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Medicinal plants of sacred groves in Kanyakumari district Southern Western Ghats
Abstract
An attempt has been made to identify folklore medicinally important plants frequently used by rural communities of sacred groves and it environs of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. A total of 34 medicinal plants from 33 genera under 29 families were enumerated. Most of the plants are used for curing earache, skin diseases, fever, cold, headache, cough, urinary disorder, ulcer, etc. Of 29 families, 26 families were nonspecific. Plants of Rutaceae was largely represented (4 species), followed by Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae.
... Cl / Fr Extract prepared in emptied fruit with sugar is taken after 3 nights for treating liver diseases (27); fruit decoction for constipation (11); tonic (28); fruit with lemon grass paste to preserve corpse (49) ...
... Tr / Bk Decoction of bark for diabetes (27); ulcer and stomachache (16) ...
... Sb / Lv Leaves decoction for hypertension (27); diabetes (15); leaves paste applied on the burnt area (5) 0.33 0.75 NE Colocasia esculenta (L). Schott. ...
Plants from the genus Phoradendron and Viscum, also known as American and European mistletoe, are a group of hemiparasitic plants traditionally used to treat many diseases. Mistletoes have a rich content of natural compounds like terpenes, alkaloids, proteins, and phenolic compounds associated with their potential medicinal properties. In this sense, mistletoes have shown antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, which has been attributed to their phytochemical constituents. The mechanisms in which mistletoe plants act vary and depend on their phytochemical content and distribution, which in part will depend on the mistletoe species. In this sense, recent literature research is needed to visualize state of the art in the ethnopharmacological potential of mistletoe. Thus, this literature review aims to systematically report recent studies (2010-2023) on the phytochemical characterization and bioactive studies of mistletoe plants, mainly the Viscum and Phoradendron genera. We gather recent information of 161 references selected in our research. Here we report that although there are several bioactivity studies of mistletoe species, bioavailability studies are still scarce, and the precise mechanisms of action are not fully known. We encourage that further studies include a systematic strategy to cover these areas of opportunity.
... Biochemical pathways or cellular mechanisms produce free reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an end product [2] which are harmful to living cells and can cause mutation, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease [3]. Oxidative stress is due to an imbalance between the production of ROS and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily repair the resulting damage. ...
... Previous studies mainly on the chemical investigation of P. africana species reveal the presence of some isolated compounds including three flavones [7,8], two steroids [8], one triterpene [9], three fatty alcohols [8], and seven alkaloids [10]. In this study, we report the isolation of seven known compounds (1-7) including one new natural sesquiterpene derivative (1), a flavone glycoside (2), two phthalate derivatives (3,7), two steroids (5,6), and one triterpene (4). We also report the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the chemotaxonomic significance of isolated compounds. ...
Prosopis africana (G. &Perr.) Taub (Mimosaceae) is a large tree native to dry tropical Africa and characteristic of dry leguminous forests. Different parts of this plant are used to treat wounds, skin infection, and to fight against cancer. Literature review indicated various pharmacological properties. Despite these medicinal properties, the chemical composition studies remain limited. This study aims to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from P. africana leaves and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Air-dried powdered leaves of P. africana were macerated in methanol at room temperature and partitioned with ethyl acetate. The EtOAc extract was subjected successively to flash and column chromatographies in order to isolate compounds. The structure of the isolates was determined with help of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and comparison with literature data. The antibacterial activities were evaluated via determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antioxidant activities were evaluated via gallic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (GEAC) and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract led to the isolation of seven compounds: (2E, 6E) farnesylamine (1), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (2), bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (3), lupeol (4), ß-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol glycoside (6), and a mixture of bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (3) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (7) in ratio 1 : 2. Compound 1 is described here for the first time as a natural product with complete 1H and 13C assignments. Compounds 3 and 7 were identified as artefacts from dichloromethane. Sesquiterpene amine (1) is reported in Prosopis genus for the first time. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of isolated compounds were investigated. Among the tested samples, the EtOAc extract and compound 2 exhibited the highest antioxidant (EC50 = 5.67–77.56 μg/mL; GEAC = 36.58–89.28 μg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC = 8–64 μg/mL) activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The EtOAc extract and compound 2 from P. africana exhibited antibacterial activity through bacteriolytic effects and reduction of the antioxidant defenses in the bacterial cells. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of isolated compounds was discussed. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract and compound 2 can justify the traditional uses of P. africana leaves for the treatment of diseases related to bacterial infections. The presence of compounds 1, 2, and 4 in this plant should also be considered as valuable chemotaxonomic features.
... Crushed fresh leaves are sniff up for the treatment of bleeding from nostril (epistaxis) and it is reported that the [21] bleeding stopped within ve minutes. It is also a good hair tonic when mixed with cumin seeds and [19] massaged on the scalp. ...
... This mixture is crushed and juice obtained from the mixture (alternately, pills prepared from the mixture) is taken thrice daily in the morning, afternoon [29] and evening for 7 days as treatment for asthma. 10-20 ml decoction of leaves are given to the patient at [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] bed time in respiratory disorders. The leaves are expectorant, febrifuge and effective in bronchial [11] asthma. ...
Keywords:Aegle marmelos Corr., Ayurveda, Bilva, Historical & Ethno-medical uses
... The various extracts from different parts of the plant are known to have pharmacological importance which includes, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, antihelmintic and antileprosy properties [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Due to increasing demand to meet out industrial requirement as a raw material , soft wood forest species are under tremendous pressure across the globe. The demand of fast growing Melia dubia is one of them. The usual approach of regeneration for this plant is through seed is unable to produce large scale plants. The present investigation aimed to develop the Standard Operating Procedure through Tissue culture method for mass multiplication of M.dubia using nodal segment . Results showed that the highest shoot initiation response (86.6%) was recorded in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with additives, NAA (0.1 mg l-1) and Kinetin (0.5mg l-1). Maximum response of shoot multiplication with highest shoot length of 5.5 cm was obtained in MS medium supplemented with combinations of Ascorbic acid (50 mg l-1) and Kinetin 1 mgl-1. For rhizogenesis, MS + 3.0 mgl-1 IBA (93.3 %) demonstrated superior in terms of the percentage of cultures with root induction, the average number of roots, and the average length of roots per explant. In conclusion present study ensures the successful mass multiplication of M. dubia, demonstrating the importance of tissue culture in the expansion of this economically significant multipurpose tree.
... Biochemical pathways or cellular mechanisms had been producing free radicals and reactive oxygen species as an end product (Nantitanon et al., 2007). Unstable chemicals are harmful to living cells, it can cause mutation, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer diseases and can be related to different scientific problems (Adiguzel et al., 2009;Sugumaran and Raj, 2010 ...
This study was undertaken to investigate in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Blepharis glomerans flowers (BGF). In this experiment we used methanol for the soxhlet extraction. Methanol extract of BGF comprises alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Phenol content of the BGF was 51.4 mg/g and flavonoid content was 38.9 mg/g. Methanol extracts of BGF showed DPPH (47.7%) and ABTS (44.8%) activity. Furthermore, the methanol extract was used in antibacterial studies, which shows the highest inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae and least inhibitory activity against S. typhi. This study explored BGF as a potential source of antioxidant as well as antibacterial properties.
