Floristic checklist of the Peruvian Lomas Formations

Abstract

Floristic checklist of the Peruvian Lomas Formations

Full text

7
$UQDOGRD ,661
Floristic!Checklist!of!the!Peruvian!Lomas!Formations
&DWiORJRÀRUtVWLFRGHODVLomas!peruanas
Michael,O.,Dillon
Botany'Department,'The'Field'Museum,'1400'South'Lake'Shore'Drive,'Chicago,'IL'60605,'USA.'
PGLOORQ#¿HOGPXVHXPRUJ
Segundo,Leiva,González,&,Mario,Zapata,Cruz
Museo'de'Historia'Natural,'Universidad'Privada'Antenor'Orrego,'Casilla'Postal'1075,'Trujillo,'PERÚ.'
VHJXQGRBOHLYD#KRWPDLOFRPP]DSDWDF#XSDRHGXSH!
Pedro,Lezama,Asencio
Departamento'Académico'de'Ciencias,'Universidad'Privada'Antenor'Orrego,'Trujillo,'PERU.'SOH]DPDD#
JPDLOFRP
Victor,Quipuscoa,Silvestre
Departamento'Académico'de'Biología,'Universidad'Nacional'de'San'Agustín,'Arequipa,'PERU.'
YTXLSXVFRDV#KRWPDLOFRP
!"#$%&'$
$ÀRULVWLFFKHFNOLVWRIWKH3HUXYLDQlomasIRUPDWLRQVLVSUHVHQWHGFRQVLVWLQJRIRQH*QHWRSK\WDJ\PQRVSHUP
IDPLOLHVJHQHUDDQGVSHFLHVRI/LOLRSVLGDPRQRFRW\OHGRQVDQGIDPLOLHVJHQHUDDQGVSHFLHVRI
0DJQROLRSVLGDGLFRW\OHGRQVIRUDJUDQGWRWDORIIDPLOLHVJHQHUDDQGVSHFLHV7KHFKHFNOLVWLVEXWDVQDSVKRW
RIWKLVÀRUDRXUVRXUFHVRIUHFRUGVLQFOXGHVPDQ\\HDUVRI¿HOGFROOHFWLQJUHFRUGLQJlomasSODQWVKHUEDULDLQ3HUXWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVDQG(XURSH5HFRUGVDUHVXSSRUWHGZLWKYRXFKHUVRIZKLFKWKHPDMRULW\DUHDFFHVVLEOHYLDDVHDUFKDEOH
GDWDEDVHDQGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLJLWL]HGKHUEDULXPLPDJHV$EULHIGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH3HUXYLDQlomasIRUPDWLRQVDUHYLHZ
RIKLVWRULFDOFROOHFWLQJHIIRUWVDQGDGLVFXVVLRQRIIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJlomasG\QDPLFVDUHSUHVHQWHG/RFDOLW\PDSVDQG
DOLVWLQJRIlomasIRUPDWLRQVZLWKDSSUR[LPDWHFRRUGLQDWHVDUHSURYLGHG
.H\ZRUGV3HUXFKHFNOLVWlomas!formation.
()#*+),
6HSUHVHQWDXQFDWiORJRÀRULVWLFRGHODVlomasFRVWHUDVGHO3HU~TXHFRQVLVWHGHXQD*QHWRSK\WDJLPQRVSHUPD
IDPLOLDVJHQHURV\HVSHFLHVGH/LOLRSVLGDPRQRFRWLOHGRQHDV\IDPLOLDVJHQHURV\HVSHFLHVGH
0DJQROLRSVLGDGLFRWLOHGRQHDVKDFLHQGRXQWRWDOGHIDPLOLDVJHQHURV\HVSHFLHV(OFDWiORJRFRQVWLWX\HXQ
FRQVROLGDGRGHODÀRUDORPDOFX\DVIXHQWHVGHUHJLVWURVLQFOX\HQPXFKRVDxRVGHUHFROHFFLRQGHPXHVWUDVHQHOFDPSR
DVLFRPRFRQVXOWDVHQKHUEDULRVGH3HU~(VWDGRV8QLGRV\(XURSD/RVUHJLVWURVHVWDQUHVSDOGDGRVSRUFROHFFLRQHVGH
KHUEDULRGHODVFXDOHVODPD\RUtDVRQDFFHVLEOHVYLDEDVHVGHGDWRV\DVRFLDGDVFRQLPDJHQHVGHKHUEDULRGLJLWDOL]DGDV
6HSUHVHQWDWDPELHQXQDEUHYHGHVFULSFLRQGHODVLomasSHUXDQDVXQDUHYLVLRQKLVWyULFDGHORVHVIXHU]RVGHUHFROHFFLyQ
\XQDGLVFXVLRQGHORVIDFWRUHVTXHLQÀX\HQHQODGLQiPLFDlomal$VLPLVPRVHSURSRUFLRQDQPDSDVGHORFDOLGDGHV\
XQDOLVWDGHIRUPDFLRQHVGHlomasFRQFRRUGHQDGDVDSUR[LPDGDV
3DODEUDVFODYH3HU~FDWiORJRIRUPDFLyQ!lomal.
-,$%./*'$0.,
)RUQHDUO\NPDORQJWKHZHVWHUQFRDVWRI
6RXWK$PHULFD>6ODWLWXGH@WKH3HUXYLDQDQG
$WDFDPDGHVHUWVIRUPDFRQWLQXRXVK\SHUDULGEHOW
EURNHQRQO\E\RFFDVLRQDOULYHUVYDOOH\VIURPWKH
$QGHDQ&RUGLOOHUD1DWLYHYHJHWDWLRQRIWKHGHVHUWV
FRQVLVWVRIRYHU  VSHFLHVPDQ\KLJKO\ HQGHPLF
DQGODUJHO\UHVWULFWHGWRWKHIRJ]RQHORFDWLRQVRUlomas!
IRUPDWLRQV³VPDOOKLOOV´7KHÀRULVWLFFRPPXQLWLHVRI
the!lomas!formations!essentially!function!as!terrestrial!
LVODQGVVHSDUDWHGE\K\SHDULGKDELWDWZKHUHYLUWXDOO\
QRSODQWVH[LVW,Q3HUXQRIHZHUWKDQORFDOLWLHV
KDYHEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVXQLTXHDVVHPEODJHVDOWKRXJK
VRPHDUHQRZFRPSOHWHO\GHVWUR\HGGXHWRWKHDFWLRQV

8
RIH[SDQGLQJKXPDQSRSXODWLRQV7KHSODQWVZLWKLQ
the! lomasIRUPDWLRQVKDYHGLYHUVHRULJLQVLQFOXGLQJ
DPSKLWURSLFGLVMXQFWVVHPLDULG(FXDGRULDQDQGFHQWUDO
&KLOHDQVSHFLHVPRQWDQH$QGHDQGLVMXQFWVDQGPDQ\
lomasHQGHPLFV
7KHSK\WRJHRJUDSK\DQGHFRORJ\RIWKHGHVHUWV
RIZHVWHUQ6RXWK$PHULFDKDYHEHHQUHYLHZHGLQ
GHWDLO5XQGHO HW DO:KLOHWKHGHVHUW LV
FRQWLQXRXVIURP3HUXWR&KLOHWKHWRSRJUDSK\FOLPDWH
DQGYHJHWDWLRQRIHDFKGHVHUWLVGLVWLQFW$ULGLW\LV
FRQWUROOHGE\WKUHHFOLPDWLFDQRPDOLHV7KH¿UVWDQ
DEUXSWFOLPDWLF WUDQVLWLRQERWKWRWKHQRUWKDQGVRXWK
UHVXOWLQJLQDSRRUO\GHYHORSHG VWHSSH FOLPDWH DORQJ
WKHPDUJLQVVHFRQGEULHISHULRGVRIKHDY\UDLQIDOO
DQGUHODWLYHO\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
UDUHEXWUHFXUUHQW(O1LxR HYHQWV VHH 'LOORQ 
'LOORQ5XQGHORFFDVLRQDOO\DIIHFWSDUWVRI
WKHGHVHUWEULQJLQJZHWWURSLFDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKH
WKLUGWKHUHPDUNDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHKRPRJHQHLW\DORQJ
WKHHQWLUHODWLWXGLQDOH[WHQWRIWKHGHVHUWV7KLVSDWWHUQ
RIWHPSHUDWXUHVWDELOLW\ UHVXOWV IURP WKHLQÀXHQFHRI
FRROVHDVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVRXWK
WRQRUWKÀRZRIWKH+XPEROGWRU3HUXYLDQ&XUUHQW
$OVRLPSRUWDQWLVWKHLQÀXHQFHRIVWURQJDWPRVSKHULF
VXEVLGHQFHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK D SRVLWLRQDOO\VWDEOH
VXEWURSLFDODQWLF\FORQH7KHUHVXOWLVDPLOGXQLIRUP
FRDVWDOFOLPDWHZLWKWKHUHJXODUIRUPDWLRQRIWKLFN
VWUDWXVFORXGEDQNVEHORZ  P GXULQJWKHZLQWHU
PRQWKV:KHUHFRDVWDOWRSRJUDSK\LVORZDQGÀDW
WKLVVWUDWXVOD\HUGLVVLSDWHVLQODQGZLWKOLWWOHELRORJLFDO
LPSDFWEXWZKHUHLVRODWHGPRXQWDLQVRUVWHHSFRDVWDO
VORSHVLQWHUFHSWWKHFORXGVDIRJ]RQHGHYHORSVZLWKD
VWUDWXVOD\HUFRQFHQWUDWHGDJDLQVWWKHKLOOVLGHV7KHVH
IRJVWHUPHG ³JDU~D´ DUHWKHNH\WRWKHH[WHQWDQG
GLYHUVLW\RIYHJHWDWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHGHVHUWVRIWKH
ZHVWHUQFRDVW:KLOHWKHH[WHQWRIWKH3HUXYLDQGHVHUW
DFWXDOO\FRYHUVQHDUO\NPVLQFRDVWOLQHWKHDUHD
FRYHUHGE\YHJHWDWLRQHYHQGXULQJH[FHSWLRQDO\HDUV
LVOHVVWKDQVTNP
Bayóvar Desierto-De-Sechura
Cerro-Reque
Cerro-Cabezón
Cerro-Campana
Cerro-Chimbote
Pativilca
Iguanil
Isla-San-Lorenzo
Atocongo
Isla-San-Gallán
Asia
Amara
San-Juan
Lomas
Atiquipa
Jajuay
Cháparra
Atico Arequipa
PERÚ
BRAZIL
0 100 200 300
BOLIVIA
PACIFIC,OCEAN
Cachendo
Sama-Grande
Ocoña
San-Nicolás
Cerro-Chiputur
Cerro-Virú
Casma
Lupín
Barranca
Lachay
Pasamayo
Lima
Lurin
Cañete
Pisco
Ica
Chala Carranza
Mollendo
Mejía
Ilo Ite
Arica Tacna
Chiclayo
Trujillo
5`S
10`S
13`S
80W 75W 70W
)LJ/RFDOLWLHVRIFRDVWDO!Lomas!)RUPDWLRQVLQ3HUX$GDSWHGIURP'LOORQ
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

9
The! lomasIRUPDWLRQVDUHDFOHDUO\GHOLPLWHG
HFRV\VWHPXQLTXHZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRI6RXWK$PHULFDQ
HFRORJ\DQGÀRULVWLFFRPSRVLWLRQ:LWKRXWUHFXUUHQW(O
1LxRHYHQWVWKRVHSODQWVWKDWWUXO\QHHGHGWKHUHFXUUHQW
(O1LxRUHVRXUFHVZRXOGVXUHO\GLVDSSHDURYHU WLPH
7KRVHWKDWGRQRWQHHGUHFXUUHQW(O1LxRVIRUWKHLU
H[LVWHQFHZRXOGOLNHO\FRQWLQXHWRH[LVW EXW SHUKDSV
DWORZHU SRSXODWLRQVOHYHOVDQGUHGXFHGUDQJHV 'DWD
RUREVHUYDWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJGLUHFW(O1LxRHIIHFWVLV
ODFNLQJIRUPRVWRIWKHFRDVW(O1LxRHYHQWVFRXOGDOVR
KDYHEHHQDFWLYH WKURXJKRXW WKH3OHLVWRFHQH 
PLOOLRQ\HDUVDJR
,QDGGLWLRQWR(O1LxRSKHQRPHQRQORQJHUWHUP
FOLPDWLFFKDQJHVKDYHEHHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKJODFLDO
F\FOHV\HDU F\FOHVDQGWKHUHKDYH
EHHQDWOHDVWJODFLDOF\FOHVGXULQJWKH3OHLVWRFHQH
HDFKRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\\HDUV7KHIRUPDWLRQ
RIJODFLHUVRQPRXQWDLQVDQGSROHVKDVFDXVHGVHD
OHYHOVWRÀXFWXDWHGUDPDWLFDOO\(VWLPDWHVRIVHDOHYHO
ÀXFWXDWLRQUDQJHEHWZHHQ²IWP
DQGWKLVORZHULQJZRXOGKDYHVLJQL¿FDQWO\FKDQJHG
WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHVHDVKRUH\HDUVDJRLQ
UHODWLRQWRWKDWWRGD\7KLVGURSZRXOGKDYHH[SRVHGD
FRQVLGHUDEOHDUHDRIWKHFRQWLQHQWDOVKHOIDQGGLVSODFHG
lomasIRUPDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\EHWZHHQWR 6
ODWLWXGH*ODFLDOF\FOHVZRXOGDOVRKDYHKDGDSURIRXQG
LQÀXHQFHRQWKHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRIWKHFRDVWDOGHVHUWVE\
SURYLGLQJJHRJUDSKLFLVRODWLRQDWFHUWDLQWLPHVDQGDW
RWKHUWLPHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUPHUJLQJVSHFLHVWKHUHE\
DOORZLQJIRUJHQHH[FKDQJH3DUDGR[LFDOO\WKLVZRXOG
KDYHDOVRDOORZHGIRUIUDJPHQWLQJSRSXODWLRQVVKLIWLQJ
WKHLUUDQJHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHQHDURFHDQHQYLURQPHQWV
DGDSWLQJWRFKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQVLQVLWXRUXQGHUJRLQJ
UDQJHUHGXFWLRQVDQGH[WLQFWLRQ
7KHGLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQVRIlomas! VSHFLHVFDQEH
URXJKO\JURXSHGLQWREURDG GLVWULEXWLRQDO FDWHJRULHV
LQFOXGLQJSDQWURSLFDORUZHHG\VSHFLHVORQJ
GLVWDQFHGLVMXQFWLRQV IURPWKH6RQRUD'HVHUW RU%DMD
&DOLIRUQLDVSHFLHVGLVMXQFWIURPWKHDGMDFHQW
$QGHDQ&RUGLOOHUDDQGSODQWVUHVWULFWHGWRWKH
FRDVWDOGHVHUWVVRPHWLPHVLQDVLQJOHORFDOO\)XUWKHU
WKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHVHUWÀRUDPD\EHGLYLGHGLQWR
WZREURDGFDWHJRULHVWD[DWKDWDUHNQRZQ  ³GHVHUW
GZHOOHUV´PHDQLQJWKDWWKH\RUWKHLUQHDUUHODWLYHV
DUHPHPEHUVRIGHVHUWFRPPXQLWLHVRI1RUWK$PHULFD
0RMDYH6RQRUDQRU&KLKXDKXD'HVHUWVRUVHPL
DULGHQYLURQPHQWVLQFHQWUDO6RXWK$PHULFDLH
0RQWHRI$UJHQWLQD7\SLFDOGHVHUWGZHOOHUVZRXOG
EH&DFWDFHDHRU%RUDJLQDFHDHDPRQJRWKHUV7KHVH
SODQWVKDYHPRUSKRORJLFDORUDQDWRPLFDODGDSWDWLRQV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHVHUWH[LVWHQFH 7KH\ EHORQJ LQ
GHVHUWV´$QRWKHUJURXSZRXOGEHWKHQRQGHVHUW
GZHOOHUV´PHDQLQJSODQWVWKDWKDYHOLWWOHLQWKHZD\RI
PRUSKRORJLFDORUDQDWRPLFDODGDSWDWLRQVWRVXSSRUW
WKHLUH[LVWHQFHLQWKHGHVHUWV5DWKHUVLQFHWKH\DUH
RIWHQDQQXDOV RU VKRUWOLYHG SHUHQQLDOV WKH\ ÀRXULVK
no vegetation 1000
800
600
400
200
0
no vegetation
cryptogams
PERU
woody plants
Elevation(m)
herbaceous perennials
Tillandsia spp
Tillandsia spp
Fig.%2.%Diagram%illustrating%interaction%of%fog%and%vegetation%in%the%Lomas%Formations.%(Adapted%from%Rundel%HWDO.%1991)
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

