A comprehensive ethno-pharmacological review on Lippia alba M

Abstract

The present comprehensive review was conducted in the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
of Islamic University, Kushtia, to pile up update ethno-pharmacological information of Lippia alba (Mill) that is available in
different scientific literatures. L. alba, belongs to the family of verbenaceae, found everywhere in Bangladesh and it is
commonly used in folk medicine to treat gastric illnesses, diarrhea, fever, asthma, malaria, and inflammation. Phytochemical
analysis showed that the crude extract of fresh leaves consists of some valuable essential oils and that is found to be effective
against bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and virus. The present paper also covers the taxonomy, morphology, monograph, usable
parts, and distribution of this valuable medicinal plant.

Full text

International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
2013; 1(1): 14-20
Published online July 30, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijbmr)
doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20130101.13
A comprehensive ethno-pharmacological review on Lippia
alba M
Mamun-Or-Rashid A. N. M.
1
, Sen M. K.
1, *
, Jamal M. A. H. M.
1
, Nasrin. S
2
1
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003,
Bangladesh
2
Scientific Officer, Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email address:
Monokeshsen@yahoo.com(Sen M. K.)
To cite this article:
Mamun-Or-Rashid A. N. M., Sen M. K., Jamal M. A. H. M., Nasrin S. A Comprehensive Ethnopharmacological Review on Lippia Alba M.
International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013, pp. 14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20130101.13
Abstract:
The present comprehensive review was conducted in the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
of Islamic University, Kushtia, to pile up update ethno-pharmacological information of Lippia alba (Mill) that is available in
different scientific literatures. L. alba, belongs to the family of verbenaceae, found everywhere in Bangladesh and it is
commonly used in folk medicine to treat gastric illnesses, diarrhea, fever, asthma, malaria, and inflammation. Phytochemical
analysis showed that the crude extract of fresh leaves consists of some valuable essential oils and that is found to be effective
against bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and virus. The present paper also covers the taxonomy, morphology, monograph, usable
parts, and distribution of this valuable medicinal plant.
Keywords:
Lippia Alba, Ethno-Pharmacological, Folk Medicine, Phytochemical Analysis
1. Introduction
Long before mankind discovered the existence of
microbes, the idea that certain plants had healing potential,
indeed, that they contained what we would currently
characterize as antimicrobial principles, was well accepted.
Since antiquity, man has used plants to treat common
infectious diseases and some of these traditional medicine
are still included as part of the habitual treatment of various
maladies [1-3]. Over the past 20 years, there has been an
increased interest in the investigation of natural materials as
sources of new antibacterial agents. In the recent years, the
development of resistance of pathogens against antibiotics
has become a difficult issue caused by the indiscriminate use
of modern antibiotics [4]. Considering the high cost of the
synthetic drugs and their side effects, wide varieties of
natural plants can be considered as a vital source for
anti-microbial agents [4]. Therefore, the demand for new
and effective anti-microbial agents with broad-spectrum of
activity from natural sources is increasing day by day [4].
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, also known as Lippia
geminata HBK or Lantana alba (Mill), was one of the first
two plants from overseas departments to be approved by the
French Drug Agency (AFSSaPS) for inclusion in the French
Pharmacopeia [5] is a shrub about 3 m tall that belongs to the
Verbenaceae family [6, 3] and it is abundantly present
between the south of the USA, the north of Argentina,
Bangladesh [4] and also present in India [7] and Australia
[8]. In the traditional medicine of Brazil the species L. alba
is used as a remedy for stomach disorders [9-11],
antibacterial and antiseptic for infectious diseases influenza,
measles, rashes, and headaches [11-12]. The plant presents a
great morphological and chemical variability that Matos
suggested the division into different chemotypes [13, 11]. So
far, at least 12 chemotypes have been described: citral
[13,11], linalool [14, 11], carvone [13, 11], limonene [15,
11], γ-terpinene [16, 11], citral-myrcene [14, 11],
citral-limonene [14, 11], citral-β-caryophyllene [17, 11],
citral-germacrene-D [18, 11], carvonelimonene [14, 11],
1,8-cineol-camphor [19, 11], 1,8-cineollimonene [18, 11],
limonene-piperitone [20, 11]. GC analyses of essential oils
from L. alba revealed the predominance of monoterpene
type compounds such as citral, β-myrcene, limonene and
carvone [20, 11].
The purpose of this review was the documentation and to
compare the chemical composition, pharmacological
aspects and traditional uses which have been identified in
the literature concerning to L. alba species, in order to
uncovering records of other compounds, new flavoring
substances and their relationships.