... The studied medicinal plants vary in their life forms with trees (34 sp.) form the majority part of the medicinal plants collected from KWLS followed by herbs (32 sp.), shrubs (25 sp.), climbers (9 sp.) and epiphytes (2 sp.) ( Table 3) (Fig. 2). Herbs were reported to be more common life form in other works [27,28,29,30,31] which is trees in the present study. It may be possibly due to high abundance, easy availability throughout the year of the trees as compared to other life forms. ...
Background
The undocumented indigenous knowledge of Kuki-Chin tribes within the fringe villages of Kaihlam Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) is vanishing without a trace, therefore preserving the valuable assets is critical for future generations.
Methods
Ethnomedicinal information was collected from 84 informants from Kuki-Chin tribes (Paite, Thadou, Hmar, Gangte, Simte, Vaiphei and Zo) and quantitatively analyzed using ICF (Informant consensus factor), FL (Fidelity level), UV (Use value) and RFC (Relative frequency of citation).
Results
The total ethnomedicinal plants reported include 102 plant species under 90 genera in 55 families and were utilized by the different ethnic groups of Kuki-Chin tribes in the present study. These plants were used against 53 different ailments grouped into 16 categories. The most commonly used plant part was represented by leaves (45%) and the most common form of preparation was decoction (41%). The calculated ethnobotanical indices range for informant consensus factor (ICF; 0.91–0.99), fidelity values (FL; 84%–100%), use value (UV; 0.5–0.9), the relative frequency of citation (RFC; 0.01–0.71) and the Pearson correlation coefficient between UV and RFC reflecting a positive correlation (0.788) between use value and the relative frequency of citation. The unique features of the study area were the perspectives for the corpse preservation, deworming in children, trichinosis and food poisoning remedies. Among the reported ethnomedicinal plants, two threatened taxa Cycas pectinata Griff. and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. were highly utilized by the tribal communities as good source of medicines and food which need to be highlighted for their sustainable utilization and conservation.
Conclusion
The ethnomedicinal plants were analyzed quantitatively for the first time from the study site regarding their indigenous use by different ethnic groups belonging to Kuki-Chin tribes in Kaihlam Wildlife Sanctuary. The present study will help in the conservation of such intangible assets for their sustainable utilization and prospecting for discovery of new drugs based on the traditional knowledge.
... Varunal, a traditional Ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation containing is used against hepatitis, C. nurvala edema, ascites, and arthiritis (Mhaskar et al., 2000). Pallaypatty villagers of Tamil Nadu, India, use leaves and bark to cure jaundice, eczema, rabies, fever and to control birth (Ganesan et al., 2009;Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). In Philippines, leaves are prescribed during irregular menstruation whereas the bark is used to cure convulsions and tympanites (Bopana and Sexana, 2009). ...
... Plants from the genus are also used in the treatment of paralysis, snakebite, and chronic rheumatism (Govindachari et al., 1970;The Wealth of India, 2000;Kumar et al., 2009). A. racemosa is commonly known as Kattu Naragam and used in chronic rheumatism, itching skin, blood puri cation, paralysis, herbal formulation, asthma, bronchitis, cough, fever, allergy, and acidity (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010;Luthria et al., 1989;Pullaiah, 2006;Harsha et al., 2002). A. buxifolia has been used in the treatment of paralysis, snakebites, cough, sputum, traumatic swelling, pain, rheumatism, and malaria (Gu and Han, 1986;Wu and Chen, 2000;Yang et al., 2012a). ...
... is being planted under industrial agroforestry M. dubia models and is reported to be a amenable agroforestry ideotype , Bhusara et al 2018 without any allelopathic effect on under-storey crops (Kumar et al 2017, Parmar et al 2018. It's fruit pulp possess many beneficial biological activities (Susheela 2008, Sukumaram andet al. Raj 2010). Studies suggest that the apart from possible top feed source the drupe pulp could be a good supplement for various ailments in small ruminants and livestock. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing basal diet of goat kids with 20% and 40% of Cav. drupe Melia dubia dry pulp to ascertain its effect on body weight, dry matter intake (g day), and growth rate, feed conversion ratio and economics of feeding.-1 Twenty four goat kids (average 121 days old and 6.49 kg live weight) were assigned randomly to 0%, 20%, or 40% dry pulp diets (8 M. dubia kids diet). The study lasted for 90 days. Total mixed rations (TMRs) replaced by drupe pulp (BF; Basal feed, 20% and 40%-1 M. dubia M. dubia drupe pulp) did not have any significant effect on body weight, dry matter intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio by the kids of all groups. Inclusion of drupe pulp in different TMRs of kids reduced the cost of feeding. Replacement up to 40% of normal ration with M. dubia M. dubia drupe pulp was most economical. The investigation divulged that feeding is economically beneficial without any difference in growth performance and hence drupe dry pulp could be a good alternative feed source. M. dubia
... It is also observed that more than 35,000 plant species are being used around the world for medicinal purposes. [1] The Indian sub-continent has a very rich diversity of plants species in a wide range of ecosystems. The Indian sub-continent approximately 8,000 species are generation to generation and played an important role in conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. ...
Traditional medicinal system such as Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha played an important role for various aliments of rural people in India. A major part of the total population in our countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant resources. Drugs obtained from plant are believed to be much safer and exhibit a remarkable efficacy in the treatment of various aliments. The state West Bengal shows rich diversity in medicinal plants in which the rural Murshidabad district is an important source of traditional medicinal plants. An ethno-medicinal study was undertaken in different villages of various blocks in this district and data were obtained from tribal people, Vaidyas, Ojhas, local herbal drug sellers. There are 52 species of medicinal plants belongs to 39 families, 51 genera for the treatment of different diseases. To cure various diseases local traditional healers were using leaves most commonly followed by roots tuber, bark, whole plant, latex, fruits and seeds. The plants were used for skin diseases, wound healing, eye infection, migraine, could and cough, throat infection, fever, digestive problem , diarrhea, dysentery, piles, hypertension, heart weakness, diabetes, sexual diseases, anemia, jaundice, intestinal worms, tooth ache, hair fall and dandruff, muscular-joint pain, bone fracture and notably one for kidney and gall bladder stone.
... In India, medicinal plants are used since ancient times to cure various ailments and disorders (Thakur et al., 2021). More than 45000 species of plants are found in India, thus called as Botanical Garden of the World (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010;Abd EI-Ghani, 2016). The medicinal systems such as folk, ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Chinese medicinal systems use these herbal plants to treat various diseases and ailments (Verma and Singh, 2008). ...
... This is the reason why India is called as the botanical garden of the world which is listed among the world biodiversity centers. (12,13) Medicinal plants are used in almost all the Ayurvedic practices of treating numerous diseases. Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations are well known drugs in Global herbal drug market. ...
