-  /"  ,   /    -&  -     &   0    -
!!  %  ())9?  0-  ()**'$  #-  6!"  -  *(  !     -.   
-     &-  ,   -  4    -!.   -  ,  /,3"  .   
-0&&&&/& &-30$ .0&
:-& ,0 & &&0, !-&.
& ,-" 0!2 5&.!$ . -*( 
    &   2 -0  -  &.  &-3  /,"   ./  /-0  
.&   ,     !.      /&$  !-0"  -  8"  ,   & 

-  &20--00!-//. &-"! &
&-- &-3-&,.$/- " !-
-. -,-& -"&&-! !&0 &-, 
!.  /- &&-   ,0  ,  &  -.   -"
-&/-0--&-!".-&-%.
())8'$ /" /-/&--!,-2&! !
-!,-. &--- &   & && ! &
0   ,&-     &-3/  ./- /-
/$ 1"-6!"-   &-&#!()*8 
.&%()*8'" &     &-&;.    %&'()*8 %
-! ()*8'!  !-./. &-&0./
-& - -/A-6!" -. -.!-/!
    -/  A  &    -0    -/    -  -  -
$
The impact of migration on the health of Eastern European migrants
B.--0- 1 /. ./- ,&&"
-!!.-3-0-."--!.-&!-%
&  B-  ()*8'$    -!       1      &     !-   
>$=C!"-*(- 1",---&%()*8'",
 !!!-- .&"&&2$@  6
 -%' &&"-.!--!.- 
1,!-! -  &  - -$2  "  ,   !0  &
!.-&" .!- -0--/&-!.- /!.-&
. -,  -!"!0,  & &-&0.$2
--/.-! -"!.- /!  - 
1"     (9   !!-   /   -  0 -& -  -.&  /-
 -$()**"&-/  - -!-,!!-
  &      &  . :0--&-   -  - - D
%- ()**'$ E,/-"&-  -"!-/0
2,!.-3  &,./-& -6-.
 --/!.-$
 - !--0--/&!.- &&!.-3
! !0" 20-&!&--/&"!--&0"

  !.-    -/& &0    -/.-
%;//()**'$--&!!.-- -/
-/%-()**'$@ !! -&!.- &--
-/ 1 6  %    !!0   ())>'" - /
-&-!.-3,2  -%&B())7?
$()*)'", !-& ... - , -& -!!.-
/-&&,.!- ----.&%F
$()*='$ .-0 -/&  - !.--!00.&  0"
,   !06 -,-/$  4  0!.-3 !0 &
"!.--20&- -  -&&.!/-&$
E,/-"---  , -,  4  0!.-3 
-0.!.--0,/"!.- / . --2&--.  /-!
 -.  &4  -3% &D!())G'",  -
&&0!-/! -!&$$%()*)'
. . & !0 --- !.-/-!
-!- - -/-20  -" 
   &    "  0  &, /     0  /0"  &! 
-$ -&-&60-..-&0  6-!.-. /
2& . --2&/.!!&"  -
&"&-&60%()*)'$-&-!.  
!?-6!" -. -..!-&!  ",  
&/-0  !    0 .  &  !    &  &    2.  -
- $  !5- - -- .   !.- &/&3
 !  &!.-3  --"!0!.-
-  !..-&-0 - &!!.- - --&&
0,   -/-&$
@ &   &!.-- !&/-" &      
!.- &- 1-!6$, -"&!.- &-
/  --&      :      -    -  -&  -2   --
 0&!  $ .,   0!2 --!-0
 -   . . &    .    ,   0  &       ,  -0"  ,
0.-   &-  -. -    -!     & &  !  % . &
B-  ()*8'$  -  ,  !!.-  &    -    --&     -
&-.  0 &!  "  & "  , .0