10
LQWKHGHVHUWVZKHQFRQGLWLRQVSHUPLWLHGXULQJKLJK
SUHFLSLWDWLRQHSLVRGHVZKHQZDWHULVQRWDOLPLWLQJ
IDFWRU,IWKH\KDYHREVHUYDEOHDGDSWLYHWUDLWVWKH\
PD\ZHOOEHLQWKHDUHDRIHQKDQFHGSK\VLRORJLFDORU
ZDWHUXVHFDSDELOLWLHV7KH\ PDNH WKH PRVWZLWK WKH
DYDLODEOHZDWHU DQGPD\KDYHDFFHOHUDWHGPDWXUDWLRQ
SDWWHUQV6RPHZHHG\VSHFLHVHVSHFLDOO\(XURSHDQ
ZHHGV¿QGWKHLUZD\LQWRWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQVRIWHQ
WKURXJKWKH DFWLYLWLHVRIPDQWKHVHSODQWVXVXDOO\GR
QRWSHUVLVWUDWKHUWKH\DUHRXWFRPSHWHGUDWKHUTXLFNO\
DQGJRH[WLQFW
,QIRUPDWLRQRQEUHHGLQJSDWWHUQVJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\
DQGVSHFLDWLRQSDWWHUQVLQlomasSODQWVLVODUJHO\
ODFNLQJ7KHVHDUFKFRQWLQXHVIRUHYROXWLRQDU\IRUFHVRU
SURFHVVHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUVKDSLQJWKHÀRUDIRXQGLQWKH
GULHVWSODFHRQ(DUWKZHVWHUQFRDVWRI6RXWK$PHULFD
6FLHQWLVWVDUHMXVWEHJLQQLQJWRDSSUHFLDWHWKHLPSDFWRI
(O1LxR(162HYHQWVXSRQELRORJLFDOFRPPXQLWLHV
WKHUHIRUHLWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWOLWWOHKDVEHHQZULWWHQ
DERXWWKHHYROXWLRQDU\HIIHFWVRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQ7KH
LPSRUWDQFHRI(O1LxRHYHQWVRQPDULQHFRPPXQLWLHV
KDVEHHQREVHUYHGZLWKWKHGLVUXSWLRQRIWKHIRRGFKDLQ
IRUPDULQHRUJDQLVPVPRVWQRWDEOHPDULQHPDPPDOV
DQGELUGV9HUPHLM7KHHIIHFWVRI(O1LxR
DQHYHQW XSRQ WHUUHVWULDO FRPPXQLWLHV LVQRW DV ZHOO
GRFXPHQWHG'LOORQ5XQGHO,QGLVFXVVLQJWKH
HFRORJLFDOLPSDFWVRI (O 1LxR LQWKHHDVWHUQ 3DFL¿F
9HUP H L MOLVWHGIRXUDWWULEXWHVWREHFRQVLGHUHGLQ
PDVVH[WLQFWLRQHYHQWVWKHYDULDELOLW\RI(162IURP
WKHQRUPIUHTXHQF\RI RFFXUUHQFHVVHYHULW\DV
UHJDUGVOHYHOVRIH[WLQFWLRQDQGJHRJUDSKLFH[WHQW
3RVVLEOHFRQVHTXHQFHV WREHFRQVLGHUHGDUH VKLIWV
LQVHOHFWLRQ SUHVVXUHVZLWKFKDQJLQJEDFNJURXQGV
H[WLQFWLRQRI SRSXODWLRQV  VSOLWWLQJ RISRSXODWLRQV
YLFDULDQFHDQGIRXQGHUHIIHFWVLQVSHFLDWLRQHYHQWV
ORQJGLVWDQFHGLVSHUVDO
The! lomasIRUPDWLRQVKDYHDFWHGDVDQLPSRUWDQW
VRXUFHRIIUHVKZDWHUIRRGDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOV
IRUHDUO\FRDVWDOQDWLYHV%HUHVIRUG-RQHV/DQQLQJ
7KHSUHVHQFH RI YHJHWDWLRQ RIWHQ IRUDJHDEOH
ZRXOGKDYHDWWUDFWHGWKHQDWLYHFDPHOLGVIRUH[DPSOH
JXDQDFRDQGGHHUERWKRIZKLFKZHUHJDPHIRUHDUO\
PDQ6XSSOLHVRIVHHGVDQGLQVHFWVZRXOGKDYHPDGH
lomasVLWHVKDYHQVIRUQDWLYHELUGVSHFLHV7KHQDWLYH
IORUDGRHVFRQWDLQVRPHHGLEOHIUXLWVIRUH[DPSOH
-DOWRPDWDDQG6RODQXP!(~/\FRSHUVLFRQERWKPHPEHUV
RIWKH6RODQDFHDHIDPLO\WKDWKDYHWRPDWROLNHHGLEOH
EHUULHV(GLEOHURRWVIURPGLYHUVHSODQWIDPLOLHV
PLJKWDOVRKDYHSURYLGHGVRPHQRXULVKPHQWZKLFK
FRXOGKDYHEHHQXWLOL]HGSHULRGLFDOO\IRUH[DPSOH
$UJ\OLD UDGLDWD%LJQRQLDFHDH%HJRQLD RFWRSHWDOD!
%HJRQLDFHDH2[DOLVGRPEHLL2[DOLGDFHDH6RODQXP
PRQWDQXP6RODQDFHDHDQG7URS DH ROX P SH OW RSK RUX P!
7URSDHRODFHDH$JULFXOWXUHPD\DOVRKDYHEHHQ
SUDFWLFHGDWVRPHORFDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\GXULQJH[FHSWLRQDO
\HDUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK(O1LxRHYHQWV7RG D\FURSVDUH
FXOWLYDWHGLQWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQVZKHQRSSRUWXQLWLHV
DUHSURYLGHGE\LQFUHDVHGDYDLODEOHPRLVWXUH&RUQZDV
SODQWHGDW&HUUR&DEH]yQLQQRUWKHUQ3HUXGXULQJDQ
(O1LxRHYHQWLQ0DUFKDQGERWKFRUQDQGZKHDW
ZHUHFXOWLYDWHGLQWKHlomasEHWZHHQ0RTXHJXDDQG
Tac n a!i n !19 83.
7KHLQÀXHQFHRIPDQRQWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQV
HVSHFLDOO\RYHUWKHODVW\HDUVVKRXOGQRWEH
XQGHUHVWLPDWHG0DQ\QDWLYHZRRG\VSHFLHVKDYHEHHQ
VHYHUHO\GHSOHWHGIRU¿UHZRRGDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ
,WPD\EHDVVXPHGWKDWQDWLYHWUHHVSHFLHVVXFKDV
&DHVDOSLQLDVSLQRVDWDUD&DULFDFDQGLFDQVPLWRRU
0\UFLDQWKHVIHUUH\UDHKDGZLGHUGLVWULEXWLRQVDQGODUJHU
SRSXODWLRQVSULRUWRWKHDUULYDORIPDQ7KHUHPRYDORI
ZRRG\YHJHWDWLRQPRVWFHUWDLQO\ZRXOGKDYHFKDQJHG
WKHH[WHQWRIKHUEDFHRXVSODQWVDSURIRXQGHIIHFWRQWKH
FXUUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQ0RYHPHQWRIOLYHVWRFNEHWZHHQ
WKHLQWHULRUDQGFRDVWKDVOHGWRWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI
PDQ\$QGHDQZHHGV+LVWRULFDOLQWURGXFWLRQRIDOLHQRU
H[RWLFVSHFLHVVXFKDV$XVWUDOLDQWUHHV(XFDO\SWXVDQG
&DVXDULQDKDVFKDQJHGWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHODQGVFDSH
3HUKDSVWKHZRUVWSODJXHWKDWPDQDVVHWXSRQWKH
lomas! IRUPDWLRQVVLQFHWKHDUULYDORI(XURSHDQVDUH
KHUELYRUHVVXFKDV JRDWV ZKLFKDUHYHU\ GHVWUXFWLYH
LQWKHQDWLYHFRPPXQLWLHV+LVWRULFDOO\ZHWFRDVWDO
FRQGLWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK(O1LxRKDYHUHVXOWHGLQGU\
FRQGLWLRQLQWKHDGMDFHQWKLJK VLHUUD)RUWKDWUHDVRQ
WKHUHLVDKLVWRU\RIODUJHFDWWOHDQGOLYHVWRFN³GULYHV´
GRZQWRWKHFRDVW7KH\WUDQVSRUWGULQNDEOHZDWHUDQG
JUD]HWKHLUOLYHVWRFNIRUVHYHUDOPRQWKVXQWLOWKHlomas!
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

11
A
B
C
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
Fig.%3.%A.%Lomas!)RUPDWLRQDW&HUUR5HTXH'HSDUWPHQWRI/DPED\HTXH9HJHWDWLRQLVFRQ¿QHGWRWKHXSSHUSRUWLRQRIWKHPRXQWDLQP
B.%Cerro%Cabezón,%Department%of%La%Libertad,%was%in%1998%at%the%peak%of%the%El%Niño%effects
A
B

12
IRUPDWLRQVGULHGXS
7KHVWRULHV RI KRZ HDFKWD[RQ UHDFKHG WKHlomas!
IRUPDWLRQVDUHWRVRPHH[WHQW³LQGHSHQGHQW´HYHQWV
7KH\KDYH D ZLGHQXPEHU RI VRXUFHVDQG WKH\ KDYH
UHDFWHGWRORQJDQGVKRUWWHUP³SURFHVVHV´DV
LQGHSHQGHQWOLQHDJHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\DFRPPXQLW\
UHVSRQVH$VPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\(O1LxRLVOLNHO\
LPSRUWDQWIRUORQJWHUPPDLQWHQDQFHRIVHHGEDQNVEXW
PRUSKRORJLFDODQGSK\VLRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH
SKHQRW\SHZLOOEHQHFHVVDU\IRUDOOWKRVH\HDUVZKHQLWLV
RQO\IRJWKDWSURYLGHVPRLVWXUH,I\RXFRQVLGHUVHDOHYHO
ORZHULQJHYHQWVDVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUPDVVH[WLQFWLRQRU
PDMRUGLVSODFHPHQW DWOHDVWWKHQWKHPRVW GLVUXSWLRQ
ZDVWRKDYHEHHQDERYH6RXWK/DWLWXGH7KHUHWKH
DPRXQWRIVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHVPDOOFRDVWDOPRXQWDLQV
ZHUHWKHlomasQRZH[LVWZRXOGKDYHEHHQVHYHUDO
PRUHNPVDQGFHUWDLQO\WKH\ZRXOGKDYHEHHQRXWRIWKH
RULJLQDOIRJEHOW7KHVHHYHQWVQRWRQO\HOLPLQDWHGVRPH
³DULG´HOHPHQWVEXWLWDOVRDOORZHGIRUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW
RIW\SLFDOVLHUUDVSHFLHVZKLFKDUHQRZLVRODWHGDWWKH
XSSHUSRUWLRQVRIWKHlomas!SHDNVW\SLFDOO\DERYH
P7KLVHIIHFWLVPRVWSURQRXQFHGLQWKHQRUWKDQGWKDW
LVZK\&HUUR&DEH]yQ&HUUR&DPSDxDHWF7KHVHVLWHV
KDYHKLJKHUSURSRUWLRQV RIDGMDFHQW$QGHDQ WD[D,Q
$UHTXLSD0RTXHJXDDQG7DFQDWKHlomas!formations!
DUHQRW FRQ¿QHGWRVPDOOPRXQWDLQVUDWKHUWKHFRYHU
ZLGHUPRUHH[WHQVLYHDUHDVFRPSULVLQJPDQ\KHFWDUHV
It! is! clear! that! every! lomasIRUPDWLRQLVXQLTXHLQ
LWVWRSRORJ\VL]HDQGVSHFLHVFRPSRVLWLRQLomas!
IRUPDWLRQVDUHFODVVLFH[DPSOHVRILVODQGVZLWKÀRUDV
FRQVLVWLQJRIGLVKDUPRQLRXVDVVRFLDWLRQV
!,$)')/),$#
7KHDULGFRDVWVRI3HUXDQG&KLOHZHUHLQLWLDOO\
H[SORUHGE\WKH6SDQLVKLQWKHVDQGWKH¿UVW
UHFRUGVRIWKHGHVFULSWLRQRISODQWVLQWKH/LPDDUHDDUH
LQE\6SDQLVKVROGLHU3HGURGH2VPD,QWKHHDUO\
VWKHFRDVWZDVYLVLWHGE\SDVVLQJVKLSVDQGRIWHQ
QDWXUDOLVWVYLVLWHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIPDNLQJVFLHQWL¿F
FROOHFWLRQVDQG REVHUYDWLRQ/RXLVeFRQFKHV)HXLOOpH
EGZDVD)UHQFKSULHVWDQGVWXGHQWRI-
'&DVVLQL+HVSHQW QLQH PRQWKV ERWDQL]LQJLQ3HUX
LQ FROOHFWLQJ LQWKHFRDVWDOUHJLRQRI ,ORDQGLV
FUHGLWHGDVWKH¿UVWERWDQLVWWRVFLHQWL¿FDOO\VWXG\WKH
ÀRUDRI3HUX+LSyOLWR5XL]/ySH]EG
-RVp$QWRQLR3DYyQEG-RVHSK'RPEH\
EGDQG-XDQ-RVp7DIDOOD1DYDVFXpV
EGZHUHPHPEHUVRIFROOHFWLQJWHDP
VHQWWR6RXWK$PHULFDE\WKH.LQJ&DUORV,,,RI6SDLQ
ZLWKWKH([SHGLFLyQGHO3HU~\GHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD
0pGLFDGH 0DGULG7KH\VSHQWDWRWDORIWHQ\HDUVLQ
ZKDWLVPRGHUQGD\ 3HUX DQG &KLOHDQGWKHLUHIIRUWV
UHVXOWHGLQGUDZLQJVDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\
VSHFLHVGHVFULSWLRQVRIZKLFKQRIHZHUWKDQDUH
IRXQGZLWKLQWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQV5XL]3DYyQ
6WHHOH
IQWKHV)UDQ]-XOLXV)HUGLQDQG0H\HQE
FROOHFWHGDORQJFRDVWDO3HUXDQG
&KDUOHV*DXGLFKDXG%HDXSUpEGYLVLWHG
FRDVWDO3HUXWZLFH¿UVWLQDQGDJDLQLQ
FROOHFWLQJDQGGHVFULELQJGHVHUWYHJHWDWLRQ%XWWKH
HQWLUH3HUXYLDQFRDVWDOGHVHUWGLGQRWEHFRPHERWDQLFDOO\
ZHOONQRZQXQWLO$QWRQLR5DLPRQGLEG
YLVLWHGVHYHUDOlomas!IRUPDWLRQVQRUWKDQGVRXWKRI/LPD
LQDQG5DLPRQGL$JXVWR:HEHUED X HU
EGDUULYHGLQ3HUXLQDQGEHJDQKLV
H[WHQVLYHERWDQLFDOH[SORUDWLRQVZLWKFROOHFWLRQVLQWKH
lomasIRUPDWLRQVRQWKHKLOOVVXUURXQGLQJVRI/LPDVHH
:HEH UEDXHU 7RGD\WKRVHORFDOLWLHVDUHGHVWUR\HG
E\KXPDQRFFXSDWLRQ
:HEHUEDXHUZDVWKH¿UVWERWDQLVWWRDFWXDOO\
FRPPHQWRQWKHFRPSOH[GLVWULEXWLRQRISODQWVSHFLHV
ZLWKLQWKHlomasDQGRIIHUFDXVDOPHFKDQLVPV)XUWKHU
KHFRPPHQWHGRQWKHHQGHPLFGLVWULEXWLRQRI1RODQD!
6RODQDFHDHDQG3DODXD! (Malvaceae)! in! southern!
3HUXDQGQRUWKHUQ&KLOHKHVSHFXODWHGRQFRQQHFWLRQV
EHWZHHQFRDVWDO 3HUXDQGWKH*DOiSDJRV ,VODQGVDQG
PDGHWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ3HUXDQGWKH$UJHQWLQH
$QGHVHJ
%XOQHVLDUHWDPD
=\JRSK\OODFHDH
,QDQG-)UDQFLV0DF%ULGHE
GPDGHDERXWFROOHFWLRQVRIlomasSODQWV
SULPDULO\LQWKHDUHDVDURXQG/LPDZKLFKLQFOXGHG6DQ
*HUyQLPR/XUtQ&KRUULOORVDQG/XULJDQFKR7KHVH
VLWHVKDYHODUJHO\EHHQRYHUUXQZLWKKRXVHVDQGKXPDQ
H[SDQVLRQ
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