Medicinal plants are important part of traditional medication system. These plants are also the primary source of modern drugs. One such important medicinal plant is Bauhinia variegate (orchid tree) commonly called as Kanchanara in Hindi and Mountain Ebony in English. It belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family. It is one of the most common tree species found throughout the India. This tree is known for its beautiful scented and aesthetic white pinkish flowers. It is traditionally used in many folk cultures around the country for various kind of disorders. It is commonly used plant species in Indian cuisine. Its flower buds are commonly used as vegetables in many regions of India. It holds a significant place in Ayurveda for its curative and healing properties in many diseases especially cervical lymphadenitis, hemorrhage, rectal prolapse, menorrhagia, leukoderma etc. It is used in many Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations as a main ingredient like Kanchanara Guggulu, Ushirasava, Vidangarishta etc. It has diverse nature of phytochemical constituents present in it which are responsible for extraordinary therapeutic properties like anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, haemagglutination, anti-oxidant, antigoitrogenic, nephroprotective. The aim of present review is to provide information related to phytochemistry, traditional uses in Ayurveda and folk medicinal system and therapeutic properties of Bauhinia variegate.
... As per the estimated reports of the WHO, in developed nations around 80% of the total population rely majorly on the phytomedicines for maintaining their health and fulfilling basic requirements [16][17][18][19]. India comes under the category of world biodiversity centers which is blessed with the rich medicinal plant history having more than 45,000 diverse species of plants; therefore, it is considered as Botanical garden of the world [20,21]. Indian medicinal plants are used in many traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani Folk system, and as well as allopathy [22]. ...
Plants are the primary source of food, shelter, and various remedial approaches. They are being in use for treating various kinds of human ailments across the world since the ancient times. One of such important plants is Eclipta alba hassk (Asteraceae) which is commonly known as Bhringraj and false daisy. This plant is known for its extra-ordinary therapeutic properties. It is one of most widely used plant in traditional systems of medicines such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidha, homeopathy, Chinese, and folk. Each part of this medicinal plant contains many important phytochemical constituents such as coumestans, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, polypeptides, and saponins. It is majorly used for enhancing the growth, strength, and blackening of hair. It is used as the main ingredient in many hair oils. It significantly treats problems related to hair such as hair fall, dandruff, premature greying, and baldness. E. alba exhibits many other important biological properties such as anticancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-stress, and immunomodulatory. Thus, this medicinal plant is playing a vital role in the medical field and cosmetic industry. The present review is a summary of phytomedicinal importance of E. alba in Ayurveda as well as folk medicine system.
... The herbal medicines are mostly administered in the form of juice, decoction, paste or powder, prepared by a crude method from different plant parts such as root, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and whole plant. In Madhya Pradesh of central India 265 sacred groves are reported (Srivastava, 1994) and plant worship in a way maintains local bio-diversity and plays an important role in its management and conservation. Women particularly, in both rural and urban areas, have developed faith in the number of plants by protection of the plant species. ...
... The phytochemical constituents of several medicinal plants have been shown to possess novel molecules that have been proved to be effective drug molecules by rigorous science. Many phytochemicals are known to exert antimicrobial, antioxidant and analgesic property that have been recognized as beneficial to human health and for the prevention of disease (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). ...
Objective: The study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of black and green tea consumption on serum lipid profile and cardiac function in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: 24 male Wistar rats, average weight 125 g were sorted into four groups: A, B, C and D. Normal control group (A) were fed standard rat chow; the remaining three groups (B, C and D) received rat chow supplemented with 2% (w/w) cholesterol to induce hypercholesterolemia. Group C and D were administered 40 mg/ml of black and green tea respectively while group B (hyperlipidemic control) were not treated. The feeding and tea administration lasted 6 weeks. Results: Significant reduction in body weight and heart weight index was recorded in rats administered black and green tea compared with the untreated group. Black and green tea consumption also caused significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk ratio accompanied with elevated HDL-cholesterol compared to untreated group. Significant alterations in cardiac marker enzymes: creatine kinase (CK), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also observed in serum and heart homogenates of untreated hyperlipidemic rats which were normalized in rats administered the teas. These results are synonymous with decreased risk of atherosclerosis and protective potential on cardiac function by green and black tea. Conclusion: We conclude in this study that regular intake of black and green tea might be useful in treatment of obesity and prevention of cardiovascular complications arising from hyperlipidemia.
... The phytochemical constituents of several medicinal plants have been shown to possess novel molecules that have been proved to be effective drug molecules by rigorous science. Many phytochemicals are known to exert antimicrobial, antioxidant and analgesic property that have been recognized as beneficial to human health and for the prevention of disease (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). ...
Awareness of traditional knowledge and medicinal plants can play a key role in the utilization and discovery of natural plant resources. Plants became the basis of medicine system throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide mankind with new remedies. Researchers generally agree that natural products from plants and other organisms have been the most consistently successful source for ideas for new drugs. The world health organization estimates that 80% of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary health care. More than half of the world's population still relies entirely on plants for medicines, and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditional medical products. The review shows the south Indian medicinal plant products has been used by people to treat various health ailments.
... Moreover, Lack of awareness regarding scientific and advanced gum tapping leads to fatal death. Over-seed collection for consumption and tree over exploitation for fibre extraction purposes by tribal [38]. Young trees reach gumproducing capability at 41.9 cm girth breast height experience high traditional (brutal) tapping and less gum production [50]. ...
In the contemporary world of global climate change, conservation of plant resources is a priority area of research. India, being a mega-biodiversity centre, maintenance of phyto-diversity to avoid population and taxonomic extinctions requires substantial inputs. Usage of Sterculia urens Roxb. among tribal of India has prominently observed in recent literature. Besides, enormous phytochemicals, declining population, decreasing the production of gum, very little research and development are seen in favour of this species. Efforts are required in India to foster research and development for clinical trials and exploration of S. urens in the field of medicine. Moreover, there are numerous applications of S. urens in ethnomedicine documented by authors, which lacks validation and can be sourced as a lesser expensive medicine. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the past research and immediate need for the conservation of S. urens, within the national perspective.
... water, medicinal plants or ornamental resources) and regulating (e.g. pollination or water purification) services (Harsha et al., 2002;Waghchaure et al., 2006;Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). ...
... Found in over 100 countries and typically managed and protected through local institutions, sacred forests are thought to be the oldest form of natural resource conservation (Dudley, Higgins-Zogib, & Mansourian, 2009). They maintain a sacred space while also conserving biodiversity, providing ethnobotanical services such as medicinal plants, and conserving important resources for local use such as springs (Ayyanar & Ignacimuthu, 2011;Chandran, Gadgil, & Hughes, 1998;Singh, Husain, Agnihotri, Pande, & Khatoon, 2014;Sukumaran & Raj, 2010). Problems have recently arisen, however. ...