. --0 .&-&0 .-!%& &
BD()*8'$ 2  --" 0.--  !.-!0-/  !
 &&,--0 .!.-"&/&
   0--&-2 !!&  &-"
60&&&-!.-.-%()*)'$-$
%*779' /&& /-  :  !0  -   ! 
!.-0 $ &&.!0-?&-&
& ..?&--& ,!,  -!.  -
-36-/-! - !&$!!.- &-
6--! &. - &%/())7'",  !0--
!&,- &.!-.$
  &-!      -!  &/&   --  %    ."  6  &
  -'"      &  !!0  ,-2  &  !  &
/-!&% &" .",-2.&'020-
6.   -&!-!.-.-% .-&@  &
*77*'$ B.-36---&&   "0
5!.- ..& / !-!&
,0    .   -    !  %0  ()**'$  #-  !.-    ,2&  5"
./-!!-! --,-2&-/--.-
&./-!.-.0- -&&/.
&  -  --0  & 0    -    !$ #-    
&-6&--   / ,
    -&  &!2.  &   /-    !.-  -!    ,&  -.  
!2.-&%-$())>?()*8? !()*)'$B.-3 
  &0 -. "&! - &3 
-!.-    &&  0-   -&0&&  0  6.
!&&-!  %!()*G'$
Conducting research with young migrants
 !!.-  &- & 0.3  &,.", 
 -  /,     -       -  -/  &  6-      -/
-/0,-- - - 6$&-  !
--  --  -   &   :     --  !-    -.   
-&&&!&&"--/--&!-

!0.$ !%())9' & &/.&.--0&
/-- ,  &-", ! !2!- --
-$0-.. &-3& -.-. &&&-.
 &, -/," &-./& ! 
-- &!$ --0  &  / -!--      /
! &  -    ,  ,0 --/&  0.  !.-"  --0  , -  0    
..     !0 $- - & &-  -
--"-! ."  0 &"& ,  ,-
-  -&""&"0&
&!%!())9'$
 &-&":/--  -&/../.!.- &-/
-!--0"-&&.!.-&5$E,/-"
-- -&!&!.- &-3,  -!&0
/-$   -  -    &.&  0  -& -  %!  ()*='$ 
!"&!0 , -  &-3 ---&  
!-!-, &-/-!0- "-&
-"-&!0,2  - &-$
  -"&-,&&, =>-- &-".&/*+"
,  &/&&-  -0- ! &0$ 0,-
.&-%8* .- &(+  0'&-!  -.  !2.-& &  
!5-0%G9',- " !!.--0.- 1())G$F/ &-
&0.3&/-!&--"-.-- ! &&
 :,-&- //&,-& 6-
 -  /,$  #&,-2  !&    .-"  &/&  -/,"  &-  &
 .- 0$#.- / ,,-2,,  &-%E0&E-0
())='"  0, !!  -3&"&, -- -
 6,   .- -&6-$ 0,-&&
  &-3, ..  %.  .-'&,  ---  --!.
.-% -.-'"  &/-& &-3  &/,  - -. 
-/"&.  -$-,--.&&- 6-
40!.-!03" :&&-&--& -- /.
 ---"&-,. -2,&.&!.-3/
 1$ 0& 2&-0, !.- &4,&36-"
-  - , 6-  0, &$ &-& /,- &"

&!.-/ &-,-20A  "!&-"
--"-2"$A& &/"! &-3 !&
..!% -&<!()))'$
#,.    -!       .-"  (8  &  !0    &  ,-  !&"
&.(7 &- %6- .,-//&'& - 
!0$ &&&!5-0  &-%H*8'"&/ "
-/2",.-&,! &-",E.-"
&D !0$"*=.-&*G0,-//&", /-.
.**%.-.,9A*+0-&'$&&/ &-3
!"  ! ,-  !--6&/-!   $ E,/-"
&!-,0&- &-&0.3-" -
 -&    ,   - !0!!-  %!  ())9'$   - &-3    
-/- -",./ ! -02 .- -/ 0
&&!,20&-0$@ ! &-&0.50& 
/" -,-!--&---&52 -6-$ 
. .  !- /.6& : 0.
 -!& 0-.".." 0.-
.-!2-$
Young migrants’ health behaviours and engagement with health services post-migration
&-!.- /&..,   -/-.-0 
 !5-0%-$())>?$()*)'$
 !.-&&-- -/ % $ ()**'" -/-0 0!
/& 1-/&0!.-"-&/,-/
/$ -!&/& ,!.-3   /---
 !0 !.-& . -!0!&- ,
0$ &---.0&0 -!3&  &  0
 /-%!()*G'$ -&/!.&/& /20- -
    %  ())>'  &"           !.-  !"  -  /  &
2,&.      -      &   -  %B.. & F!-"
()**'$
E   /-  &  -  !0  -      -/  !-  -  &/&  &
!" 0-.-&0-.6",  - &-&0.
   " !0"- .-& . - &%B--, ()*)'$@ 

