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Annotated checklist of the gall midges from the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Abstract and Figures
The gall midges are one of the most important groups of gall makers. Emerging larvaeproduce stimuli and the host plant responds by producing galls, fascinating structureswhich provide food and shelter for the developing larvae. Most gall inducing midgesare host specific: they are only able to induce galls in a few, often related, plant species.A few species have different feeding modes: among them are saprophagous, fungivorousand predaceous species and some are used in biocontrol. We recorded 416 species in thewhole area; 366 species are recorded from the Netherlands, 270 species from Belgiumand 96 species from Luxembourg.
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... Most gall inducing midges are host specific and are only able to induce galls on one, sometimes a few, often related, plant species. The level of knowledge of Cecidomyiidae in Belgium has been considered as rather poor in Belgium until recent years (Roskam & Carbonnelle, 2015). Few Belgian entomologists have indeed paid attention to this group of insects (Gosseries, 1991). ...
... Lambinon also motivated and taught the discipline to a new generation of naturalists (Carbonnelle & Romain, 2016). Since then, records have been partially published in dispersed articles, excursion reports and online records (Roskam & Carbonnelle, 2015). ...
... In 1991, Gosseries listed 125 species for Belgium. Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) reported 270 species for the country. But Carbonnelle & Claerebout (unpublished), gathering all data for gall inducing animals (zoocecidia) in the area, are now adding 95 new species discovered since 2015. ...
A first list of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from the botanical garden Jean Massart in Auderghem is presented. The species were identified on the basis of their galls. A survey was carried out by the first author with a group of amateur naturalists on 6.VIII.2019 and additional data were provided by the second author from observations on several dates in 2021. The inventories took place within the framework of the "Objective 1000" project. In total, about 100 gall inducing organisms were recorded (fungi, insects, mites...), including 39 species of midges, all belonging to the subfamily Cecidomyiinae. Each species is briefly described and discussed. Although most of these species are relatively common, some rarer species are also observed. The number of midges on the site is probably much higher and further surveys should reveal new species for the site.
... плющ звичайний, падуб, горобина звичайна, вільха сіра і клейка, дерен-свидина, бирючина). За рік розвивається одне покоління, рідше -два (з серпня по вересень) [86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. ...
... Самиці відкладають в нижній частині листка яйця, і відроджені з них личинки живляться їх ніжною м'якоттю. При сильному пошкодженні молоді кущі можуть залишитися повністю без листків [89][90][91][92][93]. ...
... Через 10-45 діб з'являються імаго. Впродовж вегетаційного періоду формується кілька поколінь [90][91][92][93][94]. ...
У монографії узагальнені дані з біоекології автохтонних та адвентивних
патокомплексів і шкідників калини, які можуть слугувати теоретичною і
практичною основою для селекції на резистентність до несприятливих біотичних
чинників плодових і садово-паркових насаджень калини. Ця наукова праця має
безперечний інтерес для фахівців з біології і екології рослин, селекціонерів,
агрономів з захисту і карантину рослин і може бути наглядним посібником для
науково-педагогічних працівників у сфері плодівництва та садово-паркового
господарства. А також наукова праця може слугувати настільною книгою для
студентів і аспірантів, що навчаються за спеціальністю 201 «Агрономія», 202
«Захист і карантин рослин», 203 «Садівництво та виноградарство» і 206 «Садово-
паркове господарство».
... Most gall inducing midges are host specific and are only able to induce galls on one, sometimes a few, often related, plant species. The level of knowledge of Cecidomyiidae in Belgium has been considered as rather poor in Belgium until recent years (Roskam & Carbonnelle, 2015). Few Belgian entomologists have indeed paid attention to this group of insects (Gosseries, 1991). ...
... Lambinon also motivated and taught the discipline to a new generation of naturalists (Carbonnelle & Romain, 2016). Since then, records have been partially published in dispersed articles, excursion reports and online records (Roskam & Carbonnelle, 2015). ...