Applied behavior analysis can be used by development practitioners to improve the design and implementation of development programs. Programs are most successful when the goals and consequences of change agents, strategists, and adopters align, as we demonstrate with real-world examples from international agroforestry projects. We focus on the role of change agents acting as intermediaries between change strategists, such as large development agencies, and development adopters, the rural farmers who implement agroforestry projects. We describe three aspects that are particularly important for agroforestry projects: (1) identifying the rules being used, (2) assessing the roles and reinforcement contingencies of both individuals and larger groups, and (3) being flexible and able to respond to rapid change.
... It is known for its traditional uses which possess curative properties against venereal diseases, gonorrhea, respiratory problems, nervous disorders, diabetes, chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, cardiotonic ailments, and snakebite [4]. Sukumaran and Raj [5] demonstrated that the flower juice (mixed along with coconut oil) has the therapeutic effect against burning sensation of eyes and improved vision. ...
Objectives: The study was conducted to identify the phenolic compounds and other possible bioactive compounds present in the leaf extracts of Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. Methods: Phenolic acid profiling was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF). An internal standard syringic acid was used for quantitation of phenolic acids and naringenin for quantitation of flavonoids. Results: The leaf extracts analysis revealed the presence of 17 compounds consisting of 14 phenolic compounds and three terpenes. Among 17 compounds, eight were the major compounds, namely, coniferyaldehyde, resveratrol, sinapic alcohol, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and protocatechuic aldehyde. This forms the first report on the identification of these pharmaceutically important compounds in T. heyneana. Conclusion: These findings offer clear evidence and scientific support for further research on the leaf extract of T. heyneana plant for its therapeutic purpose.
... Herbal drug plays a vital role in rural areas, and various locally produced drugs are still being used as household remedies for different ailments (Qureshi and Ghufran 2005). Worldwide it is observed that more than 35,000 plant species are being used around the world for medicinal purposes (Sukumaran and Raj 2010) and about 70-80% people around the globe rely on medicinal plants for primary health care (Singh 2002). Plants are an enormous source of medicines, useful in the treatment of various diseases (Bako et al. 2005). ...
Jharkhand is one of the biodiversity rich states of India because of its origin, diverse physiographic and climatic conditions. It is well known due to its tribal populations, mineral resources, and its vast forest resources. Forest resources are considered as a commodity of high value across the state as most of the locals are dependent for their daily subsistence needs mainly for food and fuelwood. Forests play an important role in the economic, cultural and social lives and supporting rural livelihoods and food security in Jharkhand. Jharkhand is home to tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry deciduous forests and the dominant plant species like Shorea robusta, Diospyros melanoxylon, Pterocarpus mersupium, Gloriosa superba, Butea monosperma, Madhuca longifolia, etc. Commonly extracted forest produces are timber, fuel wood, fodder, and a range of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) such as fruits, nuts, edible fungi, vegetables, fish, animals and medicinal plants, resins, essences, and a range of barks and fibers such as bamboo, rattans, palms and grasses. Over-exploitation of useful plants, lack of knowledge and awareness about the plants' present population status, habitat alteration and specificity, narrow range of distribution, over-grazing are some of the severe threats endangering the existing populations of important plants. Additionally, natural enemies such as pathogens, herbivores and seed predators could substantially limit the abundance of rare plant species in any given area. Collection of plant material, especially of rare and endangered plant species from natural habitats for various experimental purposes by researchers, also poses a threat on their natural population in the wild. Realizing the continuous depletion of these valuable resources, attempts should be made for its large-scale cultivation and multiplication in order to meet its escalating demand as well as long-term sustainability. There is an urgent need to carry out detailed investigations on the geographical distribution patterns, habitat utilization patterns, feeding ecology, and impact of herbivores on important plant populations.
... water, medicinal plants or ornamental resources) and regulating (e.g. pollination or water purification) services (Harsha et al., 2002;Waghchaure et al., 2006;Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). ...
Developing Strategies for Bio-cultural Restoration, Conservation and Management of Lateritic Biotopes in North Kerala
... During the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of the world [1] . In India about 90% of plant materials are collected from wild sources, many of the plants have become rare, threatened, endangered or vulnerable due to the destructive harvesting.The Ethno-botanical survey indicates that about 8,000 species of medicinal plants are used by many tribal communities for traditional medicinal preparation [2] . About 427 ethnic communities and folk healers use around 8000 species of medicinal plants in different parts of India [3] . ...
The origin of Ayurveda or the Indian science of life is linked with the origin of Universe and developed from out of the various Vedic hymns describing fundamentals, philosophies about the world and life, diseases and medicines. Around 1000 BC, the knowledge of Ayurveda was comprehensively documented in Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. In the present study 197 plant species are identified which are used in the Ayurvedic system and discussed their utilization and the related areas such as Ayurvedic terminology, curative diseases and diversity status etc. Those plants which are falls in the category ofvulnerable, rare and endangered are recommended for germplasm collection and to take up cultivation and propagation activities through modern agronomical techniques. Further the extensive field studies may also help to the discovery of new plant species used in the Ayurveda system of medicine for the betterment of health care needs.
... In the present paper, 41 selected weeds, their botanical descriptions and folk/ therapeutic uses are briefly described below (Fig.1, 2 and 3). [22,23] . ...
... The leaves and bark of this plant are traditionally used in the treatment of vitiated kapha, vata, flatulance, hemiplegia, arthritis, skin diseases, bacterial infections and malignancy (Panda, 2004;Kumar and Narayana, 2010). The essential oil obtained from the berries is reported to cure chronic rheumatism, paralysis and inflammations (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). The herbal extract made from the leaves is used in hemiplegia due to the presence of an active ingredient compound liniment. ...
An efficient in vitro regeneration and conservation system depend on the healthy culture induction from the suitable explants. Culture induction is a significant stage when very small plant material exists from the rare species. It is necessary to develop culture induction protocol from various explants to conserve the valuable plant species. Atalantia monophylla is a rare species with life giving properties. Shoots were induced from the shoot tip, node and internode explants. Among these the nodal shoot segments were reported most appropriate explant for the induction of shoots from the nodal meristems. MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) proved better than the Woody Plants (WP) medium in bud breaking. Sucrose at 3% level was optimum concentration for the establishment of cultures than the other concentrations evaluated. Shoot tips responded on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 each of BAP and Kin, nodal shoot segments responded better on MS medium augmented with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP. Half strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.0 mg L-1) induced maximum responsive callus (87%) from the internode explants.
... In India about 90% of plant materials are collected from wild sources; many of the plants have become rare, threatened, endangered, or vulnerable due to the destructive harvesting. About 8,000 plant species are used by many tribal communities for traditional medicinal preparation (29). Out of 100 species, 27 species were collected and recorded which are administered against 17 ailments including dermatological disorders, jaundice, Ziziphus oenophlilia Rhamnaceae Climber kidney stone, common cold, cancer, anaemia, arthirits, blood clot, and rheumatism (Table 2). ...