! - !   .& &-0 "     &- !.-
&!0&/! ! - !-%()*8'" -
/  ! &     !  -  &  :     !2  /  
-!--& -%B1&-2$()*G?D-()*G'$-
& &-!0, &  0 /-&. "!0!&
0 /0&-&0  0&--/$
--- "!  &-&0../-.0/ -
 /-& ,-  &  -!. -/  /"   F"
 -!" &&$B &-,-&--
     0! &   -    0  -&   &"   !2.
!- , -/  0 &-& - -0-.$ .
!! 0,&&- -!:0-/A-6!" -
-  !  !& A 0 -.-0!!&   -
:0 --&:!& -----/ &
 2&0/&
ID %*('B0 &&!&- 2&- -" 3 -$
!0&0.-&-"0F$
 -%*8' 2  &---$
D%*G' 2  ! -& -$
@%*G' 2  0 /-:! -$% .-'
@ ! &-,--.-&, !0&-%-F'"!,-"&,-
-!-.0-/$!&  0 &2-.-
, &- & &  - -0-.$ -& !3& 
-/ 0,-!-, " ---,-2&",  ! 
--,0&!,&2 --.-, -/
 -,-0
We haven’t been here [in Scotland] long, so we didn’t register yet with a doctor, but mum
said we can go to the hospital in case of anything. But we are usually quite healthy.%B-"
 "*('

My mum says we might not stay here [in Scotland] long if she cannot find work, so we kept
our doctor back in Poland, just in case. %B-2" "*)'
B0 &- &0.  !!&   &-&  -   -
-!     !&  $     ./   !        !,-!  &  //!  
& --&,.&-
I feel they talk to you more here [in the UK] and they ask you what you want, [they do] not
just [ask] your mother.%"*8".-'
 &-,  - &  !!&  --&--.    
!.!    -  &"  &  ,   0 &   &    ,  /,   
!&"-&-..., !&$ &&&-
!& ,--&- !&&--" -:0
 2& !&0.,&-, $20 &-
&0.!!&,",  !&!--
---/-!-&",  1" -&
,-!.&0 F- --$&&!- !!&"  
    - &  --    !-  &-  -& &           -&
..  ,-   -  &-  ,   !  &&&    -/  -&    
 -$".-.-,  & -0&"6& , 
-/& .,.!--.& ",   -
& -! -3&-/.-&-. ,0
Well, here, you wait like months to get to a doctor … which is annoying … boring … you
know you have an appointment, but it’s so far away that you forget about it and just live your
life and by the time your appointment comes, you are OK. So we went to see the Bulgarian
doctor, the one that operated on me. And she said it’s OK if we wait and see how it goes,
because it might get worse if they operate again. And I trust her more, I feel safer with her.
%"*8".-'
Barriers for young migrants’ access to health
--!!0& !.-!--.--- -/
 !-!.  -%!()*G?()*)? !()*)?()*8'$ 
1 6"  ,     .    -  -&  !        -"