... , Gosseries listed 125 species for Belgium.Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) reported 270 species for the country. ButCarbonnelle & Claerebout (unpublished), gathering all data for gall inducing animals (zoocecidia) in the area, are now adding 95 new species discovered since 2015. Compared to the neighbouring countries,Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) listed 416 species for the Netherlands,Skuhhravá et al. (2005) lis ...
A comprehensive three-year survey of the Diptera was done with Malaise traps in the Botanic Garden Jean Massart (Brussels-Capital Region) from spring 2015 till spring 2018. This tiny 4.5 ha centennial Botanic Garden is squeezed in between the eastern border of the city of Brussels and the Sonian forest. The Garden is composed of various biotopes like a marshland and ponds with Natura 2000 status, an orchard on dry grassland, a medicinal plants garden, an arboretum and an evolution garden. All is mixed
with patches of semi natural woods. Nearly 2,000 plants species have been recorded here and more than 4,000 species of arthropods. Despite the small size and the location at the border of the city of Brussels under high environmental stress, the Garden has an amazing and unexpected high biodiversity with some very rare Diptera species, even on a European scale. Although, not all fly species were identified, no less than 1,191 Diptera species were found in 70 families. The species accumulation curves calculated for some of the families showed that more species are expected to be added in future. Among the flies, 129 species were reported for the first time in Belgium including three new species for science. The Diptera fauna is commented in 23 papers. A checklist covering all the Diptera species identified during the survey is provided at the end of the book.
... De larve verpopt in de grond. Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) vermelden dat A. rudimentalis in 2008 voor het eerst in Nederland is waargenomen. In Zwolle-Zuid (Zandhove) en Wekerom (GD) is ze niet zeldzaam. ...
... In de gal kan de inquiline galmug Macrolabis fagicola voorkomen. Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) Bloemhoofdjes die in augustus 2020 op Zandhove verzameld werden bevatten gele larven en/of witte larven (figuur 4). Het is niet duidelijk of de glanzende witte larven ook van C. jacobaeae zijn. ...
... Contarinia medicaginis is een belangrijke plaag van luzerne Medicago sativa in Centraal-en Zuid-Europa. Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) vermelden sikkelklaver niet als waardplant. ...
Recent observations of less known gall midges in Dronten, Zwolle and Loenen,the Netherlands (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Rarely recorded gall midges from three locations in central and eastern provinces of the Netherlands – Dronten (province of Flevoland), Loenen (province of Gelderland) and Zwolle(province of Overijssel) – are discussed. A checklist of Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015) with recorded gall midges in the Netherlands, was used as a reference for details about the abundance of each species. The southern European species Spurgia esulae, not mentionedin the checklist, was found in Zwolle. New to the investigated region are Contarinia fagi, Dasineura medicaginis, Jaapiella medicaginis, Macrolabis heraclei and Ozirhincus millefolii. Other species which are discussed are: Anthodiplosis rudimentalis (with a first observation in the Netherlands in 2008), Contarinia jacobaeae (with galls possibly containing the inquiline gall midge Jaapiella crinita), Contarinia medicaginis (found on Medicago falcata, a host plant not mentioned in the checklist), Contarinia nasturtii (on Diplotaxis, with a yet unknown gall-type where fruits are clustered at the top of the stems), Contarinia pyrivora (with a small fraction of the larvae hibernating in the fruits and not exclusively in the soil asmentioned in literature), Contarinia rubicola (causing strong enlargement of the sepals, withor without stemlike growth of the central part of the receptacle; fruits partly develop eitheron top or alongside this stem, with some of them showing phyllody), Dasineura pyri (withlarge populations on rootstock shoots of Pyrus calleryana), Gephyraulus raphanistri (withflower galls strongly purple-colored, possibly caused by anthocyanin), Lestodiplosis sp. (a predatory gall midge with only a few records in the checklist of 2015 was observed in galls of Rhopalomyia florum), Mikomya coryli (with only three records in the checklist), Ozirhincushungaricus and O. longicollis (both occuring at all three locations in the studied region, thefirst species being dominant), Rhopalomyia florum (the gall is not a swelling of the achene, but is formed laterally to the aborted achene; it was abundant at two of the three locations),Semudobia betulae, S. skuhravae and S. tarda (for which Betula fruits sometimes containedtwo galls of either the same or different species), Taxomyia taxi (for which both the verysmall 1-year and the much larger 2-year life cycle galls were found, the 1-year gall is notmentioned in the checklist), and Zygobia carpini (of which a gall is apparently to be used foroverwintering by a larva of Spilonota ocellana).