The ecological habitats in the Indian sub-continent vary from the humid tropical Western Ghats to the hot deserts of Rajasthan; the ice-capped mountains of the Himalaya to warm coast of Peninsular India. The present study of the Coromandel coast for the use of plants for medicinal purposes documented 100 species belonging to 88 genera in 41 families of which 27 species were administered against 17 ailments by fisherman and rural communities in the Tranquebar coastal regions of Tamil Nadu; 15 species were used in Ayurvedic systems of medicine, 16 species were used in Siddha and Unani systems of medicine, and 12 species are used against other diseases.
... Hook. is a small evergreen tree, belongs to family Rutaceae. An ethnopharmacological literature survey revealed that the plant has been traditionally used in the treatment snake bite [10], itching of skin, paralysis, and chronic rheumatism [11]. A. racemosa leaves decoction is used in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma and cough, bronchi, and blood purifier [12]. ...
Objective: The current investigation was conducted to investigate the total phenol, total flavonoid content, antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase activities in leaves of Atalantia racemosa and Senna uniflora. Methods: Different crude solvent extracts were prepared and concentrated using rotary evaporator, these solvent extracts were tested to estimate the antioxidant radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2’-azinobis, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods using spectrophotometer. The extracts were screened by α-amylase inhibition assay and α-glucosidase inhibition assay to estimate the antidiabetic potential of the studied plant with the help of microplate reader.Results: A potent antioxidant activity, i.e. mean percentage inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radical was observed in A. racemosa ethanol (71.5 ± 0.026%) and ethyl acetate extract (97.3 ± 0.076%), respectively, at the concentration of 400 μg/mL. Similarly, highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were observed in A. racemosa methanolic (82.4 ± 0.016%) and ethyl acetate 91.1±0.018 extracts, respectively.Conclusions: The present study revealed that the A. racemosa extracts possessed good antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities; hence, it can be used as a source of natural free radical scavenger and antidiabetic supplement(s). However, further study needs to be carried out to know the active compound and its mode of action.
... The widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations, as those described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the Bible, and obtained from commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants, has been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties. World wide it is observed that more than 35,000 plant species are being used around the world for medicinal purposes (Sukumaran & ADS, 2010). Plants are an enormous source of medicines, especially in traditional medicine, which are useful in the treatment of various diseases (Bako et al., 2005). ...
Naturally plant-derived drugs have an important place in both traditional and modern medicine. Jharkhand is rich in biodiversity of medicinal plants. The forest area covers about 40% of the total area of Jharkhand. About 32 tribal communities found in which Munda, Santhal, Oraon, Kharia, Gond, Kol, Kanwar, & Savar are dominating in different regions of Jharkhand. They are using medicinal plants by traditional knowledge. More than 160 species of plants having their medicinal value are used by such tribal communities which have lack of modern medical facilities. Still the knowledge is inadequate and needs further knowledge in full spectrum. For this reason a special effort to maintain the great diversity of plant species would undoubtedly help to improve human suffering in the long run. Hence, more effort should be given in cultivation and processing of such medicinal plants which are in the level of extinction. The extensive use of such medicinal plants is nowadays being adopted by almost all the developing and developed countries in order to enhance the immune system with zero side effects. The objective of the current study is to collect document information and review the value addition of such medicinal plants and their applications in therapeutic use for different
diseases.
... Other than its industrial and commercial importance, the plant has proficient medicinal properties. The various extracts from different parts of the plant are known to have pharmacological importance which includes, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, antihelmintic and antileprosy properties (Kiritkar and Basu, 1999;Pettit, 2002;Nagalakshmi et al., 2003;Vijayan et al., 2004;Gerige and Ramjaneyulu, 2007;Susheela et al., 2008;Sukumaram and Raj, 2010;Sharma and Arya, 2011). Due to its elevated demand for commercial, industrial and therapeutic basis, M. dubia trees growing naturally have been indiscriminately logged which resulted in significant decline in its population. ...
... The widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations, as those described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the Bible, and obtained from commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants, has been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties. World wide it is observed that more than 35,000 plant species are being used around the world for medicinal purposes (Sukumaran & ADS, 2010). Plants are an enormous source of medicines, especially in traditional medicine, which are useful in the treatment of various diseases (Bako et al., 2005). ...
Naturally plant-derived drugs have an important place in both traditional and modern medicine. Jharkhand is rich in biodiversity of medicinal plants. The forest area covers about 40% of the total area of Jharkhand. About 32 tribal communities found in which Munda, Santhal, Oraon, Kharia, Gond, Kol, Kanwar, & Savar are dominating in different regions of Jharkhand. They are using medicinal plants by traditional knowledge. More than 160 species of plants having their medicinal value are used by such tribal communities which have lack of modern medical facilities. Still the knowledge is inadequate and needs further knowledge in full spectrum. For this reason a special effort to maintain the great diversity of plant species would undoubtedly help to improve human suffering in the long run. Hence, more effort should be given in cultivation and processing of such medicinal plants which are in the level of extinction. The extensive use of such medicinal plants is nowadays being adopted by almost all the developing and developed countries in order to enhance the immune system with zero side effects. The objective of the current study is to collect document information and review the value addition of such medicinal plants and their applications in therapeutic use for different diseases. .
... However people of the modern generation learn from their ancestors on the basis of keen observation only. The people have been using plant remedies against various ailments from time immemorial without knowing their effective constituents (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010; Anbarashan and Padmavathy, 2010). ...
The aim of present study is to identify and document the plants used amongst the indigenes of Dodamarg regions of Sidhudurg district from Maharashtra, India. A total of 106 species of plants representing 102 genera and 61 families employed in the literature as traditional medical practice have been recorded from the studied regions. Due to overgrazing, encroachments, unsustainable utilization and other developmental activities in the regions, several persistent medicinal plant species are on the verge of extinction. Due to lack of awareness and research on these groups of plant in this area, people of this region are unaware of the wealth of this heritage. The survey provides a veritable source of information for traditional medical practitioners and medicinal plant researchers and help in developing strategies for future conservation. The demand for medicinal plants is increasing day by day and on the other hand changing global environment is worstly affecting this plant wealth. This reflects the need to study and preserve diversity of medicinal plants. The study area harbors the radius of 28 kms from Dodamarg. In the present investigation, we documented the important families, number of the genera and species and the medicinal uses of plants which are being used by the people Dodamarg taluk.
... Other than its industrial and commercial importance, the plant has proficient medicinal properties. The various extracts from different parts of the plant are known to have pharmacological importance which includes, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, antihelmintic and antileprosy properties (Kiritkar and Basu, 1999;Pettit, 2002;Nagalakshmi et al., 2003;Vijayan et al., 2004;Gerige and Ramjaneyulu, 2007;Susheela et al., 2008;Sukumaram and Raj, 2010;Sharma and Arya, 2011). Due to its elevated demand for commercial, industrial and therapeutic basis, M. dubia trees growing naturally have been indiscriminately logged which resulted in significant decline in its population. ...