13
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
Fig.%4.%A.% Lomas IRUPDWLRQV DW 3DFKDFDPDF 'HSDUWPHQW RI /LPD % Lomas% Formations% near%Arequipa,% Department% of% Arequipa.% Fog%
clouds%or%“garua”%can%be%seen%laying%on%hillsides%in%the%morning.
A
B

14
,QWKHVWURQJ(O1LxR\HDURIERWK)UDQFLV:
3HQQHOOEGDQG,YDQ0XUUD\-RKQVWRQ
EGFROOHFWHGLQWKHlomas! formations!of!
VRXWKHUQ3HUX(ULFK:HUG HUPDQQ EG D
ERWDQLVWZLWKWKH%HUOLQ'DKOP%RWDQLFDO0XVHXPDOVR
FROOHFWHGLQVRXWKHUQ3HUXLQ$QDPDWHXUERWDQLVW
IURP(QJODQG'RUD%6WDIIRUGPDGHDVHULHVRIFROOHFWLRQV
IURPGHSDUWPHQWVLQVRXWKHUQ3HUXEHWZHHQDQG
FI6WDIIRUG+HUHIIRUWV\LHOGHGPDQ\
collections! from! the! lomas! IRUPDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH
0ROOHQGRDUHD7+DUSHU*RRGVSHHGEG
IURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLDDW%HUNHOH\LQLWLDWHGD
VHULHVRIH[SHGLWLRQVWR3HUX*RRGVSHHGSXEOLVKHG
DQDFFRXQWRIWKHH[SHGLWLRQVLQKLVERRN3ODQW+XQWHUV
LQWKH$QGHV'XULQJDVWURQJ(O1LxR\HDURIKH
YLVLWHGWKHLomasRI/DFKD\DQG/XUtQZLWK:HEH UEDXHU 
DQGGHVFULEHGWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQVDV³0HDGRZVRQWKH
'HVHUW´$GGLWLRQDOFROOHFWRUVLQKLVJURXSLQFOXGHG$$
%HHWOHEG+(6WRUNEG2
%+RUWRQ&5:RUWKE-/0RUULVRQE
5'0HWFDOI3&+XWFKLVRQEG-:HVW
EGDQG-.:ULJKW
5DPyQ)HUUH\UD+XHUWDEGZDV D
VWXGHQWRI:HEH UEDXHUDQGSXEOLVKHGWKH¿UVWV\VWHPDWLF
FRPSLODWLRQRISODQWVIRXQGZLWKLQWKHlomas!formations!
)HUUH\UD1LFROiV$QJXOR(VSLQR
$UQDOGR/ySH]0LUDQGDEGDQG
$EXQGLR6DJiVWHJXL$OYDDOOKDYHFROOHFWHGZLWKLQ
the! lomas! form ations! o f! Peru.! Th e! latter ! collec tor!
PDGHH[WHQVLYHFROOHFWLRQVRQ&HUUR&DPSDQDDQG
VXUURXQGLQJDUHDVGXULQJWKHVWURQJ(O1LxR\HDUVRI
7KRVH FROOHFWLRQV SURYLGHG WKH EDVLV IRU DQ
LQYHQWRU\RIWKHUHJLRQVlomasIRUPDWLRQV6DJiVWHJXL
HWDO0LNLR2QR RI WKH 7RN\R0HWURSROLWDQ
8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQGLUHFWHG D VHULHVRIH[SHGLWLRQV
WRFRDVWDO3HUXDQG&KLOHLQWKH¶V+HDQGKLV
FROOHDJXHVFRQGXFWHGDZLGHYDULHW\RILQYHVWLJDWLRQV
ZLWKLQWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQVLQFOXGLQJFRXQWLQJ
chromosomes!of! lomas VSHFLHV FDOFXODWLQJ ELRPDVV
DQGGRFXPHQWLQJVHHGEDQNV2KJD
2ND2JDZD2QR
%HJLQQLQJLQWKHVWURQJ(O1LxR\HDURI02
'LOORQEHJDQ FROOHFWLQJ ZLWKLQWKH lomas! formations!
ZKLFKFXOPLQDWHGLQVHYHUDOWKRXVDQGVRIDFFHVVLRQVDQG
DVHULHVRISDSHUVGHVFULELQJWKHYHJHWDWLRQRIFRDVWDO3HUX
DQG&KLOHVHH'LOORQ'LOORQ
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
)LJLomas%formation%near%Atiquipa,%Department%of%Arequipa.

15
5XQGHO5XQGHOHWDO$ÀRULVWLF
GDWDEDVHFRYHULQJWKHHQWLUHDUHDLVDYDLODEOHVHH'LOORQ
&ROOHFWLQJH[SHGLWLRQVZHUHFRQGXFWHGGXULQJDQG
DIWHUVWURQJ(O1LxR\HDUVRI
DQG7KHVHHIIRUWVKDYH\LHOGHGVHYHUDOWD[DQHZ
to!science!(Dillon!HWDO(OLVHQV*yPH]6RVD
.UDSRYLFNDV5RELQVRQ0RRUH
6HYHUDOVWXGLHVKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHJHQHUDO
NQRZOHGJHDQGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH3HUXYLDQ'HVHUWDQG
lomasIRUPDWLRQVHJ'LOORQ)HUUH\UD
/HLYDHWDO5XQGHOHWDODQG
VRPHKDYHDGGUHVVHGELRJHRJUDSKLFTXHVWLRQVIURPWKH
SRLQWRIYLHZRILWVÀRUD*DOiQGH0HUDHWDO
/H]DPD'LOORQLQSUHS0DVX]DZD5XQGHO
'LOORQ'LOORQ3LQWR/XHEHUW
2WKHUDXWKRUVKDYHVWXGLHVWKHFRPPXQLW\HFRORJ\DQG
SURGXFWLYLW\RIUHJLRQDOIRUPDWLRQVFI-LPpQH]HWDO.!
3pIDXU$IHZVWXGLHVKDYHDSSURDFKHG
ELRJHRJUDSKLFDOTXHVWLRQVLQYROYLQJSODQWVRIWKHlomas!
IRUPDWLRQIURPDQH[SOLFLWSK\ORJHQHWLFIUDPHZRUN
(Dillon! HW DO*HQJOHU1RZDN+XHUWDVHW
al/XHEHUW:HQ0RRUH-DQVHQ
6LPSVRQHWDO
12)%&334502)%#0$6
LomasFRPPXQLWLHVOLNHDQ\RWKHUSODQWIRUPDWLRQ
DUHQRWVWDWLFUDWKHU WKHLU FRPSRVLWLRQ LVLQFRQVWDQW
FKDQJHZKLOHVRPHVSHFLHVDUHFRQVWDQWRWKHUV FRPH
DQGJRZLWKHDFKVHDVRQ'XULQJ DQG DIWHU VWURQJ (O
1LxRHYHQWVUDUHVSHFLHVDUHUHFRUGHGWKDWPD\QRWEH
HQFRXQWHUHGLQLQWHUYHQLQJ\HDUV7KHOLVWLQJRISODQWV
ZHSUHVHQWLVDORQJWHUPFRPSLODWLRQGUDZQIURP\HDUV
RIREVHUYDWLRQDQGKHUEDULXPVWXG\&XUUHQWHVWLPDWHV
IRUWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIVSHFLHVUHSUHVHQWHGZLWKLQWKH
Peruvian!lomasIRUPDWLRQVFRQVLVWVRIIDPLOLHV
JHQHUDDQGFDVSHFLHV
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
Table%1.%Families%represented%within%the%Lomas%Formations%of%Peru%with%high%diversity%at%the%generic%or%species%level.
Families!!!!!Genera
%URPHOLDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@7LOODQGVLDVSS
3RDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@(UDJURVWLVVSS3DVSDOXPVSS
Asteraceae!!! ! ! >JHQHUDVSS@2SK\URVSRUXVVSS6HQHFLRVSS
%RUDJLQDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@+HOLRWURSLXPVSS7LTXLOLDVSS
%UDVVLFDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@
&DFWDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@1HRSRUWHULDVSS
)DEDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@
0DOYDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@3DODXDVSS
6RODQDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@1RODQDVSS6RODQXPVSS
Calceolariaceae!! ! ! &DOFHRODULDVSS
&\SHUDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@&\SHUXVVSS
$PDUDQWKDFHDH   >JHQHUDVSS@$OWHUQDQWKHUDVSS
2[DOLGDFHDH    2[DOLVVSS
3LSHUDFHDH    3HSHURPLDVSS
$L]RDFHDH    >JHQHUDVSS@7HWUDJRQLDVSS
&RQYROYXODFHDH   >JHQHUDVSS@,SRPRHDVSS
Santalaceae!! ! ! 4XLQFKDPDOLXPVSS
!'7,.83)/9)+),$#
:HZLVKWRWKDQNWKH&XUDWRUVDQG&ROOHFWLRQ
0DQDJHUVDWDOOKHUEDULDYLVLWHGLQFOXGLQJEXWQRW
UHVWULFWHGWR%%0&*(&21&&8=)),
*++$2+86$+87.00$0$.02
1<6*28&86DQG8607KHFROOHFWLRQRI
VSHFLPHQODEHOGDWDZDVVXSSRUWHGLQSDUWE\JUDQWV
WR02' IURPWKH1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH )RXQGDWLRQ'(%
'(%%65DQG1DWLRQDO

16
*HRJUDSKLF6RFLHW\7KHSURIHVVLRQDOVWDIIDWWKH
)LHOG0XVHXP¶V%RWDQ\'HSDUWPHQWLVDFNQRZOHGJHG
IRUWKHLUVXSSRUWRYHUWKHODVW\HDUVDQGLQFOXGHV
&KULVWLQH1LH]JRGD/XFLD.DZDVDNL6XVDQ+DPQLN
$QQD%DOOD$UOHQH6LVRQ.U\VWD'XUDQ0DU\
*XVWDIVRQ-RDQQD0F&DIIUH\:DOW5HLVOLQJDQG
1RUWKZHVWHUQ8QLYHUVLW\ LQWHUQ(OL]DEHWK$OOHQ:H
WKDQN'DUOHQH'RZG\3ULWFKHWWIRUWKHH[FHOOHQWMRERI
PRXQWLQJDOOWKH)PDWHULDOFROOHFWHGGXULQJPDQ\¿HOG
VHDVRQV0DUN$OYH\%RWDQ\'HSDUWPHQW2SHUDWLRQDO
0DQDJHULVDFNQRZOHGJHGIRUEULGJLQJEXUHDXFUDWLF
VXSSRUWDQG IXQGLQJGRFXPHQWDWLRQ(GXDUGR7LQD
0DUWHOODUHWKDQNHGIRUORJLVWLFDODQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
VXSSRUWGXULQJVHYHUDO H[SHGLWLRQV 'LDQH2¶'RQQHOO
'LOORQLVDFNQRZOHGJHG IRUKHUKHOSGXULQJWKH
¿HOGVHDVRQJDWKHULQJYRXFKHUVDQGSROOLQDWRUV7KH
IROORZLQJLQGLYLGXDOVKDYHKHOSHGLQYDULRXVDVSHFWVRI
RXUVWXGLHV3DXO =DKQOH$OEHUWR %HQDYLGHV*DQR]D
0DUXFKD%HQDYLGHVGH7VFKXGL0DXULFLRGH5RPDxD
(GXDUGR0HMLD3LQWR(GJDUGR2UWL]9DOHQFLD-XQ
:HQ )UHG%DUULH7RP'XQFDQ)HGHULFR/XHEHUW
2OLYHU:KDOOH\0LNLR2QR0L\XNL1DND]DZD)XMLWD
,VLGRUR6iQFKH]9HJD  -RVp6DQWLVWHEDQ&DVWLOOR&DPLOR
'tD]6DQWLVWHEDQ(OLGD&DUULOOR)XHQWHV0DJGD
&KDQFR(VWHOD5DPyQ)HUUH\UD+XHUWD(OR\
/ySH]/DXUD&iFHUHV0DVVLHO&RUUDOHV*LQD&DVWLOOR
'DQLHO5DPRV0DUFR&XHYD.iURO'XUDQG1DWKDOLH
&DVWUR-XDQ*RQ]DOHV(ULF5RGULJXH]5RGULJXH]
$EXQGLR6DJiVWHJXL$OYDDQGWKH:RPHQ¶V%RDUG
³)LHOG'UHDPV´JLIWSURJUDP6/*ZLVKHVWRWKDQN
83$2IRUSHUPLVVLRQFRQGXFW¿HOGVWXGLHVDQGIRU
FRQWLQXLQJVXSSRUWIRU$UQDOGRD946ZLVKHVWRWKDQN
WKH'HSDUWDPHQWRGH%LRORJtD816$IRUSHUPLVVLRQ
WRFRQGXFW¿HOGVWXGLHVDQGWKHVWXGHQWPHPEHUVRI
',%,26 *UXSR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD 'LYHUVLGDG
%LROyJLFDGHO6XUIRUWKHLU¿HOGDQGKHUEDULXPZRUN
:HDOVRZLVKWRDFNQRZOHGJHDQGWKDQNWKH%LRGLYHUVLW\
+HULWDJH/LEUDU\ DQG WKH 0LVVRXUL%RWDQLFDO *DUGHQ
IRUSURYLGLQJ GLJLWDODFFHVVWR5XL]3DYyQ¶V)ORUD
3HUXYLDQD HW &KLOHQVLVZZZELRGLYHUVLW\OLEUDU\
RUJ/DVWEXWFHUWDLQO\QRWOHDVWZHWKDQNWKHPDQ\
WD[RQRPLFH[SHUWVWKDWSURYLGHGGHWHUPLQDWLRQVRYHUWKH
ODVWIHZGHFDGHV'R]HQVRIVFLHQWLVWVKDYHKHOSHGZLWK
LGHQWL¿FDWLRQVEXW1DQF\+HQVROGGHVHUYHVDVSHFLDO
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
Fig.%6.%Lomas%formations%near%the%Lagunas%de%Mejia%in%1983,%Department%of%Arequipa.