(PDF) Recente waarnemingen betreffende minder bekende galmuggen in Dronten, Zwolle en Loenen. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366290438_Recente_waarnemingen_betreffende_minder_bekende_galmuggen_in_Dronten_Zwolle_en_Loenen [accessed Dec 15 2022].
... At present M. coniophaga is known to occur in fourteen countries in Europe, one in North Africa (Egypt) and one in western Asia (Syria) (Fig. 4). Data on occurrence of M. coniophaga are given in the following articles: United Kingdom (Harris 1976), France (Skuhravá et al. 2010), the Netherlands (Roskam & Carbonnelle 2015), Denmark (Haarder et al. 2016), Sweden (Wahlgren 1944), Germany (Holz 1970), Poland , Czech Republic and Slovakia (Skuhravá 2009), Austria (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2009), Hungary (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 1999), northern Italy (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010), Serbia (Simova-Tošić et al. 2000), Bulgaria (Skuhravá et al. 1991), Egypt (Skuhravá et al. 2014), and Syria (present article). Gagné & Jaschhof (2017) give occurrence of M. coniophaga in USA (New York, New Hampsire, New Jersey) and Mexico. ...
Larvae of Mycodiplosis coniophaga (Winnertz, 1853) were found in colonies of rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Wint. (Uredinales) on the leaves of Rubus anatolicus Focke (Rosaceae) near Zegreen village in Lattakia Province in western Syria during May 2010. It is the first record of Mycodiplosis coniophaga in Syria. Egg, larva, pupa and adults are shortly described and illustrated, life cycle, occurrence in Syria and a map of its distribution in Europe are given.
... In vrijwel alle literatuur over galmuggen van vóór 2017 wordt uitgegaan van een specifieke associatie van P. galliperda met de agame gal van de lensgalwesp en van X. laeviusculi met de agame gal van de plaatjesgalwesp. Dit is onder andere het geval bij Buhr (1965), Docters van Leeuwen (2009), Redfern (2011) en Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015). Ook in mijn boek 'Plantengallen' (Grosscurt 2017 Skuhravá (1997). ...
The gall midges Parallelodiplosis galliperda and Xenodiplosis laeviusculi (Diptera: Cecido�myiidae), inquilines on galls of both smooth spangle and common spangle gall wasps
(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Galls of the asexual generations of the smooth spangle gall wasp Neuroterus albipes and
the common spangle gall wasp Neuroterus quercusbaccarum mainly can be found on the
underside of oak leaves. Ventrally, the galls can be affected by larvae of the inquiline gall
midges Parallelodiplosis galliperda and Xenodiplosis laeviusculi. The larvae induce necrosis and
small dimples in the gall tissue. In literature, generally an obligate association between
P. galliperda and smooth spangle galls, and between X. laeviusculi and common spangle
galls is assumed. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of this assumption.