Melia dubia Cav. (Meliaceae) is a multipurpose tree of tropical and subtropical regions mainly cultivated for its medicinal and industrial importance. Due to its versatile properties, it has been depleted in its natural environment. Moreover due to sluggish and poor seed germination, there is a threat of its gene pool exclusion from the natural habitat. The alternative method for conservation and efficient mass propagation is thus need of the hour. As per the extensive literature survey there is no report on efficient protocol for mass propagation of M. dubia through callus organogenesis . Therefore, the present work was aimed to develop in vitro organogenesis protocol for rapid and large scale production of planting material. From our results, maximum callus percentage, callus weight and fragile callus was observed on 1.0 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The callus differentiation was achieved at different concentrations of BAP and indole acetic acid (IAA). Multiple Shoot number per callus propagule 5.30 was observed on 0.5 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l IAA concentration. The maximum rooting percentage (78.5%), root number per explant (4.33) and root length per explant (4.41 cm) was observed at 0.5 mg/l indol butyric acid (IBA) after 30 days of inoculation. Further the total flavonoid content, phenolic content and antioxidant properties of leaves of in-vitro regenerated plants where studied. Total flavonoids and phenolic content in leaves of in vitro Melia dubia was 0.56 ± 0.8 mg quercitin equivalent (QE) and 2.97 ± 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) respectively. The antioxidant property was further assed through measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The in-vitro regeneration protocol can be exploited for commercial cultivation and fulfilling the growing demand for fresh explant material through mass propagation of M. dubia an economically important plant species. Key words : Melia dubia, antioxidant, indole-3-butyric acid, flavonoids and phenolics.
Indian atlantia is a small, much-branched, evergreen tree growing up to 6 metres tall. The branches are usually armed with single, stout, sharp spines up to 2 cm long. The plant is harvested from the wild, usually for medicinal purposes. It's reported use of Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial, Antioxidant, larvicidal, pupicidal, antifeedant also used in chronic rheumatism and paralysis in our study Different extracts of Atlantia monophylla leaves were found to possess in-vitro Anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms Pheritima posthuma, using Piperazine citrate as reference standard. Dose dependent activity was observed in extracts of plant leaves. Methanolic extract shown better activity of Atlantia monophylla leaves, which is not reported.
The utilization of plants with restorative properties is particularly significant in tropical nations because of the extraordinary assortment of creatures and vegetable species having a place with their eco-framework. In Tamil nadu, medicinal plants have long been used to treat different kinds of diseases, including animal bites, bone disorders, urinary and eye problems. In this respect, the Thanjavur district specially Somanathapuram is no exception. However, some of the uses of wild as well as cultivated plants made by certain rural people are not known outside their restricted communities. Until now, the rural areas of the district, medicines prepared from handy species and locally available cultivated and wild plants were used extensively to cure common diseases. In this view, an ethnobotanical survey of this area has been carried out, and the information gathered is presented in this paper.
Sacred groves are the reservoirs of biodiversity and help in conserving the resources available due to strong cultural and religious beliefs. The study was conducted in four selected sacred groves of Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks to evaluate the ethnomedicinal values of plants used by the rural communities of Kanyakumari district. A total of 83 ethnomedicinal plants were recorded as per the information given by the rural communities. Apocynaceae was a dominant family followed by Euphorbiaceae. Leaves were used predominantly and internal intake was done mostly than external use. Medicinal preparations were largely taken in the form of juice, paste and decoction. These herbal medicines were frequently used for skin diseases, fever, asthma, body pain, bone fractures, gynaecological disorders, etc. These valuable uses of medicinal plants must be documented for the goodness of man.
A rich heritage of knowledge on preventive and curative medicines of Melia species are available in Indian Traditional System of Medicine. It is deemed to be a chemical factory as it contains a group of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, oleoresins, terpenoids, flavonoids, oil etc. Meliaceae also known as Mahogany family, though is a group of fifteen species, three species are only reported in India namely, Melia azedarach, Melia birmanica and Melia dubia (Syn. Melia composita). Limonoids (terpenoids) are major group of phytochemicals found in the tree species. A survey of the literature revealed that various parts of Melia dubia exhibits pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-feedant, analgesic, anti-urolithiatic, anti-diabetic, anti-larvicidal, anticancer and predominantly used against infertility problems and found to possess biopesticidal activities. The main objective of the study is to analyze different secondary metabolites from the leaf samples of the species grown in pot culture experiments of Melia dubia Cav. (FRI/MD/232-Varsha and FRI/MD/349-Shashi) which were procured from Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India and native wild species of Melia azedarach L. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical characterization (GC-MS) was carried out which indicated the maximum amount of terpenoids in Melia sp. Bioassays and in silico docking clearly indicated the
ABSTRACT
Sacred groves are a small area of forest protected by the local people. It is one of the rich biodiversity spots wherein rare plants, animals and medicinal plants are
established in the reserved forest. The local people believe that the spirits of their ancestors are present in the grove. This is one of the major reasons why the groves
have been left in undisturbed condition. For ethnomedicinal documentation study, there are about twelve sacred groves were selected from the Cuddalore and
Villupuram districts. The study sites are Dhanam (DM), Edaicheruvi (EI), Konalavadi (KI), Kuthanur (KR), M.Parur (MR), Murarbad (MD), Pallavadi (PI),
Siruvambur (SR), Udaiyanachi (UI), V.Palaiyam (VM), Veerapaiyangaram (VIM) and Visalur (VR) (Fig.1). There are about 89 plant species belonging to 83 genera
and 49 families were enumerated. The plants include herbs 32, trees 25, lianas 12, climbers and shrubs are each 10 plant species are documented. The details of the
plants and their uses were collected from the local vaidyas. A few plants worth to mentioned here and they are: Alangium salviifolium, Amaranthus viridis,
Azadirachta indica, Carmona retusa, Diospyros melanoxylon, Jasminum auriculatum Ocimum tenuiflorum Peltophorum pterocarpum and Wrightia tinctoria. These
plants are the most commonly collected plants from the sacred groves. The plant parts mostly used for the treatment is the leaves (37 plant species, 42 %), roots (13
plant species, 13%), whole plants (12plant species, 13%) fruits (7plant species, 8%), seeds (5 plant species, 6%), latex (4 plant species, 4%) barks and gum (3 plant
species, 3%), flowers (2 plant species, 2%), and tubers (2 plant species, 2%). In this paper, I have made an attempt to explore some of the plants used for traditional
uses.
KEY WORDS: Sacred groves, Ethno-botany, plant diversity, diseases.
The Atalantia monophylla (L), is commonly known as kattu elumichai in Tamil belonging to the family Rutaceae have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes like anti-arthritis Chronic rheumatism, Chronic dyspepsia, fever and cough. Consumption of the fruit juice every day, in the evenings cure belly pain and bloating, nausea, heat burns,vomiting and stomach pain, headache, and paralysis, rheumatoid pain, joint pain, glandular swelling stimulant, hemiplegia, malarial fever, itching,crack or other skin diseases in the male or female organs. The plant has been predictable in traditional reports for treatment of infection diseases. In this review gives a comprehensive summary of ethano-botanical uses chemical components, biological effects of this species. Chemical consistent such as (alkaloids, limonoids, tetranortriterpenoids) also included different kinds of preparation and extracts prepared from various solvent compounds. The isolation from this species has been proven to be entire spectrum of biological and pharmacological such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, larvicidal, tissue culture activities. The previous literature indicates that it has higher different activities were showed potential activities based on the obtained data. We concluded that this species has been potential therapeutic properties for use as a pharmaceutical sectors.