0-!.-"0.& -!-..
&-&   0! -,-0& -..!, -/
-/&-$  &&"    -0  /- -  !3  !   -  &
-!"0!!&0 -   -  --/"-&- -/  &
- -!&..---!2 6-. 
-/!- &$ ",!  -0--- --
  &&    .    -    !.-  .-"  &.  2    &:
-!"-&- -/-& ..---$-
 -! &-&0.3 -/" - 6-- &
-!&3 ,/, & 0. -   . -/
  -   -  !"  &     -      -!   -.     &   -
! !5-0..%!&202D()*='$
Lack of adequate information on entitlements and services available
 &-&0.3 6- !.- -.-&0-.
-",  & --3/"-&!0!-$-
!"  ! -  ,-    5  ,   -  /    :"   ,-2.  
-."&-.".----5$B0,!,- !!2-"
&  -!& .  ..2$  ! !0 !-&  
!" --&&&/0 ,-2$#!0!
.&:0 .%&B())7'- 0. - &
,  !.-/%BF $()*8'"!. !.- &-&0.
!0!!-.&& !6- - 5-."
 0"&$ ,! & /-0!0 & - - &
&-&/.&$0.-&,!!&-
. &-/"!.-3   -/&  0   - ,  --/$
-/---:0&-/&-&!.-!0-2-!
-0, -0.  %-$())>'$&&" /0
  , 0!& 2 &-6- -., -/  - ,
-0!0  !  &&/. -!  -! -/
/$
!0-- "2&,0--/&!.- &- 0&  --/
/ !!0" -,." -!--
- & -!-  $--, - /-!&2,&.

!.,!.--//0%!&#6()*G?!()*='$B0
!"  ,0 --/&"  ,-    -     -  !        -/"
 . --$ 0-&&&!-.0%J'-
4 ! . &3&,-,0 -.-&, &- -&$ &-
-!-  &  !& -. -!      !0!  !-2  &
,- !   &0 %! &.- ,-    !
!!-',-&0 -!3--&  -$ ! 
!"!!&&-&---&-&
!&-!,   --,&&,&&- -
!!.-$
-!         -/      !&&  0 "  ,   &  !
-!"  -.  ---       6  - ,    -  -/ -
/ 0-/0!&- ! &"!"   !
-.-,  &- -& -   -.-  -!-!$   -"
 &-! !- 4--2-3  - -!"  -.-!-
6-.--!-/"-6!"-$
 ,, -%!&202D()*='" &-3 &.!
. &-.-, -/ -.   !46-3 
!0& - ! -&/. /- --"  0  -3
.!&/.$ -/--!!  &-
 / !-!&. -!3-",  
&  -& !/  &-,-&  --3 !&.."
-  &  &0"    ,    -. -- &-  ./     -0$
 &-&0.-!-20-,  - &- -. 0
&-!"&&." -!-
%!()))'$- !!0-0- &-&/
,-2,  - .-"& --!&-
-!!0--$E,/-",-2--!0
,0  -/.! 4&-3%$$"  &!!'/-,!-$
#-6!" &-&0.!02,.."/- /
 -,-!,-2... -, -&..-/$
!  "  !.-  &-  -&   -!  -!   - -&  &   - !&
6--/, -3&&$ -0.!.-
/2 -!3..!, -/ ---:-

!62&&&///0--/&-&$ ,
-!0-&-- !"&.-2 -!  &
,.$
Cultural differences in provision and rules of engagement with services
-/  6-         0!       !&  ,    !.-3
 /-- ,   0! ,-0&"6
 ,-/-&- !&$--&, -
%!()*G'  --3/, &--/&&!
!.!.-", !&,."--&&
&--   -!$ !! !   -/&4-!
-3", -----!&2--&!!0-&,
 --$
I was very sick last year, and they give me only paracetamol, and I was ill for two months. It
was something with my neck, I couldn’t speak. I was in the hospital and they just give me
that.%.2"*=" '
-/&&--  -. & &!!&
!- -!- ,-&/.  -!" -0.!0&
-&  -  &/  &  -!$     -   &&  !-.0  /     
!&&-&&&/&4,.3 1- .  -.
--/-? -  2. !0!!-    !&- 2   &. ,
2,!&  !&$
Romek [son] got an allergy after the swimming pool, so I went to emergency. The woman
looked at photos on the internet and then she gave me a prescription for some cream. But
then I read the instructions and realised it was for scabies, so I called Agata, my friend,
because her son had a similar problem, and I borrowed from her the cream that she got in
Poland and it helped. %.!-" ! -'
We couldn’t get antibiotics here, and my mum was sure the doctor was wrong, so we called
my auntie back home and she went to our local doctor [in Poland], told them what I have and
then they posted me the medicine.%B-2"*G"&'