17
PHQWLRQIRUKHUHIIRUWVDWLGHQWL¿QJDQGDQQRWDWLQJ
FROOHFWLRQV7KHDXWKRUVDFFHSWDQ\DQGDOOHUURUV
RPLVVLRQVRUPLVDSSOLFDWLRQRIQDPHVLQWKHOLVW
:0$)%&$*%)4'0$)/
!,/)%#.,;4<=4>=47KHFDFWXVIDPLO\7LPEHU3UHVV3RUWODQG
Oregon,%USA.
?&%$@3.$$4;4A=4;4 &,/4 5=4 (=4 B*,$.%1993%.% Cactaceae.% ,Q%K.%
Kubitzki%[ed.],%The% families% and% genera% of% vascular% plants.%
Springer\Verlag,%New%York,%New%York,%USA.
?)%)#C.%/DE.,)#;45=F=&KDS WH U 7KH *HQXV3URVRSLV%
RQWKH6RXWK&RDVW3S,Q%Pre\%Hispanic%3URVRSLV\
Human%Relationships% on% the% South% Coast% of% Peru:% Riparian%
Forests%in%the%Context%of%Environmental%and%Cultural%Trajectories%
of%the%Lower%Ica%Valley.%PhD%Dissertation,%Magdalene%College,%
University%of%Cambridge,%UK.
?%&7.;4:=4G4E=4:=4H&%*''@0=&DWDORJXHRIWKHÀRZHULQJ
plants%&% gymnosperms% of% Peru.% (Monographs% in% Systematic%
%RWDQ\ 9RO  0LVVRXUL %RW DQLFDO *DUGHQ 6W /RXLV  02
1286%pp.
5033.,;4I=41=7KH%RWDQLFDO5HVSRQVHRIWKH$QGHDQ'HVHUW
Lomas%Formations%to%the%1982\83%El%Niño%Event.%Abstract%Amer.%
-%RW
5033.,;4I=41=41989.%Origins%and%diversity%of%the%lomas%formations%
in%the%Atacama%and%Peruvian%Deserts%of%western%South%America.%
$EVWUDFW$PHU-%RW
5033.,;4I=41=%1994.%Andean%Botanical%Information%System/Sistema%
de% Información% Botánica% Andina.% URL:http://www.sacha.org/,%
DFFHVVHG1RYHPEHU
5033.,;4I=1=/RPDV)RUPDWLRQV3HUXSS,Q%S.%
D%Davis,%V.%H.%Heywood,% O.%Herrera\%McBryde,%J.%Villa\Lobos%
DQG$&+DPLOWRQHGV&HQWUHVRI3ODQW'LYHUVLW\$*XLGH
and%Strategy%for%their%Conservation.%WWF,%Information%Press,%
Oxford,%U.K.
5033.,;4 I=1= 6RODQDFHDH RI WKH /RPDV IRUPDWLRQV RI
&RDVWDO3HUXDQG&KLOH3S,Q:%Hollowell,%V.,%Keating,%
T.,%Lewis,%W.%&%Croat,%T.%(eds.),%$)HVWVFKULIWIRU:LOOLDP*
'¶$UF\7KH /HJDF\RID 7D[RQRPLVW.%Monogr.%Syst.% Bot.%
$QQ0LVVRXUL%RW*DUG
5033.,;4I=41=)ORUDRIWKH/RPDV)RUPDWLRQV85/KWWS
HPXZHE¿HOGPXVHXPRUJERWDQ\VHDUFKBORPDVSKSDFFHVVHG
-DQ
5033.,;4I=1=4G4J=4A=4(*,/)3=47KHERWDQLFDOUHVSRQVHRI
the%Atacama%and%Peruvian%Desert%Flora%to%the%1982\83%El%Niño%
HYHQW3S  ,Q 3:*O\QQ HG *OREDO(FRORJLFDO
Consequences%of% the% 1982\83% El%Niño\%Southern% Oscillation,%
Elsevier%Science%Publishers,%New%York.
5033.,;4I=1=4;4K=4:)02&;4G4L=4M*0N*#'.&=4)LYHQHZ
species%of%1RODQD%(Solanaceae\Nolaneae)%from%Peru%and%notes%
RQWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQIRUDGGLWLRQDOWD[D$UQDOGRD
5033.,;4I=1=;4O=4O*;4!=4K.)P0+&;4O=4Q0;4H=4R0);4!=4O6);4G4
E=4A),= 3K\ORJ HQ \R I1RODQD%(Nolaneae,%Solanoideae,%
Solanaceae)%as%inferred%from%granule\bound%starch%synthase%I%
*%66,VHTXHQFHV7D[RQ
5033.,;4I=1=;4O=4O*;4:=4S0);4L=4M*0N*#'.&4K=;4G4E=4A),=%
%LRJHRJUDSKLFGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQLQ1RODQD%(Solanaceae),%a%
ubiquitous%member%of%the%Atacama%and%Peruvian%Deserts%along%
the%western%coast%of%South%America.%Journal%of%Systematics%&%
(YROXWLRQ
5*,'&,;4O=4 G4 I=1=45033.,=%1991.% Numerical% analysis%of%the%
ÀRULVWLFUHODWLRQVKLSV RI WKH ORPDV RI 3HUX DQG &KLOH $EVWU
Abstract%Amer.%J.%Bot.%78:%183.
<30#),#;4 A=E= *HQHWLF GLYHUJHQFH LQ *DOYH]LD%
(Scrophulariaceae):% evolutionary% and% biogeographic%
UHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJ6RXWK$PHULFDQDQG*DOiSDJRVVSHFLHV
$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI%RWDQ\
>)%%)6%&;4 (= &RPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHVGH DOJXQDVORPDV
FRVWDQHUDVGHO3HU~(VWDF([S$JULFROD/D0ROLQD%RO
>)%%)6%&;4(=%1961.%Las%Lomas%Costaneras%del%extremo%sur%del%
3HU~%ROHWtQGHOD6RFLHGDG$UJHQWLQDGH%RWiQLFD
>)%%)6%&;4(=%1983.%Los%tipos%de%vegetación%de%la%costa%peruana.%
$QDOHV-DUG%RW0DGULG
>%6T)33;4J=4!=%1996.%)XHUWHVLPDOYD,%a%new%genus%of%neotropical%
Malvaceae.%Sida%17(1):%69–76.
F&3U,4/)4I)%&;4!=;4E=!=4L0'),$)D1%)33&,&;4E=!=4:*'&#4
F&%'V&4G4!=4J%."&,W&4:.".=%1997.%Phytogeographical%
VHFWRULQJRIWKH3HUXYLDQFRDVW*OREDO(FRO%LRJHRJU/HWW
*HQJOHU1RZDN.05HFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH
biogeographical%history%of%Malesherbiaceae.%Botanical%Review%
68(1):%171–188.
FX+)WDK.#&;4<=%1986.%$VWUDJDOXVQHREDUQHE\DQXV%(Leguminosae):%
A%New% Species %from%P eru.%Br ittonia %38(4): %427\%4 29.
F../#N))/;4 O=B=% 1961% [1941].%Plant%Hunting% In% The%Andes.%
Berkeley:%University%of%California%Press,%429%pp.
B*)%$&#;4 I=4 :=;4 E=4 L=4 K'@,)0/)%;4 G4 F=4 H0W7&= 
Phylogenetic%Analysis%of%3DODXD%(Malveae,%Malvaceae)%based%
RQ3ODVWLGDQG1XFOHDU6HTXHQFHV6\V%RW
B*,$4;4 5=4 ;4R=4J=4O&63.%4;4G4 F=4 Y@&%3)#7KHQHZ
cactus%lexicon.%dh%Books,%Milborne%Port,%UK.
E0+Z,)W;4 J=;4 >=4L033&#&,$);4 Y=4 O&3&2)%&;4 :=4 L033)9&#;4
<=4B*&+&,;4G4!=41%$)9&=% 1998.%Southern%Peru%Loma’s%
)ORUD3S,Q:%Schemenauer,%R.%(ed).%Proceedings%of%
the%First%International%Conference%on%Fog%and%Fog%Collection,%
19\24%July%1998,%Vancouver,%Canada.%pp.%492.
E0+Z,)W;4J=I=;4Y=4O&3&2)%&;4:=4L033)9&#;4>=4L033&#&,$);4
!=4 1%$)9&;4 G4 I=4 E0+Z,)W=%,$WLTXLSD ,VOD
de%Biodiversidad%en%el%Desierto%Costero%Perúano.%II%Congreso%
,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH&LHQWt¿FRV3HUXDQRV/LPD$EVWUDFWS
[%&N.20'7&#;4!=%1996.%Sinopsis%del%género%*D\D%(Malvaceae).%
%RQSODQGLD
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

18
:&,,0,9;4<=4J=(DUO\0DQLQ3HUX6FLHQWL¿F$PHULFDQ
:)X,4?=;4!=4Y&,.;4G4[=4(=4Q.*,9=/RVKHOHFKRVGHODV
lomas%costeras%del%Perú%/%Ferns%of%the%fog%vegetation%of%coastal%
Peru.%Arnaldoa%9(2):%7\41.
:)02&DF=;K=;4I=4H&N&$&4Y=;4F=4F&6.#.4?=;4J=4:)W&+&4
!=;4L=4M*0N*#'.&4K=;4G4I=1=45033.,='LYHUVLGDG
ÀRUtVWLFDGHOD/RPD0RQJyQ3URYLQFLD&DVPD'HSDUWDPHQWR
Ancash,%Perú% \% Floristic% diversity% of% Loma% Mongon,% Casma%
3URYLQFH$QFDVK'HSDUWPHQW3HUX$UQDOGRD
:)W&+&D!;4J=4G4I=1=45033.,=1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRIWKH
Peruvian%Lomas%Formations.%Arnaldoa:%In%Press.
:*)")%$;4 >=4 G4 E=4 A),=  3K\ORJHQHWLF $QDO\VLV DQG
(YROXWLRQDU\'LYHUVL¿FDWLRQRI+HOLRWURSLXP%Sec t. %&RFKUDQHD%
(Heliotropiaceae)%in% the%Atacama% Desert.%Systematic% Botany%
±
I&#*W&8&;4O=%19 86 .%S tructur e%o f%7L OO DQ GVLD%lomas%community%in%
Peru%coast.%In:%Taxonomic%and%ecological%studies%on%the%lomas%
YHJHWDWLRQLQ WKH 3DFL¿F FRDVW RI 3HUX  *HRJUDSKLFDO
Reports%of%Tokyo%Metropolitan%University.%Tokyo.%No.%19.
I..%)4I=4E=4G4(=4[=4E&,#),=0ROHFXODU HYLGHQFHIRU
the%age,%origin,%and%evolutionary%history%of%the%American%desert%
plant%genus%7LTXLOLD%(Boraginaceae)%Molecular%Phylogenetics%
and%Evolution.%39:%668\687.
1@9&;4R=% 1986.%Dynamics% of%the%buried%seed%population% in%soil,%
and%the%mechanisms%of%maintenance%of%the%herbaceous%lomas%
vegetation%in%the%coastal%desert%of%central%Peru.%,Q%Ono,%M.%(ed.),%
Taxonomic%and% ecological%studies% on%the%lomas% vegetation%in%
WKH3DFL¿FFRDVWRI3HUX0DNLQR+HUEDULXP7RN\R0HWURSRO
8QLYHUVLW\7RN\R3S
1@9&;4 R=%1991.% Distribution% Patterns% of% Buried% Seeds% in% the%
Herbaceous%Lomas% Community% over% the% Entire% Plateau% on%
Loma%Ancon%in%the%Coastal%Desert%of%Central%Peru.%Journal%of%
$ULG/DQG6WXGLHV
1@9&;4R=%1992.%Buried%seed%population%in%the%herbaceous%lomas%
on%Loma%Ancon%in%the%coastal%desert%of%central%Peru.%Ecological%
5HVHDUFK
17&;4K=4G4B=419&8&=%1984.%The%distribution%of%lomas%vegetation%
DQGLWV FOLPDWLFHQYLURQPHQWV DORQJWKHSDFL¿FFRDVWRI 3HU~
,Q *HRJUDSKLFDO 5HSRUWV RI 7RN\R0HWURSROLWDQ
University.%Tokyo.%No.%19.
13+#$)&/;4 (=F;4Y=A=4 5)N&+N@030#;4 !=5=4A.3C);4 R=5=4
Q.* ,9; 4A= E =4<3 0#. , #;4G 4J=4!=4( ) )2 ) #='LVLQWHJUDWLRQ
of%the%Scrophulariaceae.%Amer.%J.%Bot.%88(2):%348–361.
1,.;4 I=%1982.% A%Preliminary% Report%of%Taxonomic%and%Ecological%
6WXGLHVRQWKH/RPDV9HJHWDWLRQLQWKH3DFL¿F&RDVWRI3HUX
In:%M.%Ono%(ed.).%Makino%Herbarium.%Tokyo%Metropolitan%University.
1,.;4I=%1986.%Taxonomic%and%Ecological%Studies%on% the%Lomas%
9HJHWDWLRQLQWKH 3DFL¿F&RDVW RI3HUX3S,Q% M.%Ono%
(ed.).%Makino%Herbarium.%Tokyo%Metropolitan%University.
JZC&*%;4E=4<=%1982.%Dynamics%of%plant%communities%in%the%Lomas%
of%Southern%Peru.%Vegetatio%49:%163%\%171.
%J0,$.;4(=;4G4>=4 :*)")%$=4'DWRV VREUHODÀRUDYDVFXODU
del%desierto%costero%de%Arica%y%Tarapacá,%Chile,%y%sus%relaciones%
¿WRJHRJUi¿FDVFRQHOVXUGH3HU~*D\DQD%RWiQLFD±
J%0');4 (=4 != 6\VWHPDWLFVRI WKH *QHWDOHV D UHYLHZ RI
morphological%and%molecular%evidence.%International%Journal%of%Plant%
6FLHQFHV6XSS%LRORJ\DQG(YROXWLRQRI*QHWDOHV66
(&0+.,/0;4!=(O3HU~LWLQHUDULRGHYLDMHVYHUVLyQOLWHUDOGH
las%libretas%originales)%Lima.%Imprenta%Torres%Aguirre.
(."0,#.,;4B=4 G4!=4 E=4I..%)=1HZVSHFLHVDQGQHZ
combinations%in% 5K\VROHSLV% (Heliantheae:%Asteraceae)% Proc.%
Biol.%Soc.%Wash.%117(3):%423\446.
(*0WD:XN)W;4 B=4 G4 E=4 J&2X,=% 1799.% Flora% Peruviana,% et%
Chilensis,%sive%descriptiones,%et%icones%Plantarum%Peruvianarum,%
et%Chilensium,%secundum%systema%Linnaeanum%digestae,%cum%
characteribus%plurium%generum%evulgatorum% reformatis.% v.%2:%
6\8,%plates%CXII,%CXIII.
(*,/)3;4J=A=;4I=1=45033.,;4B=4!=4I..,)6;4K=:=4F*3+.,;4
G4E=(=4<@3)%0,9)%=%1991.%The%phytogeography%and%ecology%
RIWKHFRDVWDO$WDFDPDDQG3HUXYLDQ'HVHUWV$OLVR
(*,/)3;4 J=4 G4 I=1=4 5033.,=% 1998.% Ecological% patterns% in% the%
Bromeliaceae%of% the% lomas% formations% of% Coastal% Chile% and%
Peru.%Plant%Syst.%Evo.%212:%261\278.
(*,/)34 ;4 J=A=;4 J=<4 L033&9%&;4 I=1=4 5033.,;4 K=4 (.09D
E*\),$4&,/4F=45)"&,/0=  &KDSWHU  $ULGDQGV HP L
DULGHFRV\VWHPV3S,Q%Veblen,%T.T.,%K.%R.%Young%&%
$52UPHHGV7KH3K\VLFDO*HRJUDSK\RI6RXWK$PHULFD
Oxford%University%Press:%Oxford,%UK,%368%pp.
K&9U#$)9*0;4!=;4E=4I.#$&')%.;4G4K=4:XN)W=%1988.%Fitoecología%
del%Cerro%Campana.%Bol.%Soc.%Bot.%La%Libertad%14:%1\47.
K0+N#.,;4 ?=4 ?=;4 O&$);4E=4 !=4 &,/4 A))7#;4 !=
The% biogeography% of% +RIIPDQQVHJJLD%(Leguminosae,%
Caesalpinioideae,%Caesalpinieae):% a% tale% of% many% travels.%
-RXUQDORI%LRJHRJUDSK\±
K$))3);4!=4(=%1982.%Flowers%for%the%King:%The%expedition%of%Ruiz%
and%Pavón%and%the%Flora%of%Peru.%
K$&CC.%/;45=%1939.%On%the%Flora%of%Southern%Peru.%Proc.%Linnean%
6RF/RQGRQ
O%6.,;4(= 7KH(FRORJ\RI 3HUXYLDQ)HUQV$PHULFDQ)HUQ
-RXUQDO
L)%+)0P;4F=E= $Q HFRORJLFDO FULVLV LQDQ HYROXWLRQDU\
FRQWH[W(O1LxRLQWKHHDVWHUQ3DFL¿F3S±,Q%P.W.%
*O\QQHG*OREDO(FRORJLFDO&RQVHTXHQFHVRIWKH±
El%Niño\%Southern%Oscillation.%Amsterdam:%Elsevier.
A)")%"&*)%;4!=  /D LQÀXHQFLD GH FDPELRV FOLPiWLFRV\
geológicos%sobre%la%vegetación%de%la%costa%peruana.%Academia%
1DFLRQDOGH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDOHV
A)")%"&*)%;4!=  (O 0XQGR 9HJHWDO GH ORV$QGHV
3HUXDQRV(VWXGLR )LWRJHRJUi¿FR (VWDFLyQ ([SHULPHQWDO
Agrícola%de%La%Molina.%Ministerio%de%Agricultura,%Lima.%776%pp.
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