In September and October of 2022, galls were collected at four locations in northern and
eastern provinces of the Netherlands, namely Dronten (province of Flevoland), Zwolle
(province of Overijssel), Lieren and Loenen (province of Gelderland). Subsequently,
the frequency and identity of inquilines was assessed. At all locations, the levels of
larval infestation were significantly higher with A. quercusbaccarum than with N. albipes
(maximum percentages of 86 an 8%, respectively). In October, infestations were generally
lower than in September, indicating the onset of hibernation. Of the 270 common spangle
galls investigated, 88% had one larva, 11% two, and 1.5% three inquiline larvae. In the small
number of smooth spangle galls a similar trend was obvious. Inquilines were absent on
the underside of galls of the asexual generation of the silk-button gall wasp Neuroterus
numismalis. Larvae of the inquilines P. galliperda and X. laeviusculi were determined based
on the characteristics of the anal segments. Results show that both inquiline species occur
on both smooth spangle galls and common spangle galls, and thus contradict a generally
assumed single host-specificity. Consequently, data in literature on the geographical
distribution of P. galliperda and X. laeviusculi based on host-associations are unreliable.
Phenologically, P. galliperda and X. laeviusculi differ in the onset of diapause in the soil,
with P. galliperda being first. Predation of both inquiline larvae by an unknown Lestodiplosis
species (Cecidomyiidae) was observed at all four locations, at various levels
... (Jensen, 1957 ;Baylac, 1988), ne s'attaquerait pas également à cette espèce. Cette cécidomyie reste cependant à découvrir en Belgique, n'étant pas recensée dans le récent catalogue établi par Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015). ...
L’Hémiptère Liviidae Livia crefeldensis Mink, 1855 est signalé pour la première fois en Belgique. Une femelle fut capturée au filet fauchoir le 9 septembre 2016 dans une minuscule zone humide près de la gare ferroviaire de Gembloux (province de Namur). Le 4 septembre 2018, une seconde femelle ainsi que deux exuvies nymphales et une galle y sont notées sur Carex disticha, une nouvelle plante-hôte identifiée pour ce psylle. L’habitat est une magnocariçaie isolée au bord d’un champ cultivé. Cette espèce est très rare partout en Europe avec une majorité de mentions anciennes. Les connaissances relatives à sa répartition et son écologie sont résumées et l’intérêt biologique du site est documenté. D’autres espèces remarquables ont été notées sur ce site dont les cicadelles Cosmotettix costalis (Fallén, 1826) et Macrosteles sardus Ribaut, 1948, nouvelles pour la faune belge, la punaise hygrophile Drymus pumilio Puton, 1877, ainsi que l'escargot Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) inscrit à l’annexe 2 de la Directive CEE Habitats.
For the first time, a review of gall midges-inquilines, developing together with gall-formers, among which gall midges dominate is provided. In the world, 197 species of gall midges of 41 genera have been identified, in the galls of which 177 species of inquiline gall midges from 27 genera have been found. They are found on plants of 243 species of 160 genera of 53 families and 20 orders. The core of the gall-forming fauna is Cecidomyiinae – 118 species (59.9%) from 26 genera (63.4%), and the core of the inquiline fauna is Lasiopterinae: 63 species (32.0%) from 15 genera (36.6%). Ten common genera were identified, in which there are both inquilines and gall-formers. The proportion of inquilines in these genera is more than a third of the species, for Macrolabis – 39.1% (25 out of 64) and Camptoneuromyia – 86.7% (13 out of 15). Gall-formers and inquilines are predominantly narrow oligophages, specific in respect to the genus or family of the host plant, predominantly Fabaceae. Among gall-formers, the share of specific genera is 61.0% (25 out of 41), while among inquilines is 37.0% (10 out of 27). Host plants of the Rosids subclass are represented by 124 species (51.0%), 88 genera (55.0%) from 28 families (46.2%), most of which are trees and shrubs. Inquiline gall midges have been found in all zoogeographic regions; however no common species have been found. They dominate in the Palaearctic (118 species, 66.7% of 177) and Neotropical (40 species, 22.6%) regions. In the Nearctic region there are only 15 (8.5%) species. In the Palaearctic, inquiline species have been identified in 19 genera (70.4% of 27), of which 7 are endemic. In the Neotropical region, the inquilines belong to 7 genera (25.9%), with no endemics found. The core of the fauna with an abundance of endemic and widespread genera of inquilines formed in the Palaearctic region. In the gall midges, inquiline gall midges predominate, but inquilines develop from other taxonomic groups: insects (with a predominance of Cynipidae) and fungi. Inquilines present the potential for their gradual transition to gall formation and possible speciation during the assimilation of galls and plants of other species. In the galls of gall midges, inquilines actively influence the formation of galls and the development of the host larvae, contribute to their feeding, inhibit or lead to death.