 20&.--& --  !.--,-2 &!
!-!-,  0!" 0-&,-2-&!-
-!&    6.  -/  &  ,     -$  -  ,  -  -
!%!&#6()*G?BF $()*8'"-6!" --&!3
--/-&!--0"- .--.!"   -&.--
-"  ,    /,   !/.     -  -     -  ,-2  -
!-/$    !.-  -/    !-/   -  ,-2  &  /.  -!"   -
&-&.&6  -/ .%B..&F!-()**'$
  &-&0." &"-& .-&
 -!!- !!0!  -   /-"& 
&,.&6  -/-20 ./-!$ 
6"--&,-  ..-!.-36&
 -& /-&//-!"--/&&-. -&
&2 - ../&6$
The language barrier
..      20 ---    !0  !.-3        -/$  B.- /
&-  /    !       ..     -  &  -0  &   -
&/.! !5-0.. -0-!
-/&!"& -6--., !&--&
&-&.-!$-&0" &-&/& -!
. ! !--&0   --&  -  &" 0 ,-
2&0 ----!!-----!&
!
When you don’t understand, it’s hard to know [what is available], like my mum when the
nurses were visiting her, she said that she doesn’t understand and they try to translate it,
point it out until she will understand. Or if I am home, then I do it for her, tell her what they
said, read the paperwork for her.%1&"*8" '
&&/" &-&0.!0&------"
& 0!0./ !-! ,..", 
2.       /-0    -  -0$  #-  --"  .   &-  
---&-.&"--/-&0&---

 &- ,   -&/. !--!6 -!.0&
/0  !&  /-  -0"  &  .&  -  ,&  -:-  -
---      2& -  !&  !$  @-2.  ,  !   -.  
---/- .-! .--".-!"
6.  -!  &  !  --"    !  -  0  !!&$  
&&" //.---- !&/0----
!!!-0..!0&0!&&-!-!...,
-/$ -    . . &  ,!.-3.  -
-/&-/& "-" -. &.&-&2
--!2-!-!-6" -!  -/&-
 --0-.%F$()*)?B..&F!-()**'$
Conclusion
  -!&!!- /&&6--! 
-/-! -/!.- &-"0.& -!$B0
 6-  &-&0. /!.--20 /&-
! - ,.$  -:0 &-0.-& 0 - !3
!-!"  . - &  ,   0 /&   --& 
,-2  !.-"   -      -.  &  -    &  -  ./-!
0!2--.&:0&&:  -/-,0
--/&!.-0 $ - /-0:/-- -
 6,  ,0--/&!.-..0,   -/&
   -  /,    6-     "       -  &  0  ---   0
-.-/$ #- -!-"&  !.-3  & 
-/-& 0"-0-.". 0 1-!!.-
---&&, &/&  -$!& ..
  -"&. &-&0.&2. -/,
5.&-"!-5&-/ /&0- 
 --. --&$
@-2., 0.!.-  6 .---
&-:- !2 - $. .-.-0.
, -/  F - &&"0./    0
/-!/-!0&$ &-&0." ,/-"
6- --"!00-.-!&&.-! -