19
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD
A
B
Fig.%7.%Lomas%Formations,%A.%LomasQHDU&KDSL'HSDUWPHQWRI$UHTXLSD%Lomas%north%of%Tacna%in%1983,%Department%of%Tacna.%

20
Y@)'730#$
7KHFKHFNOLVWSUHVHQWHGKHUHSURYLGHVWKHQDPHV
RIÀRZHULQJSODQWVDQGRQHJ\QPRVSHUP(SKHGUD)!
UHFRUGHGIURPWKHlomasIRUPDWLRQVRI3HUXURXJKO\
IURP&HUUR5HTXH'HSW/DPED\HTXHLQWKHQRUWKWR
7DFQD'HSW7DFQDLQWKHVRXWK)RUDOLVWLQJRIlomas!
IRUPDWLRQSWHULGRSK\WHVIHUQVDQGIHUQUHODWLYHV
FRQVXOW/HyQHW DO DQG7U\RQ7KH
OLVWSUHVHQWHG KHUH KDV EHHQFRPSLOHG IURP SHUVRQDO
REVHUYDWLRQVFROOHFWLQJE\DOOWKHDXWKRUVRYHUPDQ\
\HDUVYLVLWLQJKHUEDULDWKURXJKRXW3HUX(XURSH
DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV)DPLOLDOFRQVWUXFWVIRUWKH
6FURSKXODULDFHDHIROORZWKRVHVXJJHVWLRQVE\2OPVWHG
HW DO*HQHULFERXQGDULHVLQWKH&DFWDFHDH
DQGWKH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI VSHFLHV ODUJHO\GHSHQGV XSRQ
ZKLFKDXWKRULVIROORZHG$QGHUVRQ %DUWKORWW
+XQW+XQW7D\ORU&KDUOHV7KLV
IDPLO\LVLQQHHGRIV\VWHPDWLFDQGFROOHFWLQJDWWHQWLRQ
1RSXEOLFDWLRQFLWDWLRQVDUHSURYLGHGDQGQRYRXFKHU
VSHFLPHQVDUHFLWHGKHUHKRZHYHUYRXFKHUVDUH
DYDLODEOHDVLQGLYLGXDOUHFRUGVDQGVFDQQHGKHUEDULXP
VKHHWVWKDWFDQEHDFFHVVHGDW85/KWWSHPXZHE
¿HOGPXVHXPRUJERWDQ\VHDUFKBlomasSKS6\QRQ\P\
ODUJHO\IROORZV%UDNR=DUXFFKL
&ROOHFWLRQVWKDWDUHRQO\UHFRUGHGIURP&HUUR5HTXH
RURWKHUVLWHVLQ/DPED\HTXHEXWPD\EHIRXQGIXUWKHU
VRXWKDUHGHVLJQDWHGZLWK DQ DVWHULVN  &XOWLYDWHG
VSHFLHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQUHFRUGHGIURPWKHlomas!
IRUPDWLRQVDUHGHVLJQDWHGZLWKDV\PERO
Gymnospermae!(Gymnosperms)
(3+('5$&($(>@
(SKHGUDDPHULFDQD+XPE%RQSOH[:LOOG
/LOLRSVLGD0RQRFRW\OHGRQV>@
$63$5$*$&($(> $*$9$&($(@>@
$JDYHDPHULFDQD/
$QWKHULFXPHFFUHPRUUKL]XP5XL]3DY
$QWKHULFXPYLUXHQVH!Ravenna
)XUFUDHDRFFLGHQWDOLV!Trel.
2]LURHELÀRUD5XL]3DY6SHWD
$//,$&($(>@
1RWKRVFRUGXPJUDFLOH(Aiton)!Stern!
1RWKRVFRUGXPLQRGRUXP$LWRQ$VFK*UDHEQ
$/6752(0(5,$&($(>@
$OVWURHPHULDFKRULOOHQVLV+HUE
$OVWURHPHULDYLRODFHD!Phil.!
%RPDUHDFRUQXWD+HUE
%RPDUHDGROLFKRFDUSD.LOOLS
%RPDUHDRYDWD&DY0LUE
$0$5<//,'$&($(>@
&KOLGDQWKXVIUDJUDQV+HUE
,VPHQHDPDQFDHV5XL]3DY+HUE
3DUDPRQJDLDZHEHUEDXHUL9HODUGH
3\UROLULRQDOELFDQV+HUE
&OLQDQWKXVFRFFLQHXV5XL]3DY0HHURZ
&OLQDQWKXVLQFDUXP.UDHQ]O0HHURZ
&OLQDQWKXVUHFXUYDWXV.UDHQ]O0HHURZ
6WHQRPHVVRQÀDYXP5XL]3DY+HUE
$5$&($(>@
*RUJRQLGLXPYDUJDVLL%RJQHU1LFROVRQ
%520(/,$&($(>@
3LWFDLUQLDORSH]LL/%6P
3X\DIHUUXJLQHD5XL]3DY/%6P
7LOODQGVLDFDSLOODULV5XL]3DY
7LOODQGVLDGLVWLFKD!Kunth!
7LOODQGVLDODQGEHFNLL!Phil.!
7LOODQGVLDODWLIROLD!Meyen!
7LOODQGVLDPDUFRQDH!W.!Till!&!Vitek!
7LOOD QGVLD PXOWLÀ RUD%HQWK0$6SHQFHU&!/%6P
7LOODQGVLDSDOHDFHD!C.!Presl
7LOODQGVLDSXUSXUHD5XL]3DY
7LOODQGVLDUHFXUYDWD//
7LOODQGVLDVRPQLDQV/%6P
7LOODQGVLDXVQHRLGHV//
7LOODQGVLDZHUGHUPDQQLL+DUPV
&200(/,1$&($(>@
&RPPHOLQDGLIIXVD%XUPI
&RPPHOLQDIDVFLFXODWD5XL]3DY
&RPPHOLQDKLVSLGD5XL]3DY
&RPPHOLQDORQJLFDXOLV-DFT
7LQDQWLDHUHFWD-DFT6FKOHFKW
&<3(5$&($(>@
&\SHUXVDUWLFXODWXV/
&\SHUXVHUDJURVWLV/DP
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

21
&\SHUXVHVFXOHQWXV/
&\SHUXVKDHPDWRGHV(QGO
&\SHUXVKHUPDSKURGLWXV-DFT6WDQGO
&\SHUXVODHYLJDWXV/
&\SHUXVRFKUDFHXV!Vahl.
&\SHUXVULJHQV-3UHVO&3UHVO
&\SHUXVURWXQGXV/
.\OOLQJDEUHYLIROLD5RWWE
6FKRHQRSOHFWXVDPHULFDQXV3HUV9RONDUWH[6FKLQ]
&!R.!Keller
6FKRHQRSOHFWXVFDOLIRUQLFXV&$0H\6RMiN
',26&25($&($(>@
'LRVFRUHDFKDQFD\HQVLV!R.!Knuth
,5,'$&($(>@
6LV\ULQFKLXPFKLOHQVH+RRN
6LV\ULQFKLXPPLFUDQWKXP!Cav.!
7LJULGLDSDYRQLD/I'&
-81&$&($(>@
-XQFXVEXIRQLXV/
25&+,'$&($(>@
&KORUDHDXQGXODWD5DLPRQGLH[&ROXQJD
0DOD[LVWHUPHQVLV.UDHQ]O&6FKZHLQI
3HOH[LDPDWXFDQHQVLV.UDHQ]O6FKOWU
32$&($(>@
$JURVWLVNRHOHULRLGHV!E.!Desv.
$QWKHSKRUDKHUPDSKURGLWD/.XQW]H
$ULVWLGDDGVFHQVLRQLV/
$ULVWLGDJODEUDWD9DVH\+LWFKF
$YHQDEDUEDWD3RWWH[/LQN
$YHQDIDWXD/
$YHQDVWHULOLV/
%RXWHORXDDULVWLGRLGHV.XQWK*ULVHE
%RXWHORXDFXUWLSHQGXOD0LFK[7RUU
%RXWHORXDGLVWLFKD.XQWK%HQWK
%UDFKLDULDIDVFLFXODWD6Z3DURGL
%UDFKLDULDPXWLFD)RUVVN6WDSI
%UL]DPLQRU/
%URPXVFDWKDUWLFXV!Vahl
&HQFKUXVEURZQLL!Roem.!&!Schult.!!
&HQFKUXVHFKLQDWXV/
&HQFKUXVLQFHUWXV!M.!A.!Curtis
&HQFKUXVWULEXORLGHV/
&KORULVKDORSKLOD3DURGL
&KORULVUDGLDWD/6Z
&KORULVYLUJDWD6Z
&\QRGRQGDFW\ORQ/3HUV
'DFW\ORFWHQLXPDHJ\SWLXP/:LOOG
'LVWLFKOLVVSLFDWD/*UHHQH
(FKLQRFKORDFRORQD//LQN
(FKLQRFKORDFUXVSDYRQLV(Kunth)!Schult.!
(O\PXVDJURS\URLGHV-3UHVO
(UDJURVWLVDWWHQXDWD+LWFKF
(UDJURVWLVFLOLDQHQVLV%HOODUGL9HJQRORH[-DQFK
(UDJURVWLVFLOLDULV/5%U
(UDJURVWLVMDSRQLFD7KXQE7ULQ
(UDJURVWLVOXULGD-3UHVO
(UDJURVWLVPH[LFDQD+RUQHP/LQN
(UDJURVWLVQLJULFDQV.XQWK6WHXG
(UDJURVWLVSHFWLQDFHD0LFK[1HHV
(UDJURVWLVSHUXYLDQD-DFT7ULQ
(UDJURVWLVZHEHUEDXHUL3LOJ
(ULRFKORDSDFL¿FD0H]
(ULRFKORDSHUXYLDQD0H]
(ULRFKORDSXQFWDWD/'HVYH[+DP
*DVWULGLXPYHQWULFRVXP*RXDQ6FKLQ]7KHOO
/DPDUFNLDDXUHD/0RHQFK
/HSWRFKORDIXVFDVXEVSXQLQHUYLD-3UHVO16QRZ
/HSWRFKORDPXFURQDWD0LFK[.XQWK
/HSWRFKORDVFDEUD!Nees
0HOLQLVUHSHQV:LOOG=L]ND
3DSSRSKRUXPSDSSLIHUXP/DP.XQW]H
3DVSDOLGLXPJHPLQDWXP)RUVVN6WDSI
3DVSDOXPFDQGLGXP+XPE%RQSOH[)OJJp.XQWK
3DVSDOXPGHQWLFXODWXP!Trin.!
3DVSDOXPGLVWLFKXP/
3DVSDOXPÀDYXP-3UHVO
3DVSDOXPSHQLFLOODWXP+RRNI
3DVSDOXPSRO\SK\OOXP1HHVH[7ULQ
3DVSDOXPS\JPDHXP+DFN
3DVSDOXPUDFHPRVXP/DP
3DVSDOXPYDJLQDWXP6Z
3HQQLVHWXPDQQXXP0H]
3KDODULVFDQDULHQVLV/
3KUDJPLWHVDXVWUDOLV&DY7ULQH[6WHXG
3LSWRFKDHWLXPPRQWHYLGHQVH6SUHQJ3DURGL
3RDDQQXD/
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

22
3RO\SRJRQHORQJDWXV!Kunth!
3RO\SRJRQLQWHUUXSWXV!Kunth!
3RO\SRJRQPRQVSHOLHQVLV/'HVI
3RO\SRJRQYLULGLV*RXDQ%UHLVWU
5RVWUDULDWUDFK\DQWKD3KLO7]YHOHYH[6RUHQJ
6HWDULDODFKQHD!(Ness)!Kunth
6HWDULDSDUYLÀRUD3RLU.HUJXpOHQ
6HWDULDYHUWLFLOODWD/3%HDXY
6RUJKXPELFRORU/0RHQFK
6SRUREROXVLQGLFXV/5%U
6SRUREROXVYLUJLQLFXV/.XQWK
6WLSDDQQXD0H]
6WLSDLFKX5XL]3DY.XQWK
6WLSDPXFURQDWD!Kunth
6WLSDQDUGRLGHV3KLO+DFNH[+LWFKF
6WLSDQHHVLDQD7ULQ5XSU
6WLSDSDFK\SXV3LOJ
7UDJXVEHUWHURQLDQXV!Schult.!
7UDJXVUDFHPRVXV/$OO
7ULVHWXPVSLFDWXP/.5LFKW
9XOSLDDXVWUDOLV1HHVH[6WHXG&+%ORP
9XOSLDP\XURV/&&*PHO
7(&23+,/$($&($(>@
7HFRSKLODHDYLROLÀRUD%HUWHURH[&ROOD
0DJQROLRSVLGD'LFRW\OHGRQV>@
$&$17+$&($(>@
%OHFKXPS\UDPLGDWXP/DP8UE
'LFOLSWHUDPRQWDQD/LQGDX
'LFOLSWHUDSHUXYLDQD/DP-XVV
'LFOLSWHUDWRPHQWRVD!(Vahl)!Nees!
'\VFKRULVWHUHSHQV1HHV.XQW]H
(O\WUDULDLPEULFDWD9DKO3HUV
-XVWLFLDFDUWKDJLQHQVLV-DFT
5XHOOLDFLOLDWLÀRUD+RRN
5XHOOLDÀRULEXQGD+RRN
5XHOOLDVFKOHFKWHQGDOLDQD1HHV+HPVO
7HWUDPHULXPQHUYRVXP1HHV
$,=2$&($(>@
6HVXYLXPSRUWXODFDVWUXP//
7HWUDJRQLDFU\VWDOOLQD/¶+pU
7HWUDJRQLDPDFURFDUSD!Phil.!
7HWUDJRQLDPDULWLPD%DUQpRXG
7HWUDJRQLDPLFURFDUSD!Phil.!
7HWUDJRQLDRYDWD!Phil.!
7HWUDJRQLDSHGXQFXODWD!Phil.
7HWUDJRQLDYHVWLWD,0-RKQVW
$1$&$5',$&($(>@
6FKLQXVPROOH/
$0$5$17+$&($(>@
$OWHUQDQWKHUDDOERWRPHQWRVD!Suess.!
$OWHUQDQWKHUDFDUDFDVDQD!Kunth
$OWHUQDQWKHUDHXSDWRULRLGHV5HP\0HDUVLQHG
$OWHUQDQWKHUDIHUUH\UDH0HDUVLQHG
$OWHUQDQWKHUDKDOLPLIROLD/DP6WDQGOH[3LWWLHU
$OWHUQDQWKHUDSHUXYLDQD0RT6XHVV
$OWHUQDQWKHUDSRUULJHQV-DFT.XQW]H
$OWHUQDQWKHUDSXELÀRUD%HQWK.XQW]H
$OWHUQDQWKHUDYLOORVD!Kunth
$PDUDQWKXVFDXGDWXV/
$PDUDQWKXVGXELXV0DUWH[7KHOO
$PDUDQWKXVK\EULGXV/
$PDUDQWKXVVSLQRVXV/
$PDUDQWKXVYLULGLV/
$WULSOH[SHUXYLDQD0RT
$WULSOH[URWXQGLIROLD'RPEH\H[0RT
$WULSOH[VHPLEDFFDWD5%U
&KHQRSRGLXPDOEXP/
&KHQRSRGLXPPXUDOH/
&KHQRSRGLXPSHWLRODUH!Kunth!
'\VSKDQLDDPEURVLRLGHV/0RV\DNLQ&OHPDQWV
)URHOLFKLDLQWHUUXSWD/0RT
6DUFRFRUQLDIUXWLFRVD/$-6FRWW
6XDHGDIROLRVD0RT
$3,$&($(>@
$PPLYLVQDJD//DP
$SLXPJUDYHROHQV/
%RZOHVLDSDOPDWD5XL]3DY
&RQLXPPDFXODWXP/
&\FORVSHUPXPODFLQLDWXP!(DC.)!Constance!
&\FORVSHUPXPOHSWRSK\OOXP3HUV6SUDJXHH[
%ULWWRQ3:LOVRQ
'DXFXVPRQWDQXV+XPE%RQSOH[6SUHQJ
'RPH\NRDDPSOH[LFDXOLV+:ROII0DWKLDV
Constance!
'RPH\NRDVDQLFXOLIROLD!Mathias!&!Constance!
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