Aims
To document and explore the ethnomedico botanical claims, folklore claims and dietary recipes of Cissus quadrangularis L. of Vitaceae family.
Materials and methods
The study has aimed to review the 161 tribal individuals like traditional healers, tribal doctors and elder people in the field trips on their daily utilization of C. quadrangularis L. plant. The data were collected through conversation during the field trips. During the interviews, local names, useful plant parts, the method of preparation and dosage were recorded. The plants employed along C. quadrangularis L. were systematically identified by comparing with the assistance of related flora like "The Flora of Presidency of Madras" by Gamble (1936) and other related works.
Results
The present study reveals 19 ethnomedical claims on C. quadrangularis L. collected from various tribal pockets of Andhra Pradesh and three dietary recipes from rural people residing in different habitats of Andhra Pradesh.
Conclusion
With this investigation, it can be concluded that C. quadrangularis L. is an abundantly accessible restorative plant with an assortment of symptoms. It is utilized as a part of the bone recuperating agent in bone fractures by the tribes, conventional healers and additionally bolstered by traditional Ayurvedic literature by the name Asthishrinkhala. It is likewise a great dietary hotspot for bio calcium and bone wellbeing. Advance pharmacological, clinical and dietary investigations may divulge numerous esteems that are more helpful and exhibit as capable nourishing help in numerous more maladies including bone well being.
Clinical significance
In Ayurvedic literature, it is mainly used in bone fractures, diseases of the eye, worm infestation, hemorrhoids, etc., diseases, some of the tribal claims support these indications some are unique and new like in constipation, dysmenorrhoea, etc. Along with stem some of the tribes are using its leaves, roots, etc. in different diseases. Pharmacological investigations on these claims can explore strategies for rendering new drugs to eradicate diseases clinically. Dishes prepared from C. quadrangularis L. may support as dietary supplements in clinical conditions like osteoporosis, osteopenia, etc. which needs further validation.
The present work was carried out on Iriveri Sree Pulideva temple, Kannur District, Kerala. On the basis of investigation about 87 plant species belonging to 46 families are gathered and explained its exact botanical name with family, local name and therapeutical use for number of diseases. Some redlisted species also noted from this grove.
Sacred groves are ecologically and genetically very important. They possess a great diverse gene pool of many forest species having religious attachment and medicinal values. The present study was conducted in Melkalpoondi, Tittakudi taluk of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India. The study aimed at documenting the plant wealth and diversity. Many sacred groves constitute pristine vegetation, and are particularly rich in climax vegetation with riched flora and fauna. This paper deals with the woody plant diversity in the Melkalpoondi sacred grove. A survey was conducted to record the species richness and diversity of woody species such as trees and lianas. This grove is dedicated to Kayilpirantha Aiyanar with an area of over 9 hectares and is situated in the Tittakudi taluk of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India. About 46 woody plant species representing 40 genera and 29 families exist in this grove. Of these, 30 species were trees and 16 species were lianas. The dominant families are Mimosaceae (6 species), Fabaceae (4 species), Capparaceae (3 species) and Moraceae (3 species). Apocynaceae, Ebenaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae and Rutaceae have 2 species in each respectively. Alangiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae, Santalaceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae, Verbenaceae and Vitaceae have only one species in each of the families.Density, species richness and diversity of trees were recorded for the detailed study of plant diversity. The vegetation types indicate that this grove is to be considered as of the inland tropical deciduous forest type.
Sacred groves are ecologically important with great heritage of genetic diversity of many local forest based plant species having medicinal, economic, cultural and religious values. The present study was aimed at documenting the wealth of plant diversity of a sacred grove.A survey was conducted to record density, species richness and diversity of woody species (trees and lianas) in the G.Ariyur sacred grove which is dedicated to Aiyanar with an area of 2.5 hectares and which is situated in Tirukkoyilur taluk of Viluppuram district, TamilNadu, South India.A total of 39 plant species representing 37 genera were recorded,belonging to 23 families. Of these, 32 (71%) species were trees and 7 (29%) species were lianas. The dominant families are: Mimosaceae (5 species), Caesalpiniaceae (4 Species) and Rutaceae (4 Species). Apocynaceae, Capparaceae,
Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae,and Sapindaceae which were represented by two species each from the study site. Density, species richness and diversity of trees were recorded for the detailed study of plant diversity. The vegetation type indicatesthat this grove is considered to be an inland tropical dry evergreen forest
Background
Infectious diseases are major leading cause of death in all parts of the world, because of the appearance of new multi drug resistant microbes. Therefore, the discovery of potential drug for effective treatment will help the slaughter of the microbes. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of photochemical and antimicrobial activities of various crude extracts of leaves, fruits and root bark of Atalantia monophylla and Atalantia racemosa against human pathogens by using well diffusion method.
Methods
Antimicrobial properties of the various extracts of Atalantia monophylla and Atalantia racemosa were studied against some human pathogenic microbes such as Gram-positive Bacteria, (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) Gram-negative Bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and human opportunistic fungal pathogens (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). All the extracts were comparable with standard drugs (Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Nystatin. and Amphotericin B). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal /fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined through a microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of these plant extracts were carried out using standard mthods.
Results
Methanolic leaf extract of A. monophylla has showed excellent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (40mm). As well, the A. racemosa methanolic leaf extract shows notable inhibitory activity against S. aureus (38mm). At the same time, the least inhibition was observed in aqueous extract of A. monophylla against E.coli (9mm). The MIC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL and MBC/MFC 1.56 to 50 µg/mL were recorded. Phytochemical analysis of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phenolics and cardiae glycoside were recorded in various extracts of A. monophylla and A. racemosa respectively. Flavonoids, phenolics and cardiac glycoside were present only in methonalic leaf extract of A. monophylla.
Conclusion
The result of this study concluded that methanolic leaf extract has possessed novel compounds with significant antimicrobial properties. Hence, we recommend this plant for further studies on the isolation and characterization of that lead antimicrobial potential molecule.
Sacred groves are ecologically important with great heritage of genetic diversity of many local forest based plant species having medicinal, economic, cultural and religious values. The present study was aimed at documenting the wealth of plant diversity of a sacred grove.A survey was conducted to record density, species richness and diversity of woody species (trees and lianas) in the G.Ariyur sacred grove which is dedicated to Aiyanar with an area of 2.5 hectares and which is situated in Tirukkoyilur taluk of Viluppuram district, TamilNadu, South India.A total of 39 plant species representing 37 genera were recorded,belonging to 23 families. Of these, 32 (71%) species were trees and 7 (29%) species were lianas. The dominant families are: Mimosaceae (5 species), Caesalpiniaceae (4 Species) and Rutaceae (4 Species). Apocynaceae, Capparaceae,
Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae,and Sapindaceae which were represented by two species each from the study site. Density, species richness and diversity of trees were recorded for the detailed study of plant diversity. The vegetation type indicatesthat this grove is considered to be an inland tropical dry evergreen forest.