-&-/ /"  20 !-&  . !2
&&-&-/&-/-/$--0 !&
-&- 4  -!3 &--   -/ &-&
!.- 1"!.-!!&-.-0-/&
&  -/  -      -/"  &.  -/  &  -  -$
-  0   - .  -   ,  !.- 0.    & -  
 0 /-&-A 0!0!-&&,  -"
&-! 0.-!  "!&&  --  , .."
,  /.-/-!0&$B.-3/,  -/&
6-  !&   --- 6-&   ! &-&0
 -- 1$- &--/&6
 -..!, -/&!&!-6,0--/&
!.--&--.. !  -!. /-&. --$
--&-/,, -/ &-& -!-!!2.
 -.  -/$ ..   -/&&/-&
-0/!-", ,- &-&0.3
!&!!$
/& !0!.-. .- &-&0.
&! -  "   /-&,.$#-!.- &-&0.
"-  !.-6-%/-./'". -&
   , -0"  !  "  ."  .&-  &  -  !0    6
&-   /-&!$ -/-&&  --20
&0 --3-!.-&!
!.-"& ---6-  -$ 6" -/,  -
&&-  -&--!0 &--3 /-$E -
-/&-!/&- -- !.- &-&
 -!3&   ..  , -/&,-2 ,   !  --/
, /-$-  , !! -/-0
-2  -!  -! ,-2,  0  2  -   -/    ,
-0$.  - -. !-& /-!.-&
!2.& -  --/& &-&0.
-20-,  &$
B.- &- -  --&   -!     /-  0
 &  &"  &      -/    &  /    -    

--$@   --!. /!-   -0! 0-!-
, & 0&-&-" &-,6&..!!&-
  /-0 - &-.-$E --,-2., ,0
--/&!.- &-  & !& ! !  -
6&&.. !/-&0!0 &&&-
0  -   0  !.   /$    0.    &/   -  &-&.    ,
 --  - ,-0" 20  -- & ,
 ./-!$ "  &-3.!. !! !-
&/&     -- &  - ."  !.- &-!0  !
!!&--2,&.-// -!%!&
#6()*G?!&202D()*='$
-  -/-!0-!0-!.-"
0 -,0--!.-"&  --&,-
 &-36-0&--$!- . . 
  &-&0.!.-!-0, / ! 
6-  -  !$  6.  --   ,  ,  &-    &  !
-!  -     !  -.  -     &-3  :    !
%B--,()*)? B1&-2 $ ()*G'$ -" &- &0. 3 
-!.-,2-.,-", &
0 -!3-/-&  $ --!&-0
&-&/!-   !.-.-", 
..! &-&0.-. &5",
.&-$
References
"$%())>'"#/&! -0 0-0 &"
Journal of Youth Studies"10%*'"*>A8G$
"  $ %())9'"        &  --   -. "  -  &  -" Children’s
Geographies"6%*'">A()$
-"B$"B$@&"$-,2"<$--0"F$&&@$B%*779'"After the Door
has been Opened: Mental Health Issues Affecting Immigrants and Refugees in Canada"
,B-B-!&D &E &@-$
"  $  &  B$  <$  B-  %()*8'"  The Age of Migration: International Populations
Movements in the Modern World"= &"&.-/$

 -" $&$<!%()))'"Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices"
&&.$
 ." $&$$B-%&$'%()*8'"Immigrant Children: Change, Adaptation and
Cultural Transformation"B-0&6.2$
"$"$&$%()*)'"Workers on the Move 3: European Migrant Workers
and Health in the UK: The Evidence" -210/!-$
 .-"F$&B$@  &%*77*'" Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in
Health" 2 ! -#-&$
" F$" $ @&2 & $ < %()**'" Identity, Belonging and Migration"/-
/-/-0-$
%()*8'" Children and Families Bill 2013"&-!&$
/"$ %())7'"B. K B.- &-3 .   -/-0&0
/ -!-0 "British Journal of Sociology of Education"30%='"=(*A=8=$
-    %()**'" Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 9th March 2011 on the Application of Patients’ Rights in Cross-Border
Healthcare"--.$
F"$"$&!&$-./%()*='"The Effects of Immigration on NHS
Waiting Times"  /     www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/working-paper-series/working-
paper-005$
F"$$"$"B$E-&F$B-%()*)'"0.0--&-
!0"Health and Place"16"**G=A**==$
E0"$& $ E-0%())='"6-. &-3 /, -. .-" $
F-& $ E. %&$'" Researching Children’s Experience"&." $(8+A
(=8$
!!0 %())>'"Estimating the Scale and Impact of Migration at a
Local Level"&F/-!$
<!"$&$-%*77>'"Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood"&#!-$
<!"$"$<2&$-%*779'"Theorising Childhood"!-&.0-$
<0,-"E$ %()*)'" Health and Access to Health Care of Migrants in the UK"&
:0#&$
B.."$&B$F!-%()**'"B.-&  -/..!0
!.!.--&"Health & Place"17"**GGA**G7$
1"  B$  %())='" How to Develop Children as Researchers: A Step by Step Guide to
Teaching the Research Process"& !$