23
(UHPRFKDULVIHUUH\UDH!Mathias!&!Constance!
(UHPRFKDULVORQJLUDPHD+:ROII,0-RKQVW
(UHPRFKDULVSLVFRHQVLV!Mathias!&!Constance!
+\GURFRW\OHDOFKHPLOORLGHVA.!Rich.
+\GURFRW\OHERQDULHQVLV/DP
6SDQDQWKHSDQLFXODWD-DFT
$32&<1$&($(>@
1HULXPROHDQGHU/
&\QDQFKXPIRUPRVXP1(%U
0DWHOHDDOLFLDH!Morillo
3KLOLEHUWLDVRODQRLGHV!Kunth
$67(5$&($(>@
$FPHOODDOED/¶+pU5.-DQVHQ
$FPHOODROHUDFHD/5.-DQVHQ
$JHUDWLQDDUWLFXODWD6FK%LSH[+LHURQ50
.LQJ+5RE
$JHUDWLQDD]DQJDURHQVLV6FK%LSH[:HGG50
.LQJ+5RE
$JHUDWLQDVWHUQEHUJLDQD'&50.LQJ+5RE
$JHUDWXPFRQ\]RLGHV/
$PEO\RSDSSXVSXVLOOXV+RRN$UQ
$PEURVLDDUWHPLVLRLGHV0H\HQ:DOSH[0H\HQ
$PEURVLDGHQWDWD&DEUHUD02'LOORQ
$PEURVLDSHUXYLDQD:LOOG
%DFFKDULVJOXWLQRVD!Pers.!
%DFFKDULVOLQHDULIROLD/DP3HUV
%DFFKDULVVDOLFLIROLD5XL]3DY3HUV
%DFFKDULVVFDQGHQV5XL]3DY3HUV
%LGHQVSLORVD/
%LGHQVWULSOLQHUYLD!Kunth
&HQWDXUHDPHOLWHQVLV/
&KHUVRGRPDMXDQLVHUQLL!(Cuatrec.)!Cuatrec.!
&KLRQRSDSSXVEHQWKDPLL6)%ODNH
&RQ\]DERQDULHQVLV/&URQTXLVW
&RQ\]DFDQDGHQVLV/&URQTXLVW
&RWXODDXVWUDOLV6LHEHUH[6SUHQJ+RRNI
(QFHOLDFDQHVFHQV/DP
(FOLSWDSURVWUDWD//
(ULJHURQOHSWRUKL]RQ!DC.!
)ODYHULDELGHQWLV/.XQW]H
*DOLQVRJDFDOLJHQVLV!Canne!
*DOLQVRJDSDUYLÀRUD!Cav.
*DOLQVRJDTXDGULUDGLDWD5XL]3DYyQ
*DPRFKDHWDSXUSXUHD/&DEUHUD
*ULQGHOLDEXSKWKDOPRLGHV!DC.!
*ULQGHOLDJOXWLQRVD!(Cav.)!Mart.
+HORJ\QHKXWFKLVRQLL50.LQJ+5RE
+HWHURVSHUPDGLYHUVLIROLXP!Kunth!
+HWHURVSHUPDIHUUH\ULL+5RE
-XQJLDD[LOODULV/DJH['&6SUHQJ
0DODFRWKUL[FOHYHODQGLL!A.Gray!
0DODFRWKUL[FRXOWHUL+DUY$*UD\
0XWLVLDDFXPLQDWD5XL]3DY
2QRVHULVKXPEROGWLDQD!Ferreyra
2QRVHULVRGRUDWD''RQ+RRN$UQ
2QRVHULVSDUYD!Muschl.
2SK\RVSRUXVDQRPDOXV50.LQJ+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVÀRULEXQGXV'&50.LQJ+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVJDOLRLGHV'&50.LQJ+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVKDUWZHJLL(%/5RE50.LQJ+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVKRSSLL%/5RE50.LQJ+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVSHUXYLDQXV-)*PHO50.LQJ
+5RE
2SKU\RVSRUXVSXEHVFHQV6P50.LQJ+5RE
3HULW\OHHPRU\L!Torr.
3KLORJORVVDSHUXYLDQD!DC.!
3KLORJORVVDSXUSXUHRGLVFD+5RE
3OXFKHDFKLQJR\R!(Kunth)!DC.!
3RO\DFK\UXVDQQXXV,0-RKQVW
3URXVWLDFXQHLIROLD!D.Don
3VHXGRJQDSKDOLXPGRPEH\DQXP'&$QGHUE
5K\VROHSLVGLOORQLRUXP$-0RRUH+5RELQVRQ
6HQHFLRDEDGLDQXV!DC.
6HQHFLRDFDULQXV&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRDUQDOGLL&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRFDOFLFROD0H\HQ:DOSH[0H\HQ
6HQHFLRLFDHQVLV+%HOWUiQ$*DOiQ
6HQHFLRORPLQFROD&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRRNRSDQXV&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRVPLWKLDQXV&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRWUX[LOOHQVLV&DEUHUD
6HQHFLRYXOJDULV/
6LHJHVEHFNLDÀRVFXORVD/¶+pU
6LHJHVEHFNLDRULHQWDOLV/
6LPVLDGRPEH\DQD!DC.!
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

24
6RQFKXVROHUDFHXV/
6SLODQWKHVXUHQV-DFT
6WHYLDPHOLVVLDHIROLD'&6FK%LS
7UL[LVFDOFDOLRLGHV!(Kunth)!D.!Don!
9LOODQRYDRSSRVLWLIROLD/DJ
9HUEHVLQDVDXELQHWLRLGHV6)%ODNH
9LJXLHUDZHEHUEDXHUL6)%ODNHa9SURFXPEHQV
3HUV6)%ODNH
:HGHOLDODWLIROLD!DC.
%$6(//$&($(>@
!$QUHGHUDGLIIXVD0RT6SHUOLQJ
%$7$&($(>@
%DWLVPDULWLPD/
%(*21,$&($(>@
%HJRQLDJHUDQLLIROLD+RRN
%HJRQLDRFWRSHWDOD/¶+pU
%,*121,$&($(>@
$UJ\OLDUDGLDWD/''RQ
7HFRPDIXOYDVXEVSDUHTXLSHQVLV6SUDJXH-5,:RRG
7RXUUHWWLDODSSDFHD/¶+pU:LOOGH[/I
%25$*,1$&($(>@
&RUGLDOXWHD/DP
&RUGLDPDFURFHSKDOD(Desv.)!Kunth.
&U\SWDQWKD¿ODJLQHD!(Phil.)!Reiche
&U\SWDQWKDJUDQXORVD5XL]3DY,0-RKQVW
&U\SWDQWKDOLPHQVLV$'&,0-RKQVW
&U\SWDQWKDSDUYLÀRUD!(Phil.)!Reiche
+HOLRWURSLXPDQJLRVSHUPXP!Murray
+HOLRWURSLXPDUERUHVFHQV/
+HOLRWURSLXPFXUDVVDYLFXP/
+HOLRWURSLXPNUDXVHDQXP)HGGH
+HOLRWURSLXPODQFHRODWXP5XL]3DY
+HOLRWURSLXPSLORVXP5XL]3DY
+HOLRWURSLXPVXEPROOH.ORW]VFK
1DPDGLFKRWRPXP5XL]3DY&KRLV\
3HFWRFDU\DODWHULÀRUD/DP'&
3HFWRFDU\DOLQHDULV5XL]3DY'&
7LTXLOLDFRQVSLFXD,0-RKQVW$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDGLFKRWRPD5XL]3DY3HUV
7LTXLOLDIHUUH\UDH,0-RKQVW$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDJUDQGLÀRUD3KLO$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDOLWRUDOLV3KLO$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDSDURQ\FKLRLGHV3KLO$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDSDUYLÀRUD3KLO$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDVLPXODQV,0-RKQVW$75LFKDUGVRQ
7LTXLOLDWDFQHQVLV$75LFKDUGVRQ
7RXUQHIRUWLDOLOORL,0-RKQVW
7RXUQHIRUWLDPLFURFDO\[5XL]3DY,0-RKQVW
%5$66,&$&($(>@
%UDVVLFDUDSD/
&DSVHOODEXUVDSDVWRULV/0HGLN
&UHPROREXVFKLOHQVLV/DJH['&'&
'LFW\RSKUDJPXVHQJOHULDQXV0XVFKO2(6FKXO]
'UDEDDUDERLGHV:HGG
/HSLGLXPDXULFXODWXP5HJHO.|UQ
/HSLGLXPERQDULHQVH/
/HSLGLXPFUDVVLXV&/+LWFKF$O6KHKED]
/HSLGLXPF\FORFDUSXP!Thell.
/HSLGLXPGLG\PXV/a&RURQRSXV!GLG\PXV/6P
/HSLGLXPMRKQVWRQLL&+LWFKF
/HSLGLXPUDLPRQGLL2(6FKXO]
/HSLGLXPVSDWKXODWXP!Phil.!
0DWKHZVLDLQFDQD!Phil.
0DWKHZVLDOLQHDULIROLD7XUF]
0DWKHZVLDQLYHD3KLO2(6FKXO]
0DWKHZVLDSHUXYLDQD2(6FKXO]
0HQRQYLOOHDFKLOHQVLV7XUF]%'-DFNV
0HQRQYLOOHDOLWRUDOLV%DUQpRXG5ROOLQV
0HQRQYLOOHDRUELFXODWD!Phil.!
0RVWDFLOODVWUXPPRUULVRQLL$O6KHKED]$O6KHKED]
0RVWDFLOODVWUXPVDJLWWDWXP+RRN$UQ!$O6KHKED]
6FKL]RSHWDORQELVHULDWXP!Phil.!
6LV\PEULXPLULR/
6LV\PEULXPODQDWXP:DOS2(6FKXO]
6LV\PEULXPOODWDVLL$O6KHKED]
&$&7$&($(>@
$UPDWRFHUHXVULRPDMHQVLV5DXK%DFNHE
&OHLVWRFDFWXVVH[WRQLDQXV%DFNHE'5+XQW
&RUU\RFDFWXVEUDFK\SHWDOXV9DXSHO%ULWWRQ5RVH
&XPXORSXQWLDVSKDHULFD&))|UVW()$QGHUVRQ
&\OLQGURSXQWLDWXQLFDWD/HKPDQ)0.QXWK
(FKLQRSVLVFKDODHQVLV5DXK%DFNHE)ULHGULFK
*'5RZOH\
(FKLQRSVLVFHSKDORPDFURVWLEDV:HUGHUP
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

25
%DFNHE)ULHGULFK*'5RZOH\
(ULRV\FHLVOD\HQVLV&))|UVW.DWW
(XO\FKQLDLTXLTXHQVLVVXEVSULWWHUL!(Cullman)!
'5+XQW
(VSRVWRDPHODQRVWHOH9DXSHO%RUJ
+DDJHRFHUHXVDXVWUDOLV%DFNHE
+DDJHRFHUHXVOLPHQVLV6DOP'\FN)5LWWHU
+DDJHRFHUHXVGHFXPEHQV9DXSHO%DFNHE
+DDJHRFHUHXVPXOWDQJXODULV:LOOG)5LWWHU
+DDJHRFHUHXVVXEWLOLVSLQXV!F.!Ritter
0DLKXHQLRSVLVRYDWD!(Pfeiff.)!F.!Ritter
0HORFDFWXVSHUXYLDQXV9DXSHO
0LODFDHVSLWRVD%ULWWRQ5RVH
1HRFKLOHQLDMXVVLHXL0RQY%DFNHE
1HRSRUWHULDDULFHQVLV)5LWWHU'RQDOG
*'5RZOH\
1HRSRUWHULDJODXFHVFHQV)5LWWHU'RQDOG*'
5RZOH\a(ULRV\FHWDOWDOHQVLV+XWFK.DWW
1HRSRUWHULDLTXLTXHQVLV)5LWWHU'RQDOG*'
5RZOH\
1HRSRUWHULDQDSLQD3KLO%DFNHE
1HRSRUWHULDRFFXOWD3KLO%ULWWRQ5RVH
1HRSRUWHULDUXSLFROD)5LWWHU'RQDOG*'5RZOH\
1HRUDLPRQGLDDUHTXLSHQVLV0H\HQ%DFNHE
2SXQWLDTXLWHQVLV)$&:HEHUa2SXQWLDRYDWD!
Pfeiff.)
2SXQWLDSXEHVFHQV-&:HQGO([3IHLII
3\JPDHRFHUHXVE\OHVLDQXV$QGUHDH%DFNHEHUJ
3\JPDHRFHUHXVIDPLOLDULV!F.!Ritter
:HEHUEDXHURFHUHXVZHEHUEDXHUL.6FKXPH[
9DXSHO%DFNHE.
&$/&(2/$5,$&($(>@
&DOFHRODULDDMXJRLGHV.UDQ]O
&DOFHRODULDDQJXVWLÀRUD5XL]3DY
&DOFHRODULDFKHOLGRQLRLGHV!Kunth
&DOFHRODULDGLFKRWRPD/DP
&DOFHRODULDSLQQDWD/
&DOFHRODULDUXJXORVD(GZLQ
&DOFHRODULDWULSDUWLWD5XL]3DY
&DOFHRODULDXWULFXODULRLGHV%HQWK
&$03$18/$&($(>@
/REHOLDGHFXUUHQV!Cav.
7ULRGDQLVSHUIROLDWD/1LHXZO
&$33$5$&($(>@
&DSSDULVDYLFHQQLIROLD!Kunth
&DSSDULVFURWRQRLGHV.XQWK,OWLV&RUQHMR
&DSSDULVSHWLRODULV!Kunth
&DSSDULVVFDEULGD!Kunth
&OHRPHFKLOHQVLV'&> &/(20$&($(@
&$5,&$&($(>@
&DULFDFDQGLFDQVA.Gray
&$5<23+<//$&($(>@
&HUDVWLXPJORPHUDWXP!Thiull.
'U\PDULDSDSRVDQD!Phil.!
6DJLQDDSHWDOD$UG
6LOHQHJDOOLFD/
6SHUJXODULDFROOLQD,0-RKQVW
6SHUJXODULDFRQJHVWLIROLD,0-RKQVW
6SHUJXODULDIDVLFXODWD!Phil.
6SHUJXODULDVWHQRFDUSD3KLO,0-RKQVW
6WHOODULDFXVSLGDWD:LOOGH[6FKOWGO
6WHOODULDPHGLD/9LOO
6WHOODULDPLFUDQWKD6SUXFHH[5RKUE
6WHOODULDRYDWD:LOOGH[6FKOWGO
&(/$675$&($(>@
!0D\WHQXVRFWRJRQD/¶+pU'&
&2192/98/$&($(>@
&RQYROYXOXVFKLOHQVLV!Pers.
&UHVVDWUX[LOOHQVLV!Kunth
&XVFXWDIRHWLGD!Kunth!
&XVFXWDJUDQGLÀRUD!Kunth!
&XVFXWDKDXJKWLL!Yunck.
&XVFXWDKLWFKFRFNLLYunck.
&XVFXWDRGRUDWD5XL]3DY
'LFKRQGUDVHULFHD6Z
(YROYXOXVODQDWXV+HOZLJ
(YROYXOXVYLOORVXV5XL]3DY
,SRPRHDDOED/
,SRPRHDDVDULIROLD!(Desr.)!Roem.!&!Schult.!
,SRPRHDUXELÀRUD/2¶'RQHOO
,SRPRHDGXELD!Roem.!&!Schult.
,SRPRHDGXPHWRUXP:LOOGH[5RHP6FKXOW
,SRPRHDLQGLFD%XUP0HUU
,SRPRHDQDWLRQLV+RRN*1LFKROVRQ
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
$UQDOGRD