Key words : complexes of gall midges, specific genera, inquilines, gall-formers, endemics, host plants, evolution.
High reciprocal pollination specialization leading to pollinator isolation can prevent interspecific pollen transfer and competition for pollinators. Sharing pollinators may induce mating costs, but it may also increase pollination services and pollen dispersal and offer more resources to pollinators, which may be important in case of habitat fragmentation leading to pollination disruption. We estimated pollen dispersal and pollinator isolation or sharing between two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae), which are rare and occur in parapatry in southern Belgium, forming two edaphic ecotypes. As inter-ecotypic crosses may lead to pollen wastage and inviable progeny, pollinator isolation might have evolved between ecotypes. Silene nutans is mainly pollinated by nocturnal moths, including nursery pollinators, which pollinate and lay their eggs in flowers, and whose caterpillars feed on flowers and seeds. Pollinator assemblages of the two ecotypes are largely unknown and inter-ecotypic pollen flows have never been investigated. Fluorescent powdered dyes were used as pollen analogues to quantify intra- and inter-ecotypic pollen transfers and seeds were germinated to detect chlorotic seedlings resulting from inter-ecotypic pollination. Nocturnal pollinators were observed using infrared cameras on the field, and seed-eating caterpillars were collected and reared to identify nursery pollinator species. No pollinator isolation was found: we detected long-distance (up to 5 km) inter-ecotypic dye transfers and chlorotic seedlings, indicating inter-ecotypic fertilization events. The rare moth Hadena albimacula, a nursery pollinator specialized on S. nutans, was found on both ecotypes, as well as adults visiting flowers (cameras recordings) as seed-eating caterpillars. However, S. nutans populations harbor different abundance and diversity of seed predator communities, including other rare nursery pollinators, suggesting a need for distinct conservation strategies. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of moths, especially of nursery pollinators, to disperse pollen over long distances in natural landscapes, so to ensure gene flow and population sustainability of the host plant. Seed-predator specificities between the two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of S. nutans, and pollinator sharing instead of pollinator isolation when plants occur in parapatry, suggest that conservation of the host plant is also essential for sustaining (rare) pollinator and seed predator communities.
The gall-midges Giraudiella inclusa, Lasioptera arundinis and L. hungarica, living inside stems of common reed (Phargmites) are recorded for the first time in Belgium.
Additional contribution to the knowledge of zoocecidia of Luxembourg. To complement the series of previous reports on galls, the present contribution documents the occurrence of galls induced by zoological groups not previously studied in Luxembourg. We also report species new to Luxembourg or to one of the two geobotanical districts of the country, namely the Oesling or the Gutland.
Du mercredi 31 juillet au vendredi 2 août 2013 Formateurs : S. Carbonnelle & S. Claerebout Rapporteur : S. Carbonnelle
Horidiplosis ficifolii Harris, sp. n. is described on the basis of larvae and reared adults collected in the Netherlands and in Denmark and of galls collected in the UK from plants of the ornamental fig, Ficus benjamina L., initially imported into the Netherlands from China (Taiwan). Larvae develop in irregular blister galls on young leaves and the galled areas become increasingly discoloured, resembling fungal or bacterial leaf spots. The possibility that this Oriental species might become established in glasshouses in Europe is noted.