International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2013; 1(1): 14-20 15
1.1. Taxonomy of L. alba
Medicinal plants are classified according to the part used,
habit, habitat, therapeutic value etc., besides the usual
botanical classification. But the botanical classification is
the most comprehensive and scientific classification. The
botanical classification of L. alba is as following:
Kingdom Plantae-Plants
Division Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons
Order Lamiales
Family Verbenaceae-Verbena family
Genus Lippia
Species Lippia alba (Mill.) [21]
1.2. Synonyms
Its common names include Bushy Matgrass [21], Bushy
Lippia, and Hierba Negra. Bangali name is Motmote.
1.3. Plant Parts Used
Bushy Lippia is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its
aromatic foliage and beautiful flowers [22]. The leaves have
many medicinal uses and are also used for flavoring foods
[23]. Leaves are used as an infusion against states of
excitement, hypertension, digestive troubles, nausea and
cold, to heal wounds locally and as syrup against cough and
bronchitis. An infusion of the roots is also used against bad
colds and coughs [24, 4]. Besides, the leaves from the
majority of these species are utilized as seasoning for food
preparations [25, 12].
1.4. Monograph
Bengali name Motmote
English name Bushy Matgrass
Scientific name Lippia alba (Mill.)
Family Verbenaceae
Duration Perennial
Growth habit Multi-branched shrub
Bang: nativity Native
1.5. Morphology
It is a shrub, with a quadrangular branch, reaching 1.7 m
in height. The leaves are membranaceous, petiolate,
pubescent, opposite or ternate, and its limb shows variable
forms with a pointed apex, cuneiform or decumbent basis
and serrated or crenated border (except on the basis). The
flowers (3-5 mm) are white or pink. The fruit is composed of
two indehiscent nucleous, each containing one brown seed
[26-28].
1.6. Distribution
L. alba is an aromatic perennial shrub with huge
medicinal properties distributed throughout the world.
It grows well in Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Paraguay,
Brazil, Uruguay, the south of the USA, the north of
Argentina and Australia [7, 8, 4].
2. Phytochemistry
The plant contains borneol, camphor β-cubebene,
β-elemene, γ-cadinene, allo-aromadendrene and so on.
Root powder of plant contains terpenoids,
phenylpropanoids and sugar. The chemical
constituents of L. alba are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical constituents of L. alba
Parts used Constituents References
Root powder Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and sugars [3]
Leaves
Borneol, camphor, 1,8-cineole, citronellol, geranial, linalool, myrcene,
neral, piperitone, sabinene, 2-undecanone, α-muurolene,
β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene, β-elemene, γ-cadinene,
allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide.
[17, 25, 29, 12]
3. Folk Remedies and Traditional Uses
Leaves are used as an infusion against states of
excitement, hypertension, digestive troubles, nausea
and cold, to heal wounds locally and as syrup against
cough and bronchitis. An infusion of the roots is also
used against bad colds and coughs [24]. It is also used
as a sedative and also against hypertension, flatulence
and pain [30]. In Itacare, it is used against stomach
ache and digestive troubles with high concordance
between informants [31]. In a Mixe community, in
Mexico, the leaves of L. alba were frequently cited by
traditional healers as active against gastrointestinal
troubles [9]. Various traditional uses of the L. alba are
mentioned in Table 2.

16 Mamun-Or-Rashid A. N. M et al.: A Comprehensive Ethno-Pharmacological Review on Lippia Alba M.
Table 2 Folk remedies and traditional uses of L. alba
Type of use Symptoms Part used and method References
Digestive
Digestive troubles in general Leaves, infusion [24]
Nausea and/or vomiting Leaves, infusion [24]
Leaves, smoking [32]
Stomach pain Leaves [9]
Flatulence Leaves, infusion [32]
Diarrhea n.k. [33]
Respiratory
Respiratory ailments in general Leaves infusion or decoction [34]
Bronchitis Leaves, syrup [24]
Sore throat Leaves, infusion [35]
Flu Leaves, infusion [35]
Cough
Leaves, decoction [32]
Leaves, syrup [24]
Roots, infusion [33]
Cold Leaves, infusion [24]
Sedative
Leaves, infusion [24]
Leaves and flowers, infusion or decoction [34]
Leaves [36]
Cardiovascular Hypertension
Leaves, infusion [24]
Leaves, infusion or decoction [34]
Miscellaneous
Anemia Leaves [37]
Headache Leaves, poultice [32]
Pain n.k. [30]
Skin diseases Leaves, macerate for washing [32]
Wounds Leaves, local use [24]
n.k.: not known
4. Pharmacology
Following the folk and traditional uses of the plant, it has
been investigated scientifically to validate the potential of
the plant in cure of variety of ailments. Some of the reported
pharmacological activities of L. alba are mentioned in Table
3.
Table 3 Pharmacological activities of L. alba
Pharmacological Activity References
Ati-infectious
properties
Antibacterial
activities
Bacilli
Gram + B. subtilis, L. casei, S. lutea [38, 39, 40, 34, 4]
Cocci
Gram +
E. faecalis, M. luteus, S. aureus, S. aureus, S.
epidermidis, S.mutans [38, 39, 41, 40, 34]
Bacilli
Gram -
E. aerogenes, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P.
aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., S. marcescens, S.
flexneri, S. sonnei, X. campestris
[38, 42, 39, 43,41, 40, 4]
Mycobact
eria M. smegmatis, M. smegmatis [42, 40]