26 $UQDOGRD
,SRPRHDSHVFDSUDH/5%U
,SRPRHDSXUSXUHD/5RWK
-DFTXHPRQWLDXQLODWHUDOLV5RHP6FKXOW2¶'RQHOO
0HUUHPLDDHJ\SWLD/8UE
0HUUHPLDTXLQTXHIROLD/+DOOLHUI
&5$668/$&($(>@
&UDVVXODFRQQDWD5XL]3DY$%HUJHU
&8&85%,7$&($(>@
$SRGDQWKHUDIHUUH\UDQD!Mart.Crov.
$SRGDQWKHUDZHEHUEDXHUL+DUPV
&LWUXOOXVODQDWXV7KXQE0DWVXP1DNDL
&\FODQWKHUDPDWKHZVLL$UQH[$*UD\
6LF\RVEDGHURD+RRN$UQ
6LF\RVJUDFLOOLPXV&RJQ
6LF\RVNXQWKLL&RJQ
(83+25%,$&($(>@
$QGUDFKQHPLFURSK\OOD/DP%DLOO
&URWRQDOQLIROLXV/DP
&URWRQUXL]LDQXV0OO$UJ
&URWRQVSXUFXV&URL]DW
(XSKRUELDKHWHURSK\OOD/
(XSKRUELDKLUWD/
(XSKRUELDK\SHULFLIROLD/
(XSKRUELDODVLRFDUSD.ORW]VFK
(XSKRUELDPH\HQLDQD.ORW]VFK
(XSKRUELDRSKWKDOPLFD3HUV'*%XUFK
(XSKRUELDSHSOXV/
(XSKRUELDSHUXYLDQD/&:KHHOHU
(XSKRUELDVHUSHQVKunth
(XSKRUELDWDFQHVLV!Phil.
(XSKRUELDYLULGLV.ORW]VFK*DUFNH%RLVV
-DWURSKDPDFUDQWKD0OO$UJ
3K\OODQWKXVJUDYHROHQV.XQWK> 3+<//$17+$&($(@
5LFLQXVFRPPXQLV/
)$%$&($(>@
!$FDFLDKXDUDQJR-)0DFEU
$FDFLDPDFUDFDQWKD:LOOG
$GHVPLDPXULFDWD-DFT'&
$HVFK\QRPHQHVFDEUD!G.!Don
$VWUDJDOXVQHREDUQHE\DQXV*yPH]6RVD
$VWUDJDOXVVSUXFHL,0-RKQVW
$VWUDJDOXVWULÀRUXV!(DC.)!A.Gray
%DXKLQLDDFXOHDWD/
&DHVDOSLQLDVSLQRVD0ROLQD.XQW]H
&DOOLDQGUDWD[LIROLD.XQWK%HQWK
&RXUVHWLDZHEHUEDXHUL+DUPV
&URWDODULDLQFDQD/
'DOHDF\OLQGULFD+RRN
'DOHDOHSRULQD$LWRQ%XOORFN
'DOHDRQREU\FKLV!DC.!
'DOHDSHQQHOOLL-)0DFEU-)0DFEU
'HVPDQWKXVYLUJDWXV/:LOOG
'HVPRGLXPDGVFHQGHQV6Z'&
'HVPRGLXPJODEUXP(Mill.)!DC.!
'HVPRGLXPOLPHQVH+RRN
'HVPRGLXPVFRUSLXUXV6Z'HVY
'HVPRGLXPWRUWXRVXP6Z'&
*HRIIURHDGHFRUWLFDQV*LOOLHVH[+RRN$UQ
%XUNDUW
+RIIPDQQVHJJLDPLUDQGD6DQGZLWK
+RIIPDQQVHJJLDSURVWUDWD!DC.
+RIIPDQQVHJJLDVWLSXODWD6DQGZLWK
+RIIPDQQVHJJLDWHUQDWD!Phil.!
+RIIPDQQVHJJLDYLVFRVD+RRN$UQ!
,QGLJRIHUDVXIIUXWLFRVD!Mill.!
,QGLJRIHUDWUX[LOOHQVLV!Kunth!
/DWK\UXVPDJHOODQLFXV/DP
/XSLQXVPROOHQGRHQVLV8OEU
0DFURSWLOLXPDWURSXUSXUHXP'&8UE
0DFURSWLOLXPEUDFWHDWXP!(Nees!&!C.!Mart.)Marechal!
%DX.!
0DFURSWLOLXPODWK\URLGHV/8UE
0HGLFDJRSRO\PRUSKD/
0HOLORWXVLQGLFXV/$OO
0LPRVDDOELGD:LOOG
0LPRVDSHOOLWD:LOOG
0LPRVDVHQVLWLYD/
1HSWXQLDOXWHD/HDYHQZ%HQWK
1HSWXQLDSOHQD/%HQWK
2WKRORELXPSXEHVFHQV3RLU-:*ULPHV
3DUNLQVRQLDDFXOHDWD/
3DUNLQVRQLDSUDHFR[(RuL]3DY+DZNLQV
3URVRSLVMXOLÀRUD6Z'&
3URVRSLVSDOOLGD:LOOG.XQWK
5K\QFKRVLDPLQLPD/'&
6HQQDELFDSVXODULV/5R[EXUJK
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

27
$UQDOGRD
6HQQDELURVWULV9RJHO+6,UZLQ%DUQHE\
6HQQDEURQJQLDUWLL*DXGLFK+6,UZLQ%DUQHE\
6HQQDFXPLQJLL+RRN$UQ+6,UZLQ%DUQHE\
6HQQDLQFDUQDWD%HQWK+6,UZLQ%DUQHE\
6HQQDSLVWDFLLIROLD.XQWK+6,UZLQ%DUQHE\
7HSKURVLDFLQHUHD/3HUV
7ULIROLXPSRO\PRUSKXP!Poir.
7ULIROLXPUHSHQV/
9LFLDJUDPLQHD!Sm.
9LFLDORPHQVLV-)0DFEU
9LJQDDGHQDQWKD!(G.!Mey.)!Marechal!&!al.!
9LJQDOXWHROD-DFT%HQWK
9LJQDYH[LOODWD/$5LFK
:HEHUEDXHUHOODEURQJQLDUWLRLGHV8OEU
:HEHUEDXHUHOODUDLPRQGLDQD!Ferreyra
)5$1.(1,$&($(>@
)UDQNHQLDFKLOHQVLV!C.Presl
*(17,$1$&($(>@
&HQWDXULXPHU\WKUDHDRafn.!
&LFHQGLDTXDGUDQJXODULV/DP*ULVHE
=HOWQHUDTXLWHQVH.XQWK*0DQV
*(5$1,$&($(>@
(URGLXPFLFXWDULXP//¶+pU
(URGLXPPDODFRLGHV//+pU
(URGLXPPRVFKDWXP//¶+HU
*HUDQLXPOLPDH!R.!Knuth
+<3(5,&$&($(>@
+\SHULFXPVLOHQRLGHV-XVV
.5$0(5,$&($(>@
.UDPHULDODSSDFHD'RPEH\%XUGHW%%6LPSVRQ
/$0,$&($(>@
+\SWLVHORQJDWD%HQWK
+\SWLVHULRFHSKDOD%HQWK
+\SWLVSHFWLQDWD/3RLW
+\SWLVVLGLIROLD/¶+pU%ULT
+\SWLVVXDYHROHQV/3RLW
/HSHFKLQLDODPLLIROLD%HQWK(SOLQJ
0DUUXELXPYXOJDUH/
0LQWKRVWDFK\VVSLFDWD%HQWK(SOLQJ
6DOYLDIRUPRVD/¶+pU
6DOYLDSDSRVDQQD3KLOLSSL
6DOYLDUKRPELIROLD5XL]3DY
6DOYLDWXELÀRUD-(6P
6WDFK\VDSHUWD(SOLQJ
6WDFK\VDUYHQVLV/
6WDFK\VKHUUHUDH(SOLQJ
6WDFK\VSHUXYLDQD'RPEH\H[%HQWK
6WDFK\VWUXQFDWD.XQ]HH[%HQWK
7HXFULXPYHVLFDULXP!Mill.
/,1$&($(>@
/LQXPSURVWUDWXP'RPEH\ H[ /DP LQFO / S!!var.!
SDUYXP,0-RKQVW0LOGQHU
/2$6$&($(>@
/RDVDQLWLGD!Desr.
/RDVDWULFRORU.HU*DZO
0HQW]HOLDDVSHUD/
0HQW]HOLDVFDEUDKunth
1DVDFKHQRSRGLLIROLD'HVU:HLJHQG
1DVDWULSK\OOD-XVV:HLJHQG
1DVDXUHQV-DFT:HLJHQG
3UHVOLRSK\WXPLQFDQXP*UDKDP:HLJHQG
/<7+5$&($(>@
&XSKHDVWULJXORVD!Kunth
/\WKUXPPDULWLPXP!Kunth
0$/(6+(5%,$&($(>@
0DOHVKHUELDDUHTXLSHQVLV5LFDUGL
0DOHVKHUELDWXEXORVD&DY-6W+LO
0$/9$&($(>@
$EXWLORQPROOLVVLPXP&DY6ZHHW
$EXWLORQUHÀH[XP/DP6ZHHW
$EXWLORQYLUJDWXP&DY6ZHHW
$QRGDFULVWDWD/6FKOWGO
%DVWDUGLDELYDOYLV(Cav.)!Kunth
%DVWDUGLDOLPHQVLV!R.E.Fr.
&ULVWDULDDVSHUDGay!(~!C.!a.!var.IRUPRV X O D,0-RKQVW
0XxR]6FKLFN
&ULVWDULDJUDFLOLV!Gay
&ULVWDULDPXOWL¿GD!Cav.
)XHUWHVLPDOYDFKLOHQVLV$%UDXQ&'%RXFKp)U\[HOO
)XHUWHVLPDOYDOLPHQVLV/)U\[HOO
)XHUWHVLPDOYDSHQQHOOLL8OEU)U\[HOO
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

28 $UQDOGRD
)XHUWHVLPDOYDSHUXYLDQD/)U\[HOO
*D\DPROOHQGRHQVLV.UDSRY
*D\DSLORVD!K.Schum.
*D\DZHEHUEDXHUL8OEU
*XD]XPDXOPLIROLD/DP
+HULVVDQWLDFULVSD/%UL]LFN\
+LELVFXVEUDVLOLHQVLV/
0DODFKUDDOFHLIROLD-DFT
0DOYDSDUYLÀRUD/
0DOYDV\OYHVWULV/
0DOYHOODOHSURVD2UW.UDSRY
0HORFKLDS\UDPLGDWD/
3DODXDFDPDQHQVLV!Ferreyra!&!Chanco
3DODXDGLVVHFWD%HQWK
3DODXDJXHQWKHUL)%XUQV
3DODXDLQFRQVSLFXD,0-RKQVW
3DODXDPDOYLIROLD!Cav.
3DODXDPRVFKDWD!Cav.
3DODXDUKRPELIROLDR.!Graham
3DODXDVDQGHPDQLL6DQGZLWK)U\[HOO
3DODXDWRPHQWRVD+RFKU
3DODXDWULVHSDOD+RFKU
3DODXDYHOXWLQD8OEULFK+LOO
3DODXDZHEHUEDXHUL8OEU
6LGDFLOLDULV/
6LGDMDWURSKRLGHV/¶+pU
6LGDROLJDQGUD!K.Schum.
6LGDSDOPDWD!Cav.
6LGDSDWXOLORED!R.E.Fr.
6LGDUKRPELIROLD/
6LGDVSLQRVD/
6LGDVWUXPSDQLFXODWXP/)U\[HOO
6SKDHUDOFHDREWXVLORED!(G.)!Don
7DUDVDFDUGHQDVLL.UDSRY
7DUDVDRSHUFXODWD&DY.UDSRY
7DUDVDWK\UVRLGHD.UDSRY
7ULXPIHWWDVHPLWULORED-DFT
8URFDUSLGLXPDOELÀRUXP8OEU
:DOWKHULDRYDWD!Cav.
02//8*,1$&($(>@
*OLQXVUDGLDWXV5XL]3DY5RKUE
0ROOXJRYHUWLFLOODWD/
0<57$&($(>@
0\UFLDQWKHVIHUUH\UDH0F9DXJK0F9DXJK
12/$1$&($(>6HH1RODQD62/$1$&($(@
1<&7$*,1$&($(>@
$OOLRQLDLQFDUQDWD/
%RHUKDYLDFRFFLQHD!Mill.!
%RHUKDYLDGLIIXVD/
%RHUKDYLDHUHFWD/
%RHUKDYLDYHUEHQDFHD.LOOLS
%RXJDLQYLOOHDSDFK\SK\OOD+HLPHUOH[6WDQGO
&U\SWRFDUSXVS\ULIRUPLV!Kunth
0LUDELOLVFDPSDQXODWD+HLPHUO
0LUDELOLVHOHJDQV&KRLV\+HLPHUO
0LUDELOLVH[SDQVD5XL]3DY6WDQGO
0LUDELOLVLQWHUFHGHQV+HLPHUO
0LUDELOLVSURVWUDWD5XL]3DY+HLPHUO
0LUDELOLVYLVFRVD!Cav.
2/($&($(>@
2OHDHXURSDHD/
21$*5$&($(>@
/XGZLJLDRFWRYDOYLV-DFT3+5DYHQ
/XGZLJLDSDOXVWULV/(OOLRW
/XGZLJLDSHSORLGHV.XQWK3+5DYHQ
/XGZLJLDSHUXYLDQD/+DUD
2HQRWKHUDDUHTXLSHQVLV0XQ],0-RKQVW
2HQRWKHUDGUXPPRQGLL+RRN
2HQRWKHUDODFLQLDWD+LOO
2HQRWKHUDQRFWXUQD-DFT
2HQRWKHUDURVHD/¶+pUH[$LWRQ
252%$1&+$&($(>@
2UREDQFKHZHEHUEDXHUL!Mattf.
2;$/,'$&($(>@
2[DOLVFRUQLFXODWD/
2[DOLVGHELOLV!Kunth!(~!incl.!2G.!var.!FRU\PERVD
'&/RXUWHLJ
2[DOLVGRPEH\L6W+LO
2[DOLVODWLIROLD!Kunth!
2[DOLVOD[D+RRN$UQ
2[DOLVORPDQD!Diels!
2[DOLVPHJDORUUKL]D-DFT
2[DOLVSDFK\UUKL]D:HGG
2[DOLVVSLUDOLV!G.!Don
3$3$9(5$&($(>@
$UJHPRQHPH[LFDQD/
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