1 "$ %())+'" Social Work with Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children" ,;-2
.-/B!$
BF "  $"  $  E  &  $  -/  %()*8'"     !.-  A   -
6- /. 4,&!&3  .-F.," Environment and
Planning" 45%('"8(7A8G8$
B1&-2" <$" F$ B0" <$ 2" F$  & $ 10 %()*G'" Poverty in Scotland:
The Independence Referendum and Beyond"& &/-0F-$
B.."$&B$F!-%()**'"B.-&  -/..!0
!.!.--&"Health & Place"17"**GGA**G7$
B--,"$%()*)'" &-343!-  &,."<$
6"  B$  &"  $1-"  1$  !!  &$ @  %&$'" Equality, Participation and
Inclusion"(&&"&&."$(>*A(9=$
D-"<$;$%()*G'"‘If You Could Do One Thing…’ Nine Local Actions to Reduce Health
Inequalities"&- &!0"$7*A*)($
%()*8'" Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Report" ,- -
$
-"  $  %())*'"  -.   &-  -        &-  =*+  -.-!!"
Children & Society"15"*78A()*$
-"$%())='"The Future of Childhood"&&.$
 "$%())('"- ,  &- !-&--!-- , &K
Childhood"9%8'"8(*A8G*$
!"$%()))'"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community",
;-2!J -$
"B$%()*)'"Eastern European Immigrant Families"&&.$
."  $  %())8'" The Cultural Nature of Human Development"  B& &  
/-0-$
"  E$  &  E$  B  %())7'" Recent Migration into Scotland: The Evidence Base"
&-. !&- $
 "$&$D!%())G'"--.  !.!!.-
-!--F-!0"International Journal of Equity in Health"3%G'"*A*)$
0"  $  %()**'"  B.-3    ,-2  &  ,2    .  --  &
-.- !.-"The Sociological Review"59%G'">)>A>(G$
& "  $  &  #$  BD  %()*8'"  B       &-    !!.- &   
!--"Adolescent Psychiatry"3%*'"8)A8G$

 -!%()*8'"Children and Young People (Scotland) Bill"&-. 
-!$
!"$%())9'" &.-- ,  &-&0.
 - !"Children’s Geographies"6%*'"+8A>9$
!"$%()*G'"4 2  &---36-, &/, 
-/&!.,0--/&!.- &-& --"Health & Place"
30"9+A78$
!"  $  %()*='"  B &.    &.  -- ,  -  -
 &-  &  0. "   $  2"$  E  & $ /  %&$'" Geographies of
Children and Young People (Vol. 2), Methodological Approaches",;-2-.-$
!"$&$#6%()*G'"B.- &-"&-/
-".&!6."Children & Society" 29%+'"=(GA=8G$
!"$&$202D%()*='"--.---.
  !.-!& ! -&..0" Language and Intercultural
Communication"15%('"()9A((8$
"<$ %()*8'"  !  &    -/  D    1-  !!.-  ,!"
Qualitative Health Research"23%**'"*=(9A*=G)$
-"$%()**'"The Migration Debate"&0-$
-"  $"  B$   "  $  &-& $  .0  %())>'" Migrants’ Lives Beyond the
Workplace: The Experiences of Central and East Europeans in the UK"  ;-2  <
,-#&$
0-"$ %()**'" !   &-3 /-!   0 -"-/
--"Childhood"18%('"*=*A*+=$
 !"#$%()*)'"-  &-!,-2!."/&
  2.!. --!.- &" Health and Place" 16"+)+A
+*($
 !"  $  %())9'" Doing Visual Research with Children and Young People"  &
&.$
;//"$ %()**'" The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations" &
.$