International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2013; 1(1): 14-20 17
Antifungal
activities
C. albicans, C. albicans serotype B, C. guilliermondii, C.
krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. sitophila, C.
neoformans T1-444 Serotype A, F. pedrosoi 5VPL, T.
rubrum T544
[39, 44, 34, 40]
Antiviral activity
HSV-1, influenza virus type A (H3N2), poliovirus type 2 [45, 46, 47]
Antiprotozoal
activity
E. histolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, P. falciparum D-6
clone [48, 49, 42]
Effect on the
nervous system
Neurosedative activity [50, 51, 52, 53, 54]
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [55, 40]
Cardiovascular
activity [56, 57]
Miscellaneous
Antioxidant activity [ 58, 59, 54]
Cytotoxic activity [60, 40]
5. Toxicological Study
Aguiar, 2006 determined the oral LD50 of L. alba extracts,
the values being 460 mg/kg for an ethanolic leaf extract and
1466 mg/kg for a chloroformic root extract in mice [40].
6. Discussion
Antibiotics provide the main basis for the therapy of
bacterial infections. However, the high genetic variability of
bacteria enables them to rapidly evade the action of
antibiotics by developing antibiotic resistance. Thus there
has been a continuing search for new and more potent
antibiotics. According to World Health Report on infectious
diseases 2000, overcoming antibiotic resistance is the major
issue of the WHO for the next millennium. Hence, the last
decade witnessed an increase in the investigations on plants
and spices as a sources of human management [61] and
more natural antimicrobials has driven scientist to
investigate the effectiveness of inhibitory compounds such
as extract from plants [62].
Numerous papers have presented ethno-pharmacological
studies dealing with L. alba. Its leaves are employed as
infusion or decoction to the treatment of various digestive
problems, gastric illnesses, diarrhea, fever, asthma, cough,
cardiovascular and tranquillizing remedy [13, 3]. Large
variations have been observed in the composition of L. alba
essential oil, depending on the part of the plant employed in
the distillation, on the plant’s state of development and on
the geographic location, the characteristics of the soil,
climate, and others local conditions [6, 3]. GC analyses of
essential oil from three chemotypes of L. alba revealed the
predominance of monoterpene type compounds such as
citral (55.1%), β-myrcene (10.5%), and limonene (1.5%)
[13, 3]. The essential oil of L. alba showed antimicrobial
activity against gram positive microorganisms, in general,
with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between
0.31-0.63 mg/mL [3]. Its extract is active against a large
number of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria,
fungus, even it is active against several disease causing virus
and protozoa (Table 3). It has neurosedative activity,
analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, antioxidant
activity, cytotoxic activity (Table 3) too. That means it can
be used in a broad range of human health care purpose by
identifying the chemicals that posses the medicinal activity
and can be used as a potent drug to treat these types of
human disease instead of antibiotics which showed much
side effects to people.
7. Conclusion
L. alba is a world-wide popular medicinal plant that
is considered useful in numerous ailments, mainly
digestive, respiratory, sedative, cardiovascular troubles
and anxiety. Antitumor potential is the exciting aspects
of the plant. The plant is a potent gastro protective too.
Several investigators have reported the plant as a
valuable antibacterial, antifungal and active against
other plant pathogens. Presence of wide range of
phytochemicals and pharmacological activity indicates
its promise in herbal medicine for multidisciplinary
usages. The pharmacological experiments performed
in the plant must be extended to the next level of
clinical trial to generate novel drugs. This might prove
helpful to use its immense therapeutic efficacy as a
potent phytomedicine.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.

18 Mamun-Or-Rashid A. N. M et al.: A Comprehensive Ethno-Pharmacological Review on Lippia Alba M.
Acknowledgement
The corresponding author wish to thank the Department
of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic
University, Kushtia.
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