29
$UQDOGRD
)XPDULDFDSUHRODWD/
)XPDULDSDUYLÀRUD/DP
3$66,)/25$&($(>@
3DVVLÀRUDIRHWLGD/
3DVVLÀRUDSHGXQFXODULVCav.
3DVVLÀRUDVXEHURVD/
3,3(5$&($(>@
3HSHURPLDFU\VWDOOLQD5XL]3DY
3HSHURPLDGRODEULIRUPLV!Kunth!
3HSHURPLDJDOLRLGHV!Kunth!
3HSHURPLDKLOOLL!Trel.
3HSHURPLDLQDHTXDOLIROLD5XL]3DY
3HSHURPLDOLPDHQVLV!Trel.!
3HSHURPLDXPEHOOLIRUPLV!C.DC.!
3HSHURPLDXPELOLFDWD5XL]3DY
3/$17$*,1$&($(>@!
%DFRSDPRQQLHUL/:HWWVW
*DOYH]LDIUXWLFRVD-)*PHO
*DOYH]LD!HOLVHQVLL4XLSXVFRD02'LOORQVSQRYLQpG
1XWWDOODQWKXVFDQDGHQVLV/'$6XWWRQ
3ODQWDJRDXVWUDOLV/DP
3ODQWDJRODQFHRODWD/
3ODQWDJROLPHQVLV!Pers.
3ODQWDJRPDMRU/
6FRSDULDGXOFLV/
9HURQLFDSHUVLFD!Poir.
3/80%$*,1$&($(>@
3OXPEDJRFRHUXOHD!Kunth
3OXPEDJR]H\ODQLFD/
32/(021,$&($(>@
%U\DQWLHOODJOXWLQRVD3KLO-03RUWHU
*LOLDODFLQLDWD5XL]3DY
*LOLDORPHQVLV!V.!E.!Grant
32/<*$/$&($(>@
3WHURPRQQLQDKHUEDFHD'&%(ULNVHQ
3WHURPRQQLQDPDFURVWDFK\D5XL]3DY%(ULNVHQ
3WHURPRQQLQDSWHURFDUSD5XL]3DY%(ULNVHQ
32/<*21$&($(>@
&RFFROREDJUDFLOLV!Kunth
3HUVLFDULDJODEUD:LOOG0*yPH]
3HUVLFDULDK\GURSLSHURLGHV0LFK[6PDOO
5XPH[FRQJORPHUDWXVMurray
32578/$&$&($(>@
&DODQGULQLDDOED5XL]3DY'&
&DODQGULQLDFLOLDWD5XL]3DY'&
&LVWDQWKHFDO\FLQD3KLO&DUROLQH[0$+HUVKNRYLW]
&LVWDQWKHFHORVLRLGHV3KLO.XQW]H
&LVWDQWKHOLQJXODWD5XL]3DY+HUVKNRYLW]
&LVWDQWKHSDQLFXODWD5XL]3DY+HUVKNRYLW]
3RUWXODFDQLYHD3RHOOQLW]
3RUWXODFDROHUDFHD/
3RUWXODFDSKLOLSSL,0-RKQVWRQ
3RUWXODFDSLORVD/
7DOLQXPWULDQJXODUH-DFT:LOOG
327$02*(721$&($(>@
=DQQLFKHOOLDSDOXVWULV/
35,08/$&($(>@
$QDJDOOLVDUYHQVLV/
&HQWXQFXOXVHUHFWXV!Phil.!
&HQWXQFXOXVPLQLPXV/
5$181&8/$&($(>@
&OHPDWLVKDHQNHDQD!C.!Presl
5+$01$&($(>@
6FXWLDVSLFDWD+XPE%RQSOH[:LOOG:HEHUE
58%,$&($(>@
$UF\WRSK\OOXPWK\PLIROLXP5XL]3DY6WDQGO
'LRGHOODWHUHV!(Walter)!Small
*DOLXPDSDULQH/
*DOLXPDUHTXLSLFXP'HPSVWHU
6SHUPDFRFHRFLPLIROLD:LOOGH[5RHP6FKXOW
5DQGLDURWXQGLIROLD5XL]3DY
5LFKDUGLDEUDVLOLHQVLV*RPHV
5LFKDUGLDORPHQVLV..UDXVH6WDQGO
5LFKDUGLDVFDEUD/
6$/,&$&($(>@
6DOL[KXPEROGWLDQD:LOOG
6$17$/$&($(>@!
4XLQFKDPDOLXPEUHYLVWDPLQDWXP3LOJ
4XLQFKDPDOLXPFDUQRVXP!Phil.
4XLQFKLPDOLXPFKLOHQVH!Molina!
4XLQFKDPDOLXPH[FUHVFHQV!Phil.!
4XLQFKDPDOLXPORPDH3LOJ
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

30 $UQDOGRD
4XLQFKDPDOLXPSURFXPEHQV5XL]3DY
4XLQFKDPDOLXPWKHVLRLGHV!Phil.
6$3,1'$&($(>@
&DUGLRVSHUPXPFRULQGXP/
'RGRQDHDYLVFRVD-DFT
6DSLQGXVVDSRQDULD/
6&523+8/$5,$&($(>@
$ORQVRDPHULGLRQDOLV/I.XQW]H
&DSUDULDELÀRUD/
&DSUDULDSHUXYLDQD%HQWK
&DVWLOOHMDVFRU]RQHULIROLD!Kunth!
0LPXOXVJODEUDWXV!Kunth!
62/$1$&($(>@
$FQLVWXVDUERUHVFHQV/6FKOWGO
%URZDOOLDDPHULFDQD/
&DSVLFXPDQQXXP/
&HVWUXPDXULFXODWXP/¶+pU
&HVWUXPWRPHQWRVXP/I
'DWXUDLQR[LD0LOO
'DWXUDVWUDPRQLXP/
([RGHFRQXVPDULWLPXV%HQWK'¶$UF\
([RGHFRQXVSURVWUDWXV/¶+pU5DI
*UDERZVNLDERHUKDDYLLIROLD/I6FKOWGO
-DOWRPDWDDVSHUD5XL]3DY0LRQH
-DOWRPDWDDWLTXLSD0LRQH6/HLYD
-DOWRPDWDKXQ]LNHULMione
-DOWRPDWDORPDQD0LRQH6/HLYD
-DOWRPDWDXPEHOODWD5XL]3DY0LRQH01HH
/HSWRJORVVLVGDUF\DQD+XQ]6XELOV
/HSWRJORVVLVIHUUH\UDHL+XQ]6XELOV
/HSWRJORVVLVORPDQD'LHOV+XQ]
/HSWRJORVVLVVFKZHQFNLRLGHV%HQWK
/\FLDQWKHVO\FLRLGHV/+DVVO
/\FLXPDPHULFDQXP-DFT
/\FLXPGLVWLFKXP!Meyen!
/\FLXPOHLRVWHPXP:HGG
/\FLXPVWHQRSK\OOXP-5pP\
1LFDQGUDSK\VDORGHV/*DHUWQ
1LFDQGUD\DFKHULDQD6/HLYD
1LFRWLDQDJODXFD!Graham
1LFRWLDQDJOXWLQRVD/
1LFRWLDQDNQLJKWLDQD*RRGVSHHG
1LFRWLDQDSDQLFXODWD/
1RODQDDGDQVRQLL5RHP6FKXOW,0-RKQVW
1RODQDDQHQLJPD02'LOORQ6/HLYD4XLSXVFRD
1RODQDDUHQLFROD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDDUHTXLSHQVLV02'LOORQ4XLSXVFRD
1RODQDDWLFRDQD!Ferreyra
1RODQDFHUUDWHDQD!Ferreyra
1RODQDFKDQFRDQD02'LOORQ4XLSXVFRD
1RODQDFRQ¿QLV,0-RKQVW,0-RKQVW
1RODQDFRURQDWD5XL]3DY
1RODQDJD\DQD*DXGLFK.RFK
1RODQDJXHQWKHUL,0-RKQVW
1RODQDKXPLIXVD*RXDQ,0-RKQVW
1RODQDLQÀDWD5XL]3DY
1RODQDLQVXODULV,0-RKQVW,0-RKQVW
1RODQDLYDQLDQD!Ferreyra!
1RODQDMDIIXHOLL,0-RKQVW
1RODQDMRKQVWRQLL9DUJDV
1RODQDODWLSHV,0-RKQVW
1RODQDO\FLRLGHV,0-RKQVW
1RODQDPDULDURVDH!Ferreyra!
1RODQDPLQRU!Ferreyra!
1RODQDSDOOLGD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSDOOLGXOD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSHDUFHL,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSLORVD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSODW\SK\OOD,0-RKQVW,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSOLFDWD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDSRO\PRUSKD*DXGLFK
1RODQDUHYROXWD5XL]3DY
1RODQDVFDSRVD!Ferreyra!
1RODQDVSDWKXODWD5XL]3DY
1RODQDWKLQRSKLOD,0-RKQVW
1RODQDWRPHQWHOOD!Ferreyra!
1RODQDWRYDULDQD!Ferreyra
1RODQDYROFDQLFDFerreyra
1RODQDZHEHUEDXHULL,0-RKQVW
1RODQDZHLVVLDQD!Ferreyra!
1RODQDZLOOHDQD!Ferreyra!
3K\VDOLVDQJXODWD/
3K\VDOLVSHUXYLDQD/
3K\VDOLVSXEHVFHQV/
6RODQXPDJULPRQLLIROLXP5\GE
6RODQXPDQGHUVRQLL!Ochoa
6RODQXPFKDQFD\HQVH!Ochoa
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

31
$UQDOGRD
6RODQXPFKLOHQVH(Dunal)!Reiche
6RODQXPHGPRQGVWRQHL+RRNI
6RODQXPIHUUH\UDH8JHQW
6RODQXPIUDJLOH:HGG
6RODQXPKDEURFKDLWHV6.QDSS'06SRRQHU
6RODQXPLPPLWH!Dunal!
6RODQXPPHGLDQV%LWWHU
6RODQXPPRFKLTXHQVH!Ochoa
6RODQXPPRQWDQXP/
6RODQXPPXOWL¿GXP/DP
6RODQXPQHRZHEHUEDXHUL!Wittm.
6RODQXPSHQQHOOLL!Correll
6RODQXPSHUXYLDQXP/
6RODQXPSLPSLQHOOLIROLXP/
6RODQXPUDGLFDQV/I
6RODQXPWXEHURVXP/+
6RODQXPZLWWPDFNLL%LWWHU
7523$(2/$&($(>@
7URSDHROXPIHUUH\UDH6SDUUH
7URSDHROXPPDMXV/
7URSDHROXPPLQXV/
7URSDHROXPSHOWRSKRUXP%HQWK
7851(5$&($(>@
7XUQHUDRULHQWDOLV8UE$UER
7XUQHUDSXPLOHD/
857,&$&($(>@
3DULHWDULDGHELOLV!G.Forst.
3KHQD[KLUWXV6Z:HGG
3LOHDODPLRLGHV:HGG
3LOHDQLWLGD:HGG
8UWLFDXUHQV/
9$/(5,$1$&($(>@
$VWUHSKLDFKDHURSK\OORLGHV!(Sm.)!DC.!
9DOHULDQDLQWHUUXSWD5XL]3DY
9DOHULDQDSLQQDWL¿GD5XL]3DY
9(5%(1$&($(>@
$OR\VLDPLQWKLRVD0ROG
&LWKDUH[\OXPÀH[XRVXP5XL]3DY''RQ
&OHURGHQGUXPFKLQHQVH2VEHFN0DEE
'XUDQWDHUHFWD/
'XUDQWDWULDFDQWKD-XVV
*ODQGXODULDFODYDWD5XL]3DY%RWWD
/DQWDQDKRUULGD!Kunth!
/DQWDQDVFDELRVLÀRUD!Kunth!
/LSSLDDOED0LOO1(%UH[%ULWWRQ3:LOVRQ
/LSSLDQRGLÀRUD/0LFK[
3LWUDHDFXQHDWRRYDWD(Cav.)!Caro
9HUEHQDIHUUH\UDH0ROGHQNH
9HUEHQDOLWRUDOLVKunth
=<*23+<//$&($(>@
%XOQHVLDUHWDPD*LOOLHV[+RRN$UQ*ULVHE
)DJRQLDFKLOHQVLV+RRN$UQ
7ULEXOXVORQJLSHWDOXV!Viv.
7ULEXOXVWHUUHVWULV/
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

32 $UQDOGRD
Departamento!Lambayeque
&HUUR5HTXH  ¶6¶:
'HSDUWDPHQWR/D/LEHUWDG
&HUUR&DEH]yQ ¶6¶:
&HUUR&DPSDQD ¶6¶:
&HUUR3ULHWR  ¶6¶:
&HUUR&DEUDV  ¶6¶:
&HUUR&KLSXWXU ¶6¶:
&HUUR1HJUR  ¶6¶:
9LU~   ¶6¶:
Departamento!Ancash!
&HUUR&KLPERWH ¶6¶:
&DVPD  ¶6¶:
0RQJRQ  ¶6¶:
/XStQ  ¶6¶:
Departmento!Lima!
3DWLYLOFD3DFDU ¶6¶:
/DFKD\  ¶6¶:
,JXDQLO&KDQFD\ ¶6¶:
3DVDPD\R  ¶6¶:
$QFRQ  ¶6¶:
/XULJDQFKR  ¶6¶:
/LPD   ¶6 ¶:
&DMDPDUTXLOOD  ¶6¶:
0RUUR6RODU  ¶6¶:
$PDQFDHV  ¶6¶:
&HUUR$JXVWLQR ¶6¶:
,VOD6DQ/RUHQ]R ¶6¶:
$WRFRQJR  ¶6¶:
0DQFKD\  ¶6¶:
&KRUULOORV  ¶6¶:
0DQ]DQR  ¶6¶:
Dillon$ȱǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
/XULQ  ¶6¶:
3DFKDFDPDF  ¶6¶:
3XQWD+HUPRVD ¶6¶:
&DUDFROHV  ¶6¶:
$VLD   ¶6¶:
4XLOPDQD  ¶6¶:
&DxHWH  ¶6¶:
Departmento!!Ica
3LVFR   ¶6¶:
,VOD6DQ*DOODQ ¶6¶:
%DKtD/D,QGHSHQGHQFLD ¶6¶:
$PDUD  ¶6¶:
6DQ1LFRODV  ¶6¶:
Departmento!!Arequipa!
-DKXD\  ¶6¶:
/RPDV  ¶6¶:
$WLTXLSD  ¶6¶:
&DSDF  ¶6¶:
&KiSDUUD  ¶6¶:
&KDOD  ¶6¶:
$WLFR  ¶6¶:
2FRxD  ¶6¶:
&DPDQi  ¶6¶:
0ROOHQGR  ¶6¶:
&DFKHQGR  ¶6¶:
0HMLD  ¶6¶:
'HSDUWDPHQWR0RTXHJXD
,OR   ¶6¶:
Departmento!Tacna
6DPD*UDQGH  ¶6¶:
7DFQD  ¶6¶:
7DEOH*HRJUDSKLFORFDOLWLHVRIPDMRU3HUXYLDQ!Lomas%Formations.%

106
La-Revista-ARNALDOA-correspondiente-al-Primer-semestre-del-
año-2011,-se-terminó-de-imprimir-el-mes-de-Junio-del-2012-en-los-
WDOOHUHVJUi¿FRVGH,QYHUVLRQHV*Ui¿FD*06$&&DOOH6DQ
0DUWLQ7UXMLOOR3HU~7HOpIRQR
littonseo4@hotmail.com