As per the traditional herbal medicine books many medicinal plants are available in India, the ayurveda is a traditional for the oldest Indian medication the book contain a lot of drug description and they are use for cure and treat a dieses or alter the physiology and biological changes into the human body to remove the pain and stress form the body. The Holoptelea integrifolia is known as chillure in common language, the plat are geographical changes of the karanja (Millettia pinnata) In this article the cytological characteristics of Holoptelea integrifolia have been presented.
Sacred groves are a small area of forest protected by the local people. It is one of the rich biodiversity spots wherein rare plants, animals and medicinal plants are established in the reserved forest. The local people believe that the spirits of their ancestors are present in the grove. This is one of the major reasons why the groves have been left in undisturbed condition. For ethnomedicinal documentation study, there are about twelve sacred groves were selected from the Cuddalore and Villupuram districts. The study sites are Dhanam (DM), Edaicheruvi (EI), Konalavadi (KI), Kuthanur (KR), M.Parur (MR), Murarbad (MD), Pallavadi (PI), Siruvambur (SR), Udaiyanachi (UI), V.Palaiyam (VM), Veerapaiyangaram (VIM) and Visalur (VR) (Fig.1). There are about 89 plant species belonging to 83 genera and 49 families were enumerated. The plants include herbs 32, trees 25, lianas 12, climbers and shrubs are each 10 plant species are documented. The details of the plants and their uses were collected from the local vaidyas. A few plants worth to mentioned here and they are: Alangium salviifolium, Amaranthus viridis, Azadirachta indica, Carmona retusa, Diospyros melanoxylon, Jasminum auriculatum Ocimum tenuiflorum Peltophorum pterocarpum and Wrightia tinctoria. These plants are the most commonly collected plants from the sacred groves. The plant parts mostly used for the treatment is the leaves (37 plant species, 42 %), roots (13 plant species, 13%), whole plants (12plant species, 13%) fruits (7plant species, 8%), seeds (5 plant species, 6%), latex (4 plant species, 4%) barks and gum (3 plant species, 3%), flowers (2 plant species, 2%), and tubers (2 plant species, 2%). In this paper, I have made an attempt to explore some of the plants used for traditional uses.
A review is given of contemporary ethnobotany. Emphasis is placed on the interdisciplinary nature of the subject and most progress is made when botanists, anthropologists, ecologists, chemists, etc. work in close collaboration. Ethnoecology, the study of the management systems of indigenous peoples, is particularly important for its application to the creation of sustainable use systems in the tropics. This must include the study of peasant agriculturalists who have adapted many techniques from cultures that have long been extinct. Quantitative studies of the extent to which rainforest Indians use the forest have provided many data useful for conservation. The study of indigenous medicines is leading to the discovery of new medicines and agrochemicals. When commercial benefit is gained from products derived from information obtained from indigenous peoples, it is essential to ensure that they and their countries benefit from the royalties. There is a great urgency for further ethnobotanical research before indigenous cultures and natural habitats are destroyed.
Field studies on floristic composition and ethnobotanical practices of the sacred groves of in and around Pallapatty village, Madurai district of Tamil Nadu were undertaken. A total of 133 plant species belonging to 113 genera distributed among 51 families were recorded. The mode of mythical and therapeutic uses and conservation practices of these plants by the local people has been discussed.
In two Nepalese villages it was found that 66 plant species were being used for medicinal purposes. Although the treatment of patients by the medicine man, or “jhankri,” included extensive ritual elements, at least 17 of the species prescribed could be expected on pharmacological evidence to produce the therapeutic effects attributed to them. Some medicinal plants were also used as insecticides or piscicides. It was recognised in the villages that the use of these latter species as human food or animal fodder was limited by the presence of toxic constituents.
The present paper deals with investigations of less known medicinal plant lore among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe of Car
Nicobar island, India. Information on 73 species and their therapeutic applications and manner of use are initially documented
and described as remedies in folkloric tradition and popular domestic medicine. No chemical principles are identified; no
putative herbal remedies are pharmaceutically and medically evaluated. The aim of this paper is to gather information concerning
medicinal plants and to provide access to specialists in search of their applications in modern medicine. A brief account
of geography, climate, ethnology, and methodology adopted is given. Vernacular name(s) of the plants in the Nicobarese language
are incorporated for the first time in the literature.
Meghalaya, one of the seven states of northeastern India, is inhabited by three distinct tribes, viz., Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia,
each occupying respective districts. These tribes live in remote places and depend mostly on surrounding plant resources for
their food, shelter, fodder, medicare, and other cultural purposes. Local hill agricultural practice—“slash-and-burn”—and
encroaching civilization are responsible for diminishing the local uses of the plants. Hence, it was felt worthwhile to record
the native uses of these weeds before the information is buried. The present paper deals with the ethnobotany of 65 taxa belonging
to 26 families ofangiosperms. A generic index is included.
Meghalaya gehört zu eine der sieben Nordostern Länder von Indien. Es ist von drei abgesondert Volksstammen, namentlich, Khasi,
Garo und Jaintia besetz worden. Jede Volksstamm lebt in ihre eignen Bizirke. Diese Volksstamme leben in weit abgelegenen Räumen
und meistens benutzen für ihre Ernährung, Obdach, Tierfutter, Medicamente und andere Kulturzwecke, die Pflanzen in die Umgebung
als Auskunftsmittel. Ortliche Bergland landwirtschaftliche Praxis lautet: “Zerhacken und Verbrennen.” Die eingriffende Zivilization
ist verantwortlich für die verminderte ortliche Benutzung der Pflanzen. Deshalb wir sind der Meingung daß es wäre nutzlich
wenn mann aufzeichnet die einheimische Verwendung von verschiedenen Unkrauten befor die Information begraben ist. Die vorliegende
Arbeit behandelt die Ethnobotanik von 65 Taxa, die zu 26 Familien von Angiospermen angehören. Ein generic Verzeichnis ist
auch dabei eingeschlossen.
The paper deals with the plants used by the tribals of Bastar (Madhya Pradesh, India) in the treatment of their ailments and injuries. The information is based on the observations and notes taken during five field trips to this district (1960-1963). The causes, diagnosis and treatment of disease are discussed.
One hundred and one plants are dealt with; their botanical name, habit, local names and medicinal uses are given. The localities where the specimens or the information were gathered are mentioned.
The data have been analyzed on the basis of the different ailments reported by the informants, method of preparation and the parts employed in prescriptions. p ]Stomach complaints, body pains, fevers, skin diseases, and cuts and wounds are common ailments. Pounding the plant parts into a paste or making decoctions in water are the usual methods of preparation. Most of the prescriptions involve only one plant species. Leaves and roots are the most commonly used plant parts.
About 90 medicinal uses of plants reported do not seem to have been known (or at least properly known) earlier and may provide materials to pharmacologists for